Part 2

Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1988). Some coprophilous ascomycetes from Chile. _Transactions of the British Mycological Society_ 90, 601-605.

Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1989). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos aislados en España. XI. Ascomycetes. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 14, 75-80.

Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1989). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos aislados en España. XV. El género _Preussia_ (_Sporormiella_). _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 14, 81-94.

Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1992). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos en España. XVII. Ascomycotina. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 17, 19-37.

Valldosera, M. & Guarro, J. (1992). Estudios sobre hongos copróphilos aislados en España. XVIII. Bibliographic catalogue of Ascomycotina. _Boletín Sociedad Micológica de Madrid_ 17, 39-55.

Valldosera, M., Guarro, J. & Figueras, M. J. (1991). Two interesting coprophilous fungi from Spain. _Mycological Research_ 95, 243-246.

Winter, G. (1884-1887). Ascomyceten: Gymnoasceen und Pyrenomyceten. VOL. 1, Abt. 2 of _Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora_. (Pyrenomycetes).

Yao, Y-J. (1996). Notes on British species of _Lasiobolus_. _Mycological Research_ 100, 737-739.

Yao, Y-J. & Spooner, B. M. (1996). Notes on British species of _Cheilymenia_. _Mycological Research_ 100, 361-367.

BASIDIOMYCETE REFERENCES

Moser, M. (1978), in Gams, H. (ed.). _Kleine Kryptogamenflora von Mitteleuropa._ Fischer Verlag.

Moser, M. (1983). _Keys to Agarics and Boleti_ (English translation by S. Plant). Roger Phillips, London.

Orton, P. D. & Watling, R. (1979). _British Fungus Flora: Coprinus._ Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh.

Phillips, R. (1981). _Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe._ Pan Books, London.

Watling, R. (1982). _British Fungus Flora: Bolbitiaceae._ Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Edinburgh.

PHYCOMYCETE REFERENCES

Benjamin, R. K. (1959). The merosporangiferous Mucorales. _Aliso_ 4, 321-433.

Benjamin, R. K. (1961). Addenda to the merosporangiferous Mucorales. _Aliso_ 5, 11-19.

Benjamin, R. K. (1963). Addenda to the merosporangiferous Mucorales. _Aliso_ 5, 273-288.

Benjamin, R. K. (1965). Addenda to the merosporangiferous Mucorales. _Aliso_ 6, 1-10. (The 4 papers above are an excellent account of _Syncephalis_, _Piptocephalis_, _Coemansia_ and other unusual allied phycomycetes, republished (1967) as _Bibliotheca Mycologica_ 5 by J. Cramer, Lehre).

Gams, W. & Moreau, R. (1959). Le genre _Mortierella_. _Annales scientifiques de l'Université de Besançon_, Series 2 3, 95-105.

Hesseltine, C. W. (1955). Genera of Mucorales with a note on their synonymy. _Mycologia_ 47, 344-363. (With good key; many other papers by Hesseltine, with others, in _Mycologia_, _American Journal of Botany_, _American Midland Naturalist_ and _Lloydia_).

Ingold, C. T. & Zoberi, M. H. (1963). The asexual apparatus of Mucorales in relation to spore liberation. _Transactions of the British Mycological Society_ 46, 115-134.

Naumov, N. A. (1939). Clés des Mucorinées. _Encyclopédie mycologique_ 9, 1-137.

Zycha, H., Siepmann, R. & Linneman, G. (1969). _Mucorales._ J. Cramer, Lehre. (A revision of Zycha, 1935).

GENERAL REFERENCES

Bell, A. (1983). _Dung Fungi: an illustrated guide to coprophilous fungi in New Zealand._ Victoria University Press, Wellington.

Bon, M. (1987). _The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-western Europe._ Hodder & Stoughton, London.

Cacialli, G., Caroti, V. & Doveri, F. (1995). _Funghi fimicoli e rari o interssanti del litorale Toscano._ Schede di Micologia VOL. 1. Fondazione Centro Studi Micologici Dell' A. M. B., Vicenza, Italy.

Domsch, K. H., Gams, W. & Anderson, T. H. (1980). _Compendium of soil fungi._ Academic Press, New York.

Ellis, M. B. & Ellis, J. P. (1988). _Microfungi on Miscellaneous Substrates._ Croom Helm, London & Sydney.

Gilman, J. C. (1957). _A Manual of Soil Fungi._ Iowa State College Press.

Eliasson, U. & Lundqvist, N. (1979). Fimicolous Myxomycetes. _Botaniska Notiser_ 132, 551-568. (A list of 34 spp., with some descriptions and illustrations).

Hawksworth, D. L., Kirk, P. M., Sutton, B. C. & Pegler, D. N. (1995). _Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi._ 8th edn. CAB International, Wallingford.

Holden, M. (ed) (1982). Guide to the literature for the identification of British fungi, 4th Edition. _Bulletin of the British Mycological Society_ 16, 36-55; 92-112.

Massee, G., & Salmon, E. S. (1901). Researches on coprophilous fungi. _Annals of Botany, London_ 15, 313-357.

Seifert, K. A., Kendrick, W. B. & Murase, G. (1983). _A key to hyphomycetes on dung._ University of Waterloo Biology Series No. 27.

Webster, J. (1970). Coprophilous Fungi. _Transactions of the British Mycological Society_ 54, 161-180.

Key 1. Ascomycota

1 Ascoma either globose to flask shaped, usually with an easily observable pore or neck (PERITHECIUM or PSEUDOTHECIUM, figs 16, 18, 19, 22, 27, 30, 32, 34-37), or discoid (APOTHECIUM, figs 1, 3, 4, 7, 11-14). Spores usually 8 in each ascus (less frequently 4, 16, 32, 64, 128 etc.). Asci ellipsoid to cylindrical, borne in a distinct hymenium, thus appearing in fascicles or distinct groups when the fruit body is squashed. 2 - Ascoma globose to subglobose, lacking a definite pore or neck (CLEISTOTHECIUM or GYMNOTHECIUM, figs 38, 39, 46). Asci globose to subglobose, 8-spored, not in a distinct hymenium, appearing quite free when the fruit body is squashed. KEY 2, 148 (p. 45)

2(1) Ascoma a PERITHECIUM or PSEUDOTHECIUM, usually dark in some part, not opening to a disc but remaining globose or flask shaped. Asci unitunicate, not operculate but often with an apical pore, which may stain blue in iodine, or bitunicate. KEY 2, 1 (p. 24) - Ascoma an APOTHECIUM, white or lightly coloured, soft fleshed, opening out to a disc or cushion shape when mature. Asci unitunicate. 3

3(2) Asci opening by an operculum (fig. 8), a bilabiate vertical split down to a subapical ring of thickening (fig. 15), or apparently just bursting. 4 - Asci inoperculate, with an apical pore. 96

4(3) Spores 8 (occasionally 4) in an ascus, colourless, purple or brown. 5 - Spores more than 8 in an ascus, colourless. 77

5(4) Spores remaining colourless. 6 - Spores purple or brown at maturity. 39

6(5) Apothecia with obvious hairs. 7 - Apothecia without obvious hairs (microscopic hairs up to 50µm long may be present). 14

7(6) Hairs brown. Apothecia orange, red orange or yellow orange. (_Cheilymenia_, fig. 1) 8 - Hairs colourless. Apothecia colourless or pinkish. (_Lasiobolus_, fig. 3) 12

8(7) Apothecia with stellate hairs. Spores 14-20 × 8-11µm. _Cheilymenia stercorea_ (figs 1, 2) - Apothecia without stellate hairs. 9

9(8) Spores 14.5-18 × 8-9.5µm. Asci 10-13µm diam. Apothecia 2mm diam. or more. _Cheilymenia coprinaria_ - Spores larger, 17 × 10µm or more. 10

10(9) Apothecia reddish orange, up to 1mm diam., marginal hairs rooting, wall 2-4µm thick. Spores 21-26 × 10-13.8µm. _Cheilymenia fimicola_ - Apothecia pale orange yellow, marginal hairs superficial, wall up to 2µm thick. 11

11(10) Asci up to 22µm diam. Spores 17-27 × 10-14.5µm. _Cheilymenia pulcherrima_ - Asci wider, 25µm diam. or more. Spores 23-26.5 × 13-16.5µm. _Cheilymenia raripila_

12(7) Hairs 600µm or longer. Spores 19-23 × 7-10µm. _Lasiobolus macrotrichus_ - Hairs shorter, up to 600µm. 13

13(12) Asci clavate, 20µm diam. or wider. Spores 19-22 × 10.5-13.5µm. _Lasiobolus cuniculi_ - Asci cylindrical, up to 20µm diam. Spores 18-22.5 × 9.5-11.5µm. _Lasiobolus ciliatus_ (fig. 3)

14(6) Asci blue in iodine solution. 15 - Asci not blue in iodine. 24

15(14) Spores large, 30-42 × 15-18µm, warted, ellipsoid with acute apices. _Thecotheus cinereus_ - Spores smaller, smooth or only finely ornamented 16

16(15) Apothecia brownish, large, 1cm diam. or more. (_Peziza_) 21 - Apothecia pale, up to 4mm diam. Asci protruding from hymenium when ripe. 17

17(16) Apothecia white to pink, up to 2mm diam. Spores finely verruculose, 18-25 × 8-14µm. _Iodophanus carneus_ (fig. 4) - Apothecia pale, variously coloured when fresh, but drying darker. Spores smooth. (_Thecotheus_) 18

18(17) Spores apiculate at each end, smooth. 19 - Spores not apiculate, 20-22 × 8-10µm. _Thecotheus agranulosus_

19(18) Spores with a collar at the base of the apiculus. 20 - Spores without a collar at the base of the apiculus, 16-21 × 8-12µm. _Thecotheus apiculatus_

20(19) Apothecia white. Spores 20-22 × 10-12µm, apiculus 4-6µm diam. _Thecotheus perplexans_ - Apothecia yellowish. Spores 12-15 × 7.5-9µm, apiculus 2.5-3.5µm diam. _Thecotheus africanus_

21(16) Spores smooth, without guttules. 22 - Spores verruculose or spinulose, 15-18 × 8-9µm, with 1 guttule. Paraphyses with clavate apices, with brown contents. Apothecia asymmetrical, extended on one side. _Peziza pleurota_

22(21) Spores 19-24 × 10.5-14µm. Apothecia yellowish brown, up to 10cm diam. _Peziza vesiculosa_ - Spores up to 10µm wide. 23

23(22) Apothecia ca 1cm diam., umber with a paler margin. Spores 15-22 × 9-10µm. _Peziza bovina_ - Apothecia up to 2cm diam., pale brown. Spores 13-16 × 7-9µm. _Peziza fimeti_

24(14) Apothecia robust, up to 4mm diam., orange or with brownish or purple tints. 25 - Apothecia smaller, rarely more than 1mm, pale, yellowish green, orange, grey or chestnut. 32

25(24) Apothecia orange or red. 26 - Apothecia discrete, brownish or purple. (_Fimaria_) 27

26(25) Apothecia crowded, 1-3mm diam., orange, with a granular surface. Asci up to 190 × 15µm. Spores 15-18.5 × 7-9.5µm. Paraphyses strongly clavate to apex up to 14µm diam, filled with orange granules. _Coprobia granulata_ - Apothecia discrete, 1-2mm diam., orange or red. Asci 240 × 10-12µm. Spores 12-15 × 7-8µm. Paraphyses yellow, only slightly swollen from 2µm to 3-4µm at apex. _Ascophanus bresadolae_

27(25) Spores 8-9.5 × 4-4.5µm. _Fimaria equina_ - Spores larger. 28

28(27) Spores 20-38 × 10-13µm. _Fimaria hepatica_ - Spores shorter. 29

29(28) Spores 10-13 × 7-9µm. _Fimaria porcina_ - Spores 13-17 × 7-11µm. 30

30(29) Disc punctate with asci. Paraphysis tips swollen up to 3-5µm. Spores 14.5-16 × 9.5-11µm. _Fimaria leporum_ - Disc not punctate with asci. Paraphysis tips not or only slightly swollen. 31

31(30) Apothecia pale yellowish. Spores 13-15.5 × 7.5-8.5µm. _Fimaria theioleuca_ - Apothecia chestnut/purplish brown. Spores 14-17 × 7-8.5µm. _Fimaria cervaria_

32(24) Spores less than 10µm long. 33 - Spores mostly longer than 10µm. 36

33(32) Paraphyses markedly capitate to 5-6µm, with yellowish green contents. Apothecia dull at first, yellowish at maturity. Spores 7-10 × 2-4.5µm. _Thelebolus microsporus_ (fig. 5) - Paraphyses only slightly inflated above, without coloured contents. Apothecia whitish or grey. 34

34(33) Spores 5-7 × 3-4µm. Asci 38-42 × 6-7µm. Apothecia smoky grey, 0.3-0.4mm diam. _Ascophanus cinerellus_ - Spores larger. Apothecia pale, white or yellowish. 35

35(34) Apothecia up to 1.2mm diam. Asci short stalked, 40-55 × 8-12µm. Spores 7.5-9 × 4.5-5.5µm. _Coprotus glaucellus_ - Apothecia 0.2-0.5mm diam. Asci attenuate below, 65-85 × 10-15µm. Spores 8-10 × 5-6.5µm. _Coprotus lacteus_

36(32) Apothecia chestnut brown up to 1mm diam. Asci 160 × 13µm. Spores 13-16 x 8-11µm. Paraphyses forked, with swollen tips. _Ascophanus misturae_ - Apothecia lighter coloured. Asci less than 150µm long. 37

37(36) Spores 14-18 × 9-11µm. Apothecia pale yellow/orange, up to 1.5mm diam. Asci cylindrical, 110-150 × 12-15µm. Paraphyses yellowish, slightly inflated to 4-5µm at apices. _Coprotus ochraceus_ - Spores less than 15µm long. Apothecia up to 0.6mm diam. Asci less than 100µm long. 38

38(37) Apothecia bright yellow. Asci cylindrical clavate, attenuate below, 65-90 × 10-15µm. Spores 12-14 × 6-8.5µm. Paraphyses branched, apices inflated to 4-5µm, with yellow contents. _Coprotus aurorus_ - Apothecia white/pale yellow, with darker margin. Asci broadly clavate, stalked below 40-55 × 15-30µm. Spores 9-15 × 6.5-9.5µm. Paraphyses inflated above to 5-8µm, hyaline. _Coprotus granuliformis_

39(5) Spores spherical or broadly ellipsoid, brown, ornamented with warts, anastomosing ridges or a reticulum. Asci clavate. Apothecium without excipulum. (_Ascodesmis_, fig. 6) 40 - Spores ellipsoid or spherical, hyaline at first, then purple, becoming brown at maturity; epispore smooth, finely verruculose, warted or cracked. Asci cylindrical. Excipulum present. 45

40(39) Spores 18-21.5 × 13.5-17.5µm. _Ascodesmis macrospora_ - Spores up to 16µm. 41

41(40) Spores ± spherical, L/B ratio mostly up to 1.2. 42 - Spores ± broadly ellipsoidal, L/B ratio mostly 1.2 or more. 43

42(41) Spores ornamented with round warts, 8.5-11 × 8.3-10µm. _Ascodesmis nana_ - Spores ornamented with a network of ridges, 10.5-14 × 9-12µm. _Ascodesmis sphaerospora_

43(41) Spores with a prominent reticulum of ridges (fig. 6), 11-15.5 × 8-13.5µm. Apothecia 150-300µm diam. _Ascodesmis microscopica_ (fig. 6) - Spore ornament not a reticulum. 44

44(43) Spores with 1 simple or branched ridge and isolated or occasionally connected warts, 11-14.5 × 7-11.5µm. Apothecia up to 500µm diam. _Ascodesmis porcina_ - Spores with isolated warts, some joined to form short ridges, but not a reticulum, often capitate, 9.5-12.5 × 7.5-10µm. Apothecia 50-150µm diam. _Ascodesmis nigricans_

45(39) Spores separate in the ascus. (_Ascobolus_) 46 - Spores firmly joined together, both in the ascus and after ejection (fig. 10). (_Saccabolus_) 66

46(45) Spores spherical. 47 - Spores ellipsoid. 48

47(46) Spores 10.5-13.5µm, epispore with numerous but isolated warts. _Ascobolus brassicae_ (figs 8, 9) - Spores 11.5-13.5(15)µm, epispore with subparallel occasionally anastomosing lines. _Ascobolus crosslandii_

48(46) Spores very large, mostly 50-70 × 25-35µm, almost oblong with rounded ends, typically with few cracks in the epispore. _Ascobolus immersus_ (figs 7, 9) - Spores smaller, with epispore smooth, warted or with cracks. 49

49(48) Epispore strongly and irregularly wrinkled with a vesiculose layer of pigment, 11.6-16 × 6.5-9.3µm. Paraphyses capitate up to 18µm. Apothecia up to 0.6mm diam. _Ascobolus rhytidiosporus_ - Epispore not strongly wrinkled/vesiculose. 50

50(49) Epispore basically smooth or warted, perhaps with a few irregular cracks. 51 - Epispore with a clear pattern of cracks or lines. 56

51(50) Spores up to 25µm long. 52 - Spores longer, 25µm or more. 54

52(51) Epispore smooth, finely granular or punctate. Gelatinous material unilateral, not surrounding spore. 53 - Epispore warted, spores 18.5-21(22.5) × (9)10-11.5µm, surrounded by gelatinous sheath. _Ascobolus hawaiiensis_

53(52) Spores 18-24 × 10-13µm. Hymenial mucus greenish yellow. Excipulum not brown. _Ascobolus mancus_ - Spores 20-25 × 11-13µm. Hymenial mucus sulphur yellow. Excipulum with rich brown intercellular pigment. _Ascobolus boudieri_

54(51) Epispore smooth or finely granular, spores 23-29(32) × 12-17µm. _Ascobolus elegans_ - Epispore warted. 55

55(54) Spores with a regular pattern of warts and intact epispore, 26-32 × 15-17.5µm. _Ascobolus stictoideus_ (fig. 9) - Spores with irregular patches of thicker pigment, especially at the poles, 28-35 × 16-18µm. _Ascobolus degluptus_

56(50) Spores mostly 18 × 10µm or larger. 57 - Spores mostly smaller than 20 × 10µm. 61

57(56) Apothecia small, mostly up to 1mm diam., colourless. Spores 20-35 × 11-14µm, epispore cracks distant, irregular, often anastomosing. _Ascobolus albidus_ (figs 7, 9) - Apothecia larger, usually 1mm diam. or more, disc yellowish, greenish, purplish or brownish. 58

58(57) Apothecia crowded, purplish or purplish brown with intercellular pigment. Spores 18-28 × 10-12µm, with longitudinal anastomosing cracks. _Ascobolus roseopurpurascens_

- Apothecia yellowish or greenish. 59

59(58) Spores 17-22 × 9.5-12µm with a few widely spaced and irregularly oriented cracks. _Ascobolus michaudii_ - Spores with closely spaced, ± longitudinal, cracks, with varying degrees of anastomosis. 60

60(59) Apothecia furfuraceous, sessile. Ascus wall blue in iodine. Spores 19-28 × 10-14µm. _Ascobolus furfuraceus_ (fig. 7) - Apothecia smooth, substipitate. Ascus wall only faintly blue in iodine. Spores 19-22 × 9.5-13µm. _Ascobolus perplexans_

61(56) Apothecia large, stipitate, 5-10mm diam. Spores 16-19.5 × 8.5-10µm, with subparallel, longitudinal, only rarely anastomosing lines. _Ascobolus lignatilis_ - Apothecia up to 2mm diam. 62

62(61) Apothecia white. 63 - Apothecia yellow, green or brownish. 64

63(62) Spores 13-17 × 7.5-8.5µm, with a coarse reticulum of fine cracks when mature. Only recorded on grouse, capercaillie etc. (Tetraonidae) dung. _Ascobolus carletonii_ - Spores 16-20 × 8-10µm, with a pattern of longitudinal anastomosing cracks. Only recorded on deer dung. _Ascobolus sacchariferus_

64(62) Spores 14.5-16 × 8-9µm, epispore lines not densely crowded. _Ascobolus cervinus_ - Spores smaller, epispore with densely crowded, rarely anastomosing cracks. 65

65(64) Apothecia greenish yellow, furfuraceous, with crenulate margin. Spores 9.5-15 × 6-8µm. _Ascobolus crenulatus_ (fig. 9) - Apothecia brownish yellow to brown, smooth, with undifferentiated margin. Spores 12.5-14.5 × 7-8.5µm. _Ascobolus minutus_