CHAPTER I

[1]D. O. Wagner, _Social Reformers from Adam Smith to John Dewey_ (New York: 1934), 213-239. Harry W. Laidler, _Social-Economic Movements, An Historical and Comparative Survey of Communism, Cooperation, Utopianism: and Other Systems of Reform and Reconstruction_ (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1946), 44-117. For general discussion concerning the period see _Revue des Deux Mondes_, XXIIIe Annee, Seconde serie de la Nouvelle Period, III, No. 1, 1853, 320-345, and especially, 1852, No. 3, 508-545.

[2]For a criticism of Fourier's ideas and system see Mme. C. Coignet, _Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre_ (Paris, France, 1895), 5-9; Frederic Engels, _Socialism, Utopian and Scientific_, translated by Deward Aveling (Chicago, 1914), 63-66; Harry W. Laidler, _A History of Socialist Thought_ (New York, 1927). For a more extensive biography, _La Grande Encyclopedie Nouvelle Biographie Generale depuis les Temps les plus Recules Jusqua nos jours_, XII; Coignet, _op. cit._, 2-5. Fourier's chief works are _Le Noveau Monde Industrial et Societaire_, 1829; _Traité de l'association Domestiquée Agricole au Attraction Industrielle_, 2 Vols., 1822; _La Theorie des Quarte Mouvements et de Destinées Générales_. For materials on related discussions see A. Grandin, _Bibliographie des Science_, etc. For a biography see F. August Bebel, _Charles Fourier, Sein Leben Und Seine Theorien_ (Stuttgart, 1888).

[3]For a plan of phalanstery see Appendix B. Compare Albert Brisbane, _Social Destiny of Man_: or, _Associations and Reorganization of Industry_ (Philadelphia, 1840), 353-354. For an extensive study see items listed in Egbert, _op. cit._, II, 132-135.

[4]Frederic Engels had a very high appreciation of Fourier; he said: "Fourier is not only a critic; his imperturbable serene nature makes him a satirist, and assuredly one of the greatest satirists of all times.... He was the first to declare that in any given society the degree of woman's emancipation is the natural measure of the general emancipation." See Frederic Engels, _op. cit._, 64-65. Ferrari, "Des Idées de L'école de M. Fourier depuïs 1830" in _Revue des Deux Mondes_, XI, August 1, 1845, No. 3, 389-434.

[5]Eugene Fourniere, "Le Rèigne de Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848," in _Histoire Socialiste_, 1789-1900, edited by Jean Jaures, 322-326.

[6]Coignet, _op. cit._, 1-16. For a list of his writings see _Victor P. Considerant, in LaRousse du XXe Siécle_, II, 425.

[7]Coignet, _Victor Considerant, sa Vie, son Oeuvre_, 11-22; see also Eugene Fourniére, _op. cit._; Savardan, _Un Naufrage au Texas_ (Paris, 1858), iii, 11-23.

[8]Coignet, _op. cit._, 29-34.

[9]_Ibid._; Albert Brisbane, _A Mental Biography With a Character Study by His Wife, Redelia Brisbane_ (Boston, 1893), 194; Hereafter cited as _Mental Biography_; Savardan, _op. cit._; Victor Prosper Considerant, _The Great West, A New Social and Industrial Life in Its Fertile Regions_ (New York, 1854) _passim_. Hereafter cited as _The Great West_.

[10]Eugene Fourniére, _op. cit._, 444.

[11]Brisbane, _Mental Biography_, 195.

[12]Brisbane, in the preface of Considerant, _The Great West_; see also, Considerant, _Contre M. Arago Réclamation addresse a la Chambre des Deputies par les Redacteurs du Feuilleton de la Phalange. Suive de la Théorie Droit de Propriété_, Paris, 1840.

[13]Albert Brisbane, _op. cit._, 315.

[14]_New York Tribune_, January 1, 1853, quoting the _Allegemeine Zeitung_.

[15]Albert Brisbane, _op. cit._, vii. For a short bibliography of Brisbane see Charles A. Madison, _Critics and Crusaders_ (New York, 1947-1948), 114-133.

[16]Albert Brisbane, _op. cit._, 177; a further development of Brisbane's ideas along this line is found in his _Social Destiny of Man_.

[17]Brisbane, _Mental Biography_, xi; For a discussion of Brisbane's efforts in literature and propaganda see John Humphrey Noyes, _History of American Socialist_ (New York, 1870), xvii, entitled "Literature of Fourierism."

[18]Brisbane, _op. cit._, 211.

[19]See _infra_. iv: footnote 25.

[20]Brisbane, _Social Destiny of Man, or Associations and Reorganization of Industry_ (Philadelphia, 1840), 5-40.

[21]Brisbane, _op. cit._, 40.

[22]For a full list of writers and supporters see Noyes, _History of Socialism_, 211-231; C. Nordhoff, _Communistic Societies of the United States_ (New York, 1875).

[23]For additional information concerning Fourierism in the United States, see William Alford Hinds, _American Communities_ (Chicago, 1902), 221, 254, a list of phalanges on page 224; Albert Shaw, _Icaire, A Chapter in the History of Communism_ (New York, 1884), ii.