Part 16

Michelet construes these facts as proof that the art of nest-building is not innate in birds, but has to be learned. As a matter of fact they prove exactly the opposite. The Frenchman’s reasoning is typical of that of those persons who make their facts fit in with their theories. Michelet is blinded by his preconceived notions. He is unable to see things which should be apparent to all. If the art of nest-building is not innate, why did the canary fly about the room collecting the necessary materials and heap them in a corner of the cage? That she did not go so far as to build a nest is easily explained by the fact that she was not given a suitable site for it, that the necessary foundation of branches was not provided for her. As well might one say that a bricklayer did not know his trade because he failed to build a wall on the surface of the sea. When given the framework, Michelet’s untaught canary lost no time in lining it. The alleged act that the lining was not well done may be explained in many ways. Michelet may have imagined this, or the materials provided may not have been altogether suitable; moreover, Jonquille must have worked in haste, as the framework was presumably not given until the bird had collected all the material. Again, the nest was the first that that particular canary had built. Birds, like human beings, learn to profit by experience. Nest-building is an instinctive art, but intelligence may step in and aid blind instinct.

In this connection it is necessary to bear in mind that the nest is completed long before the young birds come out of the egg; that they leave, or are driven away from, the parents before the next nest-building season. If young birds are taught nest-building, who teaches them?

Proof of the instinctiveness of nest-building might be multiplied indefinitely. There are on record scores of instances of birds selecting impossible sites for their nests; these are cases of instinct that has gone astray. Again, the persistent way in which martins will rebuild, or attempt to rebuild, nests that are destroyed, shows to what an extent nest-construction is a matter of instinct. One more concrete piece of evidence must suffice. My friend, Captain Perreau, has, among other birds in his aviary at Bukloh, in the Himalayas, some grey-headed love-birds. This species has the peculiar habit of lining the nest with strips of bark, which the hen carries up to the nest amongst the feathers of the back. Captain Perreau started with two cock love-birds and one hen, and this last had the peculiarity of not carrying up the lining to her nest in the orthodox way; nevertheless, her daughter, when she took unto herself a husband, used to carry up bark and grass to her nest in the orthodox manner. “Why did this hen do this?” Captain Perreau asks. “Her mother could not have taught her. I have no other true love-birds; and my blue-crowned hanging parrakeets, or rather the hens, certainly do carry up to the nesting-hole bark, etc., but they carry it, not in the back, but tucked in between the feathers of the neck and breast.” This neat method of conveying material to the nest is, therefore, certainly an instinctive act, as is almost every other operation connected with nest-building.

To sum up. The parental teaching forms a far less important factor in the education of birds than many naturalists have been led by careless observation to believe. Birds may be said to be born educated in the sense that poets are born, not made. In each case education puts on the finishing touches to the handiwork of nature.

XLIV BIRDS AT SUNSET

It is refreshing to watch the birds at the sunset hour. The fowls of the air are then full to overflowing of healthy activity.

In the garden the magpie-robin (_Copsychus saularis_), daintily clothed in black and white, vigorously pours forth his joyous song from some leafy bough. From the thicket issue the sharp notes of the tailor-bird (_Orthotomus sutorius_), the noisy chatter of the seven sisters (_Crateropus_), and the tinkling melody of the bulbul.

The king crows (_Dicrurus ater_) are alternately catching insects on the wing and giving vent to their superfluous energy in the form of cheerful notes. Upon the lawn the perky, neatly-built mynas are chasing grasshoppers with relentless activity; nimble wagtails are accounting for numbers of the smaller insects, while the showy-crested hoopoes are eagerly extracting grubs and other good things from the earth by means of their long forceps-like bill. All, especially the hoopoes, have the air of birds racing against time. On that part of the lawn which the _malli_ is flooding to preserve its greenness the crows are thoroughly enjoying their evening bath.

On the sandy path is a company of green bee-eaters (_Merops viridis_) engaged in dust-bath operations.

Overhead the swifts—our little land albatrosses—are dashing hither and thither at full speed, revelling in the abundant insect life called forth by the fading light, and making the welkin ring with their “shivering screams.” Flying along with the swifts are some sand-martins (_Cotile sinensis_), easily distinguishable by their slower and more laboured motion.

High above the sphere of action of the swifts and martins are numbers of kites and vultures, sailing in circles on their quest for the wherewithal to satisfy their insatiable appetite.

As the darkness begins to gather these birds, one and all, put more energy into their movements. Each seems to be aware of the rapid approach of the night when work must cease, and each appears fully determined not to lose a moment of the precious daylight.

While the sun is still well above the horizon great flocks of mynas sweep swiftly overhead towards the dense clump of bamboo bushes in which they will spend the night. They are joined by other species of starling. Before settling among the bamboos they perch in trees hard by, and make a joyful noise; every now and then some of the throng take to their wings and perform, like trained soldiers, a series of rapid evolutions. When at length the gloom compels them reluctantly to desist from their vigorous exercise, and to disappear into the bamboo clump, they give out energy in the form of loud clamour.

From the grove of tall trees yonder, where thousands of crows will spend the hours of darkness, an even greater noise issues. Some twenty minutes before the sun dips below the horizon the advance guard of the corvi arrives; then, for the succeeding quarter-hour, continuous streams of crows come pouring in from east and west, from north and south.

Meanwhile the sparrows have been foregathering in their hundreds in the low shrubs that fringe the edge of the garden. And what a dissonance issues from those bushes!

Truly phenomenal is the activity of the birds at eventide. It is especially marked in India, where during the middle of the day the sun nearly always shines fierce and hot, so that the birds are glad to enjoy a siesta in the grateful shade. From this they emerge like giants refreshed.

This liveliness of the feathered folk at sunset is no small matter. It is one of the most pleasing facts of natural history. It shows how immensely birds enjoy life. It proves how healthy, how full of energy they are, how they, to speak figuratively, live within their incomes.

Contrast such scenes as those described above with what may be seen in the City of London at six o’clock on a weekday. A multitude of pale, anxious, worn-looking men, and thin, tired, haggard women pursue with listless steps their homeward way. Compared with the lot of these, how happy is that of the birds.

Birds are, like children, loath to go to bed. They feel no weariness, and so great is their enjoyment of life, that they are almost sorry when the sun disappears for a little.

Jules Michelet, than whom no more wrong-headed naturalist ever lived, declares that birds dread the night. “Heavy,” he writes, “for all creatures is the gloom of evening. . . . Night is equally terrible for the birds. . . . What monsters it conceals, what frightful chances for the bird lurk in its obscurity. Its nocturnal foes have this characteristic in common—their approach is noiseless. The screech-owl flies with a silent wing, as if wrapped in tow. The weasel insinuates its long body into the nest without disturbing a leaf. The eager polecat, athirst for the warm life-blood, is so rapid that in a moment it bleeds both parents and progeny, and slaughters a whole family.

“It seems that the bird, when it has little ones, enjoys a second sight for these dangers. It has to protect a family far more feeble and more helpless than that of the quadruped, whose young can walk as soon as born. But how protect them? It can do nothing but remain at its post and die; it cannot fly away, for its love has broken its wings. All night the narrow entry of the nest is guarded by the father, who sinks with fatigue, and opposes danger with feeble beak and shaking head. What will this avail if the enormous jaw of the serpent suddenly appears, or the horrible eye of the bird of death, immeasurably enlarged by fear?”

Greater nonsense than this was never penned outside a political pamphlet. Birds do not, as Michelet seems to imagine, go to sleep quaking with terror. They know not the meaning of the word death, nor have they any superstitious fears of ghosts and goblins.

Birds with young sleep the sleep of a man without a single care.

At other times birds do not roost in solitude, but gather together in great companies, the members of which are as jolly as the young folks at a supper party after the theatre. The happiness of the fowls of the air at the sunset hour is almost riotous.

Darkness, however, exercises a soothing influence over them. A feeling of sleepiness steals over them, and they then doubtless experience the luxurious sensation of tiredness which we human beings feel after a day spent in the open air; for, although they know it not, their muscles are tired as the result of the activity of the day.

Their sweet slumbers completely refresh them. Before dawn they are awake again, and are up and about waiting for it to grow sufficiently light to enable them to resume the interrupted pleasures of the previous day.

With the exception of “The Education of Young Birds,” which came out in _The Albany Review_, the chapters which compose this book appeared in one or other of the following Indian periodicals: _The Madras Mail_, _The Times of India_, _The Indian Daily Telegraph_, _The Indian Field_, _The Indian Forester_.

The author begs to tender his thanks to the several editors for permission to reproduce this collection of essays.

GLOSSARY

_Bandobast._ Arrangement.

_Bhimraj._ The racket-tailed drongo (_Dissemurus paradiseus_).

_Chabutra._ A masonry platform, erected outside the bungalow in the compound on which people sit in the evenings during the hot weather.

_Chamar._ The name of a low caste of Indians who skin animals and tan their skin.

_Chaprassi._ Lit., a badge-wearer. A servant who runs messages.

_Chik._ A number of thin pieces of bamboo strung together to form a curtain. _Chiks_ are usually hung in front of doors and windows in India with the object of keeping out insects, but not air.

_Chota hazri._ Early morning tea.

_Dak bungalow._ Government rest-house.

_Jhil._ A lake or any natural depression which is filled with rain water all the year round or only at certain seasons.

_Kankar._ Lumps of limestone with which roads are metalled in Northern India.

_Koi Hai._ Lit., Is anyone there? The expression used in India to summon a servant, bells being non-existent in that country.

_Lathi._ A club or long stick often studded with nails to make it a more formidable weapon.

_Madar plant._ _Calotropis gigantea._

_Mohwa._ _Bassia latifolia._

_Murghi._ A fowl or chicken.

_Nullah._ A ravine.

_Ryot._ A cultivator or small farmer.

_Sahib._ Sir, or a gentleman. A term used to denote a European.

_Sath Bhai._ Any of the various species of Crateropus babblers.

_Shikari._ One who goes out shooting or hunting.

_Swadeshi._ A jingoistic term meaning Indian.

_Terai._ Lit., moist land. A low-lying tract of land running along the foot of the Himalayas.

_Tope._ A grove of trees.

_Topi._ A sun-helmet.

INDEX

A _Ablak_, 197 _Accentor modularis_, 231 _Accipiter nisus_, 39 _Acridotheres fuscus_, 190 _— tristis_, 41, 76, 171, 198 Actions of animals, interpretation of, 68-71 Adam, Mr. R. M., 20 Adaptability to climate of birds, 241 Adjutant, 5, 6 _Æsalon regulus_, 42 Aitken, Mr. Benjamin, 36, 48 Alphéraky, 151 _Alseonax latirostris_, 179 Amadavat, 97 _Ammomanes_, 203 _— phœnicura_, 207 _Anas anser_, 150 Anderson, Mr. A., 140, 141, 159, 207, 223 _Anser cinereus_, 150 _— ferus_, 150 _— rubirostris_, 151 _Arachnechthra asiatica_, 176 _— lotenia_, 175 _Ardeola grayii_, 111 _Argya caudata_, 69 _— malcomi_, 227, 229, 231 Arnold, Sir Edwin, 220 _Astur badius_, 42 _— palabarius_, 38 _Athene brama_, 73, 209

B Babbler, 14, 117, 190, 220-6 —, brotherhoods, 220-6 —, common, 69, 70, 214-9 —, large grey, 227-32 —, mad, 227-32 —, yellow-eyed, 176, 233-6 Baker, Mr. E. C. Stuart, 119 Ball, Mr., 142 Bank myna, 210 Barbet, 116 Barrington, 246 Bates, 183 Bateson, 123 Baynes, Mr. E. H., 245, 246 Bee-eater, little green, 4, 33, 51-5, 184, 254 Bennet, 98 _Bhairi_, 41 Bhimraj, 8, 126, 129 Bird of the open plain, 202-7 _Birds and Man_, 146, 239 _Bird Watching_, 71 Blackbird, 33 Blackwall, Mr. John, 247 Blanford, Dr., 8, 10, 14, 26, 84, 85, 95, 156 Bligh, 135 “Blue jay,” 4, 75, 171 _Bombax malabaricum_, 208 _Bombay Ducks_, 133 _Brachypternus aurantius_, 74 Brahminy duck, 149, 150, 153 — myna, 16 Brain-fever bird, 223 _Bubulcus coromandus_, 189 Bulbul, 212, 248, 249, 253 —, green, 116-20 Burroughs, John, 4, 46 _Butastur teesa_, 32-6 Butcher bird, 34, 45-50 Butler, 143 Butler, Colonel, 20, 113 Buzzard, 47 —, white-eyed, 32-6

C Canary, 249, 250, 251 _Casarca rutila_, 149 Casque, 5 Cement of bird masons, 171-7 _Centropus intermedius_, 14 _— maximus_, 14 _— phasianus_, 11 _— rufipennis_, 14, 111 _— sinensis_, 10 _Cercomela fusca_, 16 _— melanura_, 18 Chaffinch, 247 Chat, brown rock-, 16-20 _Chelidon urbica_, 173 Chilian wigeon, 109 Chinkara, 42 _Chloropsis_, 117, 118, 120 _— Jerdoni_, 118 —, Jerdon’s, 118 —, Malabar, 118 _— malabarica_, 118 _Cholum_ bird, 192 Clare, 24 Climate, adaptability of birds to, 241 Clubs, bird, 223 Cobra, 89-93 Cobweb, 174-7 _Coccystis jacobinus_, 231 Colouration, protective, 121, 142 —, warning, 79, 204 Coot, 78-83 —, purple, 84-8 Coppersmith, 74, 212, 213 _Copsychus saularis_, 253 _Coracias indica_, 75, 171 Corby, 211, 212, 242 Cormorant, 40, 121, 125 Corporate action, 195 _Corvus macrorhynchus_, 211, 230, 242 _— splendens_, 4, 118, 211, 228, 242 _Cotile riparia_, 237 _— sinensis_, 237, 241, 254 Cotton tree, birds in the, 208-13 Coucal, 10, 11, 12, 13, 91 —, Southern Chinese, 13 Cow-bird, 9 Cowper, 23, 106 Crab, 113 Crane, 144, 167 _Crateropus canorus_, 215, 221, 253 Crocodile, 94 _Crotalaria juncea_, 141 Crow, 14, 24, 25, 26, 41, 42, 64, 65, 107, 112, 136, 165, 168, 169, 171, 189, 211, 212, 228, 230, 242, 255 Crow-pheasant, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 91, 111 Cuckoo, 9-15, 161, 171 —, lark-heeled, 10 —, pied crested, 231, 232 — -shrike, 190 —, sirkeer, 14 _Culicapa ceylonensis_, 179 Cunningham, Colonel, 10, 26, 92, 197, 200, 222 _Cygnus olor_, 99-103 _Cyornis superciliaris_, 181 _Cyornis tickelli_, 181

D Darwin, 131, 157, 158, 183 _Dendrocitta rufa_, 211, 231 Devil bird, 164 De Vries, 122 _Dhouli_, 128 _Dichoceros bicornis_, 5 _Dicrurus ater_, 126, 172, 189, 200, 228, 253 _— cærulescens_, 127, 128 _— leucopygialis_, 127, 128 Diodorus Siculus, 98 Dirt bird, 220 _Dissemurus paradiseus_, 126 Donald, Mr. C. H., 34, 35 Dove, 33, 171 —, little brown, 200 —, red turtle, 16 Drongo, large racket-tailed, 126 —, melodious, 126-31 —, white-bellied, 126-31 —, white-vented, 126-31

E Eagle, 32, 45, 46, 47 Ear of owl, 61 Education of birds, 243-52 Egret, 189 “Eha,” 11, 78, 117, 212, 217 _Epeira diadema_, 175 Evans, Mr., 58 Eyes of owl, 58-60 Eyesight of birds, 239

F Falcon, 33, 42, 45 Falcon, peregrine, 41, 42 Falconry, 37-44 _Falco peregrinus_, 41 Farash, at the sign of the, 72-7 Fayrer, Captain, 133 Finch-lark, 202-7 —, ashy-crowned, 202-7 —, rufous-tailed, 207 Finn, Mr. Frank, 13, 14, 26, 80, 85, 119, 142, 167, 198 Fly-catcher, 45, 46, 185, 237 —, black and orange, 181 —, brown, 179 —, European red-breasted, 180 —, fan-tailed, 8, 174, 179, 182 —, grey-headed, 179 —, Indian, 178-83 — —, red-breasted, 180 —, Nilgiri blue, 181 —, paradise, 179, 181, 182 —, Tickell’s blue, 181 —, verditer, 181 —, white-browed blue, 181 Fowler, Mr. Warde, 28 _Franklinia buchanani_, 174

G Gamecocks, 163 _Garden and Aviary Birds of India_, 119 _Gazella bennetti_, 42 Gecko, 186 Glead, 24, 27 _Golabi maina_, 192 Goldfinch, 33 Goose, 143-53 —, barred-headed, 151, 153 —, grey lag, 150, 151 Goshawk, 38, 40, 41 Grackle, 65 Green birds, 116 Green bulbul, 116-20 — pigeon, 116 _Grus antigone_, 144 Gull, 104-9, 113

H _Handbook on the Management of Animals in Captivity_, 98 Hatchell, Mr. D. G., 135 Hawk, 33, 34, 37, 45 —, dark-eyed, 38 —, long-winged, 38 —, short-winged, 38 —, yellow-eyed, 38 — -cuckoo, 221, 223 — -eagle, 42 Hawking, 37-44 Hedge-sparrow, 231 Henderson, Dr., 135 Herbert, 143 Heron, 166, 167, 171 —, night, 165-70 _Herpestes griseus_, 96 _— ichneumon_, 98 _— mungo_, 96 _Hierococcyx varius_, 221, 223 _Hirundo rustica_, 173 _— smithii_, 173 Hodgson, 216 Honeysucker, Loten’s, 175 Hooper swan, 103 Hoopoe, 43, 76, 241, 253 _Hoplopterus ventralis_, 111 Hornbill, great, 5, 6, 174 Hôtel des Oiseaux, 73, 77 _How to Know the Indian Waders_, 167 Hudson, Mr. W. H., 3, 119, 146, 239 Hume, 12, 13, 19, 87, 136, 159, 174, 206, 207, 223, 236 Hurdis, 22, 23 Hutton, 139 _Hydrochelidon hybrida_, 112

I Ichneumon, 94 Injury-feigning instinct, 70-1 Insect hunters, 184-91 Instinct, nest-building, 249-50

J Javan peafowl, 154 Jefferies, Richard, 209 Jerdon, 13, 16, 26, 84, 96, 117, 128, 134, 135, 154, 198, 203, 229, 230, 234, 235 Jesse, 17 Johnston, Sir H., 117 _Jowaree_ bird, 192, 195

K King crow, 4, 25, 33, 126-31, 184, 189, 190, 228, 253 Kingfisher, white-breasted, 4 Kingsley, Charles, 7 Kipling, Lockwood, 6 Kite, 21-7, 105, 106, 254 Kites of the sea, 104-9

L _Lanius erythronotus_, 48-50 _— lahtora_, 48, 50 _— vittatus_, 50 Larders, shrikes’, 49 Lark, 33 Legge, 87, 127, 129, 130, 138 _Leptoptilus dubius_, 5 Lilford, Lord, 109 Linnæus, 216 Linnet, 33 Livy, 143 Lizard, 186-8 Long, Mr. W. J., 243, 246, 248 Loten’s honeysucker, 175 Love-bird, grey-headed, 251, 252

M Macaulay, 24 _Madar_ plant, 141 Magpie-robin, 8, 253 Martin, Indian Sand-, 237-42 McMaster, 96, 97 _Mellivora indica_, 205 Merlin, 42, 43 _Merops viridis_, 51-5, 254 Michelet, 46, 47, 246, 249, 256, 257 _Milvus govinda_, 21 Mimicry, 11, 183 Minivet, 190 _Motacilla alba_, 31 _— borealis_, 31 _— impersonata_, 31 _— maderaspatensis_, 29 _— melanope_, 31 Muller, 183 Multiplication, checks on, 131 Mungoose, 94-8 Myna, 41, 64, 76, 184, 189, 198, 200, 254 — bank, 190, 210 — Brahminy, 16, 210 — hill, 65

N _Naia haje_, 91 _— tripudians_, 89, 91 Natural selection, 11, 59, 71, 79-82, 93, 122, 131, 163, 181, 205 _Naurang_, 133 _Neophron ginginianus_, 5 _— percnopterus_, 22 Nicholson, 90 Night heron, 165-70 _Nuni-budi-gadu_, 164 Nuthatch, chestnut-bellied, 173, 190 _Nycticorax griseus_, 165

O Oates, 8, 16, 17, 117, 127, 234 _Ochromela nigrirufa_, 181 _Œnopopelia tranquebarica_, 16 Oriole, 172 _Oriolus kundoo_, 172 “Ornament of the Forest,” 118 _Ornithological and other Oddities_, 13 _Orthotomus sutorius_, 7, 16, 176, 253 Ospreys, American, 245, 246 Owen, Miss J. A., 80 Owlet, spotted, 73, 74, 75, 209 Owls, 36-61, 130

P Paddy bird, 111 _Palæornis torquatus_, 73, 74 Parker, Mr. H., 87 Parrot, green, 73, 74 Partridge, 70 _Pastor roseus_, 192-6, 209 _Pavo cristatus_, 154 _— muticus_, 154 Peacock, 4, 40, 41, 154-9 Perreau, Captain, 251 Pettifoggers, ornithological, 216 _Phalacocorax carbo_, 122, 123 _— fuscicollis_, 123 _— javanicus_, 123 Pharaoh’s chicken, 22 — rat, 98 Pharoe’s mouse, 98 Pheasant, Griff’s, 10 —, monal, 4 Pitta, the Indian, 132, 136 — _brachyura_, 132 Pliny, 94, 143 _Ploceus baya_, 7, 172 Plover, 171 —, spur-winged, 111 Polecat, 256 Porphyrio, the beautiful, 84-8 — _poliocephalus_, 85 — _veterum_, 86 Poulton, Professor, 92 _Prinia inornata_, 7, 172 Priority, rule, 216 Protective colouration, 121, 142 Pugnacity, 142 _Pyctorhis nasalis_, 234 _— sinensis_, 176, 234 _Pyrrhulauda grisea_, 202-7

Q Quail, 39

R Rat-bird, 69 Ratel, Indian, 205 Redbreast, 247 Redstart, Indian, 160-4 _Rhamnus_, 139 _Rhipidura albifrontata_, 174 _Rynchope albicollis_, 112 Robin, 46, 47 Robin, Indian, 204 Robinson, Kay, 101 —, Phil, 3, 33, 57, 143 Roller, 33, 75, 171 Rook, 107, 108 Roosting of bee-eaters, 51-5

S Salvadori, 150 Sand-martin, 237, 254 — —, Indian, 237-42 Sandpiper, common, 111, 114 Sanyal, Babu R. P., 98 _Sath Bhai_, 220, 228, 233 Scavengers, bird, 104, 105 — -in-waiting, 21-7 _Sciurus palmarum_, 62-7, 73 Screech owl, 256 Seagull, 104-9 Selection, natural, 11, 59, 71, 79-82, 93, 122, 131, 163, 181, 205 Selection, sexual, 157, 158, 163 Selous, Edmund, 71, 195, 196, 209 Selous, F. C., 60 “Seven Sisters,” 15, 117, 220, 233 Sexual dimorphism, 182 — selection, 157, 158, 163 Shama, 8 Shikra, 42, 97, 230, 248, 249 Shrike, 34, 45-50 —, bay-backed, 49, 50 —, Indian grey, 48-50 —, rufous-backed, 48-50 _Siphia hyperythra_, 180 _— parva_, 180 _Sirkeer_ cuckoo, 14 _Sitta castaneiventris_, 173 Skimmer, Indian, 112 Skunk, 204, 205 _Some Indian Friends and Acquaintances_, 10 Songbirds, 7 _Songs of Birds, The_, 58 “Son of the marshes,” 108 Sparrow, 255 — of Scripture, 18 — -hawk, 39, 40, 41, 218 Spectacle bird, 138 _Speculum Mundi_, 103 Spider, common garden, 175 _Spizætus nepalensis_, 42 Squirrel, Indian striped, 62, 67, 73, 212, 228 Stag beetle, 186 Starling, 8, 9 —, pied, 197-201 —, rosy, 192-6, 209 _Sterna bergii_, 113 _— melanogaster_, 112 _— seena_, 112 Sterndale, 95 _Sturnopastor contra_, 197, 201 _— superciliaris_, 199 Stolzman, 158 _Stoparola albicaudata_, 181 _— melanops_, 181 Stork, 166 Struggle for existence, 81 Sunbird, 4, 8, 175 Sunset, birds at, 253-7 _Swadeshi_ bird, 154-9 Swallow, 45, 173 —, wire-tailed, 173 Swamp-hen, 84 Swan, 99-103 Swan, black, 103 —, mute, 99-102 Swift, 45, 173, 184, 190, 254