PART II
I. Introductory … 123
II. General considerations … 128
III. Experiments with models … 133
Condensed record of flights of aerodromes Nos. 5 and 6, from June 7 to August 3, 1899 … 135
June 7--aerodrome No. 6 … 135
June 13--aerodrome No. 6 … 137
June 22--aerodrome No. 6 … 139
June 23--aerodrome No. 6 … 140
June 27--aerodrome No. 5 … 140
June 30--aerodrome No. 5 … 141
July 1 to July 8 … 142
July 11 to July 14--aerodrome No. 5 … 143
July 19--aerodrome No. 5 … 144
July 27--aerodrome No. 6 … 145
July 28--aerodrome No. 6 … 146
July 29--aerodrome No. 5 … 147
August 1--aerodrome No. 5 … 148
August 3--aerodrome No. 5 … 149
IV. House-boat and launching apparatus … 156
V. Construction of frame of large aerodrome … 164
Transverse frame … 174
Propellers … 178
Aviator’s car … 185
VI. Construction of supporting surfaces … 188
VII. Equilibrium and control … 207
VIII. The experimental engine … 218
IX. The quarter-size model aerodrome … 226
X. Construction and tests of the large engine … 234
XI. Shop tests of the aerodrome … 251
XII. Field trials in 1903 … 255
Statement made by Mr. Manly to associated press … 266
Report of War Department, January, 1904 … 276
Langley aerodrome, Official Report of Board of Ordnance, October, 1904 … 278
Statement to the Press … 280
Present status of the work … 281
Blériot Machine of 1907 on Langley type … 283
Appendix. Study of American Buzzard and “John Crow” … 285
Instructions to assistants … 294
Data sheets 1 to 12 … 297
Index … 309
LIST OF PLATES
1. Rubber-motor model aerodromes Nos. 11, 13, 14, 15, 26, 30, 31 … 16
2. Rubber-motor model aerodromes Nos. 11, 13, 14 … 16
3. Rubber-motor model aerodromes Nos. 15, 24 … 16
4. Rubber-motor model aerodrome No. 26 … 16
5. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
6. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
7. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
8. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
9. Rubber-pull model aerodrome … 24
10. Steel frames of aerodromes Nos. 0, 1, 2, 3, 1891 and 1892 … 33
11. Steel frames of aerodromes Nos. 4, 5, 6, 1893, 1895, and 1896 … 53
12. Burners, aeolipiles, and separators … 56
13. Boilers of aerodromes … 56
14. Aerodrome No. 5, December 3, 1895. Plan view. Rudder removed … 78
15. Aerodrome No. 5, December 3, 1895. Side view … 78
16. Early types of wings and systems of guying … 81
17. Aerodrome No. 5. Plan of wings and system of guying … 89
18. House-boat with overhead launching apparatus, 1896 … 106
19. Paths of aerodrome flights, May 6 and November 28, 1896, near Quantico, Va., on the Potomac River … 108
20. Instantaneous photograph of the aerodrome at the moment after launching in its flight at Quantico on the Potomac River, May 6, 1896. Enlarged ten times … 108
21. Instantaneous photograph of the aerodrome at a distance in the air during its flight at Quantico on the Potomac River, May 6, 1896. Enlarged ten times … 108
22. Instantaneous photograph of the aerodrome at a distance in the air during its flight at Quantico on the Potomac River, May 6, 1896. Enlarged ten times … 108
23. Overhead launching apparatus … 108
24. Overhead launching apparatus … 108
25. Side view of steel frame of aerodrome No. 5 suspended from launching-car, October 24, 1896 … 112
26A. Dimensioned drawing of boiler coils, burners, pump, needle valve, and thrust bearing … 116
26B. Dimensioned drawing of engine No. 5 … 116
27A. Side and end elevations of aerodrome No. 5, May 11, 1896 … 116
27B. Aerodrome No. 5. Plan view. October 24, 1896 … 116
28. Steel frame of aerodrome No. 6 on launching car … 120
29A. Plan view of aerodrome No. 6. October 23, 1896 … 122
29B. Side elevation of aerodrome No. 6. October 23, 1896 … 122
30. Plan view of steel frames and power plants of aerodromes Nos. 5 and 6 … 122
31. Details of aerodrome No. 5 … 122
32. Drawings of proposed man-carrying aerodrome, 1898 … 130
33. Path of flight of aerodrome No. 6, June 7, 1899 … 136
34. Paths of flight of aerodrome No. 6, June 13 and 23, 1899 … 140
35. Aerodrome No. 5 on launching-ways … 142
36. Paths of flights of aerodrome No. 5, July 29, 1899 … 148
37. Experimental forms of superposed surfaces, 1898, 1899. (See also plates 64 and 65.) … 153
38. House-boat and launching apparatus, 1899 … 156
39. Method of attaching guy-wires to guy-posts to relieve torsional strain … 158
40. General plan and details of launching-car … 160
41. Aerodrome on launching-car … 160
42. Details of clutch-post for launching-car … 160
43. Front end of track just preparatory to launching aerodrome … 160
44. Resistance of wires at given velocities … 166
45. Frame of aerodrome A, January 31, 1900 … 168
46. Frame of aerodrome A, January 31, 1900 … 168
47. Frame of aerodrome A, February 1, 1900 … 168
48. Frame of aerodrome A, February 1, 1900 … 168
49. Guy-wire system, July 10, 1902 … 170
50. Guy-wire system, July 10, 1902 … 170
51. Guy-wire system, July 10, 1902 … 170
52. Scale drawing of aerodrome A. End elevation … 170
53. Scale drawing of aerodrome A. Side elevation … 170
54. Scale drawing of aerodrome A. Plan … 170
55. Frame fittings and guy-wire attachments, etc. … 174
56. Frame fittings and guy-wire attachments, etc. … 174
57. Frame fittings and guy-wire attachments, etc. … 174
58. Bed plate gears, etc. … 176
59. Wing clamps … 183
60. Hoisting aerodrome to launching-track … 184
61. Aerodrome on launching-car; front wings in place, guy-wires adjusted … 184
62. Details of guy-posts … 184
63. Guy-post and pin on launching-car … 184
64. Experimental type of superposed wings, March 2, 1899 … 192
65. Experimental type of superposed wings, March 2, 1899 … 192
66. Details of ribs and fittings for wings … 200
67. Cross-section of ribs … 201
68. Automatic equilibrium devices … 212
69. Mechanism of control … 212
70. Plan view of quarter-size model aerodrome, June 1, 1900 … 232
71. Plan view of quarter-size model aerodrome … 232
72. End, side, and three-quarter elevations of quarter-size model aerodrome … 232
73. Launching-car with floats … 232
74. Launching-car with floats … 232
75. Quarter-size model aerodrome equipped with superposed surfaces, June 11, 1901. Side view … 232
76. Quarter-size model aerodrome equipped with superposed surfaces, June 11, 1901. End view … 232
77. Cylinders of engine of quarter-size model aerodrome … 233
78. Engine of aerodrome A. Section through cylinder and drum … 236
79. Engine of aerodrome A. End elevation, port side … 236
80. Engine of aerodrome A. Top plan … 236
81. Engine of aerodrome A. Elevation starboard bed plate, sparking mechanism … 236
82. Dynamometer tests of large engine … 248
83. Dynamometer tests of large engine … 248
84. Dynamometer tests of large engine … 248
85. Location of house-boat in center of Potomac River, July 14, 1903 … 256
86. Quarter-size model aerodrome mounted on launching-car … 260
87. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
88. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
89. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
90. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
91. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
92. Quarter-size model aerodrome in flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
93. Quarter-size model aerodrome at end of flight, August 8, 1903 … 260
94. Hoisting wing of full-size aerodrome … 263
95. Flight of large aerodrome, October 7, 1903 … 266
96. Flight of large aerodrome, October 7, 1903 … 266
97. Aerodrome being recovered, October 7, 1903 … 270
98. Aerodrome in water, October 7, 1903 … 270
99. Aerodrome in water, October 7, 1903 … 270
100. Aerodrome in water, October 7, 1903 … 270
101. Attempted launching of aerodrome, December 8, 1903 … 274
REFERENCES
Aerodynamics. ‹See› Langley, S. P. Experiments in Aerodynamics.
L’Aéronaute. ‹See› Pénaud, A.
Aeronautical Society. ‹See› Harting, P.
Aéroplane automoteur. ‹See› Pénaud, A.
Balancing of Engines, Steam, Gas, and Petrol. ‹See› Sharp, A.
Century Magazine. ‹See› Maxim, H. S.
Comptes Rendus, of the Sessions of the Academy of Sciences. ‹See› Langley, S. P. Description du vol méchanique.
Encyclopædia Britannica. ‹See› Flight and Flying Machines.
Experiments in Aerodynamics. ‹See› Langley, S. P.
Flight and Flying Machines. Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. 9, 1879, Edinburgh, pp. 308–322, figs. 1–45.
Harting, P. Observations of the relative size of the wings and the weight of the pectoral muscles in the vertebrated flying animals. Annual Report of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, No. 5, 1870, Greenwich, pp. 66–77.
Il nuovo aeroplano Blériot, Bollettino della Società Aeronautica Italiana, Anno IV, N. 8, Agosto 1907, Roma, pp. 279–282, figs. 4.
Langley, Bollettino della Società Aeronautica Italiana, Anno II, Num. 11–12, Nov.–Dic. 1905, Roma, pp. 187–188, figs. 10.
Langley, S. P. Description du vol méchanique. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, T. 122, Mai 26, 1896, Paris, pp. 1177–1178.
Langley, S. P. Experiments in Aerodynamics. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 27, 1891, Washington, D. C., pp. 115, pl. 10.
Langley, S. P. Le travail intérieur du vent. Revue de l’Aéronautique, 6e année, 3e livraison, 1893, Paris, pp. 37–68.
Langley, S. P. The Flying Machine. McClures Magazine, Vol. 9, No. 2, June, 1897, N. Y., pp. 647–660.
Langley, S. P. The Internal Work of the Wind. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 27, 1893, Washington, D. C., pp. 23, pl. 6.
McClure’s Magazine. ‹See› Langley, S. P. The Flying Machine.
Maxim, H. S. Aerial navigation. The power required. Century Magazine, Vol. 42, No. 6, Oct., 1891, N. Y., pp. 829–836, figs. 1–6.
Pénaud, A. Aeroplane automoteur. L’Aéronaute, 5e année, No. 1, Jan., 1872, Paris, pp. 2–9, figs. 1–4.
Revue de l’Aéronautique. ‹See› Langley, S. P. Le travail intérieur du vent.
Sharp, A. Balancing of Engines, Steam, Gas, and Petrol. New York, Longmans, Green & Co., 1907.
Wellner, Georg. Versuche ueber den Luftwiderstand gewölbter Flächen im Winde und auf Eisenbahnen.
Zeitschrift für Luftschiffahrt, Bd. 12, Beilage, 1893, Berlin, pp. 1–48.
Zeitschrift für Luftschiffahrt. ‹See› Wellner, Georg.
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LANGLEY MEMOIR ON MECHANICAL FLIGHT