Part 11

3. Beyond this the dwarf and stunted forests consist only of Birch. Its short thick stem, and stiff, widely spreading, knotty branches, seem prepared to resist the strong winds from the alps. Its lively light green hue is delightful to the eye, but evinces a weakness of vegetation. These Birch forests soon become so low, that they may be entirely commanded from the smallest eminence. Their uppermost boundary, where the tallest of the trees are not equal to the height of a man, is 2000 feet below the line of perpetual snow. This zone is therefore much wider than the preceding. Long before its termination _Alnus incana_, _Prunus Padus_, and _Populus tremula_, were no more to be seen. A little before the Birch ceases, we miss the _Sorbus Aucuparia_ (_Pyrus Aucuparia_, Fl. Brit.) which for some time had not presented us with any fruit; the _Rubus arcticus_ already likewise barren; _Erica vulgaris_, _Aconitum lycoctonum_, &c. Where the Birch forest becomes thinner, the reflection of the heat from the sides of the mountains is the strongest. Here in many spots we find the vegetation of _Sonchus alpinus_, _Struthiopteris_, and _Aconitum lycoctonum_ remarkably luxuriant. The drier spots now become covered with _Lichen rangiferinus_. _Tussilago frigida_ and _Pedicularis Sceptrum-Carolinum_ have their place to the utmost boundary of the Birch. Thus far only Charr (_Salmo alpinus_) is found in the lakes, and higher up all fishing ceases.

4. All mountains above this limit are called _Fjäll_ (Alps). Near rivulets and on the margins of bogs only, is found a little brush-wood, consisting of _Salix glauca_, whose grey hue affords but little ornament to the landscape. The lower country is covered with the dark-looking _Betula nana_, which still retains its upright posture. A few Juniper bushes, and some plants of _Salix hastata_, are found scattered about. Every hill is covered with _Arbutus alpina_, variegated with _Andromeda cærulea_ and _Trientalis europæa_. The more boggy ground is decorated with _Andromeda polifolia_ in its greatest beauty, and _Pedicularis lapponica_. On the sides of the mountains, where the reflected heat has the greatest power, grow _Veronica alpina_, _Viola biflora_, _Pteris crispa_, and _Angelica Archangelica_. This zone extends within 1400 feet of the line of perpetual snow. The Glutton (_Mustela Gulo_) goes no higher than this. The berries of _Rubus Chamæmorus_ still ripen here, but not at a greater degree of elevation.

5. Now no more brushwood is to be seen. The white _Salix lanata_ is not above two feet high, even about the rivulets, and _Salix myrsinites_ is of still more humble growth. _Betula nana_ occupies the drier situations, but creeps entirely upon the ground. The hills are clothed with the rather brown than green _Azalea procumbens_ and _Azalea lapponica_, which give this zone its most peculiar feature. Verdant spots between the precipices, where the sun has the greatest power, produce _Lychnis apetala_, _Erigeron uniflorum_, _Astragalus leontinus_[17] and _montanus_, with _Ophrys alpina_. In boggy places _Aira alpina_, _Carex ustulata_, and _Vaccinium uliginosum_ are observable. The only berries however which ripen at this degree of elevation, are those of _Empetrum nigrum_; but these are twice as large as what grow in the woodlands, and better flavoured. The upper boundary of this zone is 800 feet below the line of perpetual snow. The Laplanders scarcely ever fix their tents higher up, as the pasture for their reindeer ceases a very little way above this point. The mean temperature is about +1° of Celsius (34 of Fahrenheit).

6. Next come the snowy alps, where are patches of snow that never melt. The bare places between still produce a few dark shrubby plants, such as _Empetrum nigrum_, but destitute of berries, _Andromeda tetragona_ and _hypnoides_, as well as _Diapensia lapponica_. Green precipices exposed to the sun are decorated with the vivid azure tints of _Gentiana tenella_ and _nivalis_, and _Campanula uniflora_, accompanied by the yellow _Draba alpina_. Colder and marshy situations, where there is no reflected heat, produce _Pedicularis hirsuta_ and _flammea_, with _Dryas octopetala_. This zone extends to 200 feet below the limits of perpetual and almost uninterrupted snow.

7. Beyond it perpetual snow begins to cover the greatest part of the ground, and we soon arrive at a point where only a few dark spots are here and there to be seen. This takes place on the Alps of Quickjock at the elevation of 4100 feet above the sea; but nearer the highest ridge, and particularly on the Norway side of that ridge, at 3100 feet. Some few plants, with succulent leaves, are thinly scattered over the spongy brown surface of the ground, where the reflected heat is strongest, quite up to the line of uninterrupted snow. These are _Saxifraga stellaris_, _rivularis_ and _oppositifolia_, _Ranunculus nivalis_ and _glacialis_, _Rumex digynus_, _Juncus curvatus_[18] and _Silene acaulis_. The mean temperature at the boundary of perpetual snow is +0,°4 of Celsius, (32¾ of Fahrenheit).

8. Above the line of perpetual snow, the cold is occasionally so much diminished, that a few plants of _Ranunculus glacialis_, and other similar ones, may now and then be found, in the clefts of some dark rock rising through the snow. This happens even to the height of 500 feet above that line. Further up the snow is very rarely moistened. Yet some umbilicated Lichens (_Gyrophoræ_), &c., still occur in the crevices of perpendicular rocks, even to the height of 2000 feet above the line of perpetual snow. These are the utmost limits of all vegetation, where the mean temperature seems to be +1,°1 of Celsius (30 of Fahrenheit). The Snow Bunting, _Emberiza nivalis_, is the only living being that visits this elevated spot.

INDEX.

Abo, ii. 230. _Acer platanoides_, ii. 227. Aconite, yellow, i. 36. _Aconitum lycoctonum_, i. 36, 47, 138, 278. ii. 79, 123, 277. Adam and Eve, i. 28. _Adoxa moschatellina_, i. 37. _Agaricus_, i. 151, 152, 177. ii. 158. _Agrostis arundinacea_, ii. 228. ---- _rubra_, ii. 91. Agues, i. 29, 180. _Aira alpina_, ii. 279. Aland, ii. 233. _Alca Torda_, i. 64, 65. Alder, hoary-leaved, i. 48, 51. ii. 277. _Alnus incana_, ii. 277. _Alopecurus geniculatus_, ii. 92. Alps, Lapland, i. 283-322. ii. 1-81, 257. ---- Dr. Wahlenberg's observations to determine their height, ii. 272. _Amanita_, ii. 158. Amusements of the Laplanders, ii. 50-58. _Anas arctica_, i. 65. _Andromeda cærulea_, i. 272. ii. 278. ---- _hypnoides_, i. 320. ii. 280. ---- _polifolia_, i. 23, 188, 189. ---- _tetragona_, ii. 28, 29, 280. _Anemone Hepatica_, i. 11, 32. ii. 228. ---- _ranunculoides_, i. 11. ---- _vernalis_, i. 15. _Angelica Archangelica_, i. 171. ii. 60, 108, 278. ---- _sylvestris_, i. 171, 316. ii. 76. Angermanland, i. 48. Animals of the alps, ii. 82, 83. _Anthericum calyculatum_, i. 257. _Apis terrestris_, i. 159. Apple-trees, i. 61. _Arabis thaliana_, i. 33. _Aranea palustris_, } ---- _riparia_, } i. 258. _Arbutus alpina_, ii. 278. ---- _Uva ursi_, i. 7, 23, 250. _Ardea cinerea_, ii. 255. _Arena Glarea_, i. 7, 16, 32, 82, 123, 166. ---- _mobilis_, i. 16. _Artemisia vulgaris_, ii. 201. _Arum_, i. 200. _Arundo Calamagrostis_, ii. 90. ---- _Phragmites_, ii. 275. Ash, i. 68. Aspen, i. 77, 179. _Aspidium Filix-f[oe]mina_, ii. 227. _Asplenium Trichomanes_, i. 55. _Astragalus alpinus_, i. 160, 256, 366. ii. 2. ---- _leontinus_, ii. 279. ---- _montanus_, ii. 279. _Azalea lapponica_, i. 299. ii. 279. ---- _procumbens_, i. 285. ii. 279.

B.

_Bannisteria._ See _Diapensia_. Bark of the aspen-tree used as food for cattle, i. 77. ---- pine-tree eaten by the peasants, i. 169. ---- willow used for tanning, i. 80. ---- birch used for tanning, i. 249. Barley, i. 57, 67, 73. _Bartramia fontana_, i. 181-184. ---- _pomiformis_, i. 13, 38. _Bartsia alpina_, ii. 119. Bears, ii. 215, 275. Beaver, i. 88-91. Beech, i. 68. _Betula alba_, i. 48. ---- _incana_, i. 48. ii. 277. ---- _nana_, i. 19, 68, 126, 139, 186. ii. 26, 50, 278, 279. _Bicornes_, i. 22. Bilberry, i. 25, 35, 208. Birch, common, i. 20, 34, 49, 56, 80, 100, 115, 202. ii. 276. ---- dwarf, i, 19, 126, 139. Bird-traps, i. 179. _Bixa Orelana_, ii. 233. Blindness, peculiar case of, i. 217. Boat, Lapland, i. 98. Bog-moss, i. 139, 165, 167. _Boletus igniarius_, used as a pincushion, i. 85. ---- _suaveolens_, employed as a perfume, i. 151. Bothland, East, ii. 151-166, 201-232. Bramble, strawberry-leaved, i. 51, 58, 201. Brandy, i. 28, 122, 157. ii. 147. _Brassica oleracea_, ii. 219. Bream, i. 27. _Bryum bimum_, i. 185. ---- _pomiforme_, i. 13. Buck-bean, i. 86, 200. Buck-wheat, i. 166. Buntings, snow, i. 71. ii. 282. Burnet, i. 220. Butter, i. 110. _Byssus_, i. 84, 156. ---- _cryptarum_, i. 47, 55. ---- _flos aquæ_, i. 4. ---- _Jolithus_, i. 26. ---- red, i. 26.

C.

_Calla palustris_, i. 200, 245, 350. _Callitriche autumnalis_, i. 62. ---- _verna_, i. 62. _Caltha palustris_, i. 5, 68. _Cameraria_, i. 176. _Campaniformes_, i. 10. _Campanula persicifolia_, ii. 226. ---- _serpyllifolia_, i. 20, 37. ---- _uniflora_, ii. 280. _Canis Vulpes_, i. 71. Caper, Swedish, i. 5. _Carex_, i. 5, 167. ---- _cæspitosa_, ii. 225. ---- _globularis_, ii. 275. ---- _panicea_, ii. 98. ---- _sylvatica_, i. 276. ii. 21, 46. ---- _ustulata_, ii. 279. Castor, i. 88, 276. ii. 215. Cataract of Elf-Carleby, i. 12. Cavern at Skula-berget, i. 52. Chaff, eaten by the peasants, i. 169. _Chamædaphne_, i. 188. Character of the Laplanders, i. 131, 363. _Charadrius Hiaticula_, i. 93, 323. Charr, i. 128. ii. 277. Cheese of the Laplanders, i. 102, 197. Cherries, i. 62. _Chrysomela graminis_, i. 48. ---- _lapponica_, i. 77. _Chrysosplenium alternifolium_, i. 9. Church tyranny, i. 157. Church at Lulea, i. 239. _Cicindela sylvatica_, i. 175. _Cicuta virosa_, i. 246. ii. 136, 143. Cinnabar, imperfect, i. 62. Cinque-foil, purple, i. 158. Clay, i. 31, 73. Cloud-berry, i. 152, 203. Club-moss, i. 20. _Coccinella trifasciata_, i. 179. Cock of the wood, i. 78, 93. _Colymbus arcticus_, i. 27, 176. ii. 98, 151. ---- _auritus_, i. 118. _Comarum palustre_, i. 158. _Confervæ_, i. 336. _Convallaria bifolia_, i. 58. ii. 274. Cookery, i. 248; performed by the men, i. 132. _Coralloides_, i. 8, 84. _Corallorrhiza_, i. 223, 245. ii. 47. Corals, petrified, i. 30. _Cornus suecica_, i. 177, 189. _Corvus Cornix_, ii. 229. ---- _glandarius_, ii. 110. ---- _infaustus_, ii. 109, 255. _Cos molaris_, i. 30. Costmary, i. 220. Cotton-Rush, i. 68. Cradles, different kinds of, i. 190. Crake-berries, i. 138, 152. ii. 26. Cranberries, i. 208. Cranes, i. 94. Cross-bills, i. 70. Cuckoo, i. 12, 23, 62. _Cuculus canorus_, i. 23, 319. _Culex pipiens_, i. 159. ---- _pulicaris_, i. 238, 251. ---- _reptans_, i. 209, 251. ii. 115. _Cypræa_, ii. 191. _Cyprinus Aphya_, i. 102. ---- _Brama_, i. 27. _Cypripedium Calceolus_, ii. 112.

D.

_Daphne_, i. 23. _Dermestes murinus_, i. 206. _Diapensia lapponica_, i. 285. ii. 280. _Dillenia_. See _Azalea_. Diseases of the Laplanders, ii. 32-35. ---- of cattle, i. 245. Diver, black-throated, i. 27. _Draba alpina_, ii. 280. ---- _verna_, i. 5. Dress, travelling, of Linnæus, i. 1. ---- of the Laplanders, i. 132, 137, 326-335. ii. 10, 110, 144-150. _Dryas octopetala_, ii. 280. Ducks, wild, i. 93, 118. Dyeing wool and leather, method of, i. 170. _Dytiscus natator_, i. 100.

E.

East Bothland, ii. 151-166. 201-232. Elf-Carleby, i. 15. Elm, common, i. 22, 68. _Elymus arenarius_, ii. 204. _Emberiza Hortulanus_, i. 71. ---- _nivalis_, i. 71. ii. 97, 282. _Empetrum nigrum_, i. 138, 139, 152. ii. 26, 280. _Empis borealis_, i. 87, 179. _Ephemera_, i. 73, 177. _Epilobium augustifolium_, ii. 87. ---- _palustre_ [beta], i. 283. _Equisetum hyemale_, i. 121. _Erica vulgaris_, i. 7, 22, 25, 35, 49. ii. 119, 277. _Erigeron uniflorum_, ii. 279. _Eriophorum alpinum_, i, 177, 254. ---- _polystachion_, i. 68. ---- _vaginatum_, i. 68. _Erysimum Barbarea_, i. 255, 267. [beta], i. 72.

F.

Festivals, i. 114, 157. Finch, mountain, i. 23, 29. Fir, common, i. 25, 49, 82, 202. ---- spruce, i. 49, 70, 85, 187, 202. Fisheries, i. 128, 163. Flax, i. 200. Flesh-fly, i. 159. Food of the Laplanders, i. 154. Foxes, i. 71, 250. Fowls, the Laplanders' method of drying, i. 79. _Fringilla Montifringilla_, i. 23, 29. Frogs, imagined to live in a woman's stomach, i. 111. Frog-spittle, i. 214. _Fucus_, i. 336. ii. 263. _Fumaria bulbosa minima_, i. 37. Furniture of the mountain Laplanders, ii. 12.

G.

Gaddewick, ferry of, mineral spring at, i. 231. Gad-fly, i. 215. _Gadus virens_, i. 341. Gale, sweet, i. 19. _Galium boreale_, ii. 275. _Gentiana nivalis_, ii. 280. ---- _tenella_, ii. 280. _Geranium sylvaticum_, i. 283. Gestrickland, i. 17. ii. 241. _Glires_, i. 89. Glirr, i. 102. Gnats, i. 87, 159, 208, 238. Goosander, i. 94-96. Granite, i. 9, 30, 35. Grayling, i. 61. Grebe, little-eared, i. 118. Grous, black, i. 23. Grous, wood, i. 179. Grotto in the mountain of Scula, ii. 242. Grundell, Baron, i. 70. ii. 245. _Gryllus domesticus_, i. 254. Gulls, i. 75. Gwiniad, small, i. 161. _Gyrophoræ_, ii. 282.

H.

Hair-moss, great, i. 171, 191. Half-boots of the West Bothlanders, i. 74. Hare, i. 89. Harness, rein-deer, i. 104. Harr, i. 61. Hazle, i. 62, 68. Heart's ease, i. 41. Heath, i. 7, 22, 49, 56. _Hedera Helix_, i. 21. Helsingland, i. 25. _Hepatica_, i. 11. _Hieracium Pilosella_, i. 5. _Hippophaë rhamnoides_, ii. 224, 233. Hobgoblins, supposed to inhabit the mountains, i. 221. Hops, i. 36, 62. Horns of the reindeer, i. 135. Horsetail, naked, i. 121. Househould [oe]conomy of the Laplanders, i. 167-172, 190, 197-199, 340. ii. 5-18, 23-26, 47-50. Humble-bee, i. 159. _Humulus Lupulus_, ii. 122, 228. Hunting the bear, ii. 83-85. Huts of the Laplanders, i. 124, 155. _Hyoscyamus niger_, ii. 224. _Hypnum parietinum_, i. 8.

I.

Implements of husbandry, i. 65. Insects at Bumoen, i. 200. ---- Lulea, i. 233. ---- Pithoea, i. 216. ---- Umoen, i. 192-194. _Iris Pseudacorus_, ii. 228. Ivy, i. 21. Itinerary of Linnæus, ii. 270.

J.

Jarf, i. 71. _Juncellus aquaticus_, i. 122. _Juncus campestris_, i. 5. ---- _curvatus_, ii. 281. ---- _trifidus_, i. 279. ---- _triglumis_, ii. 112. Juniper, i. 83, 137, 156. _Jussiea._ See _Sibbaldia_.

K.

Kettle, method of boiling, i. 198. Kids, i. 10. Kimi, ii. 146-151. Korssraff, i. 71. Kowall, i. 111.

L.

Lady-bird, i. 179. _Lapis molaris_, i. 30. Lapland Alps, i. 283-322. ii. 1-81, 257. ---- Dr. Wahlenberg's Observations to determine the height of, ii. 272. Lapland minerals, ii. 35-37. ---- Norwegian, i. 322-335. Laplanders' amusements, ii. 50-58. ---- character, i. 132. ---- dress, i. 132, 133, 137, 326-335. ii. 110, 144-150. ---- diseases, ii. 32-35. ---- food, i. 154. ---- substitute for tobacco and snuff, i. 86. ---- household [oe]conomy, i. 167-172, 190, 197-199, 340, 341. ii. 5-18, 23-26, 47-50. ---- huts, i. 125-127, 155. ---- marriages, ii. 67-76. ---- shop, i. 119, 120. ---- weapons, i. 137. Lark, i. 6. _Larus canus_, i. 75, 319. _Lathyrus palustris_, ii. 226. _Ledum palustre_, i. 23, 246. ii. 275. _Leontodon Taraxacum_, i. 5. _Leonurus Cardiaca_, ii. 224. _Lepas Balanoides_, i. 336. ---- _Balanus_, i. 336. _Lernea asellina_, i. 341. _Libellula forcipata_, i. 190. ---- _Virgo_, i. 190. _Lichen arcticus_, i. 31. ---- _byssoides_, i. 84. ---- _caninus_, i. 31. ---- _cocciferus_, i. 84. ---- _ericetorum_, i. 156. ---- _islandicus_, i. 24. ii. 200. ---- _jubatus_, ii. 171. ---- _nivalis_, i. 4, 85. ---- _omphalodes_, ii. 233. ---- _rangiferinus_, i. 84, 161, 318. ii. 18, 88, 108, 128, 199, 277. ---- _stygius_, ii. 233. ---- _uncialis_, i. 82, 84. ---- _velleus_, i. 213. Lichens, filamentous, i. 83, 161. _Ligusticum Levisticum_, i. 73. Lime-tree, i. 68. Ling, i. 25, 35, 36, 82, 124, 139. _Linnæa borealis_, i. 21, 37, 203, 229. _Lithospermum arvense_, i. 5. _Lonicera Xylosteum_, ii. 227. _Loxia curvirostra_, i. 70. _Ludus Helmontii_, i. 8. Lulea, i. 228-255. Lulean Lapland, i. 256-283. ii. 81-130. Lumme, i. 27, 176. _Lychnis alpina_, ii. 19. ---- _apetala_, ii. 279. ---- _dioica_, i. 33. ---- _Viscaria_, ii. 19. Lycksele Lapland, i. 96-194. ---- parsonage, church, and school, i. 111. ii. 242. _Lycopodium alpinum_, } ---- _clavatum_, } i. 20. ---- _complanatum_, } ---- _Selago_, } _Lycopsis arvensis_, i. 253. _Lysimachia thyrsiflora_, ii. 275. _Lythrum Salicaria_, ii. 164.

M.

Manners of the Laplanders, i. 131. Maple, i. 68. Marriages of the Laplanders, i. 113, 131, 248. ii. 67-76. Meal-berry, i. 250. Medelpad, i. 35. _Medusa aurita_, i. 338. _Medusa capillata_, i. 336. ---- _cruciata_, i. 338. _Melampyrum pratense_, } i. 110, 111. ---- _sylvaticum_, } _Menyanthes trifoliata_, i. 86, 200, 352. _Mergus Merganser_, i. 94-96. _Mesomora_, i. 177, 189. _Mica_, i. 26, 247. Mice, i. 89. _Michelia._ See _Azalea lapponica_. Milk, i. 59, 242-244, 273, 317. ---- preparations of, i. 196, 242. ii. 181. Minerals, ii. 35-37. Mining, i. 195, 196. Missne, i. 86. Money-wort, i. 229. _Montia fontana_, i. 176. Mosses, their fructification, i. 181-186. Motacilla flava, i. 71. Mountain of Skula, i. 52. ii. 244. _Mures_, i. 89. _Mus Lemmus_, i. 102, 162, 303. _Musca carnaria_, i. 159. _Muscus lichenoides_, i. 213. ---- _tectorius_, i. 85. _Mustela Gulo_, i. 71. ii. 50, 279. _Mya arenaria_, i. 237. ---- _margaritifera_, ii. 105. _Myosotis scorpioides_, i. 5. _Myrica Gale_, i. 19, 208.

N.

_Nardus stricta_, i. 236. _Narthecium ossifragum_, i. 257. Norway, i. 335-366. Norwegian Lapland, i. 322-335. _Nostoc_, i. 263. _Nux vomica_, i. 112.

O.

Oak, i. 68. Ochre, i. 62, 63. [OE]conomy of the Torneans, ii. 173-182. _[OE]strus nasalis_, ii. 45. ---- _Tarandi_, i. 293. ii. 2, 23. _Oniscus aquaticus_, i. 206. _Ophrys alpina_, ii. 279. ---- _cordata_, ii. 109. Orchis, palmated, i. 178. Ore, silver, i. 246. _Orobus vernus_, ii. 228. Ortolans, i. 71. Owls, i. 93, 204. Owl, eagle, i. 39, 41, 210. _Oxalis Acetosella_, i. 11, 58, 68.

P.

_Paris quadrifolia_, i. 138. _Pedicularis_, i. 252, 266, 366. ii. 277. ---- _flammea_, i. 296. ii. 280. ---- _hirsuta_, ii. 280. _Pedicularis lapponica_, ii. 278. _Perca fluviatilis_, ii. 86. Persecution, a singular instance of, i. 364. _Pes pelicani_, i. 336. _Petromyzon fluviatilis_, ii. 196. _Phaca alpina_, ii. 275. _Phoca vitulina_, ii. 234. _Phrygania bicaudata_, i. 74. _Pica lapponum_, i. 175. Pikes, i. 115, 128, 162. Pines, i. 81, 124, 131, 140. _Pinguicula_, i. 197, 208, 254. ii. 109. ---- _villosa_, i. 255. _Pinus Abies_, i. 25, 49, 70, 187. ii. 274, 275. ---- _nodosa_, i. 214. ---- _plicata_, i. 7. ---- _sylvestris_, i. 25, 49. ii. 60, 66, 157, 275, 276. Pipsten, i. 30. _Pisum maritimum_, ii. 203. Pithoea, i. 194-228. ii. 256. Plants at Calix, ii. 193, 195, 196. ---- Flaskesele, i. 116, 117. ---- Gräno, i. 174. ---- Jö, ii. 202. ---- Jockmock, i. 265, 266. ---- Kimi, ii. 147, 151-153. ---- Kiomitis, i. 269-272. ---- Koskesvari, i. 258-260. ---- Limingo, ii. 212, 213. ---- Lulea, i. 230, 234, 247. ii. 122, 125. ---- Sastmola, ii. 227. ---- Skargarden, i. 220, 221. ---- Torfiolme, i. 345. ---- Tornea, ii. 125, 131, 136-144, 169, 172. ---- Umoea, i. 181-186. ---- Upland, i. 325. ---- Wallavari, i. 283-291, 293-303. ---- Wasa, ii. 223. ---- Zangis, ii. 128-130. Plants and birds near Lycksele, i. 98-100. Plants and fishes near Pithoea, i. 222-228. Plovers, ringed, i. 93. _Polygonum Fagopyrum_, i. 166. ---- _viviparum_, i. 282. _Polypodium_, i. 55. _Polytrichum_, i. 85, 191. ii. 225. ---- _commune_, i. 124, 171. _Populus tremula_, i. 77, ii. 277. _Potamogeton gramineum_, ii. 112. ---- perfoliatum, ii. 92. Potatoes, i. 62. _Poterium Sanguisorba_, i. 220. _Primula_, i. 5, 277. _Prunus Padus_, ii. 277. Ptarmigan, i. 35, 150. _Pteris crispa_, ii. 278. _Pyrolæ_, i. 17. _Pyrus Aucuparia_, ii. 277.

Q.

Quicksand, i. 63.

R.

_Ranunculus acris_, i. 203. ---- _aquatilis_, ii. 91. ---- _glacialis_, ii. 281, 282. ---- _lapponicus_, i. 156, 252. ---- _nivalis_, ii. 281. Redwing, i. 6, 23, 121. Reindeer, i. 68, 79, 103-110, 113, 127, 135, 161, 280, 307-314. ii. 22, 37-46, 107, 110. ---- method of castrating, ii. 3. _Ribes alpinum_, ii. 227. ---- _rubrum_, i. 257. _Rosa cinnamomea_, ii. 274. Rocking children, various modes of, i. 190. _Rubus arcticus_, i. 33, 52, 58, 186, 201. ii. 118, 274. ---- _Chamæmorus_, i. 152, 203, 281. ii. 109, 279. ---- _fruticosus_, ii. 118. ---- _idæus_, ii. 118. ---- _saxatilis_, ii. 118, 228. Ruffs and Reeves, i. 71. _Rumex Acetosa_, i. 102, 153, 315, 366. ---- digynus, i. 253, 256, 366. ii. 281. Rye, i. 56, 57, 67.

S.

_Salix caprea_, i. 5. ---- _glauca_, ii. 278. ---- _hastata_, ii. 278. ---- _Helix_, i. 17. ---- _lanata_, i. 77. ii. 279. ---- _Lapponum_, ii. 26. _Salix myrsinites_, ii. 279. ---- _pentandra_, ii. 275. ---- _phylicifolia_, i. 242. ---- _rosmarinifolia_, ii. 183. Sallow-tree, i. 55. _Salmo Albula_, i. 161. ii. 86, 89, 216. ---- _alpinus_, i. 127, 305-307. ii. 277. ---- _Lavaretus_, i. 160. ii. 37, 97, 167, 275. ---- _Salar_, ii. 116, 189. ---- _Thymallus_, i. 61. ii. 275. Salmon fishery, i. 13, 206, 344. ii. 117. Sandpipers, i. 93. _Satyrium viride_, i. 178. _Saxifraga_, i. 10. ii. 280. _Saxum fornacum_, i. 30. _Scarabæus_, i. 206. _Sceptrum Carolinum_, i. 252, 266, 278. ii. 119, 277. _Scheuchzeria palustris_, i. 257. _Sch[oe]nus Mariscus_, i. 150. _Scirpus cæspitosus_, i. 122, 150. ---- _maritimus_, ii. 228. _Sciurus volans_, ii. 231. ---- _vulgaris_, ii. 49. _Scolopax Gallinago_, i. 19. Seals, remarks on, ii. 234. _Sedum Telephium_, ii. 226. _Serratula alpina_, i. 259. Shop, Laplander's, i. 119. _Sibbaldia procumbens_, i. 284. _Silene acaulis_, ii. 281. _Sisymbrium Nasturtium_, ii. 226. Skelleftea, i. 203. Skula, mountain, ii. 242. Sledge, i. 104. _Solanum Dulcamara_, ii. 224. _Solidago Virgaurea_, ii. 87. _Sonchus alpinus_, ii. 60, 77-79, 277. _Sorbus_, ii. 277. _Spergula arvensis_, i. 353. _Sphagnum_, i. 37, 139, 156, 165. ---- _palustre_, ii. 109. _Sphinx Filipendulæ_, i. 321. Spiders, i. 23. Springs, mineral, i. 63, 69, 241, 281. ii. 231. Squirrels, i. 89, 176. _Stellaria minima_, i. 238. ---- _nemorum_, i. 279. _Strix Bubo_, i. 39, 210-213. ---- _Ulula_, i. 205. Struthiopteris, ii. 277. Superstition of the Laplanders, i. 364. Summer, beauty of, in Lapland, i. 244. Swallows, i. 71. _Swammerdamia_, i. 237. Swans, i. 94.

T.