CHAPTER TWO

Philip Fithian And The Carter Family

During his residence at "Nomini Hall" from October, 1773, to October, 1774, Philip Fithian recorded his impressions of the life about him in a daily journal and in letters to relatives and friends. These impressions constitute a detailed and illuminating account. The civilization he described differed in many respects from that he had known in New Jersey. His austere Presbyterian training caused him to look with disfavor or misgiving upon many of the gay diversions and other social customs of Virginia. Yet he was open-minded to an unusual degree and not unsympathetic to the people among whom he lived. His freshness of viewpoint led him to comment upon various features of Virginia civilization which would doubtless have escaped the attention of one more familiar with them. He admired many aspects of Southern life and for the members of the Carter household Fithian developed a genuine and lasting fondness. The account possesses both vivacity and charm.

At "Nomini Hall" Philip Fithian found himself in an excellent observation post. Robert Carter, its owner, was the scion of one of the wealthiest and most influential Tidewater families. His great-grandfather, John Carter, had emigrated to Virginia from England in 1649. Acquiring some 13,500 acres in the Northern Neck, the fertile region between the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers, John Carter had established his home "Corotoman" on the Rappahannock in Lancaster County. Becoming ere long a successful planter and businessman, Carter served first as a Burgess and then as a member of the governor's Council.

Robert or "King" Carter, son of the emigrant, so eclipsed his father that he has usually been regarded as founder of the family in Virginia. Bold, capable, and acquisitive, "King" Carter strove ceaselessly to expand the family fortunes. By strict attention to business and a close regard for his prerogatives as agent of the Fairfaxes, the proprietors of the Northern Neck, he ultimately became the richest and perhaps the most powerful man of his day in Virginia.[21] First as a Burgess and then as a member and President of the Council, he exerted a political influence that contributed greatly to the management of his private affairs. Realizing earlier than most the need future generations would have for fresh lands, he obtained for his progeny altogether some 333,000 acres.

[21] Cf. Wright, Louis B., _Letters of Robert Carter, 1720-1727_ (San Marino, 1940), p. viii.

Under the custom of primogeniture, Carter arranged that the bulk of his lands, including "Corotoman," should go to his eldest son, John Carter II. He, nonetheless, saw to it that his other sons, Robert, Landon, Charles, and George should have ample estates. Robert Carter II, however, died a few months before his father, leaving a young son, Robert III, and a daughter, Elizabeth. A short time after "King" Carter's death his surviving sons procured a special legislative enactment investing the share of the estate intended for the dead son in the young grandson. When Robert Carter III reached his majority, therefore, he would become master of more than seventy thousand acres.

The young boy's uncles, John, Landon, and Charles Carter, acted as his guardians. As a result of his mother's early second marriage to Colonel John Lewis, he lived at the latter's manor plantation, "Warner Hall" in Gloucester County. When the lad was nine, he was sent to the College of William and Mary. Nothing further is definitely known of how his youth was spent.

On reaching twenty-one Robert at once began preparations for a trip to England where he remained two years. The purpose of this visit is not known. It is probable, however, that he was following the example of his grandfather, his father, and the other sons of "King" Carter who had all completed their education in the mother country. Indeed the records of the Inner Temple reveal that he was admitted to the privileges and assumed the agreeable duties of a member of that august legal society a few months after he arrived there.[22] Whatever his motives, though, it is unlikely that a spirited young man, possessed of ample means and free of parental restraint, would bury himself entirely within musty college walls. Reports at home had it that he spent his time in idleness and gay diversions. A portrait painted at this time by a fashionable artist, probably in the studio of Sir Joshua Reynolds, shows him arrayed in a fine doublet of silk and a high lace collar, with a mask in one hand as if to indicate he was about to hasten away to some masquerade.

[22] Cf. Jones, E. Alfred, _American Members of the Inns of Court_, p. 41.

Whatever his youthful follies may have been, Robert Carter possessed a gentle and thoughtful nature. As he matured, he became increasingly a serious man of business and of scholarly and cultivated tastes. Returning to Virginia in 1751, he soon married and settled down to the life of a country squire at "Nomini Hall," the manor house his father had built in Westmoreland County.

On a visit to Maryland, Carter had met Frances Anne Tasker, the sixteen-year-old daughter of one of the foremost citizens of that colony. Struck by the beauty, good sense, and fortune of the young girl, he had secured her consent to become his wife. Frances Tasker Carter was an uncommon person. Notwithstanding the numerous children she had already borne her husband when Philip Fithian entered her household, she was still beautiful, elegant, and youthful looking. She was also well-informed and frequently surprised Fithian with the breadth of her interests. Ever cheerful and agreeable, she managed the household with fine success and carefully trained her seventeen children.

Besides a handsome dowry, Frances Tasker brought her husband a family influence that proved of great assistance in both his public and private career. Benjamin Tasker, her father, who had wide commercial connections, had served for thirty-two years as a member and President of the Council of Maryland, and for a period as acting-Governor. Her mother, Anne Bladen Tasker, was the daughter of William Bladen who had been successfully Secretary and Attorney-General of that colony. Thomas Bladen, her mother's brother, a former governor of Maryland, had removed to England and become a member of Parliament for Old Sarum, where he was now in an excellent position to promote the interests of his American relatives.[23]

[23] Sisters of Anne Bladen Tasker and Thomas Bladen had married Daniel Dulany, Samuel Ogle, and Christopher Lowndes, all men of important political and financial connections in their world.

Robert Carter led a busy life at "Nomini Hall." To utilize profitably the resources of an estate of seventy thousand acres was a task that demanded foresight and planning. He customarily cultivated as many as a dozen large plantations at once, and it was necessary that the operations on the several units be carefully integrated. Though tobacco constituted the crop of first importance on his estate, entire plantations were sometimes devoted to producing grain stuffs and supplies needed at "Nomini Hall" and on the other plantations. From time to time, too, Carter sought to develop other money crops which might supplement the constantly dwindling profits from tobacco. The preparation of new grounds to replace discarded fields constituted a laborious task that had to be coped with at intervals. He set up and equipped so many plantations that he resorted at one time to the signs of the zodiac for names for them.

Apart from the lands he himself cultivated, Carter rented or leased a large proportion of his estate to others. He developed an elaborate system of tenancy reminiscent in its principal features of the modern lien system and "share cropping." Lands were leased for varying periods under specific agreements as to the uses to be made of them, the provision of tools and other supplies by the landlord, and the proportion of the crops to be paid as rent. Other tracts were leased for a fixed money rental.

To Carter's interests as a planter and a landlord he added those of a manufacturer. When conditions made it economical or necessary to furnish his own supplies, he operated textile factories, salt works, grain mills, and bakeries to fill his own and his neighbors' needs. In his smiths's shops the simple farm implements of the time were forged and repaired, and work was also done for near-by planters. Through his wife's relations he received a one-fifth share in the Baltimore Iron Works. As part owner of this firm he produced bar and pig iron in large quantities on a commercial basis, and incidentally supplied raw materials needed on his plantations. He also carried on extensive operations as a merchant and factor. From his stores at "Nomini Hall," European manufactures and merchandise of every sort were dispensed. He owned a number of vessels which regularly carried supplies to the landings of other planters on the Virginia rivers and the Chesapeake and took their produce off their hands. Sometimes he provided these men with banking and credit facilities.

The scope of Carter's activities is indicated by the fact that at one time his slaves numbered over 500. In addition, he employed numerous white stewards, overseers, clerks, skilled craftsmen, and artisans. In a labor force so numerous and diversified the most careful adjustments in human relationships were necessary. In a very real sense Carter acted as a protector, father, physician, and court of last resort for all his people. No complaint was too insignificant to receive the master's consideration.

As part of the obligations of his station, the master of "Nomini Hall" served as a vestryman and a warden of his church in Cople Parish and performed other public duties. At the age of twenty-eight he was made a member of the governor's Council. His large estate made him eligible and his wife's uncle, Thomas Bladen, supplied the influence in England necessary to secure his appointment to this highest governing body in the colony. By virtue of belonging to the Council he also served as a colonel in the militia. As was customary, he was henceforth known as Colonel or Councillor Carter. In the latter capacity, he went twice a year to Williamsburg to advise the royal governor and to sit as a member of the General Court. For a decade after 1762 he found it pleasant and convenient to live at the Capital the greater part of the time. He acquired a residence in the town and established his wife and children there. With the outbreak of the disturbances which led to the Revolution, however, he returned with his family to "Nomini Hall" where he lived during the remainder of his active years, devoting his time to the development of his estate and the promotion of his commercial interests, the rearing of his family, and the quiet enjoyment of his scholarly and cultivated tastes. Despite his many duties, he spent much time in reading and in scientific investigation. An accomplished musician, he practiced daily on some of the numerous instruments at his home.

The social life of the family at "Nomini Hall" was of the most agreeable sort. Situated on a hill overlooking the Potomac and Nomini rivers, the mansion was admirably suited to the hospitable tradition of the region. A large rectangular structure of brick, covered with stucco, the great house was surrounded by more than thirty dependent structures or offices and presented an attractive and imposing appearance. The four principal offices were set off at a distance of one hundred yards from the corners of the house, and within the rectangle formed by these buildings was a long bowling green. Extensive and well-tended gardens provided agreeable promenades for members of the family and guests. One approached the mansion from the public highway through a wide avenue of poplars which terminated in a circle about the house. Viewed through this avenue from a distance, Fithian asserted, "Nomini Hall" appeared "most romantic, at the same time it does truly elegant."

The lower floor of the great house contained the master's library, a dining room, used also as a sitting room, a dining hall for the children, a ballroom thirty feet long, and a hallway with a fine stairway of black walnut. The upper rooms were used as sleeping quarters for members of the family and for guests. The older boys and their tutor slept above-stairs in one of the large offices that was also used as a schoolhouse. During the time Fithian was there Carter arranged to convert one of the lower rooms of this office into a concert or music room. Here he proposed to place the harpsichord, harmonica, forte-piano, guitar, violin, and German flutes which were in the great house, and to bring up for that purpose from his Williamburg residence, the organ which had been built for him in London according to his own specifications.

Seven of the nine surviving Carter children[24] and the Councillor's nephew, Harry Willis, were placed under Fithian's care. Benjamin, the eldest son, was a quiet, studious boy of eighteen. Robert Bladen, two years younger, loved the out-of-doors and cared little for learning. John Tasker, only four, was too young for instruction. Priscilla, the eldest daughter, was an attractive girl of fifteen. Anne Tasker, called Nancy, and Frances or Fanny, whom Fithian thought the "Flower of the Family," were thirteen and eleven respectively. Betty Landon was ten, and Harriot Lucy, a "bold, fearless, merry girl," was seven. Sarah Fairfax, the baby, was only a few months old at the time Fithian arrived.

[24] Four of the seventeen Carter children were born after Fithian had left the family.

Apart from the members of the family, the tutor, and the numerous domestics, various other persons maintained a more or less permanent connection with the household. Among these were Miss Sally Stanhope, the housekeeper, Mr. Randolph, who served as clerk and steward for Carter, Mr. Christian, a peripatetic dancing master who visited most of the great manor houses of the Northern Neck, Mr. Stadley, music master to the children, and Mrs. Oakley, who had nursed several of them at Williamsburg.

In no section of the colony were the great planters more numerous than in the Northern Neck; in none did they dominate society more completely. The families on the manor plantations associated on terms of intimacy. Gay assemblies, dances, balls, and banquets brought them together frequently. Dancing masters held their classes in rotation at the great plantation houses. At these homes their pupils assembled in turn, frequently accompanied by parents and friends. After the master had instructed the young men and women on these occasions, an informal dance was generally held. These families customarily congregated about the parish church before and after services to enjoy social exchanges. Attendance at county court provided another regular opportunity for commingling. Boat races, barbecues, "Fish-feasts," and horse races brought friends together at intervals. Sometimes elaborate private entertainments were given at which music, feasting, and dancing continued for several days. Rarely a day passed but found some guest at the Councillor's table. Members of the Carter household constantly exchanged visits with the plantation families of their neighborhood and with relatives and friends in adjoining counties. They dined frequently with the Turbervilles at "Hickory Hill," the Washingtons at "Bushfield," the Lees at "Chantilly" and "Stratford," and with the more distant Tayloes at "Mount Airy."

With all these persons the young Princeton tutor was familiar. He accompanied the Carters frequently when they dined at their friends' tables, he attended banquets and balls with them, conversed with the people of the vicinity at the parish churches, met them at races, and observed their conduct as guests at "Nomini Hall." The sprightly interest with which Fithian comments upon these men and women and their way of life makes them seem as real today as then.

For more than a century the manuscript of Fithian's journal and the letters he wrote home remained unpublished. During that time, some years apparently after Philip's death, his brother, Enoch, assembled the letters and papers and the various sections of the journal kept over a period of years and copied them in several bound volumes from the loose and various-sized sheets upon which they were written. It is from this transcript that the journal is known today, and the irregularities in punctuation, spelling, and capitalization in the form in which it has been preserved are doubtless due largely to this fact.

The journal kept at "Nomini Hall" and a group of letters written by Fithian during his residence there were finally published in 1900 by the Princeton University Library, into whose custody had come seven manuscript volumes of Fithian's papers in Enoch Fithian's hand. This publication was edited by John Rogers Williams, a member of the Princeton Historical Association.[25] A small part of the journal and certain letters which the editor regarded as "of too intimate and personal or too trivial a character" were omitted, his object being "in general to present such as have some bearing on historic places and personages, together with representative ones showing" Fithian's "character and circumstances."[26] The editor, moreover, was interested in Fithian's manuscripts primarily from the standpoint of the tutor's association with Princeton.

[25] Some extracts from the Journal were published in the _American Historical Review_ of January, 1900.

[26] Cf. Philip Fithian's _Journal_, edited by John Rogers Williams, p. xiv.

In the present edition the manuscripts have been treated with special reference to the light they throw on life in the Old Dominion. The journal kept at "Nomini Hall" and all the letters written by Fithian from Virginia are given in their entirety. Several letters written after his departure from "Nomini Hall," but which relate to matters and persons in Virginia, are now printed for the first time.

The journal and letters of Philip Fithian are so revealing of his personality that one inevitably becomes attached to the young tutor, and the reader today may well be curious to know his subsequent career. Having prepared himself for the Presbyterian ministry, Fithian left the Carter household late in 1774 despite the strong ties of friendship and gratitude which now bound him to the family. His decision to return to New Jersey was influenced both by a sense of duty and his growing attachment for Elizabeth Beatty, the "fair Laura" of his journal. In December, 1774, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Philadelphia. That winter he filled vacancies in West Jersey and the following summer served as a Presbyterian missionary in the Valley of Virginia and Pennsylvania. He married Elizabeth Beatty in October, 1775. Early in 1776 he enlisted as a chaplain in the Revolutionary forces. Shortly after the battle of White Plains he died as the result of an attack of dysentery and exposure in camp. Though his promise to visit the family at "Nomini Hall" again was never fulfilled, the letters he wrote to members of the Carter household after his departure reveal the tender regard in which all were held.

_JOURNAL & LETTERS_

OF

Philip Vickers Fithian

[ANDREW HUNTER,[27] JR., TO PHILIP VICKERS FITHIAN]

Nassau-Hall June 26th 1773.

SIR.

I expected notwithstanding your small offence you would have let me know before this time whether you had made any determination different from what you designed when I left you. If you design teaching before you get into business, there are now several considerable offers made to young men who are willing to go to Virginia by some of the first gentlemen in the colony; one particularly who will give as good as 60£, the best accomodations, a room to study in and the advantage of a library, a horse kept and a servant to wait upon you.

[27] Philip Vickers Fithian had left his home at Cohansie, New Jersey, in 1770, at the age of twenty-three, to enter the College of New Jersey at Princeton. Nassau Hall was the principal structure of the college, and the institution was often familiarly referred to by that name. Fithian was graduated there in September 1772. His parents had both died suddenly during the previous February. Andrew Hunter, Jr., of Cohansie, who wrote this letter, was the nephew of the Reverend Andrew Hunter, Sr., of Greenwich, New Jersey, under whom Philip was at this time studying Hebrew in connection with his preparation for the ministry.

Dr Witherspoon[28] is very fond of getting a person to send him. I make no kind of doubt but if you were to write to the doctor but he would engage it to you, the terms are exactly as I write you as I have informed myself that I might let you know--

[28] Dr. John Witherspoon (1723-1794), a Scottish Presbyterian clergyman, served as president of the College of New Jersey at Princeton intermittently from 1768 until his death in 1794. A staunch Calvinist, Witherspoon exerted a strong influence on American educational, religious, and political development. Owing largely to the labors of his former students, a number of whom went as clergymen and tutors to the Southern colonies, his influence was very extensive in that region.

There are a number of our friends and class-mates getting into business as fast as possible, whether they are called or not I cannot pretend to judge, this much I would say that I think it is not any ones duty to run too fast. No less than four Debow, Reese, McCorkle, Allen, under trials by a presbytery, and Bryan[29] trying to get license to plead law in some of the best courts on the continent, if infamy were law or lies were Gospel he might get license either to plead or preach.

[29] John Debow, Oliver Reese, Samuel McCorkle and Moses Allen, and Andrew Bryan. With the exception of Andrew Bryan of Baltimore who was admitted to the bar, all of these young men were licensed as Presbyterian ministers.

We have had the pleasure of Laura's[30] company here for some weeks past, I hope you will not envy us considering that continual pleasure is too much for such mortals as we to bear.

[30] Elizabeth Beatty, Fithian's "Laura," frequently visited in the home of her brother, Dr. John Beatty, who lived at Princeton. Fithian had known Elizabeth earlier in the home of her sister, the wife of the Reverend Enoch Green, a Presbyterian minister of Deerfield, New Jersey, under whom he had prepared for college. Cf. Williams, John, ed., _The Journals and Letters of Philip Vickers Fithian, 1767-1774_, p. 55, fn. 3.

I beg that you may no longer refrain from writing, as I should be very glad to hear many things from you and other of my friends in Cohansie which you can relate with little trouble. If you have been trying with me who could keep from writing longest, I own fairly beat. The number of our students are considerably increased, and our school consists of thirty-nine--I have heard there are some disagreeable stories going through your country I wish you would let me know something about them. Doctr Ward spent part of yesterday with me in his return.

My love to Mr and Mrs Green.

I am, Sir,

Your very friend,

ANDW HUNTER.

[JOURNAL]

_July 1. [1773]_

Rose at five. Read in the greek Testament, the third Chapter of the Acts. Breakfasted at seven. Busy the greater part of this Day in coppying off some loose miscellanous Pieces. P. M. Read the Spectator in my Course. Received in the Evening, by the Stage, a Letter from Mr and: Hunter jur In which he invites me to remove, & accept a School, of very considerable Consequence, in Virginia. He also informs me that four of our Class-Mates, are on Trial, under a Presbytery, for Preachers; & one has applied for Licence to plead Law in Maryland; Poor Boys! hard they push to be in the midst of Tumult, & Labour.

[PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO ANDREW HUNTER, JR.]

Deerfield July 3. 1773.

SIR

I am sorry you impute neglect of writing in me to so wrong a cause, as an old trivial offense, I confess that I am to blame, and am willing to stand reproved by you, for having been so long silent. If I should offer any thing in excuse it would be great hurry arising from the duty of my station, on which account I have wrote only two or three letters since you left us. The school in town, which I had in view, as I make no doubt you know, is now occupied by Mr _Lynn_. And the terms of the school at _Blandensburg_ are I think too low, to divert me from the course of my business. I would not however forego a good offer in a school abroad, for some short time. What you write concerning the offer of a Gentleman in Virginia, is, I think of considerable consequence, provided the conditions of teaching are not over burdensome; I should speedily agree to go and apply for the place, were I made satisfied as to this.

I shall however, beg the assistance of your friendship, to enquire in what county the school is; what number and degrees of scholars there are; and if you think the place suitable, and if the Docter shall think proper to appoint me to it, I am not unwilling to remove and accept it. Please to mention this to the Docter; and if he has not engaged a teacher, and is pleased to accept me, I hope you will acquaint me as speedily as may be, with what you can learn as to the time of beginning, the custom of the school, &c. You mentioned four in your last, who have applied to Presbytery, and are on tryal, I can tell you another, Mr Heith; he applied to the Philadelphia Presbytery; but came to town, I understood so late, that before he made application the Presbytery was dissolved, some of the Members however, being still in town, at his request, gave him sundry pieces of exercise, which it is expected the Presbytery will acknowledge, so that he is the fifth out of our class who is designing soon to appear in public!

I am Sir yours, &c.

PHILIP. V. FITHIAN

[JOURNAL]

_Fryday july 30._

Rose pretty early. Breakfasted with Mrs _Buck_. Wrote a Note, after Breakfast to Holinshead. Soon after which, I set out for Home, & by the favour of a young man who lodges at Mr Bucks I rode to the Ferry, & was home by eleven.

Received several Letters by the Stage to Day; One especially from Mr Hunter, in which I am pressed to accept the proposal by the Gentleman in Virginia. The Offer is very proffitable; Colonel _Carter_ has four Sons. To a private Tutor for which he proposes to give sixty-five Pounds pr Year; find him all Accomodations; Allow him a Room for his own Study; And the Use of an eligant Library of Books; A Horse to ride; & a Servant to Wait. I am inclined to go, but dont meet with much Encouragement from those who have the Direction of my Studies.

We had Company in the Afternoon; & expected Miss _Grimes_, & Miss Ewing, til Evening, but they never came.

_Saturday july 31._

Rose early. After Breakfast rode to Deerfield, & consulted with Mr Green[31] but he gives only his usual Indifference; Dined at Mr _Nathan Leeks_, the Day excessive hot; Drank Tea at Mrs _Pecks_.[32] & returned in the Evening to Greenwich.

[31] The Reverend Enoch Green.

[32] Mrs. Peck was the mother of Fithian's friend, John Peck of Deerfield. The two boys had studied together under the Reverend Enoch Green, and had later been classmates at Princeton. John Peck succeeded Fithian as tutor of the Carter children at Nomini Hall in 1774, and later married Anne Tasker or "Nancy" Carter, and settled in Richmond County, Virginia.

_Sunday. August 1:_

Rose pretty early. Attended the Funeral of Mr _Hugh Stethern_. who died yesterday morning. Many are now ill of what is called the _Fall Fever_.

Mr _Hunter_[33] preached both Parts of the Day.

[33] The Reverend Andrew Hunter.

_Monday August 2._

Concluded, this Day, with the Concurrence of Mr _Hunter_, to set of for Princeton, & know of Dr Witherspoon something more particular concerning the Proposal for my going to _Virginia_. Busy all the Afternoon in preparing to go.--Evening very hot. Went on foot to the Stage.--Drank a Bowl of Punch with Mr _Richard_ Howel, & to bed by ten.

_Monday August 9_

Waited on Dr Witherspoon, about nine o Clock, to hear his Proposal for my going to _Virginia_--He read me a Letter which he receivd from Col: Carter, & proposed the following Terms--To teach his Children, five Daughters, & three Sons, who are from five to seventeen years Old--The young Ladies are to be taught the English Language. And the Boys are to study the English Language carefully; & to be instructed in the Latin, & Greek--And he proposes to give thirty five Pounds Sterling, which is about Sixty Pounds currency; Provide all Accommodations; Allow him the undisturbed Use of a Room; And the Use of his own Library; find Provender for a Horse; & a Servant to Wait--

--By the Advice of the Dr & his Recommendation of the Gentleman, & the Place, I accepted the Offer, & agreed to go in the Fall into _Virginia_--

I took this morning, from Dr Wiggins, a Balsam that has removed the Pain wholly from my Breast; he called it the Balsam of _Cappewee_. Probably I spell it Wrong.

_Teusday August 17._

Rose at seven--Very much fatigued with yesterdays Ride--Found the Students well; & the Seniors in particular In high Spirits on their Expectation of speedy Liberty--I begin to grow sick of my Virginia Voyage; But sick or sorry I must away--I waited on the Dr, But he has yet received no Intelligence.

After Evening-Prayrs, by particular Requests, I attended in the respectful Whigg-Society[34]--The Members are Orderly--Their Exercises are well chosen--And generally well-conducted; & as to speaking, & Composition well-performed--

[34] The American Whig Society and the Cliosophic Society were rival literary organizations at the College of New Jersey at Princeton.

They conferrd Degrees formally on Six who are to be graduated in the College the ensuing Commencement. The Moderator for the Time being confers the Degree; The Formula is short & eligant, & pronounced in latin--They give also Diploma's, in Latin likewise, which are plain & full.

Expence of this Day.

For the Hire of our Carriage 10s. For a Bowl of Punch 1s/6d For a Glass of Bitters 4d Sum 11s 10d.

[LETTER OF PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO ELIZABETH BEATTY]

Prince-ton. August 17th: 1773.

TO LAURA.

If I could only tell you the Incidents of Yesterday, you would laugh as loud & as cordially as ever--Smith did all the Oddities of Miss Cateness.

I was, & for my Life, could not avoid, being dumpish & melancholy, in the midst of Humour & Pleasantry--Smith[35] was in great Distress on Account of his approaching Examination; He is in the Senior-Class, & that Class is to be examined for their Degree tomorrow, so that he too was sour all Day.--Directly opposite to both was your Brother; he was noisy, & troublesome; We dined at Mr Irwin's. Your Brother kindly rode with us to the Ferry, where we parted; he for Mr McConkey's; We for Princeton. I am to day happy as Amusements & good-Company, in this lovely Habitation of the Muses, can render me.

[35] William R. Smith, who was one of Fithian's classmates, was afterwards ordained as a Presbyterian minister. Cf. Williams, ed., _Fithian_, p. 34, fn. 2.

There is yet, among my Acquaintances, a young Lady; & She is also, I firmly believe, one of your most agreeable Intimates, whose Friendship I think so valuable, & whose Manner every Way, is so peculiarly engaging, that if you should soon see her, whom you have sometimes heard me call Laura, give my Duty, my Love to her, & acquaint her with what I have often told you of her, that She is, in my undisguised Oppinion, "A Pattern for Female Excellence."

Tell her also, that a singular, & very important Occurrence, which has lately presented itself to me, seems to make it necessary, if it be any how agreeable to her, She should in some Way, chosen by Herself, signify to you that I may thereby know, whether She favours or dislikes what I have told her.

I assure you, Madam, so strong is the Esteem I have for that dear Girl, which certainly I shall ever retain, that neither, Place, nor Time, nor any Alteration in my Condition of Life, will blot it out.

This, however, I intrust only to you, & put so great Confidence in the many Expressions of your Friendship for me, that I hope you will use your Influence to persuade her that what I write is Truth.

I expect to leave Deerfield[36] & go Home next Week; But I am not determined yet upon going to Virginia. Dr Witherspoon desires & advises me to go--My Directors here seem backward, & rather unwilling.--I myself Am yet in doubt--But, on the Whole, it is probable I shall go down in October. But whether I do the one or the other I am always

Yours,

PHILIP. V FITHIAN.

[36] Fithian was studying theology in Deerfield under the supervision of the Reverend Enoch Green, at the same time he was being taught Hebrew by Andrew Hunter, Sr., in nearby Greenwich.

[JOURNAL]

_Monday August 30._

Rose by half after six--Wrote a Letter to Dr Witherspoon concerning my going to Virginia--I hear that many of my Friends in this Place are unwilling I should go--I am indeed in a Dilimma--But I have agreed--Well, I must away--And I hope in the Kindness of him who was my Fathers God, & has been the Guide of my Youth, that he will save me from being corrupted, or carried away with the Vices which prevail in that Country--Wrote a Letter to And: Hunter--In the Evening, rode with my Letters, to the Stage--Saw there by Chance, the famous Miss _Betsy Elmore_: famous for _Wit_, Extensive Knowledge, but especially for _Volubility of Tongue_--

[LETTER OF PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO DR. WITHERSPOON]

Greenwich august 30th 1773.

_Revd Sir._

I am sorry that I may inform you of the dissattisfaction which my friends in general since my return home seem to discover, with my intention of going this fall to _Virginia_. However willing I am myself to accept the proposal and go, it will not be easy to break through the entreaties of those who are my neares[t] relations, and who have all along, with the warmest friendship interested themselves to procure my welfare. I do not intend by any means, abruptly to decline the fulfilling my agreement, but only desire to know, if there are not some to be found among the late Seniors who would willingly discharge me by accepting the offer themselves. If not I have only further to beg, that you would be pleased, Revd Sir, to favour me with the proposal of the gentleman; and so soon as there is a return from him, I shall be glad to know the time when I must leave home;

I am Revd Sir, with great respect your humble Servt PHILIP V. FITHIAN

P. S. Letters come safe sent by the princeton stage, and directed to me at Greenwich.

[PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO ELIZABETH BEATTY]

Princeton. August 31. 1773.

TO LAURA.

As an old Sinner, who has been long accustomed to Mishief, cannot bear to think of quitting his much-loved Practice; so I, from Time to Time, with few Returns, am intruding my Epistles upon you.

I have just been reading Yorrick's celebrated Letters to Eliza: They are familiar--They are plain--They are beautiful. I love Eliza, from the admirable Description he has given of her: But possibly he has been wholly romantic; & only painted the Woman he could love; or, if has given his own candid Sentiments, & described that Woman in Truth; There is in America an Eliza I would venture, from Yorricks own Picture, to set against it; & let Yorrick himself be Judge, should I venture never so largely, I am sure I should succeed--

I was, yesterday, at Deerfield, & heard News enough--I was told that a civil, good looking Gentleman; who had been lately from N--n, told them he saw me there with you--That I was wild, & noisy--He thinks I shall make a damn'd droll Figure in a Pulpit, with Powdered-Hair; a long Cue; & deep Ruffles!--I fancy myself it would appear odd!--I was told there also every Circumstance of our Ride from Princeton to N--n. Of my being with your Brother in Philadelphia as I went up, & returned--Of almost the whole of my Company & Conduct while in Town.

It is something curious, tho' by no Means troublesome, that every part of my Behaviour, is in whatever Place I go, so circumstantially inspected.--I shall suppress all I heard of you, only that you are soon to be married, & I should not have mentioned this, but that I might let you know it was told in Triumph to dash me!--Yet if it had wounded my Soul I would have sustained & concealed the Pain, to outbrave such Insolence! I cannot help, however, when I am alone in my Chamber, reflecting on the Danger of the Impropriety I may possibly be guilty of in thus continuing my Intimacy with you.

But I turn it all off with a Smile, &, if the Report be true, with a Wish, in the Language of the Poet Walter to a Lady of his Acquaintance "That you may possess all your Wishes, as to earthly Happiness & Comfort, in the Society of him whom you have preferr'd to the rest of Men; & that you may feel as much for him, of that Anxiety which arises from Esteem, as others have felt for you"--I am going, next Month to Virginia, unless the Remonstrances of my Relations prevail with me to decline it.

But on I go little thinking how much I may incur your Censure by writing so freely, & so long--O Laura, I wish most ardently, that I could with Propriety, from the present Moment, spend all my hours near your Person.--They would then, with their purple Wings, fly along through the Sorrows, & Tumults of Life, wholly unnoticed.

Laura, yours

PHILIP. V. FITHIAN.

[ANDREW HUNTER TO PHILIP FITHIAN]

Nassau Hall Septr 6th 1773

DR SIR.

I am very sorry that I cannot answer your letter so much to your satisfaction as I could desire. Doctor Witherspoon is gone to New-England to the convention and is not expected home 'till the latter end of this week--he received no account from Virginia before he went from home. You may trust that I will let you know when ever I can hear any thing related to your prospect of going to the southward.

Mr Imlay[37] is gone from College and is not expected back 'till near commencement, however I have talked with some of his acquaintances, and they say he expects to go.

[37] William Eugene Imlay was graduated at Princeton in 1773. Cf. Williams, ed., _Fithian_, p. 41.

I would have the spelling of your name corrected, but the catalogue is sent off, and I suppose by this time is in the press. I must thank you for the good news you give me concerning the young lady's health.

I was very uneasy about the account we heard before you left princeton.

We go on pretty well in College, but I hope we shall have two or three of the _possessed swine_ turned off when the Doctor comes home.

Do write me every week and give what news you can.

I am, Sir, Your friend. ANDW HUNTER.

[JOURNAL]

_Wednesday Sept: 8._

Received a Letter from Mr Hunter--No News from Princeton--Nor Virginia--Evening Mr Paterson came home with Uncle.[38]

[38] Probably Samuel Fithian, the brother of Philip's father. Philip refers to him as "Uncle Fithian" on other occasions.

* * * * *

[LETTER OF PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO ELIZABETH BEATTY]

Greenwich. Sept: 10th: 1773.

TO LAURA.

I hope the World is using you very well, & that you enjoy yourself in Contentment; & the Society of your Friends with Pleasure. The Reason of my saying this, is, because many People here are often enquiring about you; Where you live? How you do? When you will return? The Cause of your Absence?--And forty other things that none knows, or ought to speak of, but yourself.

You inform me that you propose to be at the approaching Commencement: It will not be in my Power, with any Convenience, to go--I can, however, give you a Caution; Let not Pity so much affect you, nor Fear so much alarm you, as again, (you remember last Fall) to excite Tears in your Eyes, or one sorrowful Ake in your Breast, if any of Nassau's bold Sons shall attempt once more, to support their Right by suppressing Impertinence & Violence.

There are many going from Philada &, I am told, some Ladies of Note & Eminence--There are many expected from the Southern Colonies--And, because of the Connexions, many from York, & the New-England Goverments. The Assembly, no Doubt, will be large, & splendid--And I hope the Exercises may be worthy their Attention & Approbation. Nothing hinders my being there but only my Purpose of going soon to the Southward.

I may not omitt telling you that--Smith as we were returning Home, pitied you from his Heart; An agreeable, & sensible young Lady, separated from genteel Society, & prisoned in a Room in the Woods, in the Midst of an unpleasant Country, like a penitent Virgin conscious of her Sins, voluntarily retiring to a lonely Monastary!--But he forgot, Laura, that infelt Peace, makes us always happy, even tho' our Circumstances be apparently distressful.

I am, Eliza, yours PHILIP. V. FITHIAN.

[JOURNAL]

_Wednesday. Sept: 15._

Rose at seven; slept but little for I was affraid--Breakfasted on Oysters, at the Ferry-Mans, with John Holmes, Esq:--Had an Hours Conversation with him, on Lotteries--Whether they are just & lawful--He thinks not--At ten we came up to his Brother Benjamin Holmes's Esq:--They mentioned to me an Intention they have to erect, & establish a School, among them, that their Children may be taught, Latin, Greek, & the Practical Branches in Mathematicks--They desired to know if it would be convenient, & agreeable for me to undertake with them, to prosecute their Plan. But I must, with Doubt, away to _Virginia_--It would be a laudable undertaking if such a School could be founded in this Part of our Province; & I think ought to be duely encouraged--

I left Mr Holmes's about twelve, & came to Mr Hunters about four, seventeen Miles--Evening walked Home. Expence 2s/0.

_Sunday. Sept: 19._

Rose half after six--Read some in Pictete--Walked to Sermon by ten; Smith Rode in order to go home with Mr Hunter after Sermon--Dr Ward seems very low, confined commonly to his Bed; the Disorder it is to be feared is a Consumption, & increases in malignity almost daily--How much will Cohansie feel his Death if by this Illness he is soon taken of, or by the Violence of it wholly disabled to practice among us, who has been so long successful in his Work! Received a Letter late last Night from Mr Hunter at College, and He informs me that the Dr insists on my Going to Virginia--

* * * * *

[WILLIAM R. SMITH TO PHILIP FITHIAN]

Philadelphia Octr 3d 1773.

FUTURUS PEDEGOG'ISSIMUS.

Fe-O-whiraw, whiraw, hi, fal, lal fal, lal de lal dal a fine song--commencement is over whiraw I say again whiraw, whiraw.

And what is more never was there such a commencement at princeton before and most likely never will be again. The galeries were cracking every now and then all day--every mouse hole in the church was cram'd full--The stage covered with Gentlemen and ladies amongst whom was the Governor and his lady; and that he might not appear singular Lee[39] was stiff with lace, gold-lace--

[39] Henry Lee (1729-1787) of "Leesylvania," in Prince William County, Virginia (known later as "Light Horse Harry" Lee) was a student at Princeton at this time. He was a brother of "Squire" Richard Lee of "Lee Hall" in Westmoreland County. Henry Lee later became the father of Robert E. Lee.

A band of music from Philadelphia assisted to make all agreeable and to crown the whole the eloquence of Demosthenes was heared in almost every mans mouth, so that the person who spoke last was always the hero of the tale--O murder! what shall I do I want to say a great deal to you but cannot for the girls who are almost distracting my heart--O murder! murder, murder I say what will become of me, murder, murder--I shall go distracted--I saw Dr Beaty[40] and Betsy--I gave your love to them--and indeed to tell you the truth I could not for my life help leaving my own heart, and love, and all with Besy--she is realy a sweet soul. I wish ten millions and she were mine, I should be a happy creature, happy indeed to the last degree--. I got cleverly up from cohansie early in the evening--My love ten thousand times and ten thousand kisses to all the girls of my acquaintance.

[40] Dr. John Beatty had been graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1769. Cf. Williams, ed., _Fithian_, p. 90, fn. 1.

I cannot quit but must

WILLM R. SMITH.

[JOURNAL]

_Wednesday. Octob. 6._

Walked with _Paterson_, after Breakfast to Mr _Hunters_, where we met with Mr _Smith_, & Mr _Irwin_ two young Clergimen, & Mr Hunter Junr. They came down yesterday, & inform that the Commencement was the most splendid, & honoured with the greatest Number of Strangers of any one, perhaps, since it was founded, May it still increase, & long flourish!--Immediately after Dinner _Smith_ & _Irwin_ set off for _Cape-May_--Andrew brings me Word that I must by the twentieth of this Month meet Mr _Imlay_ in New-Castle, who is going down into Virginia. And I must at last, away--The thought is indeed hard!

_Thursday Octob: 7._

Slept but little last Night; my Mind seems troubled and involuntarily disturbs me! Rose early--After Breakfast rode to Deerfield. Settled all my Affairs, & took a formal, final Leave of my Friends, & Relations there! Rode home in the Evening. By the State I received a Letter from Mr _McCalla_,[41] with a Suit of _Cloths_. Cost £6/16/6.

Expence in the Evening for a Bowl of _Punch_ 1/6--

[41] John McCalla, Jr., was a friend of Fithian who lived in Philadelphia.

_Fryday Octob: 8._

To Day is the Fast before our Sacrament--O that the mighty God would teach me true Humiliation for my many Sin's, & give me Grace that shall enable me to hate & forsake them!--Grace to keep me right in the Path of Life, & to guide me to his heavenly Kingdom.--Mr Hunter preached two useful Sermons, describing worthy, & unworthy Communicants--

_Saturday October 9._

Rode to the _Bridge_, & bought a Saddle, Bridle, Spurrs, &c. for my intended Journey--Returned before Evening, & of Saml Dennis bought a Pr of Sadle-Bags.--

_Monday Octob: 11._

By Six up--Busy in Preparing for my Journey--Agreed with Uncle for his Horse; I am to give him 25£.--The Money to be paid in May next.

_Teusday October 12._

Rose early; very busy--Had my Boots altered & mended--Was measured for a Surtout-Coat--Drew up a Form to settle my Affairs before I leave Home--Afternoon Mrs Peck, Mrs Hoshel, Johnny Peck, Stephen Ranney, Miss Abby Peck call to see me & take a final Adieu for the present--The Thought of Leaving Home haunts me at Times!

_Wednesday Octob: 13._

Dismissed Study, & begin to take Leave of Relations & Friends!--

Dined at Mrs Brewsters, and at two went to Mr Danl Mashells; & from thence to Mr John Gibbon's, At all which Places I gave them my last _Farewel_--

_Thursday Octob: 14._

Rose early--Busy in making Preparations--Had my Horse shod, Did sundry Pieces of Writing--This Eveng Mr _Irwin_, & Smith returned from Cape-May.

_Friday Octob: 15._

Rose early--Did sundry Pieces of Writing--At twelve Mr Irwin gave us a Sermon, on Felix's trembling before Paul preaching--He preached without Notes; His Sermon was easy, well-digested, plain, yet pathetic, short, and in general much admired--

Mr Smith & Mr Hunter junr dined with me--In the Evening of this Day I had a severe Fit of the Fever & Ague--Violent Pains in my Head, & Back!

_Saturday. Octob: 16._

Rose at seven; feel bewildered, & unesy--Finished some necessary Writings, & begin before noon to grow better.

_Sunday Octob: 17._

Rose early--Not well--Attended Sermon; Mr Smith preached--Before the last Sermon was done I was obliged to come Home with my second fit of the Fever & Ague. It kept on me violently while about seven in the Evening; then went off in a gentle Sweat!--

_Monday Octob: 18._

My Fit is well gone off, & I feel bravely--Finished & executed some Writings to Joel Fithian[42] for the Securing the Several Porttions to the Children--Took my Leave of Mr _Wallings_, & Mr Ewings Families. Mr Paterson in to see me in the Evening--In the Night we had a fine Shower--I have through this Day taken the Peruvian Bark, to try if by any Means I can break my Fits.

[42] Joel Fithian was the cousin of Philip Fithian, who married Elizabeth Beatty Fithian after the latter's death. Cf. Williams, ed., _Fithian_, p. xv.

_Teusday Octob: 19_

Early went to Mr Hunters; took my Leave & left them by eleven--Rode & took Leave of all my Relations--How hard is it at last? My Heart misgives, is reluctant, in spite of me; But I must away!

Protect me, merciful Heaven, & keep me under the Wing of thy over-ruling Providence--Make me know myself, & my constant, & necessary Dependance on thee!

The Continuation of my Journal, &c.

_Wednesday October 20th 1773._

Left Greenwich by six in the Morning. Rode to Michael Hoshels 8 Miles. Thence Mr Hoshel, & John Peck along, rode to Quintons-Bridge 8 Miles. Expence there is 1s/: Rode thence to Penn's-Neck Ferry by two oClock 10 Miles. Expence at Toll-Bridge /2. Ferriage over Delaware 4s/6d. Oats & Cordial in New-Castle 1s/2d. Rode thence to Mr Achans Tavern 12 Miles. Whole Distance 38 Miles. Whole Expence 6/10.

_Octob: 21._

Expence at Mr Achans 3s/4d. Rode thence to North-East 12 Miles. Breakfast 1s/6d. Thence to Sesquehannah 10 Miles. Ferriage 1s/: Oats /9d. At Bush-Town by 4 o Clock 12 Miles. Whole Distance 34 Miles. Whole Expence 6s/7d.

_Fryday 22d_

Expence at Bush-Town _4/2_. Rode thence to a small, mean Tavern to Breakfast, 13 Miles--Expence _1/6_. Thence to Baltimore by one O-Clock 13 Miles. Whole distance 26 Miles--Whole Expence _5/8_.

_Saturday 23d_

Expence at Baltimore _15/3_. Rode and forded Petapsko[43] to a small Tavern 15 Miles. Expence _1/11_. Rode thence to Blandensburg 23 Miles. Whole distance 38 Miles. Whole Expence _17/2_.

[43] Patapsco River.

_Sunday 24._

Expence at Blandensburg _5/7_.[44] Rode thence to Georgetown[45] 8 _Miles_. Expence _1/6_. Ferriage _/6_.--From thence we rode by _Alexandria_,[46] 9 Miles--Thence to Colchester[47] 18 Miles-- Dined--Expence _3/9_. Ferriage _/6_. Rode thence to Dumfries 10 Miles.[48] Whole distance 45 Miles. Whole Expence _11/4_.

[44] Bladensburg, Maryland.

[45] Georgetown, then a small town in Maryland, was later incorporated in the District of Columbia.

[46] Alexandria, Virginia.

[47] Colchester was a thriving shipping center on the Occoquan River, now called Occoquan Creek, in Fairfax County, Virginia, near where this creek empties into the Potomac. The town had been incorporated by an act of the Assembly in 1753 to promote "trade and navigation."

[48] Dumfries, a town on Quantico Creek, had been settled by a group of Scotch merchants, who traded in the colony. Quantico Creek empties into the Potomac. Dumfries had been incorporated by Act of Assembly in 1749. The town had prospered owing to its advantageous position as a center of trade in the western section of the Northern Neck.

_Monday 25._

Expence at Dumfries _4/5_. Rode thence to Aquia 10 Miles.[49] Expence _2/4_--Rode thence to Stafford-Court-House 12 Miles.[50] Whole Distance 22 Miles. Whole Expence _6/6_.

[49] Aquia had originated as a Catholic settlement on Aquia Creek about the middle of the eighteenth century. A short distance from the town were located the celebrated Aquia stone quarries which had been opened as early as 1683.

[50] Stafford Court House, the seat of government of Stafford County.

_Teusday 26._

Expence at Stafford _5/._ Stopped at Colonel Thomas Lees,[51] only a few Rods from Stafford Tavern. Continued there all day, and the following Night. Expence to Day _5/_.

[51] Thomas Ludwell Lee (1730-1778) of "Bellevue" in Stafford County was the fourth son of Thomas Lee of "Stratford" in Westmoreland County, who had served as president of the Council of Virginia.

_Wednesday 27._

Expence to boy _1/_. Rode from Mr Lees to a small poor Ordinary 13 Miles--Expence _/8_ for Oats--Rode thence, without feeding to Captain Cheltons.[52] on the Potowmack 32 Miles--Whole Distance 45 Miles. Whole Expence _1/9_.

[52] The Chilton family owned plantations in Westmoreland and Fauquier Counties. Cf. _William and Mary College Quarterly_, second series, Vol. 10 (January 1930), pp. 56-63.

_Thursday 28._

Rode after Breakfast to the Honorable Rob: Carters the End of my Journey; 12 Miles, by two o-Clock in the Afternoon. Both Myself, and my Horse seem neither tired nor Dispirited--Occasional Expences on the Road. In Baltimore for some _Buff-Ball, 1/6_. In Blandensburg for having straps put to my Saddle-Bags _3/_. In Colchester for Shaving and Dressing _1/3_. The whole _5/9_. So that my whole Distance appears to be _260 Miles_, perform'd in seven Days. And my whole Expence appears to be 3£ 6s 6d.

_Fryday 29._

Settled myself in the Room appointed me--and adjusted my Affairs after my Ride.

_Saturday 30._

Rode with Mr Carters eldest Son[53] to a Store, about seven Miles--Bought half a Box of Wafers for 1/--And a quire of paper for _1/6_. Dined at three--And rode into Richmond Parish 15 Miles to Mr Fantleroys[54]--Was introduced to Mr Fantleroy--two of his Sons--Mr Christian[55] a dancing a dancing-Master--

[53] Benjamin Tasker Carter.

[54] The Fauntleroy family owned extensive holdings and occupied a high social position in Richmond County and other sections of the Tidewater. "Mars Hill" and "Crandall" were two seats of the family on the Rappahannock River in Richmond County, and in the vicinity of the modern towns of Warsaw and Tappahannock. A third manor plantation of the Fauntleroys' was "The Cliffs," also on the Rappahannock, some miles north of the other two. The name of the family was pronounced variously as "Fantleroy," "Fantilroy" and "Fauntleroy." Aphia, Samuel and Henry or "Harry" Fauntleroy were the daughter and sons of Moore Fauntleroy (1716-1791) of "The Cliffs." Information supplied by Miss Juliet Fauntleroy of Altavista, Virginia.

[55] Francis Christian held his dancing classes in rotation in a number of the manor houses of the Northern Neck at this period. After the pupils had been instructed an informal dance was usually enjoyed on such occasions.

_Sunday 31._

Rode to Church six Miles[56]--Heard Mr Gibbern[57] preach on Felixes trembling at Pauls Sermon.

[56] Nomini Church, one of the two Anglican houses of worship in Cople Parish, stood on the bank of the Nomini River some five miles from Carter's home.

[57] Isaac William Giberne, an English clergyman, thought to have been a nephew of the Bishop of Durham, was licensed to preach in Virginia in 1758. The following year he had arrived in the colony and was serving as the minister in Hanover Parish in King George County. Possessing a high tempered and somewhat contentious nature, Giberne was involved in numerous sharp controversies. An exceptionally sociable and convivial man, he spent much of his time in visiting and gambling and tippling. Admitted by his enemies at that time to be the most popular and admired preacher in the colony, he had been invited shortly after his arrival in Virginia to preach a sermon before the Burgesses. This sermon was later printed at their request. In 1760 Giberne married a wealthy widow, Mary Fauntleroy Beale of Richmond County, a daughter of Moore Fauntleroy of "Crandall." She had previously been the wife of Charles Beale. Removing to her plantation, "Belle Ville," he was two years later chosen as minister of Lunenburg Parish, and served in that capacity until 1795. He is mentioned in numerous diaries and letters of the period. Cf. Goodwin, Edward Lewis, _The Colonial Church in Virginia_, pp. 271-272; Jonathan Boucher, _Reminiscences of an American Loyalist_, _passim_; letter of Miss Juliet Fauntleroy of November 21, 1941 in Department of Research and Record, Colonial Williamsburg, Inc.

_Monday Novemr 1st_

We began School--The School consists of eight--Two of Mr Carters Sons--One Nephew--And five Daughters--The endest Son[58] is reading Salust; Gramatical Exercises, and latin Grammer--The second Son[59] is reading english Grammar Reading English: Writing, and Cyphering in Subtraction--The Nephew[60] is Reading and Writing as above; and Cyphering in Reduction--The eldest daughter[61] is Reading the Spectator; Writing; & beginning to Cypher--The second[62] is reading next out of the Spelling-Book, and begining to write--The next[63] is reading in the Spelling-Book--The fourth[64] is Spelling in the beginning of the Spelling-Book--And the last[65] is beginning her letters--

[58] Benjamin Tasker.

[59] Robert Bladen or "Bob."

[60] Henry or "Harry" Willis.

[61] Priscilla.

[62] Ann Tasker or "Nancy."

[63] Frances or "Fanny."

[64] Betty Landon.

[65] Harriot Lucy.

_Teusday 2._

Busy in School--begun to read Pictete[66]--

[66] Benedict Pictete had first published his _Teologia Christiana_ in 1696.

[LETTER OF PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO THE REVEREND ENOCH GREEN]

Westmoreland. Novr 2d 1773.

REVD SIR.

According as I appointed I take this early oppertunity of acquainting you that I am arrived safe; and I am to assure you that I find the place fully equal to my highest expectations--I am situated in the _Northern-Neck_, in a most delightful Country; in a civil, polite neighbourhood; and in a family remarkable for regularity, and oeconomy, tho' confessedly of the highest quality and greatest worth of any in _Virginia_. I teach only Mr Carters children, and only one of them is to learn Languages, and he is reading Salust and the Greek grammer, is seventeen years old, and seems to be a Boy of Genius--the other two learn writing and Arithmetic--But he has four Daughters, young Misses that are at times to be taught writing and English--I have the terms as I expected, and find the place wholly agreeable--and am strongly solicited to stay many years--But money nor conveniency shall detain me long from my most important connections at home--You may expect me in may at the _Synod_. Please to have my compliments to Mrs Green, to Miss Betsy if at Deerfield, and to my acquaintances that shall enquire and accept to yourself the

Respect of your humble Servt

PHILIP V FITHIAN

[JOURNAL]

_Wednesday 3._

Busy in School--

_Thursday 4._

Busy in School--To day the two eldest Daughters, and second Son attended the Dancing School.[67]

[67] Priscilla, "Nancy," and "Bob." This school was conducted in rotation at a number of manor plantations of the region by Francis Christian, a dancing master.

_Fryday 5._

Busy in School--

_Saturday 6._

Catechised in School til twelve--the Children. And dismiss'd them. Afternoon rode with Ben Carter to the Bank of Potowmack[68]--8 Miles--Returned in the evening--Expence Ferriage _1/_.

[68] The banks of the Potomac River could be seen in the distance from the upper floor of "Nomini Hall."

_Sunday 7._

Rode to Ucomico Church[69]--8 Miles--Heard Parson Smith.[70] He shewed to us the uncertainty of Riches, and their Insufficiency to make us happy--Dined at Captain Walkers;[71] With Parson Smith, his Wife; her Sister, a young Lady; &c--Returned in the Evening.

[69] Yeocomico Church, one of the two Anglican churches in Cople Parish in Westmoreland County. Built in 1706, this structure still stands.

[70] Thomas Smith was the rector of Yeocomico Church at this period. Smith was a man of large means. He had been sent as a youth to be educated in the mother country. He first attended a school at Wakefield in Yorkshire and later entered Cambridge University, where he was graduated in 1763. His son, John Augustine Smith, later became president of the College of William and Mary.

[71] Captain Walker was a friend of Robert Carter and often visited "Nomini Hall." Fithian frequently dined at Walker's home.

_Monday 8._

Busy in School--Finished reading the first, and begun to read the Second Book of Pictetes Theology. Expence to Boy _/4_.

_Teusday 9._

Busy in School--

_Wednesday 10._

Busy in School--The eldest Daughter taken off by her Teacher in Music; Mr Stadley[72] who is learning her to play the _Forte-piano_--

[72] Stadley was a German music master who visited "Nomini Hall" regularly at this period to instruct the Carter children. He also taught in a number of other homes in the Northern Neck. Before coming to Virginia, Stadley had taught music in New York and Philadelphia. In one of Carter's account books the musician's name is entered as "Strader." Cf. Waste-Book, No. 2, September 27, 1773 to December 31, 1773, p. 45.

_Thursday 11._

Rose by seven--Busy in School--Miss Carter still absent--

_Fryday 12._

Rose by Seven--Ben begun his Greek Grammer--Three in the Afternoon Mr Carter returned from _Williamsburg_.[73] He seems to be agreeable, discreet, and sensible--He informed me more particularly concerning his desire as to the Instruction of his Children--

[73] Carter was doubtless returning from attendance as a member of the General Court at this time.

_Saturday 13._

Catechised the Children and dismissed them about Eleven--Read in Pictete--and proceeded in writing my Sermon for the Presbytery[74]-- Expence for my Horse _1/3_.

[74] Fithian was preparing for his examination before the Presbytery at Philadelphia at this time.

_Sunday 14._

Rode to Nominy Church about six Miles--the day Cold--Parson Smith preached--"What shall a man be profited" &c. Rode home after Sermon--Dined at Mr Carters to day Mrs Turbuville,[75] Miss Jenny Corbin,[76] and Mr Cunningham[77] a young Merchant.

[75] "Hickory Hill," the manor house of John Turberville (1737-1799) was about a mile distant from "Nomini Hall." Turberville had married his first cousin, Martha Corbin. One of their ten children, Letitia Corbin Turberville, later became the wife of Major Catesby Jones. Their youngest son, George Richard Turberville, married his first cousin, Martha Corbin, only daughter of Gawin Corbin of "Peckatone." Their eldest son, George Lee Turberville, married Betty Tayloe Corbin. The Turbervilles were connected with the Lees of Westmoreland County in a number of ways and possessed large landed properties.

[76] Jane or "Jenny" Corbin was a sister of Mrs. John Turberville of "Hickory Hill."

[77] Cunningham was one of a number of young Scotch merchants who had settled in the Northern Neck. He was apparently a member of a firm referred to in the account books of Robert Carter of "Nomini Hall" as "Messrs. Fisher and Cunningham."

_Monday 15._

Busy in School--Wrote in the Evening at my Sermon.

_Teusday 16._

In School--Writing at my Sermon.

_Wednesday 17_.

Busy in School--

_Thursday 18._

Busy in School--

_Fryday 19._

Busy in School--

_Saturday 20._

Rode to Mr Fishers[78] dined with Mr Cunningham at 3 o-Clock--Rode in the evening to Mr Lancelot Lees,[79] a young Gentleman, who has lately come from England; sup'd on Oysters--Rode home about nine o-Clock he along--

[78] See fn. 51.

[79] Lancelot Lee was the son of George Lee of "Mount Pleasant" in Westmoreland County who had died in 1761. Lancelot's brother, George Fairfax Lee, had inherited their father's manor plantation. Lancelot and George Fairfax Lee were cousins of the Lees at "Stratford," "Lee Hall," and at "Chantilly."

_Sunday 21._

Rode to Church--Mr Smith preached on the Parable of the rich Man. Dined at home--Mr Lee dined with us--Reading in Pictete--Feel very home-Sick--Saw two Brothers quarrel--Doleful Sight.--

_Monday 22._

Busy in School--Mr Lee gave us his Company in the morning in School, and was very chearful--he left us about twelve o-Clock--

_Teusday 23._

Busy in School--Miss Carter rode out with her Dady and Mama to the County Court[80]--Writing at my Sermons.

[80] "Nomini Hall" was some ten miles distant from the seat of government in Westmoreland County, which is situated in the present town of Montross.

[POEM INSERTED IN JOURNAL]

Who knows what heaven may have in view? What yet remains for me to do? But knowlege here might give me grief. Instead of pleasure and relief; I therefore yield and peaceful wait On Providence to rule my fate; Nor if it long 'til' I must fly Unbodied to my judge on high Why need I then disturb my mind? Why not lye humble and resign'd?-- Yet tho' 'tis wrong for me to try Into these mysteries to pry Sure I may sit and simply sing (I dare not strike a lofty string) The various scenes through which I've past I may be now acting my last; Here in Virginia, far from friends Except those Heaven in pity sends!

Novr 23d 1773.

_Wednesday 24._

Busy in School.

_Thursday 25._

Rode this morning to Richmond Court-house,[81] where two Horses run for a purse of 500 Pounds; besides small Betts almost enumerable.

[81] Richmond Court House, the seat of government in Richmond County, now called Warsaw, is some ten or twelve miles distant from "Nomini Hall." There were a number of enthusiastic turfmen in Richmond County during the eighteenth century.

One of the Horses belonged to Colonel John Taylor,[82] and is called _Yorick_--The other to Dr. Flood,[83] and is called _Gift_--The Assembly was remarkably numerous; beyond my expectation and exceeding polite in general.

[82] Colonel John Tayloe (1721-1779) was one of the wealthiest men in the Northern Neck. His manor house, "Mount Airy," was located near Richmond Court House, and overlooked the Rappahannock River, some two miles in the distance. Tayloe was a noted fancier of fine horses.

[83] Dr. William Flood lived at "Kinsail," a plantation in Westmoreland County. He frequently combined the pleasures of horse racing with the practice of his profession. Cf. Blanton, Wyndham B., _Medicine in Virginia in the Eighteenth Century_ (Richmond, 1931), p. 379.

The Horses started precisely at five minutes after three; the Course was one Mile in Circumference, they performed the first Round in two minutes, third in two minutes & a-half, _Yorick_ came out the fifth time round about 40 Rod before _Gift_ they were both, when the Riders dismounted very lame; they run five Miles, and Carried 180 lb--Rode home in the Evening--Expence to the Boy 7-1/2d--

_Fryday 26._

Busy in School--Robin, & Nancy at dancing-School.

_Saturday 27._

Robin and Nancy yet at Dancing-School--Mr Harry Fantleroy call'd after dinner to see us. In the Evening Ben & I rode with him to his fathers; I was introduced to one Mr Walker a Scotch Gentleman, lately a School-master but has quit, and is going in the Spring for the Gown to England.[84]

[84] Since it was often difficult to secure a sufficient number of clergymen for the parishes in Virginia, young English schoolmasters and tutors were frequently induced to return to the mother country and take orders so that they might fill such vacancies.

_Sunday 28._

Rode to Church--the Parson was absent; it is indeed a little cold! The Clerk read prayers for us--We rode home--Found at Home two young Ladies, Miss Corbin, and Miss Turburville and Mr George Lee, brother to the Gentleman here last Sunday, & has lately returned from England--I was introduced by Mr Carter to the two latter--

_Monday 29._

All our Scholars present--Mr Carter has put into my hands; Tyre's Dictionary, & the pronouncing Dictionary, to improve his Sons in Grammar classically, both Latin and English, and he has given me Fenning in Arrithmetic.

_Teusday 30._

Busy in School--I was solicited the other Day at the Race by one Mr _Gordon_,[85] to take and instruct two of his Sons, Saturday also I was again solicited by Mr Fantleroy to take two of his Sons--But I must decline it--

[85] Robert Carter's account books reveal that he sometimes had business transactions with one George C. Gordon of Westmoreland County.

_Wednesday Decemr 1st 1773._

Busy in School--Wrote home by the Post, to Mr Green & _Johnny Peck_. Afternoon Vacant.

[LETTER OF PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO THE REVEREND ENOCH GREEN]

Decemr 1st 1773.

REVD SIR.

As you desired I may not omit to inform you, so far as I can by a letter, of the business in which I am now engaged, it would indeed be vastly agreeable to me if it was in my power to give you particular intelligence concerning the state and plan of my employment here.

I set out from home the 20th of Octr and arrived at the Hon: Robert Carters, of Nominy, in Westmorland County, the 28th I began to teach his children the first of November. He has two sons, and one Nephew; the oldest Son is turned of seventeen, and is reading Salust and the greek grammer; the others are about fourteen, and in english grammer, and Arithmetic. He has besides five daughters which I am to teach english, the eldest is turned of fifteen, and is reading the spectator; she is employed two days in every week in learning to play the Forte-Piana, and Harpsicord--The others are smaller, and learning to read and spell. Mr Carter is one of the Councellors in the general court at Williamsburg, and possest of as great, perhaps the clearest fortune according to the estimation of people here, of any man in Virginia: He seems to be a good scholar, even in classical learning, and is remarkable one in english grammar; and notwithstanding his rank, which in general seems to countenance indulgence to children, both himself and Mrs Carter have a manner of instructing and dealing with children far superior, I may say it with confidence, to any I have ever seen, in any place, or in any family. They keep them in perfect subjection to themselves, and never pass over an occasion of reproof; and I blush for many of my acquaintances when I say that the children are more kind and complaisant to the servants who constantly attend them than we are to our superiors in age and condition. Mr Carter has an over-grown library of Books of which he allows me the free use. It consists of a general collection of law books, all the Latin and Greek Classicks, vast number of Books on Divinity chiefly by writers who are of the established Religion; he has the works of almost all the late famous writers, as Locke, Addison, Young, Pope, Swift, Dryden, &c. in Short, Sir, to speak moderately, he has more than eight times your number[86]--His eldest Son, who seems to be a Boy of Genius and application is to be sent to Cambridge University, but I believe will go through a course either in Philadelphia or Princeton College first. As to what is commonly said concerning Virginia that it is difficult to avoid being corrupted with the manners of the people, I believe it is founded wholly in a mistaken notion that persons must, when here frequent all promiscuous assemblies; but this is so far from truth that any one who does practise it, tho' he is accused of no crime, loses at once his character; so that either the manners have been lately changed, or the report is false, for he seems now to be best esteemed and most applauded who attends to his business, whatever it be, with the greatest diligence. I believe the virginians have of late altered their manner very much, for they begin to find that their estates by even small extravagance, decline, and grow involved with debt, this seems to be the spring which induces the People of fortune who are the pattern of all behaviour here, to be frugal, and moderate. You may expect me at home by the permission of Providence the latter end of april next, or the beginning of May; and as I proposed I shall present my exercises for the examination of the Presbytery; and if they think proper I shall gladly accept of a licence in the fall: I must beg your favour to mention me to such of my acquaintances in Deerfield as you think proper, but especially to Mrs Green, Miss _Betsy_, your family, and Mrs Pecks--I must also beg you to transmit so much of this intelligence to Mr Hunter as that my relations in Greenwich may know that I am through the mercy of heaven in good health. I beg, Sir, you will not fail to write, and let it be known to Mr Hunter, that a letter will come as secure by the Post as from Cohansie to Philadelphia; the Letters are to be directed to me thus, To Mr Philip V. Fithian at Mr _Carters_ of Nominy, to be left at Hobes Hole[87]

I am, Sir, yours

PHILIP V FITHIAN

[86] See catalogue of Robert Carter's library in Appendix, pp. 221-229.

[87] Hobb's Hole, the present town of Tappahannock, is situated on the Rappahannock River in Essex County. The town was a lively center of trade and shipping at this period.

[JOURNAL]

_Thursday 2._

Busy in School.

_Fryday 3._

Busy in School. Expence to Boy for trimming my Horse half a Bit. Evening after School walked in the fields with Mrs _Carter_, Miss Carter, and Miss Nancy.

_Saturday 4._

About Eleven Ben and I rode to Mr Lees walked over a Part of his Farm; from his House we see the Potowmack, and a fine River putting from it. We returned in the Evening, found Mr Fantleroy, and Mr Walker at Home; at Supper I had the pleasure to toast in my turn Miss Corbin--But I meant the absent _Laura_!

_Sunday 5._

Rode to Richmond upper Church, a Polite Assembly; Mr Gibbern gave us a Sermon on, O Death I will be thy Plague &c., a warm discourse Dined at Home.

_Monday 6._

Mr Walker left us after Breakfast. Busy in School.

_Teusday 7._

Mr _Stadley_ Miss Priscilla's Music Master arrived this morning--He performed several peices on the Violin. Expence for an Orange half a Bit.

_Wednesday 8._

Miss Priscilla with her Music Master, they performed together to day--

_Thursday 9._

Mr Stadley left us. Busy in School.

_Fryday 10._

Miss Nancy is beginning on the _Guitar_. Ben finished reading Salusts Cataline Conspiracy.

_Saturday 11._

Rode and Dined with Captain Walker--Saw and dined with Miss _Simpson_ & Mr Warden.[88]

[88] John Warden was a young Scotsman. While a student in Edinburgh, Warden had been engaged by Dr. Walter Jones of Virginia to serve as a tutor in the family of his brother, Colonel Thomas Jones of Northumberland County. In the Jones home Warden had enjoyed exceptional advantages and he appears to have read law after coming to the colony. He later became a distinguished member of the Virginia bar.

_Sunday 12._

Rode to Nominy-Church, parson Smith preached 15 minutes--Advertisement at the Church door dated Sunday Decemr 12th Pork to be sold to-morrow at 20/. per Hundred--dined with us to day Captain Walker. Colonel Richd Lee,[89] & Mr Lanclot Lee. sat after Dinner till Sunset, drank three Bottles of Medaira, two Bowls of Toddy!--

[89] Both Richard Lee (1726-1795), commonly called "Squire" Lee, and his cousin, Richard Henry Lee (1732-1794), who was known as "Colonel" Lee, lived on estates on the Potomac River in Westmoreland County. "Squire" Richard Lee's manor plantation was called "Lee Hall." The home of Colonel Richard Henry Lee was known as "Chantilly." A second Richard Lee, also known as "Squire Lee," and a cousin of the above mentioned persons, lived on the Potomac in Charles County, Maryland.

_Monday 13._

Mr Carter is preparing for a Voyage in his Schooner, the Hariot,[90] to the Eastern Shore in Maryland, for Oysters: there are of the party, Mr _Carter_, Captain _Walker_, Colonel _Richd Lee_, & Mr _Lancelot Lee_. With Sailors to work the vessel--I observe it is a general custom on Sundays here, with Gentlemen to invite one another home to dine, after Church; and to consult about, determine their common business, either before or after Service--It is not the Custom for Gentlemen to go into Church til Service is beginning, when they enter in a Body, in the same manner as they come out; I have known the Clerk to come out and call them in to prayers.--They stay also after the Service is over, usually as long, sometimes longer, than the Parson was preaching--Almost every Lady wears a red Cloak; and when they ride out they tye a white handkerchief over their Head and face, so that when I first came into Virginia, I was distress'd whenever I saw a Lady, for I thought She had the Tooth-Ach!--The People are extremely hospitable, and very polite both of which are most certainly universal Characteristics of the Gentlemen in Virginia--some swear bitterly, but the practise seems to be generally disapproved--I have heard that this Country is notorious for Gaming, however this be, I have not seen a Pack of _Cards_, nor a _Die_, since I left home, nor gaming nor Betting of any kind except at the Richmond-Race. Almost every Gentleman of Condition, keeps a Chariot and _Four_; many drive with six Horses--I observe that all the Merchants & shopkeepers in the Sphere of my acquaintance and I am told it is the case through the Province, are young Scotch-Men; Several of whom I know, as _Cunningham, Jennings, Hamilton, Blain_;--And it has been the custom heretofore to have all their Tutors, and Schoolmasters from Scotland, tho' they begin to be willing to employ their own Countrymen--Evening Ben Carter and myself had a long dispute on the practice of fighting--He thinks it best for two persons who have any dispute to go out in good-humour & fight manfully, & says they will be sooner and longer friends than to brood and harbour malice--Mr _Carter_ is practising this Evening on the _Guittar_ He begins with the _Trumpet Minuet_. He has a good Ear for Music; a vastly delicate Taste; and keeps good Instruments, he has here at Home a _Harpsichord_, _Forte-Piano_, _Harmonica_,[91] _Guittar_, _Violin_, & _German Flutes_, & at Williamsburg, has a good _Organ_, he himself also is indefatigable in the Practice.

[90] This schooner had been named for Carter's daughter, Harriot Lucy.

[91] Carter described the harmonica as "the musical glasses without water, framed into a complete instrument, capable of through bass and never out of tune." Quoted in Williams, ed., _Fithian_, p. 59, fn. 1.

_Teusday 14._

Busy in School--The Weather vastly fine! There has been no Rain of consequence, nor any stormy or disagreeable Weather, since about the 10th of last Month! From the Window, by which I write, I have a broad, a diversified, and an exceedingly beautiful Prospect of the high craggy Banks of the River _Nominy_! Some of those huge Hills are cover'd thick with _Cedar_, & Pine Shrubs; A vast quantity of which seems to be in almost every part of this Province--Others are naked, & when the Sun Shines look beautiful! At the Distance of about 5 Miles is the River Potowmack over which I can see the smoky Woods of Maryland; At this window I often stand, and cast my Eyes homeward with peculiar pleasure! Between my window and the potowmack, is Nominy Church, it stands close on the Bank of the River Nominy, in a pleasant agreeable place, Mr Carters family go down often, so many as can with convenience in a Boat rowed by four Men, and generally arrive as soon as those who ride.

The mouth of Nominy River where it falls into Potowmack is about 25 miles above the mouth of Potowmack or where it falls into the Chessapeak-Bay. And about 12 Miles below the mouth of Nominy the River Ucomico[92] puts up into the country, near which River, and about three miles from the mouth stands the lower parish Church of Westmorland County call'd Ucomic Church.[93] The River Potowmack opposite to us the People say is 18 miles over, but I think it is not more than 8. Afternoon Captain Grigg,[94] who arrived last Sunday moning into the River Ucomico from London visited Mr Carter. Evening reading Picteete.

[92] The Yeocomico River.

[93] Yeocomico Church.

[94] Grigg, the captain of an English vessel, often mingled with the plantation families of the Northern Neck when he was in the colony.

_Wednesday 15._

Busy in School--To day Dined with us Mrs Turburville, & her Daughter Miss Letty[95] Miss Jenny Corbin, & Mr Blain. We dined at three. The manner here is different from our way of living in Cohansie--In the morning so soon as it is light a Boy knocks at my Door to make a fire; after the Fire is kindled, I rise which now in the winter is commonly by Seven, or a little after, By the time I am drest the Children commonly enter the School-Room, which is under the Room I sleep in; I hear them round one lesson, when the Bell rings for eight o-Clock (for Mr Carter has a large good Bell of upwards of 60 Lb. which may be heard some miles, & this is always rung at meal Times;) the Children then go out; and at half after eight the Bell rings for Breakfast, we then repair to the Dining-Room; after Breakfast, which is generally about half after nine, we go into School, and sit til twelve, when the Bell rings, & they go out for noon; the dinner-Bell rings commonly about half after two, often at three, but never before two.--After dinner is over, which in common, when we have no Company, is about half after three we go into School, & sit til the Bell rings at five, when they separate til the next morning; I have to myself in the Evening, a neat Chamber, a large Fire, Books, & Candle & my Liberty, either to continue in the school room, in my own Room or to sit over at the great House with Mr & Mrs Carter--We go into Supper commonly about half after eight or at nine & I usually go to Bed between ten and Eleven. Altho the family in which I live, is certainly under as good political Regulations, and every way as suitable & agreeable as I can expect, or even could desire; & though the Neighbourhood is polite, & the Country pleasant, yet I cannot help reflecting on my situation last winter, which was near the lovely _Laura_ for whom I cannot but have the truest, and the warmest Esteem! possibly, If Heaven shall preserve my life, in some future time, I may again enjoy her good society.

[95] Letitia Corbin Turberville.

Mr Carter heard this Evening that Captain _Walker_ cannot go to Maryland, he is thus stop'd.

_Thursday 16._

I can only to day write down my Misfortune; my poor Horse as he was feeding in a miry Bottom, walked upon a sharp Stick, which stuck into his Thigh on the under Side about four Inches below his Flank!--The stick went in more than three Inches!--He is very lame, but they tell me will recover, The Hostler, when we had lead him to the Stable, applied Spirits of Turpentine to the part, and in the Evening is to fill it with Comfrey Roots pounded Soft.

I had the pleasure of walking to Day at twelve o-Clock with Mrs Carter; She shewed me her stock of _Fowls_ & _Mutton_ for the winter; She observed, with great truth, that to live in the Country, and take no pleasure at all in Groves, Fields, or Meadows; nor in Cattle, Horses, & domestic Poultry, would be a manner of life too tedious to endure; Dined at three.

_Fryday 17._

I dismissed the children this morning til' monday on account of Mr Christian's _Dance_, which, as it goes through his Scholars in Rotation, happens to be here to Day--and I myself also am unwell, so as not to go out;--Mrs Carter sent me over Coffee for Breakfast; & soon after some Spirits of _Hartshorn_ for my Head--At twelve she sent the waiting Man to know if I was better, & what I would choose for Dinner. I thank'd her, & desired that She would give herself no trouble; She was careful, however, from her undistinguished kindness, to send me before Dinner some hot _Barley Broth_,--_Ben Carter_ before Noon introduced into my Room, Mr _Billy Booth_,[96] a young Gentleman of Fortune, who is one of Mr Christians pupils--The two Master Fantleroys came in also to see me--There came to the dance three _Chariots_, two _Chairs_, & a number of Horses. Towards Evening I grew Better, & walked down, with a number of young Fellows to the River; after our return I was strongly solicited by the young Gentlemen to go in and dance I declined it, however, and went to my Room not without Wishes that it had been a part of my Education to learn what I think is an innocent and an ornamental, and most certainly, in this province is a necessary qualification for a person to appear even decent in Company!--

[96] William Booth, who was a planter of considerable means in Westmoreland County at this time, was probably the father of this youth.

Mrs _Carter_ in the Evening, sent me for Supper, a Bowl of hot Green Tea, & several _Tarts_. I expected that they would have danced til late in the Night, but intirely contrary to my Expectation, the Company were separated to their respective apartments before half after nine o_Clock_.

_Saturday 18._

Rose by Seven, Sent for Mr Carters Barber and was drest for Breakfast--We went in to Breakfast at ten;--I confess I have been seldom more dash'd than when I entered the dining-Room, for I must of necessity be interrogated by Mr _Carter_ before them all, about my indisposition, and if I was better.--I went through the several Ceremonies with as much resolution, and speed as possible, and soon mixed with the Company in promiscuous conversation. There were present of Grown persons Mr & Mrs. _Carter_, Mrs _Lee_, & Miss _Jenny Corbin_; young Misses about Eleven: & Seven young Fellows, including myself;--After Breakfast, we all retired into the Dancing-Room, & after the Scholars had their Lesson singly round Mr Christian, very politely, requested me to step a _Minuet_; I excused myself however, but signified my peculiar pleasure in the Accuracy of their performance--There were several Minuets danced with great ease and propriety; after which the whole company Joined in country-dances,[97] and it was indeed beautiful to admiration, to see such a number of young persons, set off by dress to the best Advantage, moving easily, to the sound of well performed Music, and with perfect regularity, tho' apparently in the utmost Disorder--The Dance continued til two, we dined at half after three--soon after Dinner we repaired to the Dancing-Room again; I observe in the course of the lessons, that Mr Christian is punctual, and rigid in his discipline, so strict indeed that he struck two of the young Misses for a fault in the course of their performance, even in the presence of the Mother of one of them! And he rebuked one of the young Fellows so highly as to tell him he must alter his manner, which he had observed through the Course of the Dance, to be insolent, and wanton, or absent himself from the School--I thought this a sharp reproof, to a young Gentleman of seventeen, before a large number of Ladies!--When it grew too dark to dance, the young Gentlemen walked over to my Room, we conversed til half after six; Nothing is now to be heard of in conversation, but the _Balls_, the _Fox-hunts_, the fine _entertainments_, and the _good fellowship_, which are to be exhibited at the approaching _Christmas_.--I almost think myself happy that my Horses lameness will be sufficient Excuse for my keeping at home on these Holidays.--Mr Goodlet[98] was barr'd out of his School last Monday by his Scholars, for the Christmas Holidays, which are to continue til twelfth-day; But my Scholars are of a more quiet nature, and have consented to have four or five Days now, and to have their full Holiday in May next, when I propose by the permission of Providence to go Home, where I hope to see the good and benevolent _Laura_.

[97] "County-dances" were English dances of rural or native origin, especially those in which an indefinite number of couples stood face to face in two long lines. Country dances had been popular on greens and at fairs in England long before they were introduced into polite society. When the country dance was imported into France the name became _contre-dance_, and it has been erroneously assumed that "country-dance" is a corruption of the French term.

[98] Goodlet was apparently a tutor in the Fauntleroy family of "The Cliffs."

When the candles were lighted we all repaired, for the last time, into the dancing Room; first each couple danced a Minuet; then all joined as before in the country Dances, these continued till half after Seven when Mr Christian retired; and at the proposal of several, (with Mr Carters approbation) we played _Button_, to get Pauns for Redemption; here I could join with them, and indeed it was carried on with sprightliness, and Decency; in the course of redeeming my Pauns, I had several Kisses of the Ladies!--Early in the Evening cam colonel Philip Lee,[99] in a travelling Chariot from Williamsburg--Half after eight we were rung in to Supper; The room looked luminous and splendid; four very large candles burning on the table where we supp'd, three others in different parts of the Room; a gay, sociable Assembly, & four well instructed waiters!--So soon as we rose from supper, the Company form'd into a semicircle round the fire, & Mr Lee, by the voice of the Company was chosen _Pope_, and Mr Carter, Mr Christian, Mrs _Carter_, Mrs _Lee_, and the rest of the company were appointed Friars, in the play call'd "break the Popes neck"--Here we had great Diversion in the respective Judgments upon offenders, but we were all dismiss'd by ten, and retired to our several Rooms.

[99] Philip Ludwell Lee (1727-1775) was the eldest son of Thomas Lee, who had served as president of the Council. He had inherited his father's manor plantation, "Stratford," on the Potomac River in Westmoreland County. Like Robert Carter, Philip Ludwell Lee was now a member of the Council.

_Sunday 19._

Early this morning, I was awaked out of sleep by two youngsters, (for we are thronged with company, so that two slept in my Room) who were agreeing upon a Ride the Day after Christmas, (which will be Sunday) up to Fredricksburg, which lies upon the Rapahannock, fifty Miles higher up the country than where we live;--Breakfasted at nine, soon after which all our company dispersed; I had the offer of a Horse, & was strongly solicited to go to Church, but I declined it--My Horse is very lame, his Thigh, from the sore down to his knee is much swell'd!--It runs however, and the Hostler tells me it is mending. Dined at three; Miss Betsy Lee[100] dined with us--Writing to day my Sermon for the Presbitery. Sup'd on Oysters.

[100] Probably Elizabeth Lee, daughter of John Lee of Essex County, a nephew of Thomas Lee of "Stratford."

This is the first day I have missed Church.

_Monday 20._

Rose at half after Seven; the Morning extremely cold--We had in School to Day as visitors Miss Betsy, and Miss Matilda Lee[101] Mr Carter gave me for his Daughter Nancy to Read, the "Compleat Letter-writer"-- Also he put into my hands for the use of the School, "the British-Grammar."

[101] Matilda Lee was the daughter of Philip Ludwell Lee of "Stratford." She later married "Light Horse Harry" Lee.

_Teusday 21._

Rose by Half after seven--the weather serene but sharp and cold.--To day, before Dinner called in and stayed a short time Mr _Blain_ and Mr _Lee_ who were going to one Mr Lanes[102] to a _Christning_, which I understand is one of the chief times for Diversion here--Miss _Carter_, this afternoon told me that her Mama thought of giving a small _Ball_ at the approaching Christmas for select friends.

[102] One Joseph Lane was a prominent planter in Westmoreland County at this time.

[PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO ELIZABETH BEATTY]

Nominy-Hall Virginia. Decem: 21. 1773.

TO LAURA.

If these shall be so fortunate, as to come to your Hands, I beg leave to acquaint you that I am as agreeably settled as I can possibly be when so remote from the chief object of my Esteem on Earth--And, that I am, & have been, since I left Home, through the Kindness of Heaven, in good Health.

You will be surprized if I tell you that I should have been now in Cohansie, had I never seen you, or had you been less uncertain of your future Purpose! That you may not be wholly without a Reason for what I say, I must tell you, that in your Absence last Summer I found it difficult to restrain myself from Writing frequently to you; And after I was compell'd, tho' unwilling, to believe that you would grant me no Return; lest I should be troublesome or impertinent, when I had an advantageous Offer from the Gentleman with whom I now reside, I determined to leave Home a few Months. So far I have jested--But to be serious, Laura, I hope to see you in the Spring as I propose to be at Home by the Beginning of May--Perhaps the fine Air; the sprightly Conversation; the sociable Balls; & various Pleasures so common here, will have made so very a "Coxcomb" of musty Philander, that you will blush to confess you ever knew him! Be not hasty to judge--Possibly, on the other Hand, Laura; even Laura, may appear so dull & unfashionable that Philander tho' a Coxcomb will look down & despise her--No Laura, for tho, we have fine Ladies; Gay Fellows, charming Music; rich & I may say luxurious Entertainment; to all which I am almost every Week strongly invited; Yet I find greater Pleasure at Home, where I have every genteel Accomodation I could wish, and a Family of lovely Children to instruct--You would envy me if I was able to tell you how kind, obedient, & beautiful the Children are which I teach!--I have three Boys the youngest of which is about the Age & Size of your Brother R--Also five Girls between five & fourteen years Old. The Girls all dress in White, & are remarkably genteel. They have been educated in the City Williamsburg in this Colony--The two eldest are now learning Music, one to play the Harpsichord; the other the Guittar, in the practice of which they spend three Days in the Week--I have only further to acquaint you that every one is now speaking of the approaching Christmas.--The young Ladies tell me we are to have a Ball, of selected Friends in this Family--But I, hard Lot, I have never learn'd to dance!

I am, however, my dear Eliza, thine PHI: V. FITHIAN.

[JOURNAL]

_Wednesday 22._

Mr _Cunningham_ came last Evening and staid the Night.--There is a Report that he is making suit to Miss _Jenny Corbin_.

To day I finished my Sermon for the Presbitery--I read _Pictete_, The _Spectator_, _Salust_, _History of England_, _English Grammar_, _Arithmetic_, and the _Magazines_ by turns. Miss _Priscilla_, and Miss _Nancy_ rode this morning in the Chariot over to Mr _Turburvills_-- Bob, every day at twelve o-Clock, is down by the River Side with his Gun after Ducks, Gulls &c.--Ben is on his Horse a Riding, Harry, is either in the Kitchen, or at the Blacksmiths, or Carpenters Shop. They all find places of Rendesvous so soon as the Beell rings, and all seem to choose different Sports!--To day dined with us Mr Cox the Gentleman at whose House I breakfasted the Day after I came first.--Evening Mr Carter spent in playing on the Harmonica; It is the first time I have heard the Instrument. The music is charming! He play'd, Water parted from the Sea.[103]--The Notes are clear and inexpressibly Soft, they swell, and are inexpressibly grand; & either it is because the sounds are new, and therefore please me, or it is the most captivating Instrument I have Ever heard. The sounds very much resemble the human voice, and in my opinion they far exceed even the swelling Organ.

[103] This song occurs in an opera, _Artaxerxes_, by Thomas Augustine Arne, which was first performed in London in 1762. The libretto of Arne was an adaptation of an Italian drama, _Artaserse_, by Metastasio (Pietro Antonia Domenico Bonaventura). Metastasio was born in 1698 and died in 1782.

_Thursday 23._

Rose at eight--Rains this morning, the weather is also warmer. Mr Carter has sent his son Ben to his head _Overseer_, to take notice and account of the measuring the Crop of Corn--For the Planters now have just gathered in their Summers Crop!--To Day I write a letter to _Laura_: Waft it, kind Oppertunity, soon to the dear Maid, and Make it easy, & desirable for her to make me a Return!--

At Dinner Mr & Mrs _Carter_ gave their opinion concerning what they thought pleasing and agreeable in a person; Mrs Carter said she loved a sociable open, chatty person; that She could not bear Sullenness, and stupidity--Mr Carter, on the other-hand, observed that it is just which Solomon says, that there is a "time for all things under the Sun"; that it discovers great Judgment to laugh in Season, and that, on the whole, he is pleased with Taciturnity--pray which of the two should I suit?--It is a custom with our _Bob_ whenever he can coax his _Dog_ up stairs, to take him into his Bed, and make him a companion; I was much pleased this morning while he and _Harry_ were reading in Course a Chapter in the Bible, that they read in the 27th Chapter of Deuteronomy the Curses threatened there for Crimes; Bob seldom, perhaps never before, read the verse, at last read that "Cursed be he that lyeth with any manner of Beast, and all the People shall say Amen." I was exceedingly Pleased, yet astonished at the Boy on two accounts.--1st At the end of every verse, befor he came to this, he would pronounce aloud, "Amen." But on Reading this verse he not only omitted the "Amen," but seem'd visibly struck with confusion!--2d And so soon as the Verse was read, to excuse himself, he said at once, Brother _Ben_ slept all last winter with his Dog, and learn'd me!--Thus ready are Mankind always to evade Correction!--This Evening, after I had dismiss'd the Children, & was sitting in the School-Room cracking Nuts, none present but Mr _Carters Clerk_, a civil, inoffensive, agreeable young Man, who acts both in the character of a Clerk and Steward, when the Woman who makes my Bed, asked me for the key of my Room, and on seeing the young Man sitting with me, she told him that her Mistress had this afternoon given orders that their Allowance of Meat should be given out to them to-morrow.--She left us; I then asked the young man what their allowance is? He told me that excepting some favourites about the table, their weekly allowance is a peck of Corn, & a pound of Meat a Head!--And Mr Carter is allow'd by all, & from what I have already seen of others, I make no Doubt at all but he is, by far the most humane to his Slaves of any in these parts! Good God! are these Christians?--When I am on the Subject, I will relate further, what I heard Mr George Lees Overseer, one Morgan, say the other day that he himself had often done to Negroes, and found it useful; He said that whipping of any kind does them no good, for they will laugh at your greatest Severity; But he told us he had invented two things, and by several experiments had proved their success.--For Sulleness, Obstinacy, or Idleness, says he, Take a Negro, strip him, tie him fast to a post; take then a sharp Curry-Comb, & curry him severely til he is well scrap'd; & call a Boy with some dry Hay, and make the Boy rub him down for several Minutes, then salt him, & unlose him. He will attend to his Business, (said the inhuman Infidel) afterwards!--But savage Cruelty does not exceed His next diabolical Invention--To get a Secret from a Negro, says he, take the following Method--Lay upon your Floor a large thick plank, having a peg about eighteen Inches long, of hard wood, & very Sharp, on the upper end, fixed fast in the plank--then strip the Negro, tie the Cord to a staple in the Ceiling, so as that his foot may just rest on the sharpened Peg, then turn him briskly round, and you would laugh (said our informer) at the Dexterity of the Negro, while he was releiving his Feet on the sharpen'd Peg!--I need say nothing of these seeing there is a righteous God, who will take vengeance on such Inventions!--Miss _Priscilla_ and _Nancy_ returned in the evening.

_Fryday 24._

Ben Rode off this morning before day to Mr Fantleroys, for Christmas I dismiss'd the children while next Wednesday. I was introduced by Mr Carter at Dinner, to Dr Jones[104] a practitioner in Richmond. I spent my Day in my Room alone as agreeably as I have done any since I have been in virginia coppying off my Sermon, & correcting it. Retirement is as pleasing, & desirable to me here as at _princeton_, or _Cohansie!_ & by Gods blessing I hope to make it as profitable. In the Evening I read the two first Books of _popes Homer_. Dr Jones supped with us, & is to stay the Night. The conversation at supper was on Nursing Children; I find it is common here for people of Fortune to have their young Children suckled by the Negroes! Dr Jones told us his first and only Child is now with such a Nurse; & Mrs Carter said that Wenches have suckled several of hers--Mrs Carter has had thirteen Children She told us to night and she has nine now living; of which seven are with me. Guns are fired this Evening in the Neighbourhood, and the Negroes seem to be inspired with new Life.[105] The Day has been serene and mild, but the Evening is hazy.

Supp'd on Oysters.

[104] Dr. Walter Jones of "Hayfield" in Lancaster County, was known as "the luminary of the Northern Neck." He was the son of Colonel Thomas Jones, a planter-businessman of Williamsburg and Hanover County. His mother, Elizabeth Cocke, was a niece of Mark Catesby, the well-known English naturalist. Dr. Jones had been educated at the College of William and Mary and he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. At the former institution he became a fast friend of Thomas Jefferson and of Bathurst Skelton, whose widow Jefferson later married. Jones achieved distinction both in the field of medicine and in politics. In 1777 he was appointed physician-general of the Middle Department, but declined the office, which was later filled by Dr. Benjamin Rush of Philadelphia. Jones was made a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1774. He served as a member of Congress for a number of years. Dr. Jones' wife was Alice Flood, the daughter of William Flood, the well-known physician and turfman of Richmond County.

[105] The custom of firing powder during the Christmas season is one that persists in the South today in various forms.

_Saturday 25._

I was waked this morning by Guns fired all round the House. The morning is stormy, the wind at South East rains hard Nelson the Boy who makes my Fire, blacks my shoes, does errands &c. was early in my Room, drest only in his shirt and Breeches! He made me a vast fire, blacked my Shoes, set my Room in order, and wish'd me a joyful Christmas, for which I gave him half a Bit.--Soon after he left the Room, and before I was Drest, the Fellow who makes the Fire in our School Room, drest very neatly in green, but almost drunk, entered my chamber with three or four profound Bows, & made me the same salutation; I gave him a _Bit_, and dismissed him as soon as possible.--Soon after my Cloths and Linen were sent in with a message for a Christmas _Box_, as they call it; I sent the poor Slave a Bit, & my thanks.--I was obliged for want of small change, to put off for some days the Barber who shaves & dresses me.--I gave _Tom_ the Coachman, who Doctors my Horse, for his care two Bits, & am to give more when the Horse is well.--I gave to _Dennis_ the Boy who waits at Table half a _Bit_--So that the sum of my Donations to the Servants, for this Christmas appears to be five Bits, a Bit is a pisterene bisected; or an English sixpence, & passes here for seven pence Halfpenny, the whole is _3s 1½d._--

At Breakfast, when Mr Carter entered the Room, he gave us the compliments of the Season. He told me, very civily, that as my Horse was Lame, his own riding Horse is at my Service to ride when & where I Choose.

Mrs Carter was, as always, cheerful, chatty, & agreeable; She told me after Breakfast several droll, merry Occurrences that happened while she was in the City Williamsburg.--

This morning came from the Post-office at Hobbes-Hole, on the Rappahannock, our News-papers. Mr Carter takes the Pennsylvania Gazette, which seems vastly agreeable to me, for it is like having something from home--But I have yet no answer to my Letter. We dined at four o-Clock--Mr Carter kept in his Room, because he breakfasted late, and on Oysters--There were at Table Mrs Carter & her five Daughters that are at School with me--Miss _Priscilla_, _Nancy_, _Fanny_, _Betsy_, and _Harriot_, five as beautiful delicate, well-instructed Children as I have ever known!--_Ben_ is abroad; _Bob_ & _Harry_ are out; so there was no Man at Table but myself.--I must carve--Drink the Health--and talk if I can! Our Dinner was no otherwise than common, yet as elegant a _Christmas Dinner_ as I ever sat Down to--The table Discourse was Marriage; Mrs _Carter_ observ'd that was she a Widow, she should scruple to marry any man alive; She gave a reason, that She did not think it probable a man could love her grown old when the world is thronged with blooming, ripening Virgins; but in fact Mrs Carter looks & would pass for a younger Woman than some unmarried Ladies of my acquaintance, who would willingly enough make us place them below twenty!--We dined at four; when we rose from table it was growing dark--The wind continues at South East & is stormy and muddy.

Mr _Randolph_ the Clerk told me this Evening a Circumstance concerning _Bob_ which tho it discovered stupidity, yet at the same time discovered great thoughtfulness.--It was about his sleeping with the _Dog_; Mr _Randolph_ told me _Bob_ asked him with great solemnity if he thought _God Almighty_ knew it!--While we supped Mr _Carter_ as he often does played on the _Forte-Piano_. He almost never sups. Last Night and to night I had large clear, & very elegant Spermaceti Candles sent into my Room;

_Sunday 26._

I rose at eight--The morning is fair; all seem quiet--I went to the window before I was drest, having only a Gown thrown about me & enjoy'd a beautiful Prospect of the high Banks of the River Nomini gilded by the morning Sun--I could not help casting my Eyes with eagerness over the blue Potowmack and look homewards.--After having paid my morning secret Devotion to the King of Kings, I sat myself to the correcting and transcribing my Sermon--I had the pleasure to wait on Mrs _Carter_ to Church She rode in the Chariot, & Miss Prissy and Nancy; Mr Carter chose to stay at Home--The Sacrament was to have been administred but there was so few people that he thought it improper, and put of til Sunday fortnight. He preach'd from Isaiah 9.6. For unto us a child is Born &c. his Sermon was fifteen Minutes long! very fashionable--He invited me very civilly to Dine & spend the Evening with him, but I could not leave the Ladies! He made me almost promise, however to call some Day this Week.

At the Church to day I heard an impious Expression from a young Scotch-Man,[106] Tutor in Mr Washingtons Family; he meant it for a Satire upon the neglect of the people in suffering their Grave Yard to lie common--He saw some Cattle & Hogs feeding & rooting in the yard; "Why, says he, if I was buried here it would grieve me to look up and see _Swine_ feeding over me"!--But I understand only the lower sort of People are buried at the Church; for the Gentleman have private burying-Yards.

[106] John Lowe (1750-1798), a Scotsman, was the tutor of the children of Colonel John Augustine Washington, a brother of George Washington, at this period. John Augustine Washington's manor plantation, "Bushfield," was located on the Potomac River in Westmoreland County, a short distance from "Nomini Hall" and "Hickory Hill." Lowe was the author of a number of ballads which are still popular in Scotland today. After serving for some time as a tutor and conducting an academy at Fredericksburg, he was ordained an Anglican clergyman, and appears to have served as minister in both St. George's and Hanover Parishes. An unhappy marriage is believed to have led to a dissipation which resulted in his early death. Cf. Meade, _Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia_, Vol. II, p. 185; _Virginia Magazine of History_, Vol. 29 (January 1921), pp. 102-105.

_Monday 27._

At Breakfast Mrs Carter gave me an Invitation to wait on her to Parson _Smiths_ Mr Carter offered Me his riding Horse, A beautiful grey, young, lively Colt; We sat out about ten, Mrs Carter, Miss Prissy, Miss Fanny, & Miss Betsy, in the Chariot; Bob and I were on Horse back; Mrs Carter had three waiting Men; a Coachman. Driver & Postillion. We found the way muddy; got there a little after twelve; Mr Smith was out; I was introduced by Mrs Carter to Mrs Smith, and a young Lady her Sister who lives with them; At Dinner I was at Mr Smiths request to "say Grace" as they call it; which is always express'd by the People in the following words, "God bless us in what we are to receive"--& after Dinner, "God make us thankful for his mercies"--As we were sitting down to Table Ben Carter rode up; when we had dined, the Ladies retired, leaving us a Bottle of Wine, & a Bowl of Toddy for companions--Ben came with a Message for me to go to a Ball, but poor fellow, I cant dance!--He prest me very much, but I was forced to decline it--We returned in the Evening; & found Mr Carter & Miss Nancy practising Music, one on the Forte-Piano, and the other on the Guitar. Mr Carter is Learning Bedford, Coles hill, and several other Church Tunes.

_Teusday 28._

Last Night there fell a Snow, which is about half Shoe deep, the Air is sharp, the wind at North, & Snows yet by turns. I finished and laid by my Sermon for the Presbytery this morning--Breakfasted at ten: Ben staid last Night at Mr _Turbuville's_ & got Home to day about twelve from his _Christmas Jaunt_.

Spent most of the Day at the great House hearing the various Instruments of Music. Evening, at Miss Prissy's Request I drew for her some Flowers on Linen which she is going to imbroider, for a various Counterpane.

_Wednesday 29._

This Morning our School begins after the Holidays. Bob seems sorry that he must forsake the Marsh & River when he is daily fowling, & never kills any Game. At Dinner we had the Company of Dr Franks[107] who has been all along Mr Carters Clerk; but is now leaving Him. We had a large Pye cut to Day to signify the Conclusion of the Holidays. I drew, this afternoon more Flowers for Miss Prissy.

[107] Dr. Henry Francks of Westmoreland County.

_Thursday 30._

Dr Franks is moving, he has lived in the House adjoining our School. The morning is fine, I rose by eight, breakfasted at ten, Miss Prissy & Nancy are to-Day Practising Music one on the Forte Piano, the other on the Guitar, their Papa allows them for that purpose every Teusday, & Thursday. Ben is gone to the Quarter to see to the measuring the crop of Corn. On his return in the Evening, when we were sitting & chatting, among other things he told me that we must have a House-warming, seeing we have now got possession of the whole House--It is a custom here whenever any _person_ or _Family_ move into a _House_, or repair a house they have been living in before, they make a _Ball_ & give a Supper--So we because we have gotten Possession of the whole House, are in compliance with Custom, to invite our Neighbours, and dance, and be merry--But poor me! I must hobble, or set quiet in the Corner!

_Fryday 31._

I rose at eight. _Ben_ gone again to the quarter--_Harriot_ to Day for the first time said all her letters--

The Colonel shewed me after Dinner a new invention, which is to be sure his own, for tuning his _Harpischord_ & _Forte-Piano_: it is a number of _Whistles_, of various Sizes so as to sound all the Notes in one Octave. At twelve o-Clock Mr _Carter_ ordered his Boy to bring two Horses, and himself & Miss _Prissy_ rode out for an airing as the Day is vastly fine--Assoon as the Bell rang & I had dismissed the Children I took a walk in the Garden; When I had gone round two or three Platts Mrs Carter entered and walked towards me, I then immediately turn'd and met Her; I bowed--Remarked on the pleasantness of the Day--And began to ask her some questions upon a Row of small slips--To all which she made polite and full answers; As we walked along she would move the Ground at the Root of some plant; or prop up with small sticks the bended _scions_--We took two whole turns through all the several Walks, & had such conversation as the _Place_ and _Objects_ naturally excited--And after Mrs Carter had given some orders to the Gardiners (for there are two Negroes Gardiners by Trade, who are constantly when the Weather will any how permit working in it) we walked out into the _Area_ viewed some Plumb-Trees, when we saw Mr Carter and Miss Prissy returning--We then repaired to the Slope before the front-Door where they dismounted--and we all went into the Dining Room. I shall in a proper time describe the great-House, & the several smaller ones in its neighbourhood; the _Area_, _Poplar-Walk_, _Garden_, & _Pasture_: In the mean time I shall only say, they discover a delicate and Just Tast, and are the effect of great _Invention_ & _Industry,_ & _Expence_. At Dinner we were conversing on the seasons of the Year, & giving our different opinions of which of the Seasons we each thought most agreeable: Mrs Carter chose the Months of October, November & December, her reasons were, that we are always most sensible of pleasure when it succeeds Axiety & Pain; therefore because these months immediately follow those in which there is usually Thunder & Lightning & intense Heat, She thinks them most pleasant: The Colonel agreed with her as to the Months but gave a different Reason; He supposes that in these Months the Air is more uniform and settled than at any other so long time in the year. I preferr'd May, June, and July, because our Bodies at that Season are generally sprightly, vigorous and healthy, and the world around us is beautiful & growing to necessary perfection. Miss Prissy & Miss Nancy were on my side.

Mrs Carter told the Colonel that he must not think her setled (for they have been for a long time from this place in the City _Williamsburg_, and only left it about a year and a half ago) till he made her a park and stock'd it; while these and many other things were saying, I was surprized at a Remark which Miss _Prissy_ made, "Why Mama says she, you plan and talk of these things as tho' you should never die"!

_Saturday January 1. 1774._

Another Year is gone! Last New years Day I had not the most remote expectation of being now here in _Virginia_! Perhaps by the next I shall have made a longer and more important Remove, from this to the World of Spirits!

It is well worth the while, for the better improving of our time to come to recollect and reflect upon the Time which we have spent; The Season seems to require it; it will give entertainment at least, perhaps much substantial pleasure too, to be able to make with a considerable degree of certainty a review of the general course of our Actions in the course of a year. This shall be my employment, so far as I am able to recollect, when I shall have suitable time for the fixing & laying my thoughts together--

In the mean time I observe that the Day is most pleasant, the wind is West, not fresh; the air is void of clouds, but near the Earth is smoky; the Ground is clear of Frost and setled, what can be finer? Mr Carter Miss Prissy and myself were to have rode out for an Exercise at twelve, but we were prevented by the coming of a Gentleman, Dr _Fantleroy_,[108] to whom Mr Carter introduced me--

[108] Dr. Moore Fauntleroy (1743-1802) was the son of William Fauntleroy of Naylor's Hole in Richmond County. Fauntleroy, who had studied medicine in Aberdeen and Edinburgh, practiced in Essex County after his return to Virginia in 1770.

After Dinner was finished which was about four o-Clock, Miss Prissy & Myself, together with a Servant (for Mr Carter would not trust us alone he said) rode on Horse-Back to Mr Turbuvilles, about three quarters of a Mile distance; It is the first time I have been there, the House is near, & in Sight, and the families intimate. I rode my Horse for the first time since his misfortune. When we returned about Candlelight, we found Mrs Carter in the yard seeing to the Roosting of her Poultry; and the Colonel in the Parlour tuning his _Guitar_.

_Sunday 2._

The weather warm and Damp--The Family rode to Church to-day and are to dine out. Mr Carter at my request, gave me the Keys of his Book-Cases and allowed me to spend the Day alone in his Library.

The place seems suitable for Study, & the Day ought to be spent in serious contemplation; therefore, as I proposed Yesterday, I shall collect together and write down what I have been doing in the last Year. But will my Life bear the review? Can I look upon my Actions and not Blush! And shall I be no less careful, or have no better Success, in the prosecution of my Duty the Year to come, if I shall be kept alive to the Close of it?--

In the Beginning of the last year I was in Deerfield, in Cumberland County New-Jersey, with the Rev'd Mr Green; Under him I studied the Hebrew-Language and Divinity. I left the college the last of September 1772. After having setled my business at Home, I entered upon the Study of Divinity with the Rev'd Andrew Hunter; I was with him about a Month, and on the first of December I went to Mr _Green_ with a design to acquaint myself with the Hebrew Tongue; he put me to the Grammar, which I learn'd through, and read some Chapters in the Psalter in the Course of the Winter: In Divinity, he advised me to read Ridgeleys body of Divinity for a System: And he gave me several separate treatisses on Repentance, Regeneration, Faith, &c, & towards spring gave me subjects to consider in the Sermon-Way. Yet how barren am I still? It is an arduous task to bring the Mind to close application; & still greater to lay up and retain useful Knowledge. I continued with Mr _Green_ & pursued my studies, I hope with some Success till August 1773. when I was solicited by Dr _Witherspoon_ to go into _Virginia_ & teach in a Gentlemans Family--The Offer seem'd profitable; I was encouraged by the Dr and was to have his Recommendation--I had likewise myself a strong inclination to go--Yet I was in great Doubt, & Wholly undetermined for some Weeks, because many of my friends, and some of my near Relations opposed my leaving Home, and all seem'd utterly unwilling to advise to go--It is time, according to the Course of my Life they said that I was settling to some constant Employment, and they told me I ought especially to enter with as great speed as convenient into that plan of Life for which I have in particular had my Education--That Virginia is sickly--That the People there are profane, and exceeding wicked--That I shall read there no Calvinistic Books, nor hear any Presbyterian Sermons--That I must keep much Company, and therefore spend as much, very probably much more Money than my Salary--These considerations unsettled for a while my mind--On the other hand I proposed to myself the following advantages by going--A longer opportunity for Study than my friends would willingly allow me If I should remain at home--A more general acquaintance with the manners of Mankind; and a better Knowledge of the Soil, & Commerce of these neighbouring Provinces--And a more perfect acquaintance with the Doctrines, & method of Worship in the established Church in these Colonies, & especially with the Conduct of the Clergy of which there have been so many bad reports--All these however when I had laid them together, seem'd to overbear the others, so that I determined at last to break through and go!--Here now I am in a strange Province; But I am under no more nor stronger temptations to any kind of vice, perhaps not so great as at Cohansie,--unless sometimes when I am solicited to dance I am forc'd to blush, for my Inability--I have the opportunity of living with Credit perfectly retired--in a well regulated family--With a man of Sense--May God help me to walk in his fear & Gloryfy his Name!--

_Monday 3d._

Last Evening, by Miss Prissy, I was complimented with an Invitation from Mr _Turburville_ to Dine with Him tomorrow--Squire _Lee_[109] is as Miss Prissy told me, preparing to make a splendid _Ball_, which is to last four or five Days; we are to be invited!--But I must stay at Home and read _Salust_--Mr Carter is at Richmond-Court, which is held monthly here in every County. In the Evening Mr Warden, a young Scotch Lawyer came home with him. I spent the Evening in the Parlour--After Supper when I was call'd upon for my Tost I mentioned with Pleasure Miss _Betsy Beaty_.

[109] Richard Lee of "Lee Hall."

_Teusday 4._

Rose by eight--Mr _Warden_ breakfasted with us. Miss Prissy befor Breakfast, as it is her practising Day, gave us sundry Tunes on the _Forte Piano_. I kept the children while twelve then as we were to dine out, I dismiss'd them till morning, and prepar'd to ride--Mrs Carter, Miss Sylla, and Miss Betsy rode in the Chariot, and set off about half after twelve with three waiting men--Mr Carter, Ben, and myself, waited, & left Home by half after one, we rode on Horse back, and waited on ourselves--It was two o-Clock when we got to Mr Turburvilles where we were to dine--We found there two Gentlemen, with their Wives, and one of them had also a Son & Daughter Mr Booth also came in a short time after us; So that there dined to day with Mr Turburville to day besides his usual Family thirteen Persons.--And if I mention the Waiting Men With the Carriages they were twenty. We had an Elegant Dinner, but it did not in any thing exceed what is every day at Mr _Carters_ Table.

--We all returned Home before Dark--In the Evening the Colonel is busy in transposing Music, I have not been at any house since I left Home, which, from the appearance of its Situation, and the Economy of the Family, or any other apparent Convenience, I would so soon choose to reside in as a tutor, as the one in which it is my lot to be placed--The Family is most agreeable! Mr Carter is sensible judicious, much given to retirement & Study; his Company, & conversation are always profitable--His main Studies are _Law_ & _Music_, the latter of which seems to be his darling Amusement--It seems to nourish, as well as entertain his mind! And to be sure he has a nice well judging Ear, and has made great advances in the Theory and Practice of music--

Mrs _Carter_ is prudent, always cheerful, never without Something pleasant, a remarkable Economist, perfectly acquainted (in my Opinion) with the good-management of Children, intirely free from all foolish and unnecessary fondness, and is also well acquainted (for She has always been used) with the formality and Ceremony which we find commonly in high Life--Ben, the eldest, is a youth of genius: of a warm impetuous Disposition; desirous of acquiring Knowledge, docile, vastly inquisitive & curious in mercantile, and mechanical Matters, is very fond of Horsses, and takes great pleasure in exercising them--Bob, the other Brother, is By no means destitute of capacity, As Mr Marshal who was his last Tutor has asserted, & as many now suppose: He is extremely volatile & unsettled in his temper, which makes it almost wholly impossible to fix him for any time to the same thing--On which account he has made but very little advancement in any one Branch of Study, and this is attributed to Barrenness of Genius--He is slovenly, clumsy, very fond of Shooting, of Dogs, of Horses, But a very stiff untoward _Rider_, good natur'd, pleased with the Society of persons much below his Family, and Estate, and tho' quick and wrathful in his temper, yet he is soon moderated, & easily subdued--Harry the Nephew, is rather stoical, sullen, or saturnine in his make. He is obstinate, tho' Steady, and makes a slow uniform advance in his Learning, he is vastly kind to me, but in particular to my Horse, of his health or Indisposition--Miss _Priscilla_, the eldest Daughter about 16, is steady, studious, docile, quick of apprehension, and makes good progress in what She undertakes; If I could with propriety continue in the Family, I should require no stronger Inducement than the Satisfaction I should receive by seeing this young Lady become perfectly acquainted with any thing I propose so soon as I communicate it to her, but the situation of my affairs makes it out of my power to stay longer than a year; She is small of her age, has a mild winning Presence, a sweet obliging Temper, never swears, which is here a distinguished virtue, dances finely, plays well on key'd Instruments, and is upon the whole in the first Class of the female Sex.

_Nancy_ the Second, is not without some few of those qualities which are by some (I think with great ill nature, and with little or no truth) said to belong intirely to the fair Sex. I mean great curiosity, Eagerness for superiority, Ardor in friend ship, But bitterness and rage where there is enmity--She is not constant in her disposition, nor diligent nor attentive to her business--But She has her excellencies, She is cheerful, tender in her Temper, easily managed by perswasion & is never without what seems to have been a common Gift of Heaven, to the _fair-Sex_, the "_Copia Verborum_," or readiness of Expression!--She is only beginning to play the _Guitar_, She understands the Notes well, & is a graceful Dancer.

_Fanny_ next, is in her Person, according to my Judgment, the Flower in the Family--She has a strong resemblance of her _Mama_ who is an elegant, beautiful Woman--Miss Fanny seems to have a remarkable Sedateness, & simplicity in her countenance, which is always rather chearful than melancholy; She has nothing with which we can find Fault in her Person, but has something in the Features of her Face which insensibly pleases us, & always when She is in Sight draws our Attention, & much the more because there seems to be for every agreeable Feature a correspondent Action which improves & adorns it. Betsy next is young, quiet, and obedient--Harriot is bold, fearless, noisy and lawless; always merry, almost never displeased; She seems to have a Heart easily moved by the force of Music; She has learned many Tunes & can strike any Note, or Succession of Notes perfectly with the Flute or Harpsichord, and is never wearied with the sound of Music either vocal or _Instrumental_.

These are the Persons who are at present under my direction, & whose general Character I have very imperfectly attempted to describe.

_Wednesday 5._

Rose at Seven. The morning very stormy. _Bob_ & _Nancy_ before Breakfast had a quarrel--Bob called Nancy a Lyar; Nancy upbraided Bob, on the other Hand, with being often flog'd by their Pappa; often by the Masters in College; that he had stol'n Rum, & had got drunk; & that he used to run away &c--These Reproaches when they were set off with Miss Nancys truely feminine address, so violently exasperated _Bob_ that he struck her in his Rage--I was at the time in my Chamber; when I enter'd the Room each began with loud and heavy complaints, I put them off however with sharp admonitions for better Behaviour.

The morning was so extremely stormy that I declin'd going to Breakfast--All the others went my Breakfast was sent over--Immediately after Breakfast Ben came over with a Message from Mr _Carter_, that he desired me to correct _Bob_ severely immediately--Bob when I went into School sat quiet in the corner, & looked sullen, and penitent; I gave some orders to the Children, and went to my Room.--I sent for Bob--He came crying--I told him his Fathers Message; he confess'd himself guilty--I sent him to call up _Harry_--He came--I talked with them both a long Time recommended Diligence, & good Behaviour, but concluded by observing that I was obliged to comply with Mr Carter's request; I sent _Harry_ therefore for some Whips.--_Bob_ and poor I remained trembling in the chamber (for Bob was not more uneasy than I it being the first attempt of the kind I have ever made)--The Whips came!--I ordered Bob to strip!--He desired me to whip Him in his hand in Tears--I told him no--He then patiently, & with great deliberation took of his Coat and laid it by--I took him by the hand and gave him four or five smart twigs; he cring'd, & bawld & promis'd--I repeated then about eight more, & demanded and got immediately his solemn promise for peace among the children, & Good Behaviour in general--I then sent him down--He conducts himself through this day with great Humility, & unusual diligence, it will be fine if it continues. At noon I went over to Dinner, but it was storming, & continues so bad that I choose rather to go without Supper than venture out in the Storm.

_Thursday 6._

To Day about twelve _Bob_ & _Prissy_ & _Nancy_ went in the Chariot to Stratford, to attend the Dancing-School--Mr Taylor,[110] the Colonels principal Overseer dined with us--After School in the Evening, I sat with _Betsy_ & _Fanny_ while they sung me many songs, When they had done I waited on them Home, & spent the Evening with Mr & Mrs _Carter_.

[110] The account books of Robert Carter show that William Taylor was at this period overseer of three of Carter's plantations or "quarters," called Dicks, Morgans and Rutters.

_Fryday 7._

The morning cold, muddy and drisly--Our School seems still, and vacant. _Betsy_ & _Fanny_ at their Leisure are constantly knitting with small smoth stiff straws, in imitation of their Sister _Sylla_, who knits sometimes. The Colonel told me last Evening that he proposes to make the vacant End of our School-Room, Where Dr Frank lived a Concert-Room, to hold all his instruments of Music--As he proposes to bring up from _Williamsburg_ his _Organ_, & to remove the _Harpsichord_, _Harmonica_, _Forte-piano_, _Guittar_, _Violin_, & _German-Flutes_, & make it a place for Practice, as well as Entertainment.

This afternoon _Dennis_, a Boy of about twelve Years old, one of the Waiters at Table, as he was standing in the front Door which is vastly huge & heavy; the Door flew up, and drew off the Skin & Flesh from his middle Finger caught between, took off the first Joint, and left the Bone of the greater part of the Rest of the Finger naked.

_Saturday 8._

Catechised the Children, and dismiss'd them about ten. The morning pleasant--Rode before Dinner to Mr Blains Store--Was introduced to Dr _Thompson_,[111] Mr _Balantine_,[112] Mr _Carr_ a young Scotch-Man Clerk, to Mr Blain; dined with Mr Blain. Parson _Smith_, his Wife, & her Sister were there--Colonel Washington, his Wife, & their Daughter Miss Jenny a young Lady of few words, a sanguine Countenance, and as to her Size, something below what Ladies call elegant; neat but not _flashy_ in her Dress; Some of her Dress I admired because I have seen _Laura_ in the like, yit strongly shewed me that it is not Dress alone I admire in Her. All these had been at a Widding in the country and were returning--In Dr _Thomsons_ Room there was hanging against the Wall a Skeleton!--Balantine, either to shew himself a true full-blooded Buck, or out of mere wantonness & pastime turned the Bones (as they were fixed together with Wires) into many improper and indecent postures; but this officious industry met with such reception from the company as it Justly merited, and as I wish'd might happen; for they gave visible signs of their contempt of his Behaviour--About Six in the Evening the Chariot returned with _Bob_, Miss _Prissy_ & _Nancy_ from the Dance at _Stratford_--They brought News as follows: Miss Prissy told us, that they had an elegant Dance on the Whole; that Colonel Philip Lee, where they met to Dance, was on Fryday, at the Wedding of which I made mention Just now; that Mr _Christian_ the Master danced several Minuets, prodigiously beautiful; that Captain Grigg (Captain of an English Ship) danced a Minuet with her; that he hobled most dolefully, & that the whole Assembly laughed!--_Bob_ told us that there was a Race between Mr ---- And Colonels Horses--that they run a Mile, & that _Dottrell_[113] belonging to Mr ---- won the Race;--_Bob_ told me in private, after we were alone in my Room, that Colonel Lee took an Opportunity, & asked him in the Hearing of a large company at Supper, what sort of _Fellow_ he is whom your _Papa_ had provided for your _Tutor_--_Bob_ told me that for answer he Informed him I was good and agreeable--That Miss Jenny Corbin, (a young Lady with whom I have had the greatest Opportunity of being acquainted, of any young Lady in Virginia) gave him so favourable an Account of my Behaviour, that he was pleased to say He should be glad to see me at his House, & of my company--But after having heard this much, I shall esteem myself pardonable, & shall always think it proper to refuse without thanks his warmest Invitations; & will plead for my excuse nothing else than mere inclination.

[111] Thomas Thompson was a well known physician of Westmoreland County. Robert Carter retained the services of Thompson for the blacks on his plantations for a number of years.

[112] Probably James Balendine of the firm referred to in the Carter account books as "Messrs. James Balendine & Co."

[113] "Dotterell" was an English blooded horse that had been bred by Sir John Pennington. He was regarded as the swiftest in that country with the exception of one, called "Eclipse." Dotterell had been imported into the colony in 1766 by Philip Ludwell Lee of "Stratford" in Westmoreland County.

In the Evening about seven o-Clock it snowed exceeding fast til Eight when it ceased, it being the second Snow we had this winter here, At Supper we had much conversation about the Dance. Mrs Carter & myself, sat while ten and the Colonel read philosophy.

_Sunday 9._

The Morning very cold--None from our Family went to church; _Bob_ beg'd of me to let him go, I refused him; he then asked to go and dine with Mr Turburville, I gave him no liberty.--I wrote to-Day a letter to _Laura_, I wish it _speed_ & _Success_--I wrote also a letter to Mr _Bryan_ in Baltimore; Another to the Gentleman who keeps the "Fountain Inn" in _Baltimore_; & one to Dr _John Beaty_--_Bob_ returned in the Evening after having stole away and spent the day at Mr _Turburvill's_ with a Note to his Papa from Squire _Lee_, in which Mr Carter & his Family are invited to the Ball at his House on Monday the 17th Instant But I must stay alone.

[LETTER OF PHILIP V. FITHIAN TO ELIZABETH BEATTY]

Nominy-Hall. Virginia. Jan: 9th: 1774.

TO LAURA.

The long Distance there is between us, & Uncertainty of the Conveyance, makes it improper for me to write what I wish to tell you. I may not, however, neglect to acquaint you that you still possess the largest earthly Share of my Regard; & that my Fidelity towards you is unshaken & inviolable.

I continue this Winter, by the Kindness of Heaven, in perfect Health; & expect to return by the last of April next, if no Accident comes between, when I promise myself Madam, much Pleasure, much Peace in your Company.

The Family in which I live, is so kind, & suitable to my Wish, that I would gladly continue in it--Or, at least, provide some well-qualified Person to succeed me since I must by previous Agreement, shortly leave it, as I do not propose to let my coming here put off my entering on the Great-World.

If I shall be so happy as to meet with you in the Spring, I will tell you many curious Occurrences of this Winter; but none with greater Truth than that I have been your constant Admirer.

PHILIP. V. FITHIAN.

[JOURNAL]

_Monday 10th_

The Morning very cold--Dined with us to-day Mr _Sanford_ a Captain of a Sloop which trades out of _Potowmack_ to _Norfolk_--I wrote out some Exercises for _Bob_ & _Harry_--In the Evening the Colonel began with a small Still to distill some Brandy from a Liquor made of Pisimmonds. I set Ben this Evening to writing. I likewise gave _Catalines_ Speech in _Salust_ to commit to memory in Latin, which he is to pronounce Extempore. In the Evening I borrowed of _Ben Carter_ 15s.--I have plenty of Money with me, but it is in Bills of Philadelphia currency & will not pass at all here.

_Teusday 11._

The morning very cold--As cold I think, and the Frost seems to be as intense & powerful as I have ever known it either at Cohansie or at Princeton. This morning I put Ben to construe some Greek, he has yet no Testament, I gave him therefore Esops Fables in Greek, and Latin. I also took out of the Library, and gave him to read Gordon, upon Geography. Ben seem'd scared with his Greek Lesson, he swore, & wished for Homer that he might kick Him, as he had been told Homer invented Greek.

_Wednesday 12._

I gave _Sam_ Mr Carters Barber, for shaving & dressing me, & for mending my Shoes, two pisterenes, which pass here for half a Crown--The morning is serene, pleasant, but cold yet. Miss _Hariot_ this morning being over curious tasted some Mercury Mixture in Mr _Randolph's_ Room, it made her very sick; I was frighted, the family was frighted! she puked, & threw it off her Stomach, & was soon relieved--

I gave _Martha_ who makes my Bed, for a Christmas Box, a _Bit_, which is a pisterene cut into two equal parts--I gave to John also, who waits at Table & calls me to Supper a _Bit_. So that My whole Expence to-Day has been _3/9_. Mrs Carter invited me to Day to go to the Ball, I excused myself, & declined it.

_Thursday 13._

Mr Cunningham came before Noon to skait--At twelve we all went down to Mr Carters Millpond--none had skaits but Mr Cunningham--we diverted ourselves on the Ice til two, when we went up to dinner--Immediately after Dinner Mr _Carter_ Miss _Prissy_ & _Nancy_ rode out to Mr _Lanes_.--Mr _Cunningham_ staid the Night, Prissy play'd for us--She has since I came made great advances--

_Fryday 14._

The morning very foggy, & warmer--I gave to Tom the Coach-man who cured my Horse two _pisterenes_ & half a _Bit_, which is two & ninepence 2/9. Mr Cunningham breakfasted with us--When I went into School there came a complaint from Miss _Sally Stanhope_[114] of _Bob_ that he was rude, swore, & quarrell'd at Breakfast, poor untoward, unfortunate Boy he gives me great Trouble--

[114] Miss Sarah Stanhope was the housekeeper at "Nomini Hall."

_Saturday 15._

I rose at seven--The morning fair the ground muddy--_Ben_ asked me to ride with him to Mr Blains Store I chose rather to stay at Home--Ben is preparing for the approaching Ball--Bob urged me to let him go to Mr Lees, but he is so unruly & mischeivous when abroad that I was obliged to refuse him the liberty of going. I spent some hours to Day with the Girls when they were practising Music on the Guitar, & Forte-piano, Priscilla plays her tunes true and exceeding finely--In the Evening _Ben_ returned from Mr Blains--He told me the Store was thronged with company--Sup'd on chocolate, & hoe-Cake, so called because baked on a Hoe before the fire--The Colonel and his Daughter busy at Music.

_Sunday 16._

The morning frosty & cold--_Ben_, _Bob_, _Harry_, & Mr _Randolph_ went to Church--I stay at Home; Read Pictete--I feel very desirous of seeing Home: of hearing good Mr Hunter Preach; of seeing my dear Brothers & Sister; Indeed the very soil itself would be precious to me!--I am shut up in my chamber; I read a while, then walk to the North window, & look over Potowmack through Maryland towards Home; then throw myself down into my Chair again & console myself that I have every necessary, & convenient Accommodation here, which I should have; nay much more than I should allow myself were I at Home. I am contented--This whole world is only a Point almost unnoticeable, when compared with the numerous _Systems_ which compose the _universe_, & yet they all are under the particular Direction & Government of _Almighty God_; How insignificant therefore is it for me and how foolish to be uneasy, & solicitous whether I live in _Cohansie_, in _Princeton_, or in _Virgininia_; Or in _America_, or in _Europe_, so long as I am still supported, & upheld by the Divine Agency!--I am fully satisfied--Guide me, propitious Heaven! Help me to Glorify my God; To honour the holy Religion which I profess; & If I shall be fitted, & introduced to the Ministry, may I still go on and be of advantage to my fellow Mortals!--

Evening, The Boys are returned; _Bob_ brings me the _parsons_ Compliments; Mr _Cunninghams_; & that Miss Corbin enquired If I was well!--Bob [also] informed me that the _Parson_, Mr _Blain_, _Cunningham_, _Balantine_, & others are to come to Captain _Turburvilles_ Mill-Pond to Skate before they go to the Ball--

_Monday 17._

At Breakfast the Colonel gave orders to the Boys concerning their conduct this Day, & through the course of the Ball--He allows them to go; to stay all this Night; to bring him an Account of all the company at the Ball; & to return tomorrow Evening--All the morning is spent in Dressing.--Mr Carter & Mrs Carter pressed me to go; But, mindful of my Promise when I left Home, I stay and enjoy myself in quiet.--I give the Children a Holiday to Day--I gave Dennis the Waiter half a Bit a Present--Mrs _Carter_, Miss _Prissy_, & _Nancy_ dressed splendidly set away from Home at two.

_Teusday 18._

Mrs _Carter_, & the young Ladies came Home last Night from the Ball, & brought with them Mrs _Lane_, they tell us there were upwards of Seventy at the Ball; forty one Ladies; that the company was genteel; & that Colonel _Harry Lee_,[115] from _Dumfries_, & his Son _Harrey_ who was with me at College, were also there; Mrs Carter made this an argument, and it was a strong one indeed, that to-day I must dress & go with her to the Ball--She added also that She Desired my Company in the Evening when she should come Home as it would be late--After considering a while I consented to go, & was dressed--we set away from Mr Carters at two; Mrs _Carter_ & the young Ladies in the Chariot, Mrs Lane in a Chair, & myself on Horseback--As soon as I had handed the Ladies out, I was saluted by Parson _Smith_; I was introduced into a small Room where a number of Gentlemen were playing Cards, (the first game I have seen since I left Home) to lay off my Boots Riding-Coat&c--Next I was directed into the Dining-Room to see Young Mr _Lee_; He introduced me to his Father--With them I conversed til Dinner, which came in at half after four. The Ladies dined first, when some Good order was preserved; when they rose, each nimblest Fellow dined first--The Dinner was as elegant as could be well expected when so great an Assembly were to be kept for so long a time.--For Drink, there was several sorts of Wine, good Lemon Punch, Toddy, Cyder, Porter &c.--About Seven the Ladies & Gentlemen begun to dance in the Ball-Room--first Minuets one Round; Second Giggs; third Reels; And last of All Country-Dances; tho' they struck several Marches occasionally--The Music was a French-Horn and two Violins--The Ladies were Dressed Gay, and splendid, & when dancing, their Silks & Brocades rustled and trailed behind them!--But all did not join in the Dance for there were parties in Rooms made up, some at Cards; some drinking for Pleasure; some toasting the Sons of america; some singing "Liberty Songs" as they call'd them, in which six, eight, ten or more would put their Heads near together and roar, & for the most part as unharmonious as an affronted--Among the first of these Vociferators was a young Scotch-Man, Mr _Jack Cunningham_; he was nimis bibendo appotus; noisy, droll, waggish, yet civil in his way & wholly inoffensive--I was solicited to dance by several, Captain Chelton, Colonel Lee, Harry Lee, and others; But George Lee,[116] with great Rudeness as tho' half drunk, asked me why I would come to the Ball & neither dance nor play Cards? I answered him shortly, (for his Impudence moved my resentment) that my Invitation to the Ball would Justify my Presence; & that he was ill qualified to direct my Behaviour who made so indifferent a Figure himself--Parson Smiths, & Parson Gibberns Wives danced, but I saw neither of the Clergymen either dance or game[117]--At Eleven Mrs Carter call'd upon me to go, I listned with gladness to the summons & with Mrs Lane in the Chariot we rode Home, the Evening sharp and cold!--I handed the Ladies out, waited on them to a warm Fire, then ran over to my own Room, which was warm and had a good Fire; oh how welcome! Better this than to be at the Ball in some corner nodding, and awaked now & then with a midnight Yell!--In my Room by half after twelve; & exceeding happy that I could break away with Reputation.--

[115] Colonel Henry Lee of "Leesylvania."

[116] Apparently George Fairfax Lee of "Mount Pleasant."

[117] Parson Giberne was not so fortunate in escaping criticism on other occasions. Fithian, himself, notes his gambling several times, and the Reverend Jonathan Boucher, Landon Carter and Robert Wormeley Carter all comment upon it in their journals.

_Wednesday 19._

Rose at Nine while the Bell was ringing--Breakfasted at ten, Mr _Carter_ and I alone, the Ladies yet in Bed--I gave the Children the third Holiday; _Bob_ _Ben_ & _Harry_ are yet at the Dance--Mrs Carter declines going to Day, I took a Walk out before Dinner, & with my Pen-knife carved _Laura's_ much admired Name, upon a smooth beautiful Beech-Tree--Towards Evening Mrs Lane left us & rode home--_Bob_ came Home about six, but so sleepy that he is actually stupified!--

_Thursday 20._

_Ben_ came Home late in the Night--This morning he looks fatigued out. We began to study to Day but all seem sleepy and dull. Dined with us to-day Mr _Lee_ a Gentleman from Augusta County, who has lately been to the Settlements on Ohio.

Evening I began some Verses on Miss Carter for a present at the approaching Valantine[118]--But I drew the Picture from Laura.

[118] See this valentine in Appendix, pp. 230-233.

_Fryday 21._

All seem tolerably recruited this morning; we hear, the company left the Ball last Evening, quite wearied out; tho' the Colonel intreated them to stay the proposed Time.

To Day about twelve came to Mr _Carters_ Captain _John Lee_, a Gentleman who seems to copy the Character of _Addisons Will Wimble_. When I was on my way to this place I saw him up in the country at Stafford; he was then just sallying out on his Winters Visit, & has got now so far as here, he stays, as I am told about eight, or ten Weeks in the year at his own House, the remaining part he lives with his waiting Man on his Friends.--

_Saturday 22._

Captain Lee with us to Day--The Weather cold; I set in my Room all Day working at my Verses for Miss Carter.

_Sunday 23._

None went to Church on account of the Cold--Afternoon the Sun shone fair--I took my Horse & rode about a Mile & returned--Captain _Lee_ left us this Day.

_Monday 24._

Still very cold snows some--Dined with us Colonel _Frank_ L. _Lee_,[119] & Colonel _Harrison_ of Maryland--Miss _Nancy_ unwel of a cold.--There are great Professions of Liberty here expressed in Songs Toasts, &c. Yesterday News came of the Arrival of Ships with Tea; into _Boston_, _New-york_, _Philadelphia_. & of the New-Yorkers burning the House of his Excellency Governor _Tryon_. for having said that, if orders concerning the Tea had been transmitted to him he would have landed it tho' under the mouths of the Cannon!--Gentlemen here in general applaud & honour our Northern Colonies for so manly, & patriotic Resistance!--

[119] Francis Lightfoot Lee (1734-1797) of "Menokin" in Richmond County was the fourth son of President Thomas Lee of "Stratford." His wife was Rebecca Tayloe, a daughter of Colonel John Tayloe of "Mount Airy." Lee served as a member of the House of Burgesses from Loudoun County and later from Richmond County.

_Teusday 25._

Still sharp & cold--Miss Nancy much indisposed with a sore throat--Dined with us Mr _Cunningham_. Toasts the _King_, _Queen_, _Governor_ & _Colonel_, of _Virginia_. Northern Sons of Liberty. & a good price for our comodities.--This Day the Person who carried my Letters to Baltimore returned without any Letters or Intelligence.

_Wednesday 26._

The weather this morning seems to have moderated--Miss _Nancy_ is poorly but better--In the Evening I ran a Foot Race with Ben & Harry fo exercise, & a prize of ten Apples to the winner. We ran from the School-House round the stable, & Kitchen & Great-House which Distance is about 70 Rod--I came out first about One Rod; but almost wholly spent; I went to my Chamber and lay down, sick, fainty, & quite distressed. I puked several times; after having rested a while, however, I revived & went well to Supper, & Spend the Evening in Writing. At Supper from the conversation I learned that the slaves in this Colony never are married, their Lords thinking them improper Subjects for so valuable an Institution!--

_Thursday 27._

The morning mild Serene and moderate--The Colonel is making preparations for a Journey to _Anapolis_, where he Designs next Month. In the Evening, (for here they call the time between Dinner and day-light-End Evening,) He & Mrs Carter shewed me their House; the original Design, the present form; & what is yet to be Done--Miss _Nancy_ came down stairs to Day--

_Fryday 28._

Snows this morning Briskly--Ben in a great Fever lest the Weather shall stop him from a Ride he has alloted for tomorrow--At twelve the Snow ceased, Depth about five Inches--I corrected _Harry_ for the first time to-day for expressing himself indecently to _Prissy_.

_Saturday 29._

_Ben_ is preparing himself to go out--while we were dining about three it began to Snow briskly--After Dinner when I went over to my Room I was very much surprised to find my Room full of Smoke & Flame!--A kind Providence only prevented the total Loss of our School-House & all its Furniture, & our own Clothes Books &c!--A Coal of Fire had by accident (as the Hearth is very narrow) fall'n on the floor, it took fire, & when I entered it was burning rapidly--It had burnt three Boards about eight Inches from the Hearth, & most certainly in a short time would have been inextinguishable--I put it out however speedily, & had all the fire removed--

The Weather is as wintry here in every Respect as I have ever known it in New-Jersey--Mr Carter has a Cart & three pair of Oxen which every Day bring in four Loads of Wood, Sundays excepted, & yet these very severe Days we have none to spare; And indeed I do not wonder, for in the _Great House_, _School_ House, Kitchen, &c. there are twenty Eight steady fires! & most of these are very Large!--After Supper, when all had retired but Mrs Carter, Mr Carter & Myself, the Conversation being on serious Matters, Mr Carter observed that he much dislikes the common method of making Burying Yards round Churches, & having them almost open to every Beast--He would have them at some small distance from the Church, neatly & strongly inclosed, and the Graves kept up decent, & plain, but would have no splendid, nor magnificent Monument, nor even Stone to say "Hic jacet."--He told us he proposes to make his own Coffin & use it for a Chest til its proper use shall be required--That no Stone, nor Inscription to be put over him--And that he would choose to be laid under a shady Tree where he might be undisturbed, & sleep in peace & obscurity--He told us, that with his own hands he planted, & is with great diligence raising a _Catalpa_-Tree at the Head of his Father who lies in his Garden--Mrs Carter beg'd that She might have a Stone, with this only for a Monument, "Here lies _Ann Tasker Carter_."[120] with these things for my consideration I left them about ten and went to my cold Room, & was hurried soon to Bed; Not however without reflecting on the importance of our preparation for this great Change!

[120] Frances Ann Tasker Carter died in 1787 and was buried in the family graveyard at "Nomini Hall." Her husband, who died seventeen years later, was buried in Baltimore.

_Sunday 30._

Very stormy this morning with Rain and Hail which instantly freezes; the trees hang bending with Ice, & the ways are all glassy & slippery--None think of going to Church this day--Mrs Carter & I after Breakfast had a long conversation on religious affairs--Particularly on differing Denominations of Protestants--She thinks the Religion of the established Church without Exception the best of any invented or practised in the world. & indeed she converses with great propriety on these things, & discovers her very extensive Knowledge; She allows the Difference between the Church, & Presbyterianism to be only exceeding small, & wishes they were both intirely united! Through this whole Day it storms but the Evening is terrible! almost an Inundation of Rain; The wind violent at North-East; The Snow, Hail, and Rain freezing together on the Ground! This Evening the Negroes collected themselves into the School-Room, & began to play the _Fiddle_, & dance--I was in Mr Randolphs Room;--I went among them, _Ben_, & _Harry_ were of the company--_Harry_ was dancing with his Coat off--I dispersed them however immediately.

_Monday 31._

Excessive sloppy--Miss _Nancy_ came to School to Day--I finished my verses which are to be presented as a Valantine to Miss _Prissy Carter_.

_Teusday February 1st 1774._

Fair & mild but vastly muddy--About twelve Squire _Lee_ & young _Harry Lee_, who was a College-Fellow, came to see us. They staid while about five. The Toasts at Dinner were as usual--The Colonel & Mrs Carter seem Much pleased with Harry, & with his manner.

_Wednesday 2._

The weather vastly fine. At twelve o-Clock the Colonel & Miss _Prissy_ rode out for an airing--_Prissy_ This day began Multiplication. We had also a large elegant Writing Table brought to us, so high that the Writers must stand.

_Thursday 3._

Prissy, & Nancy practising music--We had last night Thunder, Lightning, & a very great shower.

_Fryday 4._

I put Ben this day into virgil--We had our Room mended & came into it--at twelve I rode out to Mr Taylors about two Miles, in again by Dinner-Time--Dined with us one Mrs Hut--This Evening, in the School-Room, which is below my Chamber, several Negroes & _Ben,_ & _Harry_ are playing on a _Banjo_ & dancing!--

_Saturday 5:_

I spent the morning in my Room, _Ben_, & _Bob_ are gone out. About twelve came on a visit Mr _Goodlett_, & _Saml Fantleroy_;[121] I spent the remainder of the day with them.--At Dinner when call'd upon for a Toast I gave Miss _Sally Hollinshead_. Mr Goodlett told me he has had an Invitation, to accept a School in _Leeds_,[122] a town on the River Rapahannock, about 25 Miles from this up & across the Country.

[121] Samuel Griffin Fauntleroy (1759-1826) was the son of Moore Fauntleroy of "The Cliffs" in Richmond County.

[122] Leedstown was a thriving center of trade and shipping. It had been incorporated in 1742.

_Sunday 6._

I rode to Church; Mrs Carter & Miss Prissy & Nancy were out--Mr Smith gave us a Sermon 14 Minutes long on Charite--But poor Fellow he seem'd Cold as his Subject! Mr Fantleroy; & Mr Goodlett dined with us and set off for Home as soon as we rose from Dinner--This day two Negro Fellows the Gardiner & cooper, wrangled; & at last fought; It happened hard however for the Cooper, who is likely to lose one of his Eyes by that Diabolical Custom of gouging which is in common practise among those who fight here--Evening Ben returned; he has been into Northumland to see one Mr _Jones_. Mr Goodlett, to Day, shewed me a piece of his own performance, a paraphrase on part of the Book of Job, done in Lattin-Verse.

_Monday 7._

The Day pleasant, & seems to have some appearance of Spring--Mr Blain call'd this Affternoon, & told us that by a Letter he hears Lady _Dunmore_ is arrived from New-York[123]--and that many good & wealthy Families arrived in the same Ship--It is indeed amazing, & it will soon astonish the whole World, to consider the Rapidity of the growth of these Colonies--

[123] John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, served as Governor of the colony from 1771 to 1775. Lady Dunmore did not arrive in Virginia to join him until the latter part of February of 1774.

At Supper, Mr Carter informed me it is his purpose to manifacture 30.000 Bushels of wheat in his New-Mill which is yet scarcely finished.

_Teusday 8._

Before Breakfast _Nancy_ & _Fanny_ had a Fight about a Shoe Brush which they both wanted--Fanny pull'd off her Shoe & threw at Nancy, which missed her and broke a pane of glass of our School Room. they then enter'd upon close scratching &c. which methods seem instinctive in Women. Harry happen'd to be present & affraid lest he should be brought in, ran and informed me--I made peace, but with many threats--

Mrs Carter has ordered the Gardener to sew Lettice, & plant Peas this Day in the Garden.--

_Wednesday 9._

This day very blustry & cold--I gave Prissy a Coppy of Secretary-Hand, at her particular Request--

_Thursday 10._

We had the Virginia Gazette[124] to day in which the accounts concerning the destroying the Tea at Boston are confirm'd--& also an account of the Burning of the House of Governor Tryon. Dined with us Colonel _Frank Lee_; his Wife & Captain _John Lee_. Toasts after Dinner, the _King_. _Queen_. Absent Friends, Governor of Virginia, & his Lady just arrived, & Success to American Trade & Commerce

[124] The _Virginia Gazette_ was founded by William Parks at Williamsburg in 1736. This journal continued to issue until 1778. In 1766 a rival sheet bearing the same name was established and was published in Williamsburg until 1776. In 1775 a third _Virginia Gazette_ had been established which continued to issue until 1780.

_Fryday 11._

The Company staid all Night--at Breakfast the conversation was on a terrible Distemper which is in this County at present; & which in Maryland last year about this time carried off hundreds, and is call'd the "_putrid Quinsy_." Mr Carter has a Man lying now dangerously ill of it!

What they do in the Disorder is, when the Inflamation is first observ'd, bleeding; then give the _Bark_ & _Salt-petre_, or _Nitre_, and _Gargles_ to cleanse the mouth--

Our company left us before dinner--Last night I took Bob to my Room, after having in the course of the Day corrected him thrice, & reasoned with him concerning the impropriety of his Behaviour; at the same time I acquainted him with my final resolution to send him over for correction every Day to his Papa's Study, which had so strong an Effect on him (as all the Children are in remarkable Subjection to their Parents) that he firmly pomised to attend to my advice, & thro' this Day has been punctual to his word.

I spent the evening with the Family to hear the music. For every evening Prissy & Nancy play the whole Evening for practice & besides every Week half of Teusday, Thursday, & Saturday. We were informed that the _Carter_ who goes with the Team is ill of the sore Throat!--

_Saturday 12._

After having dismised the School I went over to Mr Carters Study--We conversed on many things, & at length on the College of William & Mary at _Williamsburg_. He informed me that it is in such confusion at present, & so badly directed, that he cannot send his Children with propriety there for Improvement & useful Education--That he has known the Professors to play all Night at Cards in publick Houses in the City, and has often seen them drunken in the Street!--That the Charter of the College is vastly Extensive, & the yearly income sufficient to support a University being about 4.000£. Sterling.--That the Necessary Expence for each Scholar yearly is only 15£ Currency.

Two of the officers of the Institution, Mr Bracker, & Mr Henly[125] Clergymen are at present engaged in a paper War published weekly in the Williamsburg Gazette's.

[125] John Bracken served as minister of Bruton Parish Church at Williamsburg from 1773 to 1818. He also served for a period as master of the grammar school at the College of William and Mary, and for two years as president of the college. At this time Bracken had just incurred the bitter enmity of Samuel Henley, professor of divinity and moral philosophy at the college, who had hoped to secure the appointment given his rival. The two men aired their grievances in a long and acrimonious controversy carried on in the columns of the _Virginia Gazette_. Henley, a Tory, left the colony for England in 1775 and never returned. He later became principal of the East India College at Hertford.

Miss Fanny quite unwell of a Cold with a pain in her Breast. Evening Mrs Carter complain'd of a sore throat; and _Ben_ also, complains that his Throat is quite troublesome--Mr Randolph too is confin'd in his Room all day! We seem to be all sickning!--

_Sunday 13._

Things look better this morning Mrs Carter, & _Ben_ seem relieved, Mr Randolph, & Fanny are better. The morning very blustry with wind & Snow--None go to Church from here to day--In my Room I read _Pictete_.

_Monday 14._

Mr _Randolph_ this Morning happens to be Miss _Nancy's Valentine_; & Miss _Prissy_ mine,--The morning sharp & very cold--

_Teusday 15._

I have a call this morning from _Bob_ & _Harry_ for a Holiday, for Shrove Teusday; I shall dismiss them at twelve o-Clock. I gave Miss Carter my Verses for her Valentine, Dined with us Mrs _Ford_. I finished reading the first, & began the Second Volume of _Pictete_.

_Wednesday 16._

I happened last monday to offend _Prissy_, She retains her anger & seems peculiarly resentful!--_Ben_ agreed for half a Bit a Week to play the Flute every Night, or read, for me, twenty Minutes after I am in Bed.

_Thursday 17._

Prissy seems much affronted; The Cause was as follows Monday afternoon, by Chance I tapp'd her on the Head, & wholly in Jest; She seem'd vex'd, but Teusday morning which is her day for practice on the Forte-Piano, after Breakfast, I desir'd her to walk over to the School, she refused, & gave for an Excuse that She must begin to play--Both these things laid together were the cause of her resentment.

_Fryday 18._

The Weather pleasant and moderate--_Bob_, _Nancy_, & _Prissy_, are setting off this morning to the Dance, which is at Mr _Washingtons_[126]--

[126] At "Bushfield" on the Potomac River.

_Saturday 19._

at Dinner we were conversing on Reading, among many remarks the Colonel observed that, He would bet a Guinea that Mrs Carter reads more than the Parson of the parish! No panegyrick on the Gentleman? Mr Christian the Dancing Master, Came home with the young Ladies.

_Sunday 20._

Last Evening the virginia News-papers came; but nothing from the Northward.

Rode to Nomini Church; Parson Smith read Prayers, but it was too Cold a Day to give us a Sermon; After Service _Mr & Mrs Carter_, the Parson, his wife & Sister; Mr _Camel_ the Comptroler; _Ben_, _Bob_, Miss _Pierce_, Miss _Sanford_, and My self were invited to Colonel Washingtons to Dinner. His House has the most agreeable Situation, of any I have yet seen in Maryland or Virginia; the broad Potowmack, which they account between 7 and 8 Miles over, washes his Garden on the North. the River Nomini is within a stones throw on the West, a levil open Country on the East; a Lane of a mile & three quarters accurately measur'd. lies from the House South-East it has from the House the whole distance a uniform Descent, & at the Gate at the End of this Lane the Situation is just six feet lower than at the House--There are no Marshes near, which altogether make the place exceeding Description. The Roads are now miry & disagreeable.

_Monday 21._

Prissy seems again reconciled--Miss _Stanhope_ the Housekeeper is ill of a Rheumatism--They are begining to work in the Garden with vigor. Dined with us Docter _Franks_.

_Teusday 22._

Mr _Carter_ rode to the County-Court. I read to day several chapters in the Greek testament. Mr _Carter_ has given orders to his Hands to rigg, & fit his Schooner a Vessel of about 40 Tons for Business. Docter Franks with us yet. Mrs _Carter_ was taken ill last Evening & has not been out of her chamber to Day. Miss _Stanhope_ the Housekeeper is also confin'd to her Room with Rheumatic Pains.

_Wednesday. 23._

Mr _Carter_ has an invitation to dine at Lee-Hall to Day, which he accepts--before Dinner came in Miss _Corbin,_ & Miss _Booth_; two young Ladies pretty well gone in what we call the Bloom of Life; Mr Carter was out, Mrs Carter is ill, & Ben was not Drest; Bob & I therefore at Dinner must be Directors of the ceremonies at Table! But happily for me I have them at last all by heart--At five Bob & I had the Pleasure to walk home with them, (for they were on foot) to Assist them in Crossing the River Nomini which lies between us & Mr Turburville's. Evening Mrs Carter seems no better--Miss Sally came out of her Room--

_Thursday 24._

Frogs croaked last Evening. This morning the Birds of several kinds are singing; and some presages of Spring seem visible. Mrs Carter continues no better, A messenger is sent for Docter _Jones_, with orders, that if he is from Home to pursue him.--

Mr _Gregory_,[127] the Colonels Gardiner came this morning & began with Mr _Carters_ two Fellows who have been in the Garden all winter--They planted this day the common garden Peas.

The Colonel at Dinner gave Ben & I a Piece of Music to prepare on our Flutes, in which he is to perform the thorough Bass--Evening Mrs Carter Some Better.

[127] James Gregory was employed at various seasons to assist and instruct the colored gardeners at "Nomini Hall."

_Fryday 25._

Mrs Carter better--The Day pleasant--There is a report that the Jail-Fever, or Yellow or putrid Fever, is at one Mr Atwel's on potowmack, in this County; that it was brought in a Ship which came lately with convict Servants; that two have already died, one this morning: & that many of Mr Atwells Slaves are infected!--

Docter Jones spent the Evening with us; He complimented _Ben_ _Bob_, & myself with an invitation to dine with him next Sunday.

_Saturday 26._

Mr _Carter's_ Merchant Mill begins to run to-day--She is calculated to manufacture 25.000 Bushels of Wheat a Year--I walked at twelve with the Colonel to view her; it is amazing to consider the work and Ingenuity--He told me his Bill for the materials and work was 1450£.!--

_Ben_ to day Rode to Mr _Fantleroys_. Evening the Colonel & I performed the _Sonata_. I had the Pleasure to hear the Colonel say that I have my part perfect.

_Sunday 27._

I rode to day to Richmond Church, Parson Gibbern preached about 20 Minutes on the Text "he that walketh uprightly walketh wisely"--this seems to be a polite part of the parish.--After Sermon Ben & I rode to Docter _Jones's_; he was from home. Mrs Jones a young, Handsome, polite Lady, received & entertained us exceeding civilly.--On our return home, we called to see Mr Hamilton, who by a accident was thrown from a Horse, & received a sad cut in his Face! he lies at Mr Lanes.

_Monday 28._

Mrs Carter confined yet to her Room, but much better--Prissy & I on good terms once more--Breakfasted with us Mr _Taylor_.[128] Ben determines to ask his Papa to-morrow for Liberty to go home with me in April. Evening we performed the Sonata I the first; Ben the second; & Mr Carter the thorough Bass on the _Forte Piano_.

[128] Probably Colonel John Tayloe of "Mount Airy."

_Teusday March 1st 1774._

By one of Mr Carters Sailors we heard this morning that the Fever mentioned some Days ago continues. Afternoon Mr Lane[129] a young Gentleman, formerly my acquaintance at Princeton came to see me; with one Mr Harison--He stays all night.

[129] Joseph F. Lane of Loudoun County, Virginia.

_Wednesday 2._

I gave my little family a Holiday, with an intention to ride with Mr Lane after Dinner--We walked to the Mill, & about the works, but before twelve it began to rain, & prevented our going out--Mrs _Carter_ came out of her chamber & dined with us, & seems to be well over Illness.

Mr Lane lives in Louden County 20 Miles from Dumfries; & is to return to Princeton towards the close of this month.

_Thursday 3._

Late last Evening the Packets came in: In the Pennsylvania Gazette I saw that Docter _Elmer_ of my acquaintance in Jersey; & Docter Jones at whose House I dined Last Sunday are created members of the American Philosophical Society.--In the virginia Papers there is an Account of an Earthquake felt on monday the 21 ult. at _Williamsburg_, _Richmond_, & _Fredericksburg_--After Breakfast Mr Lane left us, He was drest in black superfine Broadcloth; Gold-Laced hat; laced Ruffles; black Silk Stockings; & to his Broach on his Bosom he wore a Masons Badge inscrib'd "Virtute and Silentio" cut in a Golden Medal! Certainly he was fine!--Mrs Carter continues better. Evening we performed again in the several parts our Sonata--_Ben_ mentioned to his Mama, as Mr Lane's coming hindred his asking his _Papa_ for his Consent to go to Philadelphia.

She seems to be not unwilling.

Expence to Day for Paper a Bitt, or 7½d.

_Fryday 4._

I gave the _Hostler_ directions for preparing my Horse for the approaching expedition. In a Ship arrived last week in Potowmack Mr Carter received half a Dozen of the latest Gent. Magazines with several other new Books,

This day I wrote two Letters to be forwarded by Mr Lane, one to a young Lady in Philadelphia the other to my Sister.

No news of beautiful _Laura_; perhaps I may say of her, to myself: Quid insanis, Philippe, tua lura _Laura_,--Alium--secuta est! Keep her, kind Heaven, & in her Friendship make me happy! After School at Evening, on account of some difference about the Key of the School-Room Ben gave Harry a smart, but just correction; I kept in my Room that I might be wholly unconcerned in the matter.

There came in about eight o-Clock a man very drunk, & grew exceeding noisy & troublesome, & as the Evening was cold & stormy Mr Carter thought it improper to send him away; he was therefore ordered into the Kitchen, to stay the Night: Him Bob soon after persuaded to the School-house; I soon heard from my Room the noise & guesed immediately the Cause. I waited however 'til half after ten, when all seemed silent; I then took a candle & went into the School-Room, And before the Fire Bob had brought a matt, & Several Blankets, & was himself in a sound sleep covered with the Blankets on the same Matt between the drunken Man, & a Negro Fellow, his Papas Postilion! I mention this as one Example among a thousand to shew the very particular Taste of this Boy!--I could mention another which would illustrate what I have said of this passion for Horses when I gave a Scetch of his character, _Ben_ has a very sightly young mare which he has in keeping for our intended Journey; this morning Bob agreed to give his Brother a Pisterene, & a rich Tortoise-Shell Handled Knife bound elegantly with Silver, only for Liberty to ride this Mare every day to Water, until his Brother sets away, & would consent to be limited as to the Gait he should use in Riding--I borrowed the late Magazines & read them in my Leisure. I am daily more charmed & astonished with Mrs Carter. I think indeed she is to be placed in the place with Ladies of the first Degree.

_Saturday 5._

Very stormy this morning, no going out: I spend the day very agreeably at Home. Mr Carter appointed to _Ben_, & I another _Sonata_ to practise. He wrote for Miss _Nancy_ also "Infancy" to get by Heart & sing it with the _Guitar_. The day continues stormy; _Bob_, however, has ventured out; for neither Heat, nor Cold, nor Storm can stay him!--

We dined at three--The Colonel at Dinner observed that many of the most just, & nervous sentiments are contain'd in Songs & small Sketches of Poetry; but being attended with _Frippery Folly_ or _Indecency_ they are many times look'd over. I am remarkably pleased with the Monument erected to the memory of General _Wolfe_ in the universal Magazine for September 1773. The General is there represented in an expiring Posture, supported by an English Soldier, who seems to comfort him in his last moments, by directing his closing Eyes to a Figure representing Victory, holding in one hand a palm-Branch, the emblem of peace; & a Crown or Wreath of immortality in the other, which she offers the dying commander; while he himself seems to make a final effort to express his Sattisfaction at her Appearance. On the corners of the Base are two Lions couchant, the Emblems of the british Nation, supporting the Sarcophagus or marble Urn, & intended to express the gratitude of his native country for his eminent Services. On the first pannel of the Base is an elegant alto Relievo, representing the debarkation of the Troops at the Foot of the Heights of Abraham.

The Writer says that the Height of the Monument from the Ground-Line to the top of the Tent, is nearly twenty-seven feet; that the figures are considerably larger than the Life, & beautifully executed.

On an oval Tablet on the front of the Urn are inscribed the underwritten Lines.

To the Memory of James Wolfe Esqr

Major-General, & Commander in Chief of the British Land Forces on an Expedition against Quebeck. Who, surmounting by Ability & valour All Obstacles of Art & Nature,

Was slain, In the moment of Victory.

At the head of his conquering Troops, on the 13th of September 1759;

The King, and the Parliament of Great Britain Dedicate this Monument.

Honour is here indeed done to merit, and Valour is justly eternized!--

I was reading in the Evening to _Bob_ in the Monthly Review the remarks on the Poetry and writings of _Phillis Wheatly_[130] of Boston; at which he seem'd in astonishment; sometimes wanting to see her, then to know if She knew grammer, Latin, &c. at last he expressed himself in a manner very unusual for a Boy of his turn. & suddenly exclaimed, Good God! I wish I was in Heaven!--The Weather is so stormy I chose to forego my Supper, rather than venture into the dark, & Water. In bed a little after ten which is our usual time.

[130] Phillis Wheatley had been brought from Africa to Boston as a slave in 1761. Educated by the daughters of her owner, John Wheatley, Phillis manifested remarkable acquisitive powers and soon attracted attention by the excellent character of her verse. Her first bound volume, _Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral_, was published in 1773.

_Sunday 6._

I rose at eight--The morning cold & stormy--_Ben___ is distressed that he cannot go to Church; I cannot say but I enjoy myself with great Satisfaction tho' I stay most of my time in my Chamber; & often have to withstand the solicitations of Gentlemen to visit them.

Breakfasted at half after nine. Mr Lane the other Day informed me that the _Anabaptists_ in _Louden County_ are growing very numerous; & seem to be increasing in afluence; and as he thinks quite destroying pleasure in the Country; for they encourage ardent Pray'r; strong & constant faith, & an intire Banishment of _Gaming_, _Dancing_, & Sabbath-Day Diversions. I have also before understood that they are numerous in many County's in this Province & are Generally accounted troublesome--Parson _Gibbern_ has preached several Sermons in opposition to them, in which he has labour'd to convince his People that what they say are only whimsical Fancies or at most Religion grown to Wildness & Enthusiasm!--There is also in these counties one Mr Woddel,[131] a presbiterian Clergyman, of an irreproachable Character, who preaches to the people under Trees in summer, & in private Houses in Winter, Him, however, the people in general dont more esteem than the Anabaptists Preachers; but the People of Fashion in general countenance, & commend him. I have never had an opportunity of seeing Mr _Woddel_, as he is this Winter up in the Country, but Mr & Mrs _Carter_ speak well of him, Mr & Mrs _Fantleroy_ also, & all who I have ever heard mention his Name. Like _Bob_ I am at once fill'd with pleasure & surprise, when I see the remarks of the Reviewers confirmed as to the Writings of that ingenious _African Phillis Wheatly_ of Boston; her verses seem to discover that She is tolerably well acquainted with _Poetry_, _Learning_, & _Religion_. In the universal Magazine for September 1773 are the following Lines on her being brought from _Africa_ to _America_ by herself.

[131] James Waddell (1739-1805) was an outstanding Presbyterian minister in the colony. His gentle manner and forceful sermons did much to advance the cause of his church. At this period he was the pastor of a congregation in the Northern Neck, composed of families of Northumberland and Lancaster Counties. He later exerted a strong influence in the Shenandoah Valley and Piedmont sections. After 1787 he was blind for a number of years and was later celebrated as "The Blind Preacher" in William Wirt's _The Letters of the British Spy_.

"Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan Land, Taught my benighted Soul to understand, That there's a God; that there's a Saviour too; Once I Redemption neither sought nor knew, Some view our sable Race with scornful Eye, "Their Colour is a diabolic Dye." Remember, christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refin'd, & join the Angelic Train.

--The people Went to day as usual into the Woods with the Cart & Oxen for Wood, as the cold and stormy Weather the several days past has occasioned large, & steady fires--It seems however to be a Breach of the Law of the Sabbath. _Ben_ impatient of staying at home rode out about Eleven, when the weather is more moderate; _Bob_, _Harry_ & Mr _Randolph_ also are all going out; I seem happy when intirely alone, & have undisturbed liberty to spend in Devotion God's holy Sabbath of Rest.

Before Night it grew fair when on a Sudden all are out, so that we seem like a Town; but most of the Inhabitants are black--We dined at three, no company. Evening _Bob_ returned & brought Mr Turburville's Compliments, with a strong invitation for me to visit him--A little before the Sun went down I took a walk down the Poplar Avenue; which must certainly be vastly pleasant in Summer--At the farthest end of this Walk I gathered & eat some Pisimmonds from a large Tree which were exceeding sweet, & agreeable. Supped at nine, At Supper The Colonel informed me that he has invented this Day a method for finding the difference of the value of money in this _Province_ and in _Maryland_. We do not spend Sundays thus in Jersey. In Bed by ten. Ben at home.

_Monday 7._

The morning vastly clear & cool--The Colonel rode to Richmond court at twelve, with Mr _Randolph_, I walked to see the Negroes make a fence; they drive into the Ground Chesnut stakes about two feet apart in a strait Row, & then twist in the Boughs of _Savin_[132] which grows in great plenty here--Ben, to Day, began Virgils Georgics--And Prissy began Division--By accident to day in the Garden I took up Mr _Gegory_ the Gardiners Spade, for which he instantly called on me for my forfeit--This Gardiner through the Summer from this Time has half a Crown daily Wages--Dined at half after two.

[132] An American juniper or "red cedar."

_Teusday 8._

I rose by six--the morning fine. Breakfasted at nine. At twelve I walked, to the mill together with Mr & Mrs Carter; Miss Prissy & Nancy, to see them bake Biscuit, & pack flour; here too I had a Forfeit for kneeding biscuit. The Colonel shewed me and explain'd the Pan of his Mill; his Canals; Waste-gates; Toll Mill, Merchant Mill: &c. The tide flows quite to the Mill & is navigable with Canoes & Flats--He told me that his Wastgate as it stands alone cost him 95£.--And that nothing less than 5000£ Capital can continue the works & keep them supplied. The Ovens bake 100lb of Flour at a Heating; there are in the Bake-house two Ovens. Dined half after two.

The Colonel formed last Sunday, & is yet compleating Tables for finding the Difference between _Virginia_, & _Maryland_ Currency, as he is entering largely into Trade he finds it necessary to be better acquainted with the Exchange. _Ben_ agreed to ask his Papa at Supper for Leave to go with me to Philadelphia but poor Boy his resolution fail'd him!

_Wednesday 9._

Up by seven, very Windy--Evening I rode with Ben to Mr _Lanes_ to see young Lane; he was out however, & we soon returned--Mr Warden was at Mr Lanes. Evening we played in our small Concert our old Sonata; & besides Feltons Gavott,[133] supp'd at nine.

[133] William Felton (1713-1769), an English clergyman, was well known in the eighteenth century as a composer, and performer on the harpsichord and organ. "Felton's Gavot," which was long highly popular, had been introduced into Legrenzio Vincenzo Ciampi's opera "Bertoldo in Corte" in 1762. The music was written for the gavot, a lively dance of French peasant origin, in which the feet were raised in the step instead of being slidden.

_Thursday 10._

Mrs _Carter_ informed me last Evening that this Family one year with another consumes 27000 Lb of Pork; & twenty Beeves. 550 Bushels of Wheat. besides corn--4 Hogsheads of Rum, & 150 Gallons of Brandy. Breakfasted with us Mr Warden, at twelve, with Mr Randolph, I went a fishing, but we had only the luck to catch one apiece. Dined with us Mr _Cunningham_, he has lately had a severe turn of the Pleurisy--I supped with Mr Randolph on Fish--

_Fryday 11._

The finest morning we have yet had: the _Robbins,_ & _blue Birds_ singing all around us. _Prissy_, _Nancy_, & _Bob_ go this day to the _Dance_ which is at Mr Turburville's--It come here next--I wrote a Letter to Mr Rees[134] at Trenton--At twelve with Ben I rode to Mr _Lanes_ to see young Mr _Lane_, he happened to be at Home, & introduced to me Mr _Middleton_ an old facetious but pofane Gentleman. We dined with Mr Lane. When call'd on for my Toast I gave Miss _Sally Hollinshead_, of Philadelphia Dined at three--

[134] Oliver Reese.

I heard a mocking Bird sing this Day. supped at eight & in Bed early for I am much fatigued with riding.

_Saturday 12._

I rose by six--Breakfasted with us Captain _Blackwel_; master of a Ship lying in _Ucomico_--I heard _Harry_, Miss _Fanny_, & _Besy_ repeat their catechism--At ten Mr Lane called on us to go on Board Captain Blackwels Ship to Dine--We consented and set off by Eleven; We rode to a place called Horn-Point, which is about a Mile up the River Ucomico, & in sight of the wide _Potowmac_, off this point at about a Quarter of a miles Distance lay Captain Griggs, & Captain Blackwels Ships, they sent immediately a Boat to carry us on board, but on telling us that neither of the Captains were at Home, we chose rather to turn Back--The distance from Mr _Carters_ to this Point, is called twelve miles; the Land seems to be exceeding poor, as it is covered for most of the way with Large _Pines_, & shrubby _Savins_, & destitute almost intirely of Cultivation--From Horn-Point we agreed to ride to one Mr Camels, who is Controller of the customs &c here; cheifly to see a Daughter of his to whom we were equally strangers, we arrived at Mr Camels about two o-Clock, & were severally introduced to Miss Pinkstone Camel, a young woman of about sixteen, neat, handsome, genteel, & sociable; & in my opinion she possesses as much of these as any young Lady in Virginia whom I have yet seen--It has been Mr Camels misfortune, in the course of trade, to be reduced to low circumstances, on which account his Family does not now meet with so great respect, as I am told they formerly did--

From Horn Point to the Comptrolers, the distance is call'd four miles. Before Dinner we Borrowed the Comptrolers Barge, which is an over grown Canoe, & diverted ourselves in the River which lies full fronting the House; & we were the better pleased with the sport as all our motions were in the sight of Miss Camel--We dined at half after three on Fish, & wild Duck--our drink Grogg, & Water. From the Comptrolers at 5 o-Clock we set of Homewards; we call'd on our way at Captain _Meddletons_,[135] whom I take to be exceedingly Profane in his Language; we were introduced to his two Daughters; they seemed however aukward in their Behaviour, & dull, & saturnine in their Disposition--The distance from the Comptrolers to Captain seven Miles--We left there at eight in the evening, & rode to Mr Joseph Lanes Esqr which distance is called five miles, & arrive at 9 o-Clock--here we had an elegant Supper--with good _Porter_ & Madeira--after Supper, when call'd on for my Toast, I gave Miss _Betsy Beaty_ of Newington, Pennsylvania--At half after ten we set off and rode home; Distance three miles, Our poor Horses went the distances which I have laid down and were not fed in the course of the day; as they have no taverns in these parts--Our whole Distance 31 Miles Expence to the Sailors for their trouble is 1s 10d. Exceedingly fatigued with Riding.

[135] Middleton.

_Sunday 13._

Soon after Breakfast Captain Scott (master of a Schooner laden with Wheat, & bound from Alexandria for Philadelphia, which about ten days past in a gale of wind run aground and is like to lose her Cargo) come to hire Mr Carters Schooner to assist in unloading her that the vessel may be saved; the vessel run aground, & now lies nearly opposite the mouth of the River Nomini in Potowmack!--The Colonel is engaged in taking off a Description of the River _Ucomico_; the Road from hence to Horn-Point; & Mondays-Point[136] with the Houses on the several ways--This day I declin'd going to Church, chiefly on account of my Horse, who went so far yesterday--It is however the first time that I have kept myself at home in good weather--Evening Mr Carter received a Packet of Letters from _Anopolis_ by the Post, but none comes to me this long Winter--Bob to-day rode to Richmond Church, & in the Evening brought from Counsellor _Taylor_[137] a strong invitation to come and see him.

[136] Mundy's Point is located on the Yeocomico River near the mouth of that stream.

[137] Colonel John Tayloe of "Mount Airy."

_Monday 14._

Bob this morning begg'd me to learn him lattin; his Reason he tells me is that yesterday Mrs _Taylor_[138] told him he must not have either of her Daughters unless he learn'd Latin he urged me so strong that I put him some Lessons for leasure hours. Rainy most of this day, & in the afternoon from the West arose a black cloud which was attended with several pretty hard Claps of Thunder--We had with us one Mr _Neal_ a good Sort of self sufficient Gentleman--

[138] Mrs. John Tayloe of "Mount Airy" was the former Rebecca Plater, daughter of Governor George Plater of Maryland.

_Teusday 15._

This morning, as Ben & Bob were agreeing on the price of a Rudiman Grammar, which _Bob_ wanted to purchase of _Ben_; after some time when Bob would not give 2/10. Bens great demand for a Book almost worn out, which when new, may, by thousands be had in Philadelphia for 2/. that Currency--He threw his Book into the fire, & destroy'd it at once!--An Instance of two ruling Foibles which I discover in Ben viz. obstinacy, & avarice. And another I mentioned the other day, of his agreeing, for half a Bit, or 3½d a week, to play the flute for a limited time, every night after I am in Bed; of this however he has grown tired, & given up his wages on account of the Labour, or Confinement of the Task--And I should be deceived, if a very little money would not excite him to submit to almost any menial service--Bob however; for the present is frustrated in his purpose of learning Grammer, & it seems to chagrin him as much, as tho' he actually believed in what Mrs Taylor[139] told him last Sunday, that without he understands Latin, he will never be able to win a young Lady of Family & fashion for his Wife.--At the Noon play-Hours _Bob_ & _Nelson_ the Boy who waits on the School had a fight, I know not on what account; it was Bobs misfortune in the course of the Battle to receive a blow on his cheek near his Eye, which is visible, & brought the intelligence of the Quarrel to me, for all were wholly silent till I made inquiry, when all in a moment seem'd to turn & try to convict him--In the Evening, after School, I took them both to my Room and examined them of the reason, Place, and manner of their fighting; from themselves it seem'd plain that they fought for mere Diversion I therefore dismiss'd Nelson, & kept Bob til near Supper & then gave him a smart correction & dismiss'd him.

[139] Mrs. Tayloe.

_Wednesday 16._

The morning cloudy & windy, Breakfasted at nine--Mr Randolph hurt himself by a Fall from a fence to day badly--Dined at half after two--Towards Evening the clouds all scattered, the wind fell, & left the air pleasant: The Birds also seemed glad and merry--The whole reminded me of a beautiful, & memorable passage in _Milton_. "If Chance the Radiant Sun with farewel-Sweet, Extend his Evening Beam the fields revive, The Birds their notes renew, the bleating Herds Attest their joy that Hill & valley rings."

After school, I had the honour of taking a walk with Mrs Carter through the Garden--It is beautiful, & I think uncommon to see at this Season peas all up two & three Inches--We gathered two or three Cowslips in full-Bloom; & as many violets--The English Honey Suckle is all out in green & tender Leaves--Mr Gregory is grafting some figs--Mrs Carter shewed me her Apricot-Grafts; Asparagus Beds &c Before Supper a Black cloud appeared in the West, at which Mrs Carter discovered much concern as She is uncommonly affraid both of wind and Thunder.

_Thursday 17._

This morning Mr Carter put Miss _Fanny_ to learning the Notes--While we were breakfasting Mr _Stadley_ the musician came; Miss _Prissy_ is with him; _Nancy_ learns the _Guitar_, under the direction of her _Papa_, as Mr Stadley does not understand playing on the _Guitar_--Dined with us a young Gentleman Mr Fantleroy from _Hobbes-Hole_--He seems to be a modest sensible, genteel young Fellow--I had the pleasure of taking a walk in the Garden at five with Mr _Stadley_; _Bob_ along--He is a man of Sense, & has great Skill in music. I spent the Evening in the Room in the midst of music.

_Fryday 18._

The morning damp & disagreeable--Mr Stadley continues to Day with Miss _Prissy_. We received this morning the _Williamsburg_ Gazette's-- Several Addresses appear, and poetical Encomiums on the Countess of Dunmore lately arrived there.

Mr. Bracken. & Mr. Henley, are still contending in furious Combat, but poor Henley seems to be on the verge of a Defeat--I have all along intended, & shall now attempt to give a short discription of Nomini-Hall, & the several Buildings, & improvements adjoining it; as well for my own amusement, as also to be able with certainty to inform others of a Seat as magnificent in itself & with as many surrounding Conveniences, as any I have ever seen, & perhaps equal to any in this Colony--

Mr _Carter_ now possesses 60000 Acres of Land; & about 600 Negroes--But his Estate is much divided, & lies in almost every county in this Colony; He has Lands in the neighbourhood of Williamsburg, & an elegant & Spacious House in that City--He owns a great part of the well known Iron-Works near Baltimore in Maryland--And he has one or more considerable Farms not far from Anopolis. He has some large tracts of Land far to the West, at a place call'd "Bull Run," & the "Great Meadows" among the mountains. He owns Lands near Dumfries on the Potowmack; & large Tracts in this & the neighbouring Counties.--Out of these Lands, which are situated so remote from each other in various parts of these two large Provinces, Virginia, & Maryland, Mr Carter has chosen for the place of his habitation a high spot of Ground in Westmoreland County at the Head of the Navigation of the River Nomini, where he has erected a large Elegant House, at a vast expence, which commonly goes by the name of _Nomini-Hall_. This House is built with Brick, but the bricks have been covered with strong lime Mortar; so that the building is now perfectly white; It is seventy-six Feet long from East to west; & forty-four wide from North to South, two Stories high; the Pitch of the lower story seventeen Feet, & the upper Story twelve--

It has five Stacks of Chimneys, tho two of these serve only for ornament. There is a beautiful Jutt, on the South side, eighteen feet long, & eight Feet deep from the wall which is supported by three tall pillars--On the South side, or front, in the upper story are four Windows each having twenty-four Lights of Glass. In the lower story are two Windows each having forty-two Lights of Glass, & two Doors each having Sixteen Lights--At the East end the upper story has three Windows each with eighteen Lights; & below two Windows both with eighteen Lights & a Door with nine--

The North side I think is most beautiful of all; In the upper Story is a Row of seven Windows with eighteen Lights a piece; and below six windows, with the like number of lights; besides a large Portico in the middle, at the sides of which are two Windows each with eighteen Lights.--At the West end are no Windows--The Number of Lights in all is five hundred, & forty nine--There are four Rooms on a Floor, disposed of in the following manner. Below is a dining Room where we usually sit; the second is a dining-Room for the Children; the third is Mr Carters study; & the fourth is a Ball-Room thirty Feet long--Above stairs, one Room is for Mr & Mrs Carter; the second for the young Ladies; & the other two for occasional Company--As this House is large, & stands on a high piece of Land it may be seen a considerable distance; I have seen it at the Distance of six Miles--At equal Distances from each corner of this Building stand four other considerable Houses, which I shall next a little describe. First, at the North East corner, & at 100 yards Distance stands the School-House; At the North-West Corner, & at the same Distance stands the stable; At the South-West Corner, & at the same Distance, stands the Coach-House; And lastly, at the South-East corner, & at an equal distance stands the Work-House. These four Houses are the corner of a Square of which the Great-House is the Center--First the School-House is forty five feet long, from East to West, & twenty-seven from North to South; It has five well-finished, convenient Rooms, three below stairs, & two above; It is built with Brick a Story & a half high with Dormant Windows; In each Room is a fire; In the large Room below-Stairs we keep our School; the other two Rooms below which are smaller are allowed to Mr Randolph the Clerk; The Room above the School-Room Ben and I live in; & the other Room above Stairs belongs to _Harry_ & _Bob_. Five of us live in this House with great Neatness, & convenience; each one has a Bed to himself--And we are call'd by the Bell to the Great-House to Breakfast &c--The Wash-House is built in the same form, & is of the same Size of the School-House--From the front yard of the Great House, to the Wash-House is a curious _Terrace_, covered finely with Green turf, & about five foot high with a slope of eight feet, which appears exceeding well to persons coming to the front of the House--This _Terrace_ is produced along the Front of the House, and ends by the Kitchen; but before the Front-Doors is a broad flight of steps of the same Height, & slope of the _Terrace_.

The Stable & coach-House are of the same Length & Breadth as the School- and Wash-House, only they are higher pitched to be convenient for holding Hay & Fodder.[140]

[140] This manor plantation has remained in the possession of Carter's descendants to the present time. The original manor house was destroyed by fire in 1850. A wooden structure erected shortly after that time still stands. Carter's daughter, Harriot Lucy, married a well-known lawyer, John James Maund. A daughter of Harriot Lucy and John James Maund became the wife of Dr. John Arnest. "Nomini Hall" is today the residence of Dr. Arnest's grandson, Mr. T. M. Arnest, who is the great-great-grandson of Councillor Robert Carter. The only known representation of the original manor house is a crude water-color sketch done by an amateur artist "E. Maund," a relative, who visited the family and made the sketch shortly before the house burned in 1850. One obtains a clearer understanding of the imposing character of this manor house from Fithian's comments regarding it. This is especially true of his observation made when spending an evening once at "Mount Airy," the "elegant seat" of Colonel John Tayloe in Richmond County. "The House," he said, referring to "Mount Airy," "is about the size of Mr. Carter's...."

Due East of the Great House are two Rows of tall, flourishing, beautiful, Poplars, beginning on a Line drawn from the School to the Wash-House; these Rows are something wider than the House, & are about 300 yards Long, at the Eastermost end of which is the great Road leading through Westmorland to Richmond. These Rows of Poplars form an extreemely pleasant avenue, & at the Road, through them, the House appears most romantic, at the same time that it does truly elegant--The Area of the Triangle made by the Wash-House, Stable, & School-House is perfectly levil, & designed for a bowling-Green, laid out in rectangular Walks which are paved with Brick, & covered over with burnt Oyster-Shells--In the other Triangle, made by the Wash-House, Stable, & Coach House is the Kitchen, a well-built House, as large as the School-House, Bake-House; Dairy; Store-House & several other small Houses; all which stand due West, & at a small distance from the great House, & form a little handsome Street. These Building stand about a quarter of a Mile from a Fork of the River Nomini, one Branch of which runs on the East of us, on which are two Mills; one of them belongs to Mr Turburville, the other to Mr Washington, both within a mile--another branch of the River runs on the West of us, on which and at a small distance above the House stands Mr Carters Merchant Mill,[141] which I have in other places described; to go to the mill from the House we descend I imagine above an 100 Feet; the Dam is so broad that two carriages may pass conveniently on it; & the Pond from twelve to Eighteen Foot water--at the fork Mr Carter has a Granary, where he lands his Wheat, for the mill Iron from the Works &c--

[141] A merchant mill was a mill in which flour was manufactured and packed for sale. The owner of such a mill customarily purchased wheat for manufacture. In Virginia it was a common practice for the owner of the mill to pay for the wheat in flour. A mill used exclusively for grinding grain for local consumption was called a grist or custom