Part 8

The printed additions were "alba s.", "extremitate utraque" (in place of "postice"), "Superficies punctis vix manifestis notata", and "excurrentes in strias".

BULLA.

Testa subrotunda, inflata, lævis. Apertura oblonga, non utrinque dentata. Spira obsoleta. Columella obliqua.

The _Murex ficus_ and _rapa_ of the printed edition were originally located in this genus, from which _Auris Midæ_, _Auris Judæ_, and _achatina_ were excluded: the two former were placed in _Morion_, the last in _Buccinum_.

B. OVUM. _B._ birostris, labio dentato.

"Arg. t. 21. f. A." "Pet. Gaz. t. 94. f. 7." "Pet. Amb. t. 8. f. 6." were additional references in the written copy: "magnitudine ovi gallinacei", "apice et basi producta", were emendations during the printing. The "dilatata" was originally modified by a "parum."

B. VOLVA. _B._ birostris, rostris elongatis striatis.

"List. t. 711. f. 63" had been added to the copy by the hand of Linnæus. The mode of reference (not, as in the earlier writings, by sections and chapters) evinces that this addition was, in all probability, subsequent to the publication of the work.

B. VERRUCOSA. _B._ angulata, aucta utrinque puncto osseo.

The correct synonyms of "Arg. t. 21. f. M." and "Pet. Gaz. t. 97. f.22." were found in the manuscript: the printed emendations were, "magnitudine ovi passerini", "uti anterius", and "granis duobus" for the earlier "punctis."

B. GIBBOSA. _B._ angulata, cingulo elevato.

"Bonan. 249", "List. t. 711. f. 64", "Pet. Gaz. t. 15. f. 5", were cited in the copy: "præcedentis magnitudine", "solidiorque", with the modification of "cylindrica" by a preceding "sub", were press emendations.

B. NAUCUM. _B._ rotundata pellucida.

The size was not at first mentioned.

B. AMPULLA. _B._ rotundata opaca.

The printed "nulla" replaced the earlier "descendens, nuda", and "pallido-testacea" the written "albida." The "antice, nullus vero postice" was an emendation of the press.

B. PHYSIS. _B._ spira obtusa, lineis crispata.

"Sæpe", "hiansque", "tenue", and the name, are not to be found in the written copy: "apicem" was the reading for the printed "ventrem, aduatum."

B. AMPLUSTRE. _B._ spira elevata, fasciis incarnatis.

B. PALLIDA. _B._ spira elevata acuta, corpore cylindrico.

So very many changes has this puzzling species experienced in the works of our author, that it has been thought advisable to transcribe the written description from the manuscript copy:--

Testa ovato-cylindrica, glabra. Spira convexo-conica, mucronata. Columella multum torta. Color lividus, longitudinaliter grisco undulatus.

This evidently was a very different shell from the four-plaited, pale pink, and often variegated specimen described in the printed copy. The description of the outer lip, the name, and the terms "solida", "lævigata, obsoletior" were, likewise, additions of the press.

B. CANALICULATA. _B._ cylindrica lævis, spiræ anfractibus canaliculatis.

The entire account of this species was added to the manuscript in the Linnean handwriting.

B. ACHATINA. _Buc._ glabrum, apertura integra.

"Colum. Aphr. 18. t. 16" was the omitted synonym: "vel inæqualiter ovata" and the entire account of the base (merely described as "vix manifeste emarginata") were the printed additions.

B. AURIS-MIDÆ. _Morion_ ovali-oblongum, spira rugosa, labio interiore bidentato.

Figure 122 of Klein's seventh plate was correctly quoted as illustrative: "crudæ" preceded "niger."

B. AURIS-JUDÆ. _Morion_ oblongus, spira lævi, labio interiore tridentato.

B. SOLIDULA. _B._ ovata opaca striata, spira elevata.

I do not doubt, from the "ovata", that _Tornatella flammea_ was the shell originally here intended; for the inharmonious account of the inner lip (as well as of the outer one) was not found in the manuscript,--from which, too, the erroneous reference to Bonanni was at first absent. The "acutiuscula" was "obtusiuscula": the "postice rotundata, antice acuta" was an improvement upon the earlier "pone gibba."

B. LIVIDA. _B._ spira elevata obtusa, corpore cylindrico.

This heading makes no mention of the columellar plication of the shell so named in the 'Systema,' and confirms my surmise of their distinctiveness. The name _livida_ was not originally attached to the description, but had been added (together with "obsoletis") by Linnæus, from a mistaken identification.

There has evidently been some error in the comparison with _Voluta Caffra_. I suspect that _Conus bullatus_ was meant, as the contrasting characters answer admirably. "Differt a _B. pallida_ et _livida_, quod testa solida--anfractus spiræ canaliculati". This passage shows that "fragilis et spiræ anfractus obtusæ" referred to _livida_, not to _Caffra_.

VOLUTA.

Testa oblonga, subconvexa, basi emarginata, replicata in canalem rectum. Columella plicata oblique. Labio integro.

The genus appears to comprehend precisely the same members as in the published edition. They were arranged in sections exactly corresponding with the Lamarckian genera of _Oliva_, _Voluta_, _Mitra_, and _Marginella_.

V. PORPHYRIA. _V._ spira basi obliterata, labio medio retuso.

Linnæus spoilt his excellent earlier description by his attempted emendations. The interpolated "Faux sæpius rufescens" (misprinted virescens), and the reference to Gualtieri's figure O. (_O. erythrostoma_), formed no part of the original version.

The "Varictas fere sola est _V. Olivæ_" was an afterthought.

V. OLIVA. _V._ spiræ basi reflexa.

The synonyms were thus distributed. To var _a_, Rumph. t. 39. f. 2, and Gualt. t. 23. f. B; to var. _g_, Rumph. t. 39. f. 3; to var. _e_, Arg. t. 16. f. R; to var. _d_ ("Cæsius atro-undatus," not "Fusco undulatus" as printed), Rumph. t. 39. f. 4. The expressions "ponderosa" and "magis sulcatum" were not in the original.

V. ISPIDULA. _V._ spira adscendente, margine unico.

"Pet. Gaz. t. 59. f. 8," cited in the 'Systema,' was also written in the manuscript: not so the "Varietas forte præcedentis _V. Olivæ_." None of the drawings exhibit the produced spire, which must have resembled that of _O. jaspidea_. The earlier name was _ispida_.

V. GLABELLA. _V._ ovata lævis, labii margine reflexo, basi rotundata.

The reference to Gualtieri (a doubtful figure) was not originally inserted. The intended name was _V. polita_.

V. CAFFRA. _V._ fusiformis lævis.

The absurdity of asserting, in relation to this and the next species, that each resembled the other, but was larger, arose from the circumstance that when our author, in revising the labours of his amanuensis, added "sed major," he omitted to erase it from the following species.

V. VULPECULA. _V._ fusiformis angulata inermis, transversim striata.

Of the ample details the first two paragraphs only were found in the manuscript. The proposed name was _V. picta_.

V. PLICARIA. _V._ fusiformis, angulis antice subspinosis.

The intended appellation _angulata_ was changed from an erroneous impression of the identity of the species with the _Turricula plicata_ of Rumphius. "Mucronatis" and "albidus" were emendations. "Bonan. 8. f. 65" was referred to, as in the 'Systema'.

V. PERTUSA. _V._ fusiformis, labro denticulato, striata punctis pertusis.

_V. denticulata_ was the name originally proposed for this _Mitre_.

V. MITRA. _V._ fusiformis lævis, labro denticulato.

The final paragraph was not in the manuscript, where "Bonan. 3. t. 119, 120", and "Klein, 36. Mitra episcopi", the former cited in the 'Systema', the latter a mere name, were quoted as illustrative.

V. MUSICA. _V._ spinis obtusiusculis, columella plicis 8.

The reference to the letters X. and Y. of Gualtieri (neither of which are illustrative) stood not thus in the original: the characteristic Z. of that work was the figure really cited. The printed edition has been enlarged by an "ob" before "ovato" the addition of "solida", and the description of the lips.

V. VESPERTILIO. _V._ spinis acutis, columella plicis 4.

The only printed additions are "ob" before "ovato", "s. glauca", and "fuscis lineis" in place of the "saturatius."

V. ÆTHIOPICA. _V._ spinis fornicatis cingentibus apicem papillarem.

"Habitat in mari Pacifico", "Pet. Amb. t. 7. f. 5" (copied from Rumphius, t. 31. f. B.), and "Bonan. t. 3 f. 1" (cited in the 'Systema') were the unprinted additions.

V. CYMBIUM. The entire account of this shell was in the handwriting of Linnæus, and inserted at a later period than the mass of species. The decided reference to Gualtieri _was not in the manuscript_.

V. OLLA was not mentioned in the written catalogue.

* * * * *

In addition to the species published in the 'Museum,' the following were also characterized in the manuscript:--

V. FABA. _V._ ovata, antice subplicata, labii exterioris margine reflexo, basi rotundata.

Bonan. 3. f. 49.

Testa magnitudine vix fabæ, ovalis, lævis, antice subplicata, livida, punctis fuscis aspersa. Spira testæ 1/2 brevior, subplicata. Labium exterius reflexum, basi rotundatum integrum.

This was evidently the shell so designated in the 'Systema.'

V. GRANULATA. _V._ fusiformis, sulcis longitudinalibus, striisque transversalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 29. f. V.

Arg. Conch. t. 12. f. V.

Testa facie antecedentis, sed sulci et striæ contrariæ, fusiformis, sulcis longitudinalibus elevatis obtusis, striis transversalibus exaratis. Color cinereus, fasciis linearibus 2 rubris ex punctis. Spira longitudine ventris. Apertura præcedentis.

This was the _V. sanguisuga_ of the 'Systema.'

The preceding species referred to was

V. LIMA. _V._ fusiformis, sulcis transversis, striisque longitudinalibus.

Rumph. Mus. t. 28. f. T.

Testa fusiformis, scabriuscula, striis longitudinalibus secundum testam, et sulcis secundum anfractus adscendentibus margine acutiusculis. Color albidus sulcis elevatis rubris--albidus sulcis elevatis flavis albo interruptis. Spira longitudine ventris. Apertura oblonga, intus alba. Basis acuta, emarginata. Labium exterius integrum; interius nullum. Columella dentibus 4 obliqius.

These features fairly enough suit the _Mitra filosa_, generally, and with reason, supposed to be the _V. filaris_ of the 'Mantissa.' The cited figure however, seems _M. gracilis_ of Reeve.

BUCCINUM.

The species which compose this group in the 'Museum' were originally separated under many generic designations.

1. BUCCINUM. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura integra, semilunaris, superne extrorsum, postice introrsum.

2. CASSIDA. Testa ovata, gibba. Cauda reflexa oblique. Apertura longitudinalis, obliqua.

3. LYRA. Testa ovata, ventricosa. Apertura ovata, patens, pone submarginata. Labium interius nullum. Columella compressa, nitida.

4. TURRICULA. (No definition: evidently intended for all the turreted shells.)

5. MORION. Testa oblonga, inermis. Apertura oblonga, labio interiore reflexo unidentato.

In the first were located the _Dolia_, and _B. echinophorum_; in the second the _Cassides_, with _B. papillosum_ and _arcularia_; in the third the _Harpæ_ and _Purpuræ_; in the fourth the _Terebræ_; in the fifth _B. glans_, _spiratum_, _glabratum_.

_B. undosum_ was located in _Murex_.

B. PERDIX. _B._ umbilicatum subsulcatum, basi recta.

The proposed name was _B. pennatum_, adopted from Rumphius: "lunari-patula" was not in the manuscript.

B. POMUM. _B._ exumbilicatum, labio utroque dentato.

"Barr. Ic. t. 1325. f. 12" (cited in the 'Systema'), and "Klein, 95. Semicassis, striata, costosa", were the additional synonyms of the manuscript: "s. sulcata", "nullum, interne", "at vero in adultioribus accrescit planum album", were subsequent emendations.

B. DOLIUM. _B._ emarginatum subsulcatum rugosum, labio exteriore reflexo dentato.

The _Dolium fimbriatum_, or, as Deshayes prefers it, _D. Minjac_ (the Malay name was Bia Minjac in Rumphius, who preceded Adanson), was assuredly the shell described in the 'Museum', as the recorded dentation of the outer lip clearly manifests. An excellent figure of it in Petiver ("Gaz. t. 99. f. 11") was cited in the original copy, where the drawing of Gualtieri was not referred to.

B. ECHINOPHORUM. _B._ (changed to _Cassida_) tuberibus ("quaterna serie" interpolated) nodosum.

The reference to Rumphius was correctly written 1, not I, in the original, where "albido-flavescens" was the indicated colouring. The printed emendations were "quadruplici s. quintuplici", instead of "triplici", and the entire account of the aperture, which at first ran simply as follows, "Labium exterius crassius, margine tenuiore, interne subrugosum, obsolete dentatum."

B. TUBEROSUM. _B._ tuberibus gemina serie nodosum.

The entire published account of this species had been interpolated by Linnæus in the written copy, with the exception of the "color pallidus." The "nodis anterioribus" was a misprint for "nodis acutioribus."

Gualtieri's admirable figure of the _Cassis tuberosa_ of authors was not, however, cited, which confirms my statement that the species of the 'Museum' was not the _Cassis_ usually so designated.

B. CORNUTUM. _Cas._ acuminibus antice cingentibus, superficic reticulata.

The I in the reference to Rumphius was a misprint for the written 1: "maculata" was originally "maculis griseis."

B. RUFUM. _Cas._ nodis sparsis.

"Pyri" was a misprint for the written "pugni". Neither the "maculis fuscis" nor the "Variat tota albo colore" were originally present. The Rumphian name _rubra_ was the one written.

B. FLAMMEUM. _Cas._ longitudinaliter striata, antice subnodosa.

To the solitary synonym our author had added "List. t. 1004. f. 69" and "Sloan. Hist. 2. p. 242. n. 2". The final remark was not in the copy.

B. TESTICULUS. _Cas._ lævis, striis longitudinalibus, sulcis transversalibus.

"Vix ullus" was at first "nullus": "læve" was not present.

B. DECUSSATUM. _Cas._ lævis, striis decussatis, labio exteriore dentato.

"Bonan. Clas. 3. t. 157" was an additional synonym.

B. AREOLA. _Cas._ glabra, spira papillosa.

The erroneous references to Gualtieri, and to the figure 2 of Rumphius, were not present in the original, nor was there any allusion made to the sculpture of the inner lip.

B. ERINACEUS. _Cas._ subsulcata, antice nodosa, labio edentulo, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The entire account of this _Cassis_ was interpolated by Linnæus in the pages of his amanuensis.

B. GLAUCUM. _Cas._ glabra, antice muricata, labio dentato, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The superfluous A in the reference to Gualtieri was a misprint: "inferne" was "interne": the "acuminata" and "marginatum" were emendations.

B. VIBEX. _Cas._ glabra, labio edentulo, postice extrorsum denticulato.

The figures 8 and 9 of Rumphius were not cited.

B. PAPILLOSUM. _Cas._ papillis decussatis, labio tenui, extus denticulato, fauce glabra.

"Rectum" followed "exterius" in the written copy, wherein "s. albidus" and "antice sinu excavata" were not to be found.

B. GLANS. _Morion_ labio exteriore denticulato, interiore bidentato.

"Labium exterius margine postico denticulato" was omitted in printing.

B. ARCULARIA. _Cas._ longitudinaliter sulcata, labio exteriore tenui, interiore maximo.

B. COSTATUM. _Lyra_ costis longitudinalibus, antice prominulis, alternis obsoletis.

This diagnosis but ill suits the _Many-ridged Harp_, which, of late, has been considered identical.

B. HARPA. _Lyra_ costis longitudinalibus antice mucronatis.

The shell is described in the MS. as "striata subtilissime longitudinaliter", and "Pet. Amb. t. 2. f. 2", "Pet. Gaz. t. 48. f. 13" (the latter quoted also in the 'Systema') are there substituted for the reference to Gualtieri. The printed additions are considerable; to wit, "costæ vero striis transversis", "anfractibus costis mucronatis", "denticulatum."

B. PERSICUM. _Lyra_ læviuscula, labii margine crenulato.

The erroneous citation of Grew (t. 9. f. 5, 6) in the 'Systema' had been adopted in the manuscript.

B. PATULUM. _Lyra_ muricata spinis obtusis.

Neither the erroneous reference to Gualtieri, plate 51. f. A (which was designed for _Purpura hæmastoma_), nor the "color interne rufescens", is to be found in the manuscript.

B. SMARAGDULUS. _Lyra_ glaberrima, columella denticulata.

Neither the erroneous reference to d'Argenville, nor the specific name derived from his figure, is to be found in the MS. The proposed appellation was _L. vitrea_. "Simillima Cassid, lapillo, sed glabra, et columella crenata" is the unprinted remark.

B. SPIRATUM. _Morion_ umbilicatus, anfractibus distinctis canaliculo.

The specified colouring was "alba, maculis longitudinalibus fuscis"; "pone bifidum" followed "integrum." The intended name was _M. canaliculatus_.

B. GLABRATUM. _Morion_ umbilico descendente flexuoso.

d'Arg. Conch t. 12. f. G.

"Testa oblonga, acuminata, obtusiuscula, glaberrima, anfractibus confluentibus, Neritarum maximarum pondere. Color albo-flavescens, nitidus. Apertura obliqua, profunde emarginata. Labium exterius integerrimum. Labium interius antice reflexum adnatum, dein solutum brevius flexuosum, descendens ad basin. Sulcus profundus distinguit basin testæ. Umbilicus pone labium interius descendens ad basin sulco".

B. VIRGINEUM. I can find no account of this shell in the written copy.

B. UNDOSUM. The nearest approach to this species seems the variety B. of the _Murex succinctus_ (the shell so named in the 'Mantissa').

_M._ lævis, sulcis transversis lævibus, angulo marginali.

d'Arg. Conch. t. 12. f. N. Bon. 3. f. 47.

Testa ovata, absque tuberculis magnitudine nucis, exarata sulcis transversis pallidis, eminentibus vero lineis luteis. Spira obtusa, anfractibus rotundatis. Cauda teretiuscula. Apertura ovata, margine crasso, nec alia costa laterali crassa.

Var. B. Rugis s. angulis obliteratis 5 longitudinalibus.

B. MACULATUM. _Turricula_ elongata, anfractibus lævibus integerrimis.

The l. of Gualtieri, and the reference to d'Argenville, were printed emendations.

B. CRENULATUM. _Turric._ elongata, anfractibus margine crenatis.

The reference to Gualtieri was an emendation.

B. STRIGILATUM. _Turric._ elongata, oblique striata.

B. DUPLICATUM. _Turric._ elongata emarginata, anfractibus bipartitis striatis.

STROMBUS.

This genus, rendered more natural by the omission of _S. lividus_ and _ater_ (assigned to _Turricula_), appeared under the designation of HARPAGO with the following definition:--

Testa depressa, nodosa. Apertura longitudinalis. Labium antice dilatatum ultra basin.

The _Strombi_ of the manuscript were the young of this genus (erased by Linnæus) and certain Lamarckian _Fusi_, _Pyrulæ_, and _Fasciolariæ_.

S. CHIRAGRA. _Har._ labii spinis lævibus 6, extimis recurvis, fauce striata.

"Bar. Icon. 327. f. 1." was an additional synonym.

S. SCORPIUS. _Har._ labii spinis nodosis _7_, fauce striata.

The published account was enlarged by the following passages, which are not to be found in the written copy: "crenulato cincta", "lato, brevi", "s. incarnata", "s. testaceo-nebulosus". "Distinctum" was originally "obscuro", and "repandus, inflexus" was "denticulatus."

S. LAMBIS. _Har._ labii spinis lævibus _7_, fauce lævi.

"Bar. Icon. t. 1326. f. _7_" was the synonym omitted in printing. The name was borrowed from d'Argenville.

S. MILLEPEDA. _Har._ labii spinis lævibus 10.

"Anteriora" was "posteriora" in the manuscript.

S. LENTIGINOSUS. _Har._ labio inermi integro rotundato, angulis pluribus nodosis.

The "aut marginatum" was "fragile, diaphanum", so that a young shell appears to have furnished the materials for description.

S. GALLUS. _Har._ labio inermi mucronato, cingulo dorsali spinoso.

S. AURIS-DIANÆ. _Har._ labio inermi muricato, cauda recurva, lobo incurvato.

The "32. f. II." was a misprint for the written "17. f. O." The printed additions are "usque" and "Color testaceo et albido nebulosus."

S. PUGILIS. _Har._ labio inermi obtuso, spira spinosa distincta, basi emarginata.

"Nitida", and "sed spira albida", were not found in the original.

S. LUHUANUS. _Har._ labio obtuso, antice posticeque emarginata.

Few of the details were present in the original copy, but appear to have been added, to discriminate the species from the allied _gibberulus_. "Spira obtusa brevis" was added by the hand of Linnæus; "sæpe subplicati", "postice lobo obsoleto instructum", "intus", "Columella nigricans", "Cauda nulla, sed postice emarginata", were all absent from the MS.

S. GIBBERULUS. _Har._ labio inermi dorso lævi, spira repanda.

The printed additions are "subtus planiuscula", "læves", "fuscum", and the final remark.

S. LATISSIMUS. _Har._ labio inermi rotundato, spira subnodosa breviore, dorso lævi.

S. EPIDROMIS. _Har._ labio inermi dilatato, dorso lævi, spira subnodosa.

The _S. epidromis_, as it originally stood in the manuscript, was a recognizable species, and precisely identical with the shell so named in the 'Systema'; for the erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present, neither was "carinato," nor any of the discordant details from "interius" to the termination. As the printed description now stands, it would suit _S. emarginatus_ or _succinctus_, at the least, equally well. I doubt not our author, when correcting the press, forgot his own species, and added the partial essentials of one species to those of another.

S. CANARIUM. _Har._ labio inermi dilatato, dorso spiraque lævibus.

The erroneous reference to plate 37 of Rumphius was not present in the written copy, which contains the additional synonyms of "Pet. Gaz. t. 98. f. 11", and "Klein, t. 4. f. 73": the latter was not there originally. The early description has been improved, in the press, by the addition of "obovata", "Faux lævis, alba", and "longitudinaliter subundulatus."

S. VITTATUS. _Har._ labiis inermibus, spiræ anfractibus vitta interstinctis.

S. URCEUS. _Har._ labiis inermibus striatis, dorso nodoso.

The erroneous reference to Gualtieri was not present in the original, but in place of it the 37. W. of Rumphius (_S. mutabilis_): "Spira testa brevior, plicato-subnodosa" was, likewise, absent. "Klein, 49, urceus fimbriatus" (a name for Rumph. t. 37. f. F & W) was interpolated by our author.

S. ATER. _Turricula_ labiata.

Neither the reference to Rumphius, nor the "et postice emarginatum" were found in the original. This confirms my expressed belief that the Museum species (to which no name was at first attached) was distinct from that of the 'Systema.'

S. LIVIDUS. _Turric._ labiata, anfractibus serie subspinosa.

This was located in a section of _Turricula_ distinguished as having the outer lip dilated and rounded.

* * * * *

Besides the above, the following unprinted details were found in the manuscript:--

The _Strombus gigas_ was described at length under the appellation of _Harpago gigas_.

_Har._ labio inermi rotundato, dorso spiraque subulato-spinosis.

Gualt. t. 34. f. A. Bar. Icon. 1727. f. 7.

Testa gibba, maxima, magnitudine capitis. Cauda obtusa. Spira spinis patentibus, subulatis, validis. Anfractus desinens in dorso spina. Series in dorso spinarum maximarum ferme conicarum. Labium dilatatum, rotundatum, spira longius, vix adnatum spiræ. Faux glabra, nitida, incarnata. Color pallidus.

The _Strombus dentatus?_ was also defined (without a specific appellation) by the following characters:--

_Har._ labio dentato, testa lævis, plicato-nodosa.

Testa simillima reliquis, longitudine articuli digiti, lævis, flavescens, subplicata, plicis antice acuminatis nodis. Spira acutiuscula, similiter plicata, nodosa. Labium exterius minus dilatatum, postice margine dentatum et interne fuscum, striatum. Labium internum crassum, integrum, læve.

The _Strombus palustris_, although not published until the twelfth edition of the 'Systema,' had been already defined in the 'Museum' as _Turricula cornea_.

_Tur._ decussatim rugosa, labio dilatato.

Rumph. 101. t. 30. f. Q. Strombus palustris.

Testa crassa, rudis, pyramidalis, cornea aut plumbea, anfractibus 12 et ultra, secundum spiras transversim aliquot striis exarata, longitudinaliter subplicata, adcoque sine spinis rugosissima. Labium dilatatum, rotundatum, concavum, edentulum.

MUREX.