Part 11

"As for the moral obligations, don't you see," replied Tourniquet, "I am perfectly convinced that it would place them on a much more secure footing than they now possess; and if established notions on the subject are erroneous, which I can prove them to be, the sooner they are knocked on the head the better. I have already shown to you, in the instance of the natural child, that the idea of virtue in the community is very vague, unsettled, and unphilosophical, and creates more mischief than it does good; and if we take the ideas of the same principle existing at different times and in different communities, we shall find even this confusion worse confounded. Things the most opposite to the true character of virtue have been considered worthy of general adoption as virtues. Thieving has existed as a virtue; drunkenness has existed as a virtue; profligacy has existed as a virtue; murder has existed as a virtue; and many others of the most abominable vices have, at various intervals, with various people, been practised, avowed, and defended, as if they were the most admirable of virtues. It is not many centuries since the natives, on the coast of Guinea, and the inhabitants of other countries, were taught to steal, and the cleverest thief was an object of as much admiration among them as the most virtuous member of the community; but there is no necessity to go to a state of barbarism for an illustration of the honour with which dishonesty has been regarded; for in all speculations, in all trading dealings, in all gambling transactions, and in all appropriations of property acquired by one party from another by a certain cunning or skill, of which the other is not possessed, there is nothing else but stealing; and yet a person acquiring property by such means is generally thought to be respectable, and respectability is considered a virtue."

"I am afraid, if your argument be true, that there is but little real honesty in the world," remarked Oriel.

"It is as I have stated," replied the doctor. "I have read of states in which the man who could swallow some half a dozen bottles of wine, and make his friends follow his example--in other words, a man who practised habitual intoxication--had the reputation of being 'a good fellow,' when amongst the same people goodness was considered virtue; but even at the present day, in some parts of the world, intemperance is regarded as a thing to be applauded rather than censured, although it is not only a vice, but being the most direct channel to all other vices ought to be held in detestation as the most vicious of evil inclinations."

Oriel Porphyry thought of the scene he had witnessed at Canton; but he smiled, and said nothing.

"With regard to the next of these vices which are considered as virtues," continued the doctor, "there are few so destructive to happiness. What is vulgarly called virtue in the government or indulgence of the affections, in a majority of instances, should go by an opposite name. It is upon record, that a certain king of Ashantee was possessed of 3333 wives: other monarchs have been equally affectionate towards their female subjects; and it is very rare, indeed, to find these potentates, even with the wise king Solomon at their head, possessing any pretensions to this identical virtue; and yet they have been honoured more than the most virtuous character in their dominions. But I maintain that all marriages against the inclination of one or both parties, such as those formed for convenience, from state policy, or by the authority of parents and guardians, is a state of absolute vice; and yet the individuals so existing are regarded as if living in a state of perfect virtue."

"Undoubtedly they live in a state of perfect virtue as long as they have no vicious inclinations," said the professor.

"But it frequently happens that one of these parties has entertained an inclination for another before marriage," replied Tourniquet. "An inclination perfectly virtuous, but circumstances over which either have no control, force them into a marriage, and then in the opinion of the world that inclination (which is rarely destroyed) is considered vicious, though perfectly virtuous in itself, and the state in which the individual exists, against his or her inclination, is considered virtuous, though perfectly vicious in itself, because it tends either to destroy the virtuous inclination, or if that inclination is indulged under those circumstances, it creates a state of things which is just as far removed from virtue. The same species of vice is created by an inclination after marriage--which is likely to occur when the marriage has taken place without an inclination."

"At one time the punishment used to be very severe for endeavouring to effect a marriage or a similar state of things against the inclination of one of the parties," remarked the young merchant. "And I imagine that if the mis-marriages to which you have alluded were punished after the same fashion, both the public morals and the public happiness would be much increased."

"No doubt of it, don't you see," responded the doctor. "And now for an examination of the manner in which murder has been regarded. About a thousand years since there was a religious community in India who practised murder as a virtue. They were called Thugs, and after long watching for an opportunity, with abundance of prayers and other holy ceremonies, they fell upon their victims and strangled them with a cord. Previous to this, there arose a military and religious order in Persia, called Assassins, who stabbed or poisoned in secrecy and without shame; and by both these communities murder was practised as the highest kind of virtue. But they were not the only people who entertained similar notions. The heathens murdered the Christians, and the Christians slaughtered the heathens. The Catholics destroyed heretics, and heretics waged a religious war upon one another. The Mahometans killed Jews or Christians, or any other sect not professing their form of faith; and the Jews, Christians, and others, retaliated to the best of their ability; and under the name of religion nearly all religious sects have murdered by wholesale, and, practising this inhuman vice, each party has conceived that they were exhibiting the highest kind of virtue. But at the present day, murder in a variety of shapes exists, and is regarded as a virtue of a very high order. Even in an offender, the destruction of human life is murder, unless, which is a very extreme case, it be impossible for the security of society, to allow the offender to exist; yet the sanguinary executions that disgrace the penal codes of many communities, boasting a superior degree of civilisation, is called justice, which is but another name for virtue. Killing a man in a duel is murder. All warfare is murder; yet he who distinguishes himself most in the destruction of those to whom he is opposed is honoured as being peculiarly brave--and bravery is considered a virtue."

"Occasions arise when warfare is absolutely necessary," said Oriel Porphyry; "and I cannot help the conviction, that the man who signalises himself in the defence of his country, and in the destruction of his enemies, is entitled to rank with the most virtuous characters."

"Certainly," observed Fortyfolios.

"With regard to wars being necessary, don't you see, in the present state of the world they may be," replied the surgeon. "But in an improved order of things they would not be required, for then the force of opinion would be much more effective than the force of arms; and as to the superior character of valour, although few can admire heroic actions more than myself, I know that the courage by which they are created is an impulse which may exist to the same extent in the savage and in the brute. This is not necessary to virtue, for in some organisations the want of physical energy renders the existence and the exhibition of martial courage impossible; and it is not produced by virtue, for it is often found existing in persons of the most vicious inclinations. Now I think I have said enough to show the want of clearness in the ideas of virtue that have existed and do exist in the world, and the danger which must arise from attempting to build any happiness upon so insecure a foundation."

"I differ with you _in toto_," exclaimed the professor, with more than his usual seriousness. "And glad I am that such is the case; for your heathenish theories are destructive of every religious principle that the human mind possesses."

"Pish!" muttered the doctor.

"It is an argument, the tendency of which goes directly to level all the existing distinctions between right and wrong, and to weaken the influence of those sacred truths which have been professed by mankind for so many generations," continued Fortyfolios.

"Bah!" exclaimed Tourniquet.

"You may profess what opinions you please," he added; "but the opinions on which multitudes of people rest their expectations of future happiness ought not to be disturbed by the contemplation of such vain and idle speculations as those in which you indulge."

"Nonsense, don't you see," said the other.

"I tell you, Dr. Tourniquet, it is rank atheism," exclaimed the professor, rather warmly.

"I tell you, Professor Fortyfolios, you're a goose," replied his antagonist.

"As usual, gentlemen, your argument ends in a dispute," observed Oriel Porphyry. "But you must excuse me for the present. I am really tired out, and have been yawning in a manner that would have silenced any disputants less eager than yourselves. I shall go to my berth, which example I should advise you to follow; and let us hope that the terrible monsoon will allow us some repose."

The philosophers took the advice that was offered; and in less than half an hour all three were fast asleep in their hammocks.

CHAP. IX.

GAME LAWS IN INDIA.

"Pooh, pooh! Come and hunt. Come and hunt. There is no use in looking after a parcel of buildings, and running to see sights: now you are in this part of the country you ought to enjoy the pleasures it affords. Come and hunt, man. Come and hunt."

This was said by a fine, stout, middle-aged man, dressed in a light jean jacket and full lower garments of a similar fabric, with a very broad brimmed hat of fine straw, which he was then putting on. Although his complexion was sallow, his features were lively and intelligent; and there was a bluff, free, careless manner with him that seemed particularly agreeable to his companions. They were in a handsome chamber with an open veranda, through which the slight breeze that was stirring, entered; and the furniture, though rather faded, still possessed an air of elegance. Wines, fruits, and sweetmeats were on a large table in the centre, near which Oriel Porphyry and the speaker stood. Zabra was leaning over the back of a cane-bottomed seat, watching the motions of a lizard crawling up part of the framework of the veranda. Fortyfolios was busily engaged endeavouring to beat off several mosquitoes that seemed to have taken a fancy to his bald head; and Dr. Tourniquet was examining the tusk of an elephant that lay, with several skins, in a corner of the room.

"Ah, but, Sir Curry Rajah," replied the young merchant, "when you kindly invited us to your country house, I told you our stay could be but brief. The period I intended to pass with you has elapsed; and though delighted with your hospitality, I must really be thinking of my departure."

"Nonsense, nonsense!" exclaimed his host. "You wo'n't be thinking of any thing of the kind. There is no business waiting for you. My people in the city will take care that every thing you required shall be shipped safely without loss of time; and, therefore, there can be no occasion for your troubling your young brains about profit and loss for a day or two at least. Come and hunt, I tell you. Come and hunt."

"Is there any good hunting in this part of the world, then?" inquired Oriel.

"Hunting! The best hunting in the universe," replied Sir Curry Rajah. "I've got the finest preserves in all India."

"And what game have you?" asked his visitor.

"Game?--Game of all kinds, and plenty of it; especially tigers," responded the other.

"Tigers!" exclaimed the young merchant in so loud a voice that his companions started with surprise. "Why, what could induce you to preserve such animals?"

"The sport, to be sure, man," replied Sir Curry; "and we are obliged to be very strict in the application of our game laws; for the rascally poachers will often destroy the game."

"I should think the game more likely to destroy the poachers," observed his guest with a smile.

"That's their look out," said the other. "I only know it's a most difficult thing to preserve tigers. My tenants shoot them if they happen to attack their flocks; and the peasants combine to kill them, for the purpose of procuring their skins. But our game laws punish the scoundrels severely if they are caught in the fact--imprisonment and hard labour for every offence, and very just these laws are. Why, gentlemen would have no sport if they were to allow their game to be cut up by every fellow who has a desire for sport, or thinks his life or the lives of his cattle of more value than a tiger. I have been at great expense with my preserves; for the animal has long been exceedingly scarce: and I have improved the breed a great deal by importing some new varieties. The cross which has ensued has altered the game wonderfully. They are infinitely more savage, far more daring, and in speed and cunning are not to be excelled. In fact, my tigers have a reputation all over the country; and the ablest hunters are very glad to get a day's sport with me, as they know they will meet with the best tigers that are to be found any where."

"And how do you hunt them?" inquired Oriel.

"On elephants principally," replied Sir Curry. "The hunter sits upon an elephant, with an air gun, fixed upon a swivel, before him. These animals are well trained. I've got some of the finest elephants in the world, thorough-bred--and they go into the preserve, and rouse the tiger from his cover. If he goes off, the elephant follows; if he shows fight, the hunter fires: and sometimes the game is not killed till fine sport has been enjoyed--a man or two killed, and other exciting pleasures enjoyed."

"And did these skins belong to animals of your killing?" inquired Tourniquet, who had been an attentive listener to the conversation, as he turned over two or three large tiger skins.

"Yes, I killed them, and fine sport they gave," said his host. "That one you have in your hand belonged to a noble fellow. The day in which he was killed was a memorable one. My late neighbour, Lord Muligatawny, was very proud of his preserves, and used to boast he had the best tigers in India. So to take the conceit out of his lordship, I invited him to a hunt on my grounds. Well, he came on his elephant, for he enjoyed the sport as much as any man, and we proceeded together with our attendants to a jungle in which I knew the greatest quantity of game was to be found. He and I kept close together, he boasting all the time of the superiority of his preserves, till as we entered this particular place, I thought it would be most advisable to be at a short distance from him, so we separated, but without my losing sight of him. Now Lord Muligatawny used a peculiar kind of snuff-box, and was a fierce looking sort of man; and he used to say that no tiger could ever look him in the face. He said the brute always bolted when he tried the experiment. Well, we saw lots of game, and had some capital sport, but as we were proceeding along in high spirits at our success, I started a magnificent animal. I had a shot at him, but was not near enough to do him any mischief. As the tiger was stealing off towards Lord Muligatawny, he fired; but whether it was his mismanagement of the gun, or proceeded from his elephant's suddenly backing at the approach of the tiger, I cannot say; but certain it is Lord Muligatawny was tumbled off his elephant, and in another moment the tiger was upon him. 'Now we shall see if the tiger will bolt,' thought I; and he did bolt: but he bolted with Lord Muligatawny! He grasped his lordship by the nape of his neck at the time he was looking as fierce as a ferret, and flinging his body over his shoulder, he was out of sight before any one could get a shot at him."

"And what became of him?" inquired Oriel.

"That was the last we ever saw of Lord Muligatawny," replied Sir Curry. "But about a week afterwards I was hunting in the neighbourhood, when, after a capital run, and a desperate contest, I succeeded in killing one of the finest tigers I ever saw. I had his body taken home to show him to my friends, and upon opening him, among the best part of a sheep, a dog's hind quarters, and a litter of sucking pigs, we found the identical snuff-box of poor Lord Muligatawny, proving beyond the possibility of a doubt that not only had the tiger bolted _with_ his lordship, but that he had had the audacity to make a bolt _of_ him. But come and hunt--come and hunt--I will show you some capital sport."

"Such as you showed Lord Muligatawny, I suppose," said the young merchant, laughing.

"Oh no, there's no danger," replied his host; and then taking an air-gun of a peculiar construction towards his visitor, added, "Now, look at this weapon--one of the best of the kind ever made. This is fixed on a swivel in the carriage in which you sit on the elephant; and you are quite safe, and, if you are a tolerable marksman, are sure to wound your game. Besides this, the hunter generally has a strong short sword, like this," said he, producing a weapon of that description. "Very sharp and very useful too, for if the tiger leaps on the elephant, which he will frequently do, the hunter with a good blow at his head may settle his business. Come and hunt, man, come and hunt."

"Confound these mosquitoes!" exclaimed the professor in a rage, vainly endeavouring to drive the insects from about him, and making the most ludicrous grimaces, as in spite of his exertions they succeeded in biting the exposed part of his head. "These horrible things will torment me to death. Ever since I have been in this deplorable country, my head has been besieged by thousands of them. They don't let me rest a minute. Ah! What a gripe! I shall go mad! They'll torment me to death; I can't endure it, Sir Curry."

"You'll soon get used to it," said his host, quietly. "This is the way they always use strangers. You are fresh meat to them. But come and hunt--come and hunt; I'll have the elephants got ready for you immediately, and it's a capital day for the sport."

"What say you, gentlemen? Shall we hunt the tiger?" asked Oriel Porphyry.

"I would rather you would hunt the musquitoes," said Fortyfolios, seriously.

"What say you, Zabra?"

"If you wish it, Oriel," replied the youth.

"I have not the slightest objection, don't you see," observed the doctor.

"Then let it be, Sir Curry," said Oriel.

Orders were instantly given to the servants, a crowd of dark Hindoos, in white turbans, short frocks fastened round the middle with a sash, and with bare arms and legs, who lost no time in making the necessary preparations.

Three elephants were caparisoned and led round to the front of the house. Sir Curry mounted the largest, and Fortyfolios and Tourniquet, after some trouble, managed to get firm sitting on another. While these preparations were making, Zabra had been amusing himself by feeding the remaining elephant with sweetmeats. She was a small but exceedingly docile animal; and seemed to enjoy the sort of food with which she was indulged with a particular gusto, swinging her body with a regular oscillatory movement, and twisting her trunk up and down with ceaseless activity. The order having been given her to kneel, the two friends mounted; and, accompanied by a few attendants, skilful in the management of the hunt, the party moved forward into an open park, in which several blue-skinned buffaloes and humped bullocks, with here and there a few deer, were seen endeavouring to find a cool place in the shadows of the trees. The day was excessively hot; and the oppressive sultriness of the atmosphere seemed to be felt by every living thing, except the mosquitoes, who flew about in myriads, plaguing both man and beast. In passing a large tank the cattle were frequently seen rushing into it, where they would remain with nothing but their noses above the water, in hopes of escaping from those tormenting insects; but Fortyfolios appeared to be the especial object of their attacks, for his hands were constantly employed in trying to drive them from his face. They passed many clumps of lofty cocoa-nut trees, in which troops of monkeys were skipping about from branch to branch, and chattering at the hunters with more volubility than harmony; and, after proceeding along fields of rice, indigo, and Indian corn, surrounded by hedges of aloes and bamboo, they approached a marsh, watered by a branch of the Ganges, in which several large crocodiles, troops of adjutants, and different species of snakes were observed.

"There's plenty of game here, you see!" remarked Sir Curry to his companions. "But it's wonderful the difficulty I have to preserve it; poaching prevails to a great extent in spite of the severity of our game laws."

No reply was made to the observation; and the party passed on, making their way with great difficulty through a forest of banyans, occasionally taking a shot at a stray jackal or a wandering vulture, till they descended a steep declivity, overgrown with thick underwood, over which trees of immense proportions spread their gigantic branches.

"Now we shall soon beat up the game," said Sir Curry: "we are entering a famous preserve of tigers. About half a mile further in the jungle we shall come to the very place where I lost poor Lord Muligatawny. Very interesting spot."

Fortyfolios at least did not seem to care for the interest of the place, and he regretted ever having left the safe quarters of Sir Curry Rajah's country-house, to wander on the back of an elephant through marshes, and forests, and jungles, infested with every species of venomous and savage creatures.

"I cannot see what pleasure there can be in exposing one's life in this way. It's the most foolish thing I ever heard of," said he to his companion.

"The ancients were much greater fools, don't you see," replied Tourniquet. "They would break their necks after a wretched fox."

"But the fox couldn't eat the hunter, and the tiger can," added the other seriously.

"Then there is the greater necessity for killing the tiger, don't you see," rejoined the doctor.

"But why not exterminate the breed? They must be very destructive to the flocks and herds as well as to human beings who happen to fall in their way; yet this man actually preserves them for the sake of the sport they afford," said the professor, with unfeigned astonishment.

"Just so did the ancients with their foxes," replied his companion. "They were very destructive to the poultry of the neighbouring farmers; they were perfectly worthless; their skins were of no value, and their flesh not eatable; yet they were carefully preserved for the sport they afforded."

"A tiger!" exclaimed Sir Curry, who was a little in advance of the party, as he pointed to some animal, the form of which could not be clearly distinguished, stealing through the high grass and reeds with which they were surrounded. Several shots were fired at him; but he bounded away as if unhurt, and the elephants proceeded in pursuit.

"A tiger!" again shouted their host, and another was observed making off in a contrary direction; but he escaped before a gun could be discharged.