Part 10

The roots of the peach tree and vines were all covered this season with half rotten dung, for the space of from three to four feet from the wall, which kept the roots in a moist state; the walls generally averaged from eight to nine feet in height, and were well sheltered by the number of cross walls that were in the different gardens. I visited one or two other gardens in the vicinity of the Préfet's, but they appeared very similar to the one already described.

On my return from Montreuil I made a cursory visit to two small nurseries, which attracted my attention by the quantity of large orange trees exhibited for sale, and were to be sold at a very trifling sum in comparison to what they cost in England.

I also made a hasty visit through Messrs. Vilmorin and Andreux' seed ground, where there was a large stock of annuals growing for seed, and a good collection of hardy perennial plants.

Oct. 9th. Started for the Vitry nurseries, which are about six miles from Paris; the extent of nursery ground under fruit-tree cultivation in this part of the country extends nearly five miles in length, and the number of nurseries amount to about two hundred. The Paris markets are principally supplied from this part of the country. M. Chatenay is considered the most extensive grower in that line, and has certainly a fine collection of peach trees and other hardy fruits, which were in a very healthy moveable condition, as also numerous fine standard rose trees, these being out of flower I was unable to judge of their merits. The prices of the fruit trees were very little less than in the London nurseries for similar sized trees. I observed but little new in ornamental trees or shrubs, these nurseries being chiefly devoted to the culture of fruit trees, the soil being peculiarly adapted thereto, being a rich reddish loam, yet it was in some cases undergoing a strong manure and fallow. A portion of what was previously occupied by nursery stock was under the plough. M. Chatenay informed me that they found great difficulty in procuring a suitable soil for their different fruit trees. I did not observe any hothouses about Vitry for tender plants. The nursery grounds extend as far as Choisey, over a large tract of beautiful ground. I saw large crops of grapes which were used in making the wine, which is produced in considerable quantities at Vitry.

On my return from these nurseries I proceeded to the nursery establishment of M. Cels, which contains a fine collection of stove and greenhouse plants, as well as many rare and hardy species; in short the collection here is more choice than extensive, and the plants were very well grown. There are several hothouses and low pits well stocked with good plants, and a range of new houses then building. This nursery is considered to contain the best collection of plants about Paris; the extent of ground is but limited, and not very well kept.

I next desired my guide to conduct me to the flower market, when, after a considerable walk, I found myself in the flour market, which was well stocked with sacks of flour and grain. I was, however, much pleased with the fine circular building, with lofty dome, and the quantity of grain it contained. I then proceeded to the real flower market, which was held this afternoon at the Magdalen, a most magnificent building. The quantity of flowers fell far short of my expectation: the Neapolitan violet and the more common sorts of autumnal flowers were the principal stock exposed for sale this day.

Left Paris at seven o'clock in the evening for Rouen, where I arrived on the morning of the 10th, about ten o'clock. I immediately proceeded to the nursery garden of Mr. Calvert, where I found an extensive range of hothouses rapidly falling into a state of dilapidation for want of paint and other repairs. The nursery ground was also principally in a waste state, except a part in which dahlias were cultivated, and which were certainly very fine, containing both the French and English collections. Mr. Calvert's son informed me that his father was then clearing the ground of the stock with the intention of removing it to England, where he intended commencing the nursery business.

I was also informed that the Rouen Botanic Garden was contemplated to be formed on the site of this nursery, which is unquestionably a fine situation for it.

I then visited the nursery of M. Vallet, which contains a large quantity of very fine orange trees, that he was very anxious to dispose of at £10 per tree. There is likewise a good collection of greenhouse plants and hardy shrubs, as well as standard roses; the latter M. Vallet frequently brings to England to be disposed of in the London markets.

I next proceeded to the Botanic Garden, which appeared to contain about an English acre of ground, with two or three old hothouses for plants, with but a limited stock in them. There appeared to be a pretty good collection of hardy perennials and annuals, but few shrubs, or ornamental trees.

I then made the best of my way to M. Prevost's nursery, which is undoubtedly the most extensive and contains the best collection of plants about Rouen. The quantity of standard roses cultivated in this nursery is immense; a priced catalogue of them has been lately printed, the prices specified in it are very moderate. The blood peach was here with plenty of fruit on it, but it evidently will not get soft or fit for use in the open air. I also observed several other ornamental trees in this establishment; it was likewise well stocked with a large assortment of fruit trees.

The scenery about Rouen is very beautiful and picturesque, and is varied by some large white chalk hills: the river, with numerous small vessels, tends greatly to enliven the scene.

Oct. 11th. Went to see the ancient cathedral, said to have been commenced by William the Conqueror. I was much pleased with its fine Gothic appearance, as well as with the paintings, stained glass, and other ornaments. There is another church in this town, called St. Ouen, deserving of the stranger's notice, which appeared to me but little inferior to the cathedral. The _Palais de Justice_ is also a curious old building.

Left Rouen at eleven o'clock for Dieppe, where we arrived at five in the evening, passing through a fine varied country, richly clothed with fruit trees and agricultural produce, which appeared to be in a very flourishing state.

Oct. 12th. Being confined all this day at Dieppe by contrary winds I made an excursion round the vicinity of the town, which is very picturesque and considerably varied, I also visited the nursery garden of M. Racine, which contained a very fine collection of dahlias, standard roses, a fine assortment of pears, and other hardy plants; and a small greenhouse, in which a few good _Cacteæ_, and other showy plants, were cultivated and in good order.

The cathedral in Dieppe is an ancient building, and worth the notice of the stranger.

Oct. 13th. Left Dieppe at two o'clock in the morning for Brighton, when we experienced a pretty tossing for the space of twenty-five hours, in consequence of contrary winds. The passage is generally performed in ten or eleven hours when the weather is favourable.

Oct. 14th. We arrived about three o'clock this morning at Shoreham, a small port, about three miles from Brighton: as soon as day dawned I made an excursion through the town, and got my luggage ready by ten o'clock, when I started for London, where I arrived at five in the afternoon.

Upon the whole, in regard to the general state of Horticulture in the countries which I visited, the following conclusion must be drawn: The plants in the hothouses are in most of the establishments kept in excellent order and in a healthy state; the _Succulentæ_ also appeared to be much more extensively cultivated than they have hitherto been in England; But the general order and neatness of the grounds (with only a very few exceptions) were but little attended to. Nor did they appear to me to well understand the forcing of fruits, except in one or two places in France; neither did I perceive that nicety in the training of fruit trees that is thought indispensable in this country. Vegetables are, however, in large establishments, more extensively grown; but there certainly did not appear to be such a general spirit for horticultural improvement as is now prevailing in this country. At no period was gardening and the collecting of plants ever pursued with greater spirit in England than at this moment; insomuch, that we can scarcely visit a nobleman or gentleman's gardens without observing very extensive improvements and alterations proceeding in every direction. And this we cannot but regard as an indication of application and attachment to rural improvements highly honourable to our nobility and gentry, as superseding many of those pursuits that used to prevail to a great extent with gentlemen residing in the country, which had but little tendency to the improvement of their grounds or estates.

APPENDIX.

The Cacteæ have not hitherto obtained in this country that attention which is paid to them on the continent, where certainly a greater number of fine specimens are to be found of this interesting genus than is to be seen in our collections.

Mr. Hitchen of Norwich devoted much attention to their cultivation, and certainly had formed the best collection at that time in England. Being under the necessity of breaking up his establishment, he disposed of his Cacteæ and other succulent plants to Mr. Mackie, Nurseryman, of Norwich, from whom the Duke of Bedford purchased a considerable number in the spring of 1834. Since that period His Grace's collection has been increased by the liberality of several continental collectors during my tour; and I feel it but justice more particularly to mention M. Otto, of Berlin, who contributed many valuable species, and M. Lehmann, of Dresden, from whom I have also received about two hundred. M. Seitz of Munich, M. Bosch of Stuttgard, Mr. Booth, of Flottbeck Nursery, Hamburgh, and Professor Lehmann, as well as the Curators of the Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin College Botanic Gardens, have added greatly to the collection; and with some recent acquisitions from Mr. Tweedie, of Buenos Ayres, obtained through the intervention of Lord Edward Russell, have now rendered this collection superior to any one existing in this country, and little inferior to any on the continent.

The cultivation of the Cacteæ possesses considerable advantage over most of the hothouse plants, requiring little room, a matter in general of considerable importance where space is necessarily limited. They will also flourish and flower in a lower temperature than most other hothouse plants: most of the species will not require to be kept in a higher degree of heat than from 45° to 50°; some of the South American species, however, succeed best in a higher temperature. They should be kept rather in a dry state, and water used but sparingly, as these plants are very impatient of wet. The houses most suitable for the cultivation of this singular tribe should be so glazed as to effectually exclude the intrusion of water. In the extensive range of plant-houses now erecting at Woburn Abbey, one is intended to be exclusively devoted to the cultivation of Cacteæ. The soil most suitable for their growth is a mixture of sandy-peat, leaf-mould and lime rubbish, well incorporated together.

The annexed List enumerates the different species now in cultivation at Woburn Abbey.

ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA.

CACTEÆ, DC.

_MAMMILLA'RIA. MAMMILLA'RIA._ Cal. superior, coloured, 5-8-lobed. Cor. of 5-8 petals, united in a short tube. Stam-filiform. Style thread-shaped. Stigma 4-7 cleft. Berry smooth, seeds small and numerous. The flowers are produced from the _axillæ_, or base, of the _mammillæ_, or teats, and the seed vessels appearing the following year.

I. FLAVISPINÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ ------------------+-----------------+---------------- lanífera, DC. wool-bearing stem-glob. *divarícata divaricated stm. cyl. forked Andréæ Ott. Andrea's stm. cyl.-obov. cuneiflóra Hitch. wedge-fld. stm. subcyl. grándis Hitch. handsome stm. sub-glob flavéscens Hitch. yellow stm. obov-cyl. stramínea Haw. straw col. stm-subcyl. _flavescens_ DC. chrysacántha Ott. gold-spined stm. sub-glob cylíndrica Hitch. cylindrical stm. obov-cyl. subcrócea DC. yellowish stm. sub-cyl. neglécta neglected stm. glob. rhodántha Ott. rose-fld. stm. sub-cyl _atrata_ Hort. nívea Wend. white stm. sub-glob. nivòsa snowy stm. sub-glob. *pulchérrima handsome stm. sub-cyl. dichótoma forked stm. cyl. *lutéscens yellowish stm. sub-glob. eriacántha Ott. wool.-spin. stm. cyl. púlchra B. R. showy stm. obl.-cyl.

_Systematic No. and Colour of Col. of Native Year of Name. Spines. Flower. Country. Introduc._ ------------------+-------------------+-------+--------+---------- lanífera, DC. spines 10-12. ye. _re._ Mexico 1823 D.S.S. rigid. *divarícata sp. ext. wh. _pk._ ...... .... D.S.S. centr. ye. Andréæ Ott. sp. ext. wh. centr. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. 6 ye. cuneiflóra Hitch. sp. ext. wh. centr. .. ...... .... D.S.S. 6 ye. grándis Hitch. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... .... D.S.S. 6 ye. flavéscens sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... .... D.S.S. 6 ye. apex re. stramínea Haw. sp. ext. wh. cent. _ye._ S. Am. 1811 D.S.S. 6-7 wh. _flavescens_ DC. chrysacántha Ott. sp. ext. wh. cent .. ------ 1827 D.S.S. 6-7 ye. ap. re. cylíndrica Hitch. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... .... D.S.S. 6 ye. subcrócea DC. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1836 D.S.S. 9 li-ye. neglécta sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. 6-7 ye. rhodántha Ott. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1836 D.S.S. 6-7 ap. re. _atrata_ Hort. nívea Wend. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1834 D.S.S. 4-6 ye. nivòsa sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. 6 li-ye. *pulchérrima sp. ext. wh. cent. _re._ ...... .... D.S.S. 6 ye. ap. dichótoma sp. ext. wh. cent _pk._ ...... .... D.S.S. 4 ye. *lutéscens sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... .... D.S.S. 6 ye. eriacántha Ott. sp. ext wh. cent. .. ...... .... D.S.S. ye. púlchra B. R. sp. ext. wh. centr. _ro._ ...... .... D.S.S. 4 ye.

II. FULVISPINÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ ------------------+-----------------+-------------- fuscáta Ott. brown stm. sub-glob. corioídes Bosch. leather-like stm. glob. coronáta DC. crowned stm. cyl. pyramidális Ott. pyramidal stm. oblg.

_Systematic No. and Colour of Col. of Native Year of Name. Spines. Flower. Country. Introduc._ -----------------+------------------+-------+--------+---------- fuscáta Ott. sp. ext. ye. .. S. Am. 1835 D.S.S. cent. 4 br. corioídes Bosch. sp. ext. wh. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. cent. 6 br. ye. coronáta DC. sp. ext. wh. cent. _sc._ Mexico 1828 D.S.S. 4 li. br. pyramidális Ott. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ---- 1835 D.S.S. 4-5. ye. br.

III. RUFISPINÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ ------------------+-----------------+--------------------------- parvimámma Haw. small teated stm. sub-glob símplex Haw. simple stm. sub-glob. tentaculáta stinging stm. glob.

_Systematic No. and Colour of Col. of Native Year of Name. Spines. Flower. Country. Introduc._ ----------------+-------------------+-------+--------+---------- parvimámma Haw. mam. obt. sp. .. S. Am. 1817 D.S.S. 10-12. dk. símplex Haw. sp. ext. wh. re. .. Missouri 1688 D.S.S. cent. 4 re-bk. tentaculáta sp. ext. wh. _sc._ ...... 1836 D.S.S. cent. br. re.

IV. ARACHNOIDEÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ --------------------+-----------------+-------------- acanthophlégma Lehm. lance-sp. stm. glob. bícolor Lehm. two-col. stm. sub-glob. díscolor Haw. discoloured stm. glob. vétula Mart. oldish stm. obov. supertéxta Mart. cobweb stm. glob. intertéxta interwoven stm. glob. geminispína Haw. two-spined stm. cyl. pusílla DC. dwarf stm. subrot. _stelláris_ Haw.

_Systematic No. and Colour of Col. of Native Year of Name. Spines. Flower. Country. Introduc._ --------------------+------------------+--------+--------+---------- acanthophlégma Lehm. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. 4 apex. re. bícolor Lehm. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. 2 li. br. díscolor Haw. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. S. Am. 1820 D.S.S. 6-8 bk. br. vétula Mart. sp. ext. wh. cent. _li. sc._ ...... 1835 D.S.S. 2-4 y. br. supertéxta Mart. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... 1836 D.S.S. 2-3 y. br. intertéxta sp. ext. wh. cent. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. 1-2 wh. geminispína Haw. sp. ext. wh. cent. _re_ Mexico ---- D.S.S. 2. elon. pusílla DC. sp. ext. wh. cent. .. S. Am. 1820 D.S.S. wh. ye. _stelláris_ Haw.

V. PAUCISPINÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ -----------------------+-----------------+------------------ anguláris Otto. angular. stm. glob.-ob. polyédra Mart. many-based stm. glob. magnimámma Haw. la. teated stm. cyl. glau. Zuccariniana Mart. Zuccarini's stm. glob. Karwinskii Zucc. Karwinsk's stm. glob. glau. subpolyédra Salm. sub many-ba. stm. sub. cyl. cirrhífera Mart. tend.-bear. stm. glob. ...._spinis fuscís_ _br.-spined_ stm. glob. quadrispína Mart. four-spined stm. sub. cyl. Seitziana Mart. Seitz's stm. obov. columnáris Mart. col.-shaped stm. sub-cyl. pycnacántha Mart. close-spined stm. cyl. loricáta Mart. harnessed stm. cyl. polythéle Mart. many-teat. stm. glob. cárnea Zucc. flesh-col. stm. cyl. longimámma DC. long-teated stm. cyl. glau. macrothéle Mart. large-teat. stm. cyl. t. elo. Lehmanni Ott. Lehm. teats. ovat elong. sphaceláta Mart. finger-sh. stm. cyl.

_Systematic No. and Colour of Col. of Native Year of Name. Spines. Flower. Country. Introduc._ ---------------------+------------------+---------+--------+---------- anguláris Otto. sp. 4-5. cent. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. 1 el. re-ap. bk. polyédra Mart. sp. 6-8 wh. .. ...... 1836 D.S.S. apex re. magnimámma Haw. sp. 3-5 wh. .. ...... 1823 D.S.S. apex bk. Zuccariniana Mart. sp. 2-elong br. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. ye. jun. wh. pu. Karwinskii Zucc. sp. 6. wh. .. ...... 1836 D.S.S. ap. bk. subpolyédra Salm. sp. 4. br. bk. _li. sc. gr._ ...... ---- D.S.S. cirrhífera Mart. sp. 3-5 wh. .. ...... 1835 D.S.S. apex re. bk. ...._spinis fuscís_ sp. 3-5. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. ye. br. quadrispína Mart. sp. 4. dk. br. _sc._ ...... ---- D.S.S. apex bk. Seitziana Mart. sp. 6. wh. pk. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. apex re. columnáris Mart. sp. 6. li. br. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. pycnacántha Mart. sp. 6. ye. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. apex bk. loricáta Mart. sp. 4-6 ye. br. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. polythéle Mart. sp. 6-7 ye. br. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. cárnea Zucc. sp. 7-8 ye. _car._ ...... ---- D.S.S. apex pk. longimámma DC. sp. ext. 6-7. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. cent. 1. elong macrothéle Mart. sp. 6. wh. y. .. ...... 1836 D.S.S. apex br. Lehmanni Ott. sp. wh. apex bk. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. sphaceláta Mart. sp. 10-12 wh. .. ...... ---- D.S.S. apex red

VI. STELLISPINÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ ------------------+-----------------+----------- cæspitósa Salm. tufted stm. cyl. _densa_ Ott. stella-auráta M. gold-star stm. cyl. ténuis slender stm. cyl. elongáta DC. elongated stm. cyl.

_Systematic No. and Colour of Col. of Native Year of Name. Spines. Flower. Country. Introduc._ ----------------+-------------------+-------+--------+---------- cæspitósa Salm. sp. den. ye. _ye._ S. Am. 1827 D.S.S. cent. 2 elong _densa_ Ott. stella-auráta M. sp. stel. ye. _ye._ ...... 1835 D.S.S. ap. br. cent. o. ténuis sp. li. re. cent. _ye._ ...... ---- D.S.S. 1. elong. br. elongáta DC. sp. stellate .. ...... .... D.S.S. ye. apex li. br.

VII. GLOCHIDATÆ.

_Systematic English Form of Name. Name. Stems, &c._ ------------------+-----------------+------------ criníta DC. hairy teats ovat. elong _ancistroides_ Lehm. _glochidata_ Mart. _rubra_ _red-fld._ ...... Wildiána Ott. Wild's teats cyl.