Chapter 8

_THE REHABILITATION_.

Twenty years after the events which I have attempted to describe, an act of tardy justice was accorded to Joan of Arc. Charles VII. at length felt it necessary, more for his own interest than for any care of the memory of Joan of Arc, to have a revision made of the iniquitous condemnation of the heroine.

This King, even if unable to rescue the Maid of Orleans from her captors, might at least have attempted her release, yet during all the time--over a year--of her imprisonment he had not even made a sign in her behalf.

There does not exist in the documents of the time a trace of any negotiation, of the smallest offer made to obtain her exchange by prisoners or by ransom, or of any wish to effect her release. But Charles was anxious on his own account, when France had almost wholly been gained back to its allegiance, that his coronation at Rheims should not be imputed to the actions and to the aid of one whom the French clergy and the French judges had condemned and executed as a heretic and apostate. Hence the vast judicial inquiry set on foot by the King to vindicate the fame of her whom the English and the Anglo-French had hoped, through the condemnation pronounced by Cauchon in the name of the Church, to vilify, and through her, by her trial, condemnation, and death, to discredit Charles and his coronation.

On the 15th of February, 1450, Charles VII. declared that Joan of Arc's enemies had destroyed her 'against reason'--so ran the formula--'and very cruelly,' and that it was his, the King's, intention 'to obtain the truth regarding this affair.'

Pope Nicolas V. made difficulties. Cardinal d'Estouteville, who had undertaken to manage the process of rehabilitation, presented the Pope with a claim for a revision of the sentence of condemnation in the name of Joan of Arc's mother and of her two brothers. The petition ran thus: 'The brothers, mother, and relations of Joan, anxious that her memory and their own should be cleansed from this unmerited disgrace, demand that the sentence of condemnation that was given at Rouen shall be annulled.' Not, however, until the death of Pope Nicolas V., and the accession of Calixtus III., was anything further done.

The new Pope (Alfonso Borgia) did not hesitate as to the line he intended taking in the matter, and he gave his sanction to the rehabilitation of the heroine by a rescript dated the 11th of June, 1455. It was as follows:--

'We, Calixtus, servant of the servants of God, accord a favourable ear to the request which has been made us. There has lately been brought before us on the part of Peter and John of Arc, also of Isabella of Arc, their mother, and some of their relations, a petition stating that their sister, daughter, and relative, Joan of Arc deceased, had been unjustly condemned as guilty of the crime of heresy and other crimes against the Faith, on the false testimony of the late William [John, it should be] d'Estivet of the Episcopal Court of Beauvais, and of Peter of happy memory, at that time Bishop of Beauvais, and of the late John Lemaître, belonging to the Inquisition. The nullity of their proceedings and the innocence of Joan are clearly established both by documents and further by clearest proofs. In consequence of this, the brothers, mother, and relatives of Joan are therefore at liberty to cast off the mark of infamy with which this trial has falsely stamped them; and thus they have humbly supplicated our permission to authorise and to proceed in this trial of rehabilitation.'

The prelates selected by the Pope as commissioners to follow the course of the trial of rehabilitation were John Jouvenel des Ursins, Archbishop of Rheims, William Chartrier, Bishop of Paris, and Richard de Longueil, Bishop of Coutances. On the 7th of November, 1455, this trial was solemnly begun in the Church of Notre Dame, in Paris.

It has been said that Joan of Arc's father died of grief on hearing of his daughter's martyrdom. He was certainly dead before the date of this trial. However, the now aged mother of Joan of Arc, Isabella Romée d'Arc, in her sixty-seventh year, was there. She was supported by her two sons, John and Peter, and was accompanied by many of her relations from Vaucouleurs, and friends from Orleans. The poor soul appears to have been much affected when she appeared before the sympathetic crowd. Many of those present must have come from far to see the mother of the famous heroine claiming at the hands of the Church the vindication of her daughter's fame.

Two meetings took place at Notre Dame, and a third was held at Rouen, at which the family of Joan of Arc were unable to be present--the mother from illness, and the brothers by affairs at home. The _Procureur_, whose name was Prévosteau, was the advocate for the Arc family. The debates lasted all through the winter, and into the early part of the year 1456. During the debates a hundred articles were drawn up and agreed to, relating to the life, death, and trial of the heroine. None of these are of much importance or interest.

It was not until the witnesses of Joan of Arc's life at home, and of her actions abroad, gave their testimony that the debates became interesting. Then began to pass before the eyes of the spectators a succession of people who had known Joan of Arc, and who had taken part in the same actions as those of the Maid--peasants from her native village, townsfolk from Orleans, generals and soldiers who had ridden with her into battle and fought by her side.

In fact, here appeared all sorts and conditions of men, from farm labourers to princes of the blood royal. The testimony of these people helps one to follow the life of Joan of Arc throughout its short career with something like precision. The sittings of the commissioners took place at Paris, Orleans, Rouen, and also at Domremy. It may be said without exaggeration that the whole of France and all its classes seemed, after an interval of a quarter of a century, to raise its voice in honour of the memory of its martyr Maid, and to attest to the spotless and noble life of her country's saviour.

At Domremy, at Vaucouleurs, and at Toul, thirty-four witnesses were heard on the 28th of January and on the 11th of February, 1456. At Orleans, during the months of February and of March, forty-one depositions were collected by the Archbishop of Rheims.

In Paris, in April and May, the same prelate, assisted by the Bishop of Paris, heard the evidence of twenty witnesses. At Rouen, the same commission heard nineteen others. Finally, at Lyons, the deposition of Joan of Arc's esquire, d'Aulon, who had attended her throughout her campaigns, was made before the Vice-Inquisitor of that province, John Desprès.

All these depositions are recorded in Latin, the only exception being that of d'Aulon, which was taken down in French. All those written in Latin have been translated into French by M. Fabre, and published in his _Procès de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc_.

Among the witnesses first appear the friends and neighbours of Joan of Arc in her childhood and early years. From her birthplace came her greatest friends, Henriette, Mengette, and Isabellette. The first of these, in the year 1456, was aged forty-five, the second was a year older, and the third was in her fiftieth year. All three were the wives of labourers. Henriette was married to Gerard, Mengette to John Joyart, and Isabellette to Gerardin d'Epinal. To the child of the last Joan had stood god-mother. Next came from the same village three older women, all three being god-mothers to Joan. In those days the French peasantry seem to have had an almost unlimited number of god-fathers and god-mothers. These were named Jeannette, widow of Thépelin de Viteau, aged sixty; Jeannette Théverien, aged sixty-six; and Beatrix, widow of d'Estelin, a labourer of Domremy, then in her eightieth year.

After these three god-mothers, came to give their evidence her god-fathers. Four of these appear--John Rainguesson, John Barrey, John de Langart, and John Morel de Greux. Of these four god-fathers, only the last one seems to have been called to give evidence; he was in his seventieth year. Gerardin d'Epinal, husband of one of the god-mothers, also gave his evidence; it was his son Nicolas for whom Joan of Arc had stood sponsor. In those days it was held that the god-mother of a child stood to it in the relation of a second mother: hence originated the term of 'commère' and 'compère,' which Joan gave the d'Epinals.

Six labourers, who had been playmates with Joan in childhood, then came forward. These men, named respectively Le Cuin, Guillemeth, Waterin, Colin, Masnier, and Jacquard, were between the ages of forty-four and fifty. All these humbly born witnesses agreed in their answers to the twelve questions asked them in the following order:--

1. When and where was Joan born?

2. Who were her parents? Were they of good character and of good repute?

3. Who were her god-fathers?

4. Was she piously brought up?

5. How did she conduct herself between her seventh year up to the time she left her home?

6. Did she often frequent the churches and places of devotion of her free-will?

7. How did she occupy herself, and what were her duties?

8. Did she confess often?

9. Did she frequent the fairies' tree and the haunted well, and did she go to places with the other young people of the neighbourhood?

10. How did she leave her home, and how did she accomplish her journey?

11. Were any investigations made in her native country at the time she was taken prisoner?

12. Did Joan on one occasion escape to Neufchâteau on account of a military raid, and was she then in the company of her parents?

We now arrive at a higher grade in the ranks of the witnesses, in the shape of 'l'honorable homme Nicolas Bailly.' Bailly was a man of sixty; he had been employed by the English in 1430, and by Cauchon--he was a scrivener (_tabellion_) by profession--to make investigations into the character of Joan in her native place.

Then came the old bell-ringer of Joan of Arc's village--Perrin le Drassier, aged sixty. He told how the maiden loved the sound of the church bells, and how she would blame him when he neglected ringing them, and of her little gifts to him to make him more diligent in his office. After the bell-ringer came three priests--all belonging to the neighbourhood of Domremy. The first--namely, the 'discrète personne Messire Henri Arnolin'--belonged to Gondrecourt-le-Château, near to Commercy, and was sixty-four. The next is the 'vénérable personne Messire Etienne de Sionne,' curate of the parish church at Raucessey-sous-Neufchâteau, aged fifty-four; and the third was named Dominic Jocab, curate of the parish church of Moutier-sur-Saulx.

Next came an old peasant from Domremy, named Bertrand Laclopssé, a thatcher by profession, ninety years of age; after him three neighbours of Joan's father--Thevenin le Royer, seventy years old; Jacquier, sixty; and John Moen, wheelwright, fifty-six. But a far more important witness than any of the preceding three-and-twenty was the uncle of the heroine, Durand Laxart, farm labourer at Burey-le-Petit, whom, it will be remembered, Joan first took into her confidence regarding her voices and her mission. Laxart was then in his sixtieth year. At the close of his evidence he states that all he had said regarding his niece he had also told Charles VII.--probably at the time of the coronation, for Laxart was then at Rheims. Laxart was followed by the couple with whom Joan of Arc lodged when living at Vaucouleurs, Henry and Joan le Royer (or le Charron). After this worthy pair appeared the two brave knights who had guarded the Maid of Orleans during her perilous journey to Chinon--John de Novelem-hont, commonly called John de Metz, aged fifty-seven, and the other, named Bertrand de Poulangy--one of the King's esquires--aged sixty-three.

Three other knights were heard after them--namely, Albert d'Ourche, from Ourche, near Commercy, aged sixty; Geoffrey du Fay, aged fifty; and Louis de Martigny, living at Martigny-les-Gerboneaux, a village near Neufchâteau, aged fifty-four. These were followed by two curates and a sergeant. 'Discrète personne Messire Jean le Fumeux,' of Vaucouleurs, canon of the Church of Sainte Marie in that village, also curate of the parish church of d'Ugny, aged only thirty-eight, was, as he admitted, a mere child when Joan of Arc came to Vaucouleurs; but he remembered distinctly having seen her praying in the church at Vaucouleurs, and kneeling for a long time in the subterranean chapel of Sainte Marie's Church before an image of the Blessed Virgin.

The other priest, named John Colin, was the curate of the parish church of Domremy, and a canon of the collegiate church of Saint Nicolas de Brixey, near Vaucouleurs. His age was sixty-six. The last of these thirty-four witnesses was the sergeant, Guillot Jacquier, aged thirty-six: why he was called as a witness does not appear. As a child he had heard Joan of Arc spoken of as 'une brave fille, de bonne renommée, et de conduite honnête,' which opinion was the general one given in their evidence by all the other witnesses, whose names only we have been able to give.

Relating to the period in the life of the heroine between the time of the King's coronation and that of her capture, the facts told by the various persons examined are few and far between. In the trial for the rehabilitation of the Maid of Orleans, the story of her deeds in the field was not of much importance to the commissioners. What they principally desired to ascertain was the fact that no taint of heresy could attach to the life of the heroine. It was for this reason that all those persons who could throw any light upon Joan's early days and the actions of her childhood had been collected to give their evidence. We now come to those witnesses who were examined regarding the life of Joan of Arc after her interview with the King at Chinon and about the stirring events which immediately followed that interview. The first of these is the 'nobile et savant homme Messire Simon Charles,' Master of the Requests (_Maître des requêtes_) in the year 1429. He had been president of the State exchequer in 1456, and was aged sixty. Simon's evidence is of interest and importance both as regards Joan of Arc's arrival at Chinon, and also with respect to the siege of Orleans and the triumphant entry into Rheims. The next witness was one of the clergy who examined Joan when at Poitiers; this was a preaching friar from Limousin who had asked Joan of Arc in what language her saints spoke to her, and had been answered by 'In a better language than yours'--for this good friar, whose name was Brother Sequier, spoke with a strong Limousin accent. When he was giving his evidence before the commission (in 1456) he was an old man in his seventy-third year, and head of the theological college of Poitiers.

Next to him came the evidence given by the 'vénérable et savant homme Maître Jean Barbier, docteur ès lois.' Barbier was King's-Advocate in the House of Parliament, and had also been one of the judges at Joan of Arc's examination at Poitiers: he was aged fifty. Barbier had been at Loches when the people threw themselves before Joan of Arc's horse, and embraced the heroine's feet and hands. Barbier reproved her for allowing them to do so. He told her that if she permitted them to act thus it would render them idolatrous in their worship of her, to which reprimand Joan answered, 'Indeed, without God's help I could not prevent them from becoming so.'

Another of the Poitiers witnesses was Gobert Thibault, also aged fifty. This Thibault had been at Chinon when Joan arrived there, and had followed her to Orleans. Among these Poitiers witnesses was Francis Garivel, aged forty. Garivel, when a lad of fifteen, had seen Joan at Poitiers, and he remembered that on her being asked why she styled Charles Dauphin, and not by his kingly title, she replied that she could not give him his regal title until he had been crowned and anointed at Rheims.

The collected testimony of the above witnesses, whose evidence covers the time passed by Joan at Poitiers, was submitted to Charles VII., and the MSS. exist in the National Library in Paris. It has been edited by the historians Bachon and Quicherat, and translated from the Latin into French by Fabre.

The next batch of witnesses' evidence concerns the fighting period of Joan of Arc's life, and consists principally of the testimony given by her companions in her different campaigns, and this appears to us by far the most interesting and curious.

Of those witnesses the first to testify was a prince of the blood, Joan of Arc's 'beau Duc,' as she loved to call John, Duke of Alençon. He is thus styled in the original document: '_Illustris ac potentissimus princeps et dominus_.'

Alençon came of a truly noble line of ancestors, and was descended also from brave warriors. His great-grandfather fell at Crecy, leading the vanguard of the French host. His grandfather was the companion-in-arms of the great Du Guesclin. His father, on the field of Agincourt, after having wounded the Duke of York and stricken him to the ground, crossed swords with King Harry, and then, overwhelmed by numbers, had fallen under a rain of blows.

With Dunois (Bastard of Orleans) Alençon is one of the most prominent of the French leaders who appear in Shakespeare's play, in the first part of _Henry VI_. Duke John, like his illustrious forebears, had also fought and bled for his country. His first campaign was made when he was but eighteen. Alençon first saw Joan of Arc in 1429. A strong mutual regard sprang up between the prince and the Maid of Domremy. Alençon had wedded the daughter of the Duke of Orleans, and it was to her that the heroine, when she left with the Duke for their expedition against Paris, promised to bring back her husband in safety.

No one had seen more of Joan of Arc during those days of fighting than had Alençon, and no one bore a higher testimony than did the Duke to her purity, her courage, and the sublime simplicity of her character. It was the Duke of Alençon who was especially struck with the skill shown by the heroine in warlike matters; particularly in her science in the management of artillery--ridiculously rude as that branch of the service appears to us.

'Everybody,' Alençon says, 'was amazed to see that in all that appertained to warfare she acted with as much knowledge and capacity as if she had been twenty or thirty years trained in the art of war.'

Next to Alençon's evidence came that of the famous Bastard of Orleans, the Count de Dunois, one of the most engaging and sympathetic figures of the whole age of chivalry. John of Orleans was the natural son of the Duke of Orleans, and, as Fabre says of him, he 'glorified the appellation of Bastard.' Indeed, the Bastard's name deserves to be handed down in his country's annals with as much glory as that of his great English rival and foe, Talbot, in those of the English. He was a consummate soldier, who even at the early age of twenty-three had brilliantly distinguished himself, and he lived to liberate Normandy and Guyenne from the English.

Well may M. Fabre, in his book on the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, express his regret that Dunois' evidence was not set forth in the language in which it was delivered, and that it has come down to us weakened by translation into Latin. What is worse is that we have only the translation of a translation.

Dunois had, besides his high military reputation, that of being skilled in oratory. There is, however, in the translation more than a trace of the enthusiasm with which Dunois speaks of the deeds of the heroic maiden. Dunois, Bastard of Orleans as he is always called, bore the following titles, as recited by the chronicler: 'l'illustrieuse prince Jean Comte de Dunois et de Longueville, lieutenant-général de notre seigneur le roi.' He was fifty-one years old in the month of February, 1456. His deposition extends over the entire period of the life of Joan of Arc between the time of her arrival before Orleans and the period of the King's coronation.

Dunois' evidence closes thus:--'To conclude, it was habitual to Joan to speak playfully on matters relating to war, in order to cheer the soldiers, and she may have alluded to many military events which never were to take place. But I declare that, when she spoke seriously about the war, of her deeds, and of her vocation, she said her work was limited to raising the siege of Orleans, to succouring the unhappy people shut up in that town and in its suburbs, and to leading the King to Rheims for his coronation and anointing.'

Next we have the testimony of the noble knight, Raoul de Gaucourt, who had so stoutly defended Orleans during its long siege. De Gaucourt was eighty-five years old. This fine old warrior's evidence confirms all that Dunois had said in praise of Joan of Arc.

The next to appear was the heroine's page, Louis de Contes, aged fifteen when appointed to attend on Joan of Arc: at the time of the trial of her rehabilitation he was forty-two.

Next came a very interesting witness, to wit, Joan of Arc's almoner, 'vénérable et religieux personne Jean Pasquerel.' This worthy priest had been formerly in a Tours monastery. We do not find his age given at this time. The clear graphic testimony of this good man is a pleasure to read. His love and admiration for the heroine appear in every line of his testimony, and although this narrative is already too long, it will not perhaps be considered tedious if some of his evidence is quoted.

'When I first had tidings,' he says, 'of Joan of Arc and of her arrival at Court, I was at Puy, where at that time were her mother and some people who had accompanied her to Chinon. Having come to me, they said, "You must come with us and see Joan; we will not allow you to leave us until you have seen her." So I went with them to Chinon, and also to Tours. At that time I was reader in a convent in that town. When she came to Tours, Joan lived in the house of John Dupuy, a burgher of that place. It was there that I first met her. "Joan," they said to her, "we have brought this good father to see you. When you know him well you will like him very much." And Joan answered them and said, "The good father pleases me much; I have heard about him already, and I will make my confession to him to-morrow."

'And I heard her confession on the day following, when I also sang the Mass before her. Since that I have always followed Joan, and I remained her chaplain till the time of her capture at Compiègne.'

It was in this good priest's evidence that the touching trait of Joan of Arc's fondness for gathering children about her was made known. 'She confessed nearly every day,' he said, 'and took the Sacrament often. When near any community of begging friars she asked me to remind her of the days on which the beggar children received the Eucharist, so that she might receive it at the same time with them. It was her delight,' he said, 'to take the Sacrament along with the poor mendicant children. She shed tears often at confession.'

Later on in his evidence Pasquerel adds to the above, 'that often at night I have seen her kneeling, praying for her King and for the success of her mission. I certainly,' he said, 'firmly believed in the divine source of her mission, for she was always engaged in good works, and she was full of every good quality. During a campaign when provisions ran short Joan would never take that which had been gained by pillage. To the wounded she was ever pitiful--to the English as well as to those of her own country, and she always tried to get them to make their confession, if badly, and even if only slightly, wounded. The fear of God was ever before her, nor would she for anything in the world do anything which she considered contrary to His will: for instance, when she was wounded in the shoulder by the dart from a crossbow, when some people wished her to allow the wound to be charmed, promising that if she had it done her hurt would be healed, Joan said that to do so would be a sin, and that she would sooner die than commit one.

'I am greatly surprised,' continued the unsophisticated old priest, 'that such great lawyers (_grands clercs_) as were those at Rouen could have sentenced Joan to death. How could they put to death that poor child, who was such a good and such a simple Christian, and that too, so cruelly, without a reason--for surely they had not sufficient reason at any rate to kill her!'

Pasquerel could evidently not grasp the real reason for the part played by Cauchon in the execution of the Maid of Orleans, or imagine that in order to obtain an archbishopric his beloved Joan had been condemned by the Bishop of Beauvais to the flames. Pasquerel's evidence ends thus:--

'I have nothing more to add except this. On several occasions Joan told me that if she were to die, she hoped our lord the King would found chantries in which the Almighty might be entreated in intercession for the souls of those who had been slain in the defence of the kingdom.'

The next witness is John d'Aulon, knight, Seneschal of Beaucaire, member of the King's Council. It was he who had served Joan of Arc as esquire during all her campaigns. His evidence is of importance, as it proves clearly the grounds on which the trial of rehabilitation was held--namely, to clear the King of having been crowned and anointed through the agency of one condemned by the Church as an apostate and heretic. The Archbishop thus wrote to d'Aulon on the 20th of April, 1456:--

'By the sentence pronounced against Joan the English wish it to be believed that the Maid was a sorceress, a heretic, and in league with the devil, and therefore that the King had received his kingdom by those means; and thus they hold as heretics the King and those that have served him.'

Nothing can be clearer than this declaration, or show better the real object for which that utterly selfish prince, Charles VII., had, after the lapse of a quarter of a century since the death of Joan of Arc, instituted these proceedings--not at all in order to do honour to the heroine's memory, but in order that his position as King of France should not be tainted with the heresy which had been charged to the account of Joan by and through the clergy and French doctors of theology and learning.

D'Aulon's evidence is one of the most complete of the entire set of testimonies. It was given, not at Rouen, but at Lyons, in 1456, before the Vice-Inquisitor, John Desprès.

His depositions are remarkable in this, that, unlike those of the other witnesses, they are recorded in French, and not in Latin.

Next to d'Aulon succeeds, in the chain of witnesses, Simon Beaucroix, aged fifty. Simon was a youth at Chinon when Joan of Arc came there. Beaucroix's evidence is followed by that of John Luillier, a citizen of Orleans. He bore evidence to the immense popularity of the Maid during and after the siege of Orleans. At the time of the trial of rehabilitation Luillier was fifty. To the part played by the Maid at the siege of his native town he speaks thus:--

'As to the question you put me, whether I think the siege of Orleans was raised and the town saved from the enemy by the intervention and the ministration (_ministère_) of the Maid, even more than by the force of arms, this is my answer: All my fellow citizens, as well as I myself, believe that had the Maid not come there by the will of God to our rescue, we should very soon, both town and people, have been in the power of the besiegers. It is my belief,' he adds, 'that it was impossible for the people of Orleans and for the army present at Orleans to have held out much longer against the superior strength of the enemy.'

More people from Orleans next gave their evidence: viz. William le Charron, John Volant, William Postian, Denis Roger, James de Thou, John Canelier, Aignan de Saint-Mesmin, John Hilaire, Jacques l'Esbalny, Cosmé de Commy, John de Champcoux, Peter Hue, Peter Jonqualt, John Aubert, William Rouillart, Gentien Cabu, Peter Vaillant, John Beaucharnys, John Coulon. All these men were burghers of the town, and their ages varied between forty and seventy. All agreed with Luillier in their belief that, under God, it was Joan of Arc who rescued their city from the English.

Following these men we now come to the evidence of some of the women who had seen or known the heroine. First of these is Joan, wife of Gilles de Saint-Mesmin, aged seventy. She says: 'The general opinion was and is still at Orleans that Joan was a good Catholic--simple, humble, and of a holy life.' Such, too, is the opinion of Joan, the wife of Guy Boyleau, and of Guillemette, wife of John de Coulon; also of the widow of John de Mouchy. All these agree with the first lady's testimony.

We have next the evidence of the daughter of James Boucher, the treasurer of Orleans, at whose house Joan of Arc lodged while in Orleans. Charlotte Boucher had married William Houet. When her deposition was taken in 1456 she was thirty-six years old, and consequently only nine when Joan lodged at her father's house. However, young as she was then, the visit of the Maid had left a great memory behind; she had been Joan's bed-fellow.

'Often,' she says, 'Joan said to my mother, "Hope in God, for He will deliver the town of Orleans, and drive the enemy away."'

And last we find the evidence of two good wives of Orleans, one widow of John Huré, the other Petronillé, wife of Beaucharnys. After these came six clerics, canons of the Church of Saint Aignan at Orleans--Robert de Farciaux, Peter Compaing, Peter de la Censurey, Raoul Godert, Hervé Bonart, and André Bordez. Peter Milet and his wife, Colette, were also witnesses. All had known Joan when she was at Orleans, as had Aignan Viole, an advocate of Parliament, who had been in Orleans during the siege.

The 'noble homme Guillaume de Richarville, panetier de la cour,' gave his evidence, relating to Joan of Arc's appearance at Court, as also did an old Court physician named Reginald Thierry; it is he who relates how, at the capture of Saint Pierre-le-Moutier, Joan prevented its church from being pillaged.

A doughty warrior follows, namely, 'noble et prudent Seigneur le chevalier Thibauld d'Armagnac, Sire de Thermes, Bailli de Chartres.' D'Armagnac was fifty years old; he had followed Joan of Arc all through her campaign, and, like Alençon, had a very high opinion of her military talents. At the close of his evidence, he says: 'In the manner of the conduct and ordering of troops, in that of placing them in battle array, and of animating the men, Joan of Arc had as much capacity for these things as the most accomplished captain in the art of war.'

After the soldier, the peasant. This peasant, or rather mechanic, is a coppersmith named Husson Lemaître. Lemaître hailed from Domremy. Being in the year 1456 at Rouen, he then and there gave his evidence. He had known Joan of Arc's family, and Joan too in her childhood; of all of them he spoke most highly.

Next comes 'honnête et prude femme demoiselle Marguerite la Tournelle,' the widow of Réné de Bouligny. It was at her house at Bourges that Joan lodged after the coronation at Rheims.

We now pass to an entirely different category of witnesses. These are the men who sat in the trial of the heroine. One can well understand the embarrassment shown by such folk in their replies to the questions they had to answer, and their wish if it were possible to turn the responsibility of their previous judgment on the heads of those who were no longer in this world to answer the charges made against them.

The first of these men is 'vénérable et savante personne Maître Thomas de Courcelles.' De Courcelles was only fifty-six in 1456, when called on to make his deposition as to the part he had played in the heroine's trial at Rouen, five-and-twenty years before. His evidence is full of the feeblest argument, and his memory appears to have been a very convenient one, as he repeatedly evades an answer by the plea of having forgotten all about the incident alluded to.

Next follows that 'vénérable et circonspecte personne, Maître Jean Beaupère'--a doctor of theology, and canon of Rouen, Paris, and Besançon. This circumspect person was now in his seventieth year. He laid most of the blame of Joan of Arc's death upon the English, and the rest on Cauchon. The English being away, and Cauchon dead, the circumspection of this doctor's evidence is evident.

We next have that of the Bishop of Noyon, John de Mailly. This bishop had been in the service of the English King, but had, when Charles became prosperous, returned to him. In 1456 he was aged sixty. An intimate of the Prince Cardinal of Winchester, and one of the foremost of the judges who condemned Joan of Arc to death, his deposition in 1456 is quite a study in the art of trying to convince people that black is white. He had shown some kind of feeling of humanity at the time of the martyrdom of the Maid, and had left that scene of horror early. To the memory of his old friend and colleague, Cauchon, he gives a parting kick by saying at the close of his examination that of one thing he was quite certain, and that was that Cauchon received money for the conduct of the trial from his friends, the English. But he might have now been reminded that he too had received some of this blood-money.

Next to appear is another French bishop, Monseigneur Jean Le Fèvre, Evêque in partibus de Démétriade. This prelate was in his seventieth year. At the time of Joan of Arc's trial he was professor of theology of the order of hermit monks of Saint Augustins. The Bishop had taken an active part in the trial and condemnation. Like his brother bishop, Le Fèvre enjoyed a very convenient memory, and had quite forgotten many things of importance which occurred during the trial in 1430. Nor did he even take part as a spectator in the martyrdom which he had helped to bring about--'I left before the end,' he said, 'not feeling the strength to see more.' Let that shred of humanity in the composition of priests like him be allowed before we entirely condemn them.

The next witness is also a Churchman, Peter Migiet, the prior of Longueville, aged seventy. He also had been one of Cauchon's crawling creatures. There is little of interest in his evidence, except the passage where he says that an English knight had told him that the English feared Joan of Arc more than a hundred soldiers, and that her very name was a source of terror to the foe. Although this sounds an exaggerated statement, it is not so, as is proved by an edict having been issued by the English Government in the May of 1430, in which English officers and soldiers who refused to enter France for fear of 'the enchantments of the Maid' were threatened with severe punishment. There is, moreover, an edict, bearing the date of December 1430, which was also issued by the English military authorities, describing the trial and the punishment by court martial of all soldiers who had deserted the army in France from fear of Joan of Arc.

After the above priests, on whom rests the infamy of having taken part in the death of the heroine, it is a relief to find the next witness, although a Churchman, a man of sufficient honesty and courage to have been one of those few who refused to take any part in the iniquitous proceedings connected with Joan of Arc's trial, and who suffered imprisonment owing to his unwillingness to carry out Cauchon's wishes. This worthy priest was named Nicolas de Houppeville, a doctor of theology, now in his sixty-fifth year.

The next witness is John Tiphanie, a canon of the Sainte Chapelle of Paris. He was also a doctor in medicine. Tiphanie had been compelled much against his inclination to take part in the trial of Joan. He was one of the doctors who were sent to see her when she lay ill in prison.

Then follows another doctor; this is William Delachambre, aged only forty-eight in 1456. He must have practised his vocation at a very early age. Delachambre had also joined in the trial of the Maid, from fear of Cauchon. His evidence relating to the scene at Saint Ouen is important.

'I remember well,' he says, 'the abjuration which Joan of Arc made. She hesitated a long while before she made it. At length William Erard determined her to make it by telling her that, when she had made it, she should be delivered from her prison. Under this promise she at length decided to do so, and she then read a short profession of some six or seven lines written on a piece of folded paper. I was so near that I could see the writing on the paper.'

We next come to the witness whose evidence is, next to that of Dunois, of the greatest importance; it is that of the Recorder, or judges' clerk, William Manchon. Born in 1395, he was sixty-one years of age when the rehabilitation trial took place. Manchon's evidence takes up thirty pages in M. Fabre's work, already often referred to--_Le Procès de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc_. Much against his will was Manchon obliged to act in the trial of the Maid, but he did not dare disobey the orders of those who formed the Council of Henry VI. All that he deposed has been made use of in the account of the heroine's life; so now we need do no more than refer to it. The other Recorder who helped Manchon to draw up the minutes of the trial was also examined; this was William Colles, called Boisguillaume. He was in his sixty-sixth year. Colles relates that, after the execution, the people used to point out the author of Joan's death with horror--'besides,' he adds, 'I have been told that the most prominent of those who took part in her condemnation died miserably. Nicolas Midi [who had preached the sermon on the day of her execution, and just before it took place] was stricken with leprosy, and Cauchon died suddenly, while being shaved.'

A third Recorder was also examined, Nicolas Taquel. Then followed the priest Massieu. During the trial of Joan he had acted as bailiff to the Court, and in that capacity had seen much of the prisoner; he had always conveyed her to and from her prison. It may be remembered that it was he who, on Joan's petition to be allowed to kneel before the chapel on her way to the hall of judgment, granted her request, and was threatened by Cauchon, should it again occur, to be thrown into prison where, as Cauchon said to him, he would not have 'the light of sun or moon.' Massieu remained till the end with Joan, and it is he who records that the executioner found, after the body had been destroyed, that the heart remained unconsumed. He also relates that the executioner was ordered to collect the ashes and all that remained, and to throw those few relics of humanity into the Seine, which was accordingly done. Martin Ladvenu followed Massieu. Ladvenu was a Dominican friar: he was one of the few priests who showed some humanity to the victim. It was to him that Joan of Arc confessed on the morning of her death, and it was also to him that the executioner came on the night of the martyrdom, and said that no execution had ever affected him as that one had done. Next to arrive was Isambard de la Pierre, a Dominican priest. He had been an acolyte of the Vice-Inquisitor, Lemaître; he too, like Ladvenu, had shown sympathy with the sufferer, had given her advice during the trial, and had helped to soothe her last moments. De la Pierre states in his evidence regarding her supposed refusal to submit herself to the Church, that Joan of Arc, when she was told by her judges to submit herself, thought they meant themselves by the Church of which they spoke to her; but when she was told by him what the Church really signified she always said she submitted herself to it and to the Pope. It was to Isambard de la Pierre that Joan begged for a cross when on the pile and about to die. 'As I was close by the poor child,' he says, 'she begged me humbly to go to the church close at hand and bring her a cross to hold up right before her eyes, till her death, so that the cross on which God hung might as long as she lived appear before her. She died a true and good Christian. In the midst of the flames she never ceased calling on the sacred name of Jesus, and invoking the aid of the saints in Paradise. When the fire was lit she begged me to get down from off the stake with my cross, but to hold it still before her, which I did. At last, bending down her head, with a strong voice calling on the name of Jesus, she gave up the ghost.'

Yet another priest succeeds: this is 'vénérable et religieux personne, frère Jean Toutmouillé,' of the order of the preaching friars of Rouen. Toutmouillé was quite a youth at the time of Joan of Arc's death. Another priest follows, William Daval, also one of the order of preaching friars, and belonging to the Church of Saint James at Rouen. He, too, had been, with Isambard, one of the acolytes of the Vice-Inquisitor. In his evidence, he tells of how, after Isambard had been advising Joan in her prison, he was met by Warwick, who threatened to have him thrown into the river if he continued seeing the prisoner.

We next have 'vénérable et circonspecte personne Maître André Marguerie'; this was one of Cauchon's most trusted creatures. His '_âme damnée_,' Richard de Grouchet, canon of the collegiate Church of Sans Faye, is the next witness. There is nothing of any interest in the testimony of these Churchmen, nor in that of Nicolas Dubesert, another canon of Rouen, nor in that of Nicolas Caval. Next appears a prior, Thomas Marie, of the Church of Saint Michel, near Rouen. Four other ecclesiastics follow them--John Roquier, Peter Bouchier, John Bonnet, John de Lenozoles; but none of these men's testimony is of any interest. The evidence of no less a person than the torturer is called next. He is named--to give him his titles in full--'Honnête homme Mauger Lessarmentrer, clerc non marier, appariteur de la cour archiepiscopalle de Rouen.' The name of the chief torturer of the good city of Rouen, Mauger, has a gruesome ring about it--it reminds one of the headsman in Harrison Ainsworth's novel of the _Tower of London_. Aged fifty-six in 1456, Mauger had seen Joan of Arc when she was brought into the yet extant tower of the castle, and threatened by Cauchon with the torture. 'We were,' deposed Mauger, 'my companion and myself, ordered to go there to torture her. She was questioned, and she answered with much prudence, and so well, that every one was amazed. Finally, I and my companion left the tower without having laid hands upon her.' Mauger attended at the execution, and this is what he heard and saw there and then. 'As soon as the Bishop (Cauchon) had read the sentence, Joan was taken to the fire. I did not hear whether the civil judges delivered the sentence or not. Joan was placed instantly upon the fire. In the midst of the flames she called out more than six times the name of Jesus. It was when about to give the last breath that she called out with a loud voice, "Jesus!" so that every one could hear her. Nearly everybody wept, for all were overcome with pity.'

After the torturer's witness came that of a soldier, Aimonde de Macy, who was thirty years old when he met Joan in the Castle of Beaurevoir; she being then a prisoner in the charge of Ligny.

De Macy was at Rouen at the time when Lord Stafford came so nearly stabbing the Maid in her prison, and was only prevented from that dastardly act by Warwick.

We next hear the evidence of an attorney, Peter Daron: he had also seen Joan in her prison at Rouen, and had seen her die.

Next we have 'prudent homme Maître Jean Fave, maître des requêtes du roi Charles VII.': he, too, was present at the execution.

Next appears upon the scene 'honnête personne Laurent Guesdon,' clerk and advocate to the lay court of Rouen. He also had been present at the death of Joan of Arc, and, from his office as lieutenant of the Bailiff of Rouen, he held an important position at the execution; and this is some of his evidence relating to it: 'I assisted at the last sermon preached at the old market-place. I had accompanied the Bailiff, being then his deputy. The sentence was read by which Joan was abandoned to the secular arm; after that sentence had been pronounced the executioners seized her, before either the Bailiff or myself had time to read the sentence; and she was led up to the stake--which was not as it should have been ordered.'

Next arrive as witnesses two burghers of Rouen, Peter Cusquel and John Moreaux. Both of them had been spectators of the martyrdom, but they have nothing of interest to say about it. And finally--(and doubtless the reader will be glad to come to the end of this interminable procession, as is the writer)--comes the deposition of John Marcel--'bourgeois' of Paris. Marcel had been in Rouen during the time of the Maid's trial, and was also present at the end of her life. M. Fabre, in concluding in his book the translation of the testimonies of the long list of witnesses given by him for the first time in full, makes a great point of the universal concurrence of those who knew Joan of Arc as to her undoubted purity of person as well as of mind: that fact is of the greatest importance as regarded the rehabilitation of the Maid of Orleans. That is a subject which it is not now necessary to do more than to allude to; but to the French judges in the time of the trial of the rehabilitation, the fact of Joan of Arc being proved to have been incontestably a virgin was of the highest interest. It was reserved for a countryman of Joan of Arc's (Du Bellay) to invent a legend to disprove the fact; and to the everlasting shame of French literature, Voltaire adopted the lying calumny in his licentious burlesque-heroic poem, _La Pucelle d'Orléans_.

The sentence of rehabilitation which fills in the translation a dozen of M. Fabre's pages, was solemnly delivered in the great hall of the archiepiscopal palace at Rouen. On that occasion one of Joan of Arc's brothers, John, was present. The sentence which was framed to wipe away the iniquity of the judgment by which the heroine had been condemned, was delivered by the Archbishop of Rheims in the presence of a vast concourse of people, among whom were the Bishops of Paris and of Coutances. Among other things ordered to honour the memory of the Martyr, it was ordained that after a sermon preached on the spot where the act of abjuration had taken place in the cemetery of the Church of Saint Ouen, and also on the site of the spot where had stood the stake and pyre, two crosses should be erected.

Crosses were placed not only there, and in Rouen, but also on other spots. It is interesting to know that one of these crosses can still be seen in the Forest of Compiègne; and it is traditionally said that this cross at Compiègne was placed there by no other than Dunois himself. Both the crosses at Rouen have disappeared centuries ago. Processions took place at Rouen, and all was done that the Church could do to wash out the indelible stain of its action four-and-twenty years before the time of the rehabilitation. In 1431, the clergy of France, to please the English, had in the name of orthodoxy, and with the tolerance of the Pope, denounced Joan of Arc as 'a heretic and idolatress.' In 1456, the same French clergy, to please Charles VII., in the name of religion and justice pronounced the memory of Joan of Arc free from all taint of heresy and of idolatry, and ordered processions and erected crosses in her honour to keep her memory fresh in the land.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

No. I.

_JOAN OF ARC IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH HISTORY._

Even in France no thoroughly satisfactory history exists of Joan of Arc, although a large number of histories have been written. Following is an enumeration of the most important.

As was natural while her countrymen were divided into two camps, those writers who belonged to the side of the English attacked the heroine, or rather her mission, with ill-placed zeal. Of them Enguerrand de Monstrelet was the most eminent.

Less well known chroniclers on the national side, such as Philip de Bergame, an Augustinian monk, on the other hand exaggerate the deeds of the Maid. None of these chroniclers' writings can be called histories of Joan of Arc. Nor in the following (the sixteenth) century, did such writers as Du Bellay and Haillon do more than allude to Joan of Arc; the first in his _Instructions sur le fait de la guerre_, and the second in his book on the _Affaires de France_.

Haillon had written disparagingly of the heroine. It had the effect of raising the ire of that learned scribe William Postel, who wrote that the actions and renown of Joan of Arc were as necessary to maintain as the Bible itself. With Postel the celebrated jurisconsult Stephen Pasquier was quite in accord, and in his work called _Recherches sur la France_, he writes that 'never had any one saved France so opportunely or so well as did this Maid.' In 1576 a book was published by the magistrates of Orleans relating to the siege of their town, in which all honour was given to the heroine for the part she had taken in its delivery. In the preface to that book the following sentiment is expressed:--'It is a lamentable fact that the Maid, respected by all other nations, the English alone excepted, finds amongst her countrymen writings to injure her memory by people who are greater enemies to the honour of France than those who are strangers to that country.'

It should be noted that as early as the year 1534 the famous early chronicler Polydore Virgile, Italian by origin, wrote a voluminous history of England in twenty-six books, and treated the Maid's mission as one inspired by divine influence, severely blaming her judges for their inhuman conduct towards her.

In 1610 a book was published discussing the origin of the family of the Maid of Orleans; a work of little value. In 1612 one of the descendants of a brother of Joan of Arc--Charles du Lys--published a slight work called _Traité sommaire sur le nom, les armes, la naissance et la parenté de la Pucelle et de ses frères_. In that same year the first history of Joan of Arc was published, also by a descendant of one of her brothers, John Hordal. This book was in Latin; it was entitled '_The History of Joan of Arc, that very noble heroine_.' Soon after an elaborated work, based on this book, was produced by Edmond Richer, a doctor of theology in Paris.

The next account of the Maid of any length occurs in Mézarie's huge _History of France_, It was published between 1643 and 1652. In 1661 appeared a work called _L'Histoire du roi Charles VII., contenant les choses mémorables de 1422 à 1466_. It was in this work, which was compiled by Denis Godefroy, that the manuscripts of the _Chronique de la Pucelle_ were first printed. This chronicle concerns the events which occurred between the years 1422 and 1429. Although not a complete history of the heroine, it is the earliest account. It was republished by Buchon, by Petitot, and by Quicherat; and it was consulted by Michelet when writing his account of Joan of Arc. M. Vallet de Viriville believes the Chronicle of the Maiden to have been written by G. Cousinot, Chancellor of the Duke of Orleans, who was present at the siege of Orleans. At the close of the seventeenth century was published a history of France by a Jesuit priest named David, in which there is some account of Joan of Arc; but David's history is more remarkable for being a colossal list of falsehoods than for any other merit.

We now arrive at the eighteenth century, and still find no tolerable history of Joan of Arc. In the year 1753 the Abbé Longlet Dufresnoy published a _Life of Joan of Arc_; it is totally devoid of any merit.

In 1790 Clément de l'Averdy published some notices relating to the trial and condemnation of Joan of Arc. These notices led up to, and were followed by the publications of Petitot, Buchon, Michaud, and Pougoulat. At length, under the protection of the Society of French History, the learned author Quicherat produced his all-important works. That distinguished historian and antiquarian began his career under Charlet. In 1847 he was appointed Professor of Archæology, and later, Director of the Institute of the Charters. Between 1841 and 1850 he edited the original documents relating to the trials of Joan of Arc--those of her condemnation and of her rehabilitation. Of these only a few extracts had previously been published by M. l'Averdy. The series edited by Quicherat consists of five bulky tomes. Although when Michelet was writing his history of France, Quicherat's work had not yet been published, the chronicler helped the historian by lending Michelet the MSS. he was then annotating.

But to return to the earlier years of the century. In 1817, Lebrun des Charnettes published a history of Joan of Arc in four volumes; this history of the Maid was up to that time the best that had been written. In the same year there was published another history of the heroine by M. Berriat Saint-Prix. The best thing that work contains is an itinerary of the different places at which Joan of Arc passed the last three years of her short existence. It is a useful list for any one who wishes to visit the scenes connected with her wonderful history.

The list commences with her flight to Neufchâteau in 1428, and the journey to Toul, and continues as follows:--

1428.

MAY.

From Domremy to Burey-le-Petit, Vaucouleurs. Return to Domremy.

1429.

FEBRUARY.

From Domremy to Vaucouleurs, Toul, Nancy, Saint Nicolas-du-Port. 13th Return to Vaucouleurs, Saint Urbain, Auxerre.

MARCH.

Gien, Sainte Catherine de Fierbois. 6th Chinon, Le Coudray en Touraine, Poitiers.

APRIL.

Chinon, Tours, Saint Florent-les-Saumur. 25th Blois. 28th Rully près de Checy. 29th Orleans.

MAY.

2nd Reconnaissance before Orleans. 4th Sortie on the road of Blois. 10th Return to Blois from Orleans. To Tours and Loches.

JUNE.

4th Selles-en-Berri. 6th Selles to Romorantin and Orleans, 11th Jargeau. 15th Meun-sur-Loire. 16th Beaugency. 18th Patay and Jauville. 19th Orleans, Saint Benoit-sur-Loire. 22nd Châteauneuf. 24th Departure from Orleans for Gien. 27th Departure from Gien in the direction of Montargis.

JULY.

1st Before Auxerre. 2nd Saint Florentin. 4th Saint Fal. 5th Before Troyes. 10th Entry into Troyes. 14th Bussy. 15th Châlons-sur-Marne. 16th Sept Saulx. 16th Rheims. 21st Saint Marcoul de Corbeny. 22nd Vailly. 23rd Soissons. 29th Château Thierry.

AUGUST.

1st Montmirail-en-Brive. 2nd Provins. Sortie as far as Lamotte-de-Nangis, Bray-sur-Seine. 5th Return towards Paris by Provins. 7th Coulommiers, Château Thierry. 10th La Ferté Milon. 11th Crespy-en-Valois. 12th Lagny-le-Sec. 13th Dammartin and Thieux. 14th Baron, Montessilloy. 15th Crespy. 18th Compiègne, Senlis. 23rd Leave Compiègne. 26th Saint Denis.

SEPTEMBER.

5th La Chapelle, near Paris. 8th Attack on the gate Saint Honoré. 9th Retreat from La Chapelle to Saint Denis. 14th Lagny-sur-Marne. 15th Provins, Bray-sur-Seine. Passage of the river Yonne at a ford near Sens Courtenay. Château Regnaut, Montargis. 21st Gien. Selles-en-Berri, Bourges.

OCTOBER.

Meun-sur-Yèvre, Bourges.

NOVEMBER.

Saint Pierre-le-Moutier. 9th Moulins. 24th La Charité-sur-Loire, Meun-sur-Yèvre.

DECEMBER.

Jargeau.

1430.

JANUARY.

18th Bourges. 19th Orleans.

MARCH.

3rd Sully. 28th Flight from Sully.

APRIL.

15th Before Melun, Lagny, Sortie against Franquet d'Arras, Senlis, Compiègne, Pont l'Evêque, Soissons, Compiègne.

MAY.

Lagny, Crecy, Compiègne. 28th Sortie from Compiègne against Margny and Clairvoix.

JUNE, JULY.

At Beaulieu-en-Vermandois.

AUGUST, SEPTEMBER, OCTOBER, AND NOVEMBER.

Beaurevoir, Arras, Drugy, near Saint Riquier, Le Crotoy.

DECEMBER.

Saint Valéry-sur-Somme, Eu, Dieppe, Rouen.

1431.

JANUARY, FEBRUARY, MARCH, APRIL, AND MAY.

Rouen.

Sismondi devotes a part of the thirteenth volume of his _History of France_, published between 1821 and 1844, to the Maid of Orleans. He sums up the action of the Church to her in these words: 'The Church was against the Maid. All persons not delegated by her who pretended to have supernatural powers were accused of using magical arts.'

Barante in his famous history of the Dukes of Burgundy, published in 1824, gives a somewhat meagre and uninteresting account of Joan of Arc. In 1821 appeared a _Life_ of the heroine, by Jollois, under whose direction the little monument was placed at Domremy in honour of the Maid.

Alexandre Dumas has left among his numberless works a Life of _Johanne la Pucelle,_ which is neither true history nor romance, but a jumble of both, and is a work hardly worthy the author, but there are some fine expressions in the book. Dumas christened Joan of Arc 'The Christ of France.' Michelet in the fifth volume of his _Histoire de France_ published in 1841, has written what will probably always be considered the best account of the Maid. Although only one hundred and thirty pages are given to her life, these pages form a book in themselves, and as a separate volume Michelet's _Life of Joan of Arc_ has gone through a large number of editions, the latest a handsome illustrated one, published by Hachette in 1888.

One cannot help regretting that so great a writer should allow his Anglophobism to appear to such an extent in some of the pages of his work. Michelet attacks the entire English nation as if they had been individually and collectively guilty of Joan of Arc's death. He even goes out of his way to abuse English literature in this amazing passage: 'De Shakespeare à Milton, de Milton à Byron leur belle et simple littérature est sceptique, judaïque, satanique.' It is pitiable that so distinguished a writer as was Michelet should pen such rubbish, but when a Frenchman writes on the subject of Joan of Arc much should be forgiven him. More serious than the abuse of the English in Michelet's work are the inaccuracies in his account of Joan of Arc. For instance, he writes of the heroine watching the English coast from her prison in the castle of Crotoy. Her eyesight must have been telescopic had she been able to do so, for eighty miles of sea stretch between the site of Crotoy and the English coast.

We next come to Henry Martin's history of France. In this work a third part of the sixth volume is consecrated to Joan of Arc, whom he calls the 'Messiah of France.'

M. Wallon, however, is the writer who has given France the most complete biography of her heroine. This work, published by Hachette, had in 1879 attained its fifth edition. A most sumptuously illustrated edition appeared in 1876, one of those splendidly illustrated books in which the French press has no rival. That book is the finest monument which has appeared to honour the memory of the Maid of Orleans. Its illustrations contain views of all places and memorials connected with the heroine from the fifteenth to the middle of the nineteenth century. The text of Wallon's Life is, however, wanting in charm, and it is, as M. Veuillot writes of it, 'un livre sérieuse et solide.' Sainte-Beuve has been still more severe in his judgment on Wallon's book, which he calls 'la faiblesse même.'

Some slighter histories may be alluded to: one by Lamartine, unworthy of the author and the subject; another by M. Abel Desjardins; a third by Villaume; a fourth by M. Lafontaine. There is an interesting study by Simon Luce on Joan of Arc's early years; and last, but certainly not least, the three works by M. Joseph Fabre, relating to Joan of Arc's life, her trial, her condemnation, and her rehabilitation. In the two last works the whole of the long examination appears for the first time, translated into French from the Latin--documents invaluable to any one studying the heroine's life.

In England little has been written in prose relating to Joan of Arc that will be likely to live. The early chroniclers were monstrously unjust to her. It is enough to allude to the lying and scurrilous abuse which such writers as Robert Fabyan, in his chronicles on the history of England and of France, published in 1516, heaped upon Joan of Arc. Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles, from which the author of the First Part of _King Henry VI._ borrowed so largely, sinned as deeply. Hall's authorities among French writers were Monstrelet, Bouchet, Mayer, Argentan, Gile Corozet, and the annals of France and Aquitaine--and of English writers, Fabyan, Caxton, John Harding, Sir Thomas More, Basset, Balantyne, and the Chronicle of London.

The annalist Stow, Hume's 'honest historian,' is less unjust and bitter in his account of Joan of Arc than are Hall and Holinshed. Thomas Fuller appears not to have settled to his satisfaction whether Joan of Arc was a witch or a heroine.

In the seventeenth century we have only a handful of poor writers who have treated more or less badly of the Maid, such as Daniel, Martyn, and Sir Richard Baker. It is not until well into the eighteenth century that a man of letters appears capable of giving an unprejudiced and true history of the life of Joan of Arc: this historian is Guthrie, who published, between the years 1744 and 1751, a long history of England. M. Darmesteter has named this author 'a village Bossuet.'

Coming to our own days we have quite a crowd of writers who have written with enthusiasm on the Maid of Domremy. It is sufficient to name the most prominent of these--Landor, Sir James Mackintosh, John Sterling, Lord Mahon, De Quincey, and J.R. Green.

No. II.

_JOAN OF ARC IN POETRY._

The Maid of Orleans (though a more poetical figure cannot be found in all history) has not been more fortunate at the hands of the poets than at those of the historians.

To begin with her own countrywoman--for the first who sang of Joan of Arc was appropriately enough a fellow-countrywoman--Christine de Pisan.

As the name indicates, this poetess was an Italian by origin, but appears to have lived most of her life in France. The latter part she passed in a convent.

In the year 1429, Christine was sixty-seven years old; she had been living in some conventual establishment for eleven years. Her verses in praise of Joan of Arc--which number several hundred stanzas--were undoubtedly written in the heroine's life-time. They are supposed to have been the last lines she wrote. These stanzas were completed shortly after the coronation of Charles VII. A manuscript copy of this poem exists in which Joan of Arc is compared to Deborah, Judith, and Queen Esther. These poems are curious and quaint in their old French expressions, but they are quite unreadable for any but French students well versed in the literature of the fifteenth century.

In 1440, Martin le France, provost of the Cathedral of Lausanne, bestows some lines on Joan of Arc in his poem called the _Champion des dames_. In 1487, Martial de Paris published, under the title of _Vigiles du roi Charles VII._, a rhymed translation of Jean Chartrier's chronicle of that monarch.

Villon has left some charming lines in which he has placed the heroine's name as it were on a string of pearls; they occur in his exquisite ballad 'Dames du temps jadis,' and, as it would be profanation to try and translate, I give them here in the original:--

'La Reine blanche comme un lys Qui chantait à voix de sirène, Berthe au grand pied, Biétris, Allis, Haremburge qui tint le Maine, Et Jeanne la bonne Lorraine Qu' Anglais brûlèrent à Rouen, Où sont-ils, vierge souveraine? Mais où sont les neiges d'antan?'

Long before those beautiful lines were written by Villon, a play called _Le Mystère du Siège d'Orléans_ had been acted. As early as the year 1435 this performance appears to have taken place on the anniversary of the deliverance of the city, and the dramatic piece was probably acted on the return of that day for many a year after. This was one of the so-called 'Miracle Plays,' popular both in France and in England at that period. The author or authors of the play are not known.

Some one has taken the trouble to count the number of lines: they amount to 20,529, and are all in dialogue!

Whether the unfortunate audience had to sit all through this performance one does not know. One hopes, for their sake, that, like a Chinese play or a Bayreuth performance of Wagner's operas, the performance was extended over a number of days.

Joan is naturally the heroine throughout; she first appears as the bearer of the Divine mandate to drive the enemy from off the sacred soil of France. The play closes with her triumphant return to Orleans after the victory of Patay. As far as the mission is concerned the play is historically correct, and it is in this respect an improvement on Shakespeare and Schiller. There is a point of great interest concerning this piece which, so far as we know, has never been noticed--namely, the fact of one of its acts being almost identical with one in the First Part of _King Henry VI_. In the mystery play the scene of this act is laid before Orleans. The French are determined to defend their city to the last; the English are determined on taking it. We are in front of the besieged and the besiegers. Salisbury has entered the Tournelles, and he looks out over the city from a window in the tower. Glansdale ('Glassidas') stands beside him, and says to Salisbury, 'Look to your right, and to your left--it looks like a terrestrial paradise, all this country flowing with milk and honey; you will soon be its master.' Salisbury expresses his satisfaction at the sight of all the plunder at his feet, and gives vent to some very sanguinary sentiments about the French; he will slay every one in the place--all the men, 'et leurs femmes et leurs enfants. Personne je n'épargnerai.' But scarcely has he been able to give vent to this terrible threat when his head is carried off by a cannon ball fired from the town. The English cry out 'Ha! Hay! maudite journée!'

Earl Salisbury is carried out stiff and stark. Talbot and the other English officers now vow vengeance on the French in these words:--

'Ha, Sallebery, noble coraige! Ta mort nous sera vendue chère, Jamais un tel de ton paraige, Ne se trouvera en frontière.'

If we turn to Scene 4 of the first act of Shakespeare's First Part of _King Henry VI._, we shall find almost the same scene enacted.

Enter on the turrets, Lord Salisbury, Talbot, etc. Salisbury, after welcoming Talbot, calls on Sir William Glansdale to look down into the town, and while conversing the shot is fired which kills Salisbury. After the death of Salisbury, Talbot vows vengeance on the French, and says he will

'Nero-like Play on the lute, beholding the towns burn.'

There can be little doubt that whoever wrote the First Part of _King Henry VI._ had seen the mystery play of the _Siege of Orleans_ acted in that town. This brings one to the much debated question, 'Who wrote the First Part of _King Henry VI._?'

There can be no doubt that Shakespeare had studied both Hall's and Holinshed's chronicles. The former styled Joan of Arc 'a monstrous woman,' and also suggested that fine passage beginning 'Why ring not the bells throughout the town?' We are of those who would wish to believe that our greatest poet had but little hand in delineating the French heroine of all time as she is described in Hall and in Holinshed, and to believe that he left the play--originally written, we think, by Greene--very much as he found it. It is not indeed till the fifth act, when Joan is represented as a magician, and when the grotesqueness of the author passes even the limits of burlesque, that we fail to see a shred of the poet's skill. Nothing in Shakespeare is at once so unpoetical as well as so untrue to history as the last scene, in which Joan repudiates her father. If it is by Shakespeare--which we cannot believe--it must have been one of the very earliest of his historical plays; and, with Ben Jonson, we could wish that the passages referring to the Maid of Orleans had been freely blotted.

The era of the Renaissance brought with it in France no poets to sing of Joan of Arc, and we only find--besides the mystery play of the _Siege of Orleans_--one literary work relating to her at this period; that is a five-act tragedy written by a Jesuit priest named Fronton du Duc, a gloomy piece, which was acted in 1580 at Pont-à-Mousson. In the beginning of the seventeenth century appeared another tragedy by a Norman squire named Virey: it was titled _Jeanne d'Arques, dite la Pucelle d'Orléans_. This very mellifluous production was published at Rouen in the year 1600.

Another tragedy on the same subject appeared in 1642, written by the Abbé d'Aubignac--a very pedantic play.

Next appears an 'heroic poem' by Chapelain, published in 1656, entitled _La Pucelle_. Great things had been expected of this poem, but it fell very flat after a long expectancy of thirty years when it at length saw the light. Chapelain's ridiculous poem gave the idea to Voltaire of his licentious one.

Even Voltaire was ashamed of his work, and long denied that he was its author. As a very slight reparation for his deed, he writes of Joan of Arc in his _Essai sur les moeurs et l'esprit des natives_, that the heroine would have had altars built in the days when altars were erected by primitive men to their liberators.

Southey, referring to Voltaire's infamous production, said, 'I never committed the crime of reading Voltaire's _Pucelle_.'

After all, Voltaire did infinitely more harm to himself by writing his poem _La Pucelle_ than he did to the memory of the Maid of Orleans, for it revealed to the world what an amount of depravity was mixed up within that wonderful shrewd mind, and how it weakened its genius. The great Revolution which swept so many shams away with its terrible breath, venerated, to its honour be it said, both the spirit of humanity displayed by the poet-philosopher and the spirit of patriotism that possessed the virgin heroine and martyr.

In 1795 appeared Southey's heroic play on Joan of Arc. That drama is more a glorification of the principles of the French Revolution than of Joan of Arc. There is no attempt made to follow out her history. The play contains a love episode due entirely to the youthful poet's imagination, but it contains fine passages as well, and seems to us to have merited more praise from posterity than it has received.

Schiller's play, like Southey's, sins grievously as far as historical truth is concerned. The German poet wishes, it seems, to remove the bad impression made by Voltaire's poem. The play was first performed on the stage at Weimar in 1801; and the _Jungfrau von Orleans_ met with considerable success. It contains noble lines, but is historically a mere travesty of the life and death of the heroine.

In 1815 Casimir Delavigne wrote, as a counterblast to the double invasion that France had just undergone, his well known _Messeniennes_ to the honour of the French heroine. These poems had a great success, the second being the most admired; but they are now forgotten. Two other dramatic poets followed in Delavigne's steps: these were d'Avrigni and Soumet. By the former appeared, in 1819, a tragedy in five acts and in verse; it was performed at the Théâtre Français. Soumet's play was also acted; it almost equals d'Avrigni's in length and tediousness.

Besides the above tragedies which had, as the French term it, the honour of seeing the light of the footlights, Desnoyers wrote a play on Joan of Arc in 1841, and was followed by a series of other writers in verse and in prose--Caze, Dumolard, Maurin, Cramar, Hédouville, Millot, Lequesme, Crepot, Puymaigre, Porchat, Haldy, Renard, Jouve, Cozic, Daniel Stern, Bousson de Maviet, Constant Materne. All the above wrote plays and tragedies on the subject of Joan of Arc between the years 1805 and 1862. Daniel Stern was the only authoress who composed a drama in honour of the heroine.

While all this _galimatias_ of dramas has sunk into the limbo which waits for all such work, Villon's two lines remain as bright as the day on which, four centuries ago, he wrote them:--

'Jeanne la bonne Lorraine, Qu' Anglais brûlèrent à Rouen.'

Some plays on the subject of the Maid of Orleans also appeared in Italy and in England, but none is likely to retain a long hold of the stage. The drama of Joan of Arc's life has inspired two of the greatest masters of music of our day. Verdi set a tragedy by Solera to music in 1845, and in 1869 Gounod wrote some music for a piece by Jules Barbier, which was performed with some success at the Gaîté Théâtre in Paris in 1873.

What will always remain an unfortunate fact in the history of modern literature is that the two greatest minds of England and France have written on the subject of the Maid of Orleans lines which--for their fame--it were well they had never written. Whether Shakespeare composed the First Part of _King Henry VI._ may for long remain a disputed point, but he is responsible for that play, and consequently for the manner in which Joan of Arc is treated in it. No genius can pardon or excuse the abuse and filth with which Voltaire bespatters the immortal memory of the glorious Maid of Orleans.

Voltaire's attack on Church and State had much to excuse them in his day; but that on Joan of Arc was entirely unwarranted, uncalled for, and unpardonable. Still, could Joan have known the offence and the offender, we have no doubt she would have forgiven the ribaldry and the ribald as freely as she forgave all her enemies.

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Roux, Nicolas le, 'Cy commence le livre de la Pucelle, natifve de Lorraine, qui reduict France entre les mains du roy, ensêble le iugemêt et comme elle fust bruslée au Vieil-Marché de Rouen.' Rouen, 1590(?) 12mo.

Sainte-James, E. de (Marquis de Gaucourt), 'Des faits relatifs à Jeanne d'Arc et au sire de Gaucourt. Lettres à M.H. Martin, auteur d'une Histoire de France.' Paris, 1857. 12mo.

Sepet, M., 'Jeanne d'Arc.' Tours, 1885. 8vo.

Soumet, 'Jeanne d'Arc' Tragédie. 1825.

Stein. (V. 'Panégyrique.')

Thomas, A., 'Panégyrique de Jeanne d'Arc, prononcé dans la cathédrale d'Orléans le 8 mai 1864.' Orléans, 1864. 8vo.

'Trésor des pièces rares ou inédites.' Paris, 1885, etc. 8vo.

Trippault, L., 'Les faits, pourtraict et iugement de Jeanne d'Arc, dicte la Pucelle d'Orléans (avec le texte latin).' 1583. 12mo.

V., M. de, 'La Pucelle d'Orléans.' 1755. 12mo.

Vallet de Viriville, 'Procès de condamnation de Jeanne d'Arc traduit du latin et publié intégralement pour la première fois en français d'après les documents manuscrits et originaux.' Paris (Mesnil), 1867. 8vo.

---- 'Recherches sur la famille de Jeanne d'Arc' Firmin-Didot, Paris, 1854. 8vo.

---- 'Notices, notes et développements, annexe de la Chronique de Cousinot,' Jacob, Paris, 1857. 8vo. (V. 'Jacob,' p. 314 de la présente bibliographie.)

Vergnaud-Romagnesi, C.F., 'Examen philosophique et impartial des apparitions de la mission divine de Jeanne d'Arc.' Orléans, 1881. 8vo.

---- 'Fête de Jeanne d'Arc à Orléans. Précis sur la vie et les exploits de Jeanne d'Arc, ses portraits.' Orléans (imp. à Paris), 1855. 8vo.

---- 'Fête de la délivrance d'Orléans, dite fête de Jeanne Arc, 8 mai 1857.' Orléans, 1857. 8vo.

---- 'Histoire de la ville d'Orléans.' Orléans, 1830. 8vo.

Vigneulles, P. Gérard de, 'Jeanne d'Arc dans les Chroniques Messines de P. de Vigneulles.' 1878. 8vo.

Villaume, N., 'Histoire de Jeanne d'Arc, et réfutation des diverses erreurs publiées jusqu'à ce jour.' Paris, 1863. 12mo.

Voltaire, 'La Pucelle d'Orléans: poëme divisé en vingt chants, avec des notes.' Préface de 'Dom Apulejus Risorius' (c.-à.-d. Voltaire lui-même). Genève 1762, et Londres 1764. 8vo.

---- ---- avec notes de 'M. de Morza' (c.-à.-d. Voltaire) Genève, 1773. 8vo.

---- ---- Londres (Paris?), 1779-78. 24mo. (Le 2^e vol. porte l'année 1778 à la 1^e page.)

Wallon, H.A., 'Jeanne d'Arc.' Edition illustrée. Paris, 1883. 8vo.

Zeller et Luchaire (A.), 'Charles VII. et Jeanne d'Arc.' 1880. 16mo.

ENGLISH BIBLIOGRAPHY OF JOAN OF ARC.

Bartlett, David W., 'The Life of Joan of Arc.' Auburn, New York, 1855. 12mo.

Blake, Robert, 'Joan of Arc.' A poem. London, 1876. 8vo.

Bray, Mrs., 'Life of Joan d'Arc.' London, 1874. 8vo.

Caddy, Mrs. Florence, 'Footsteps of Jeanne d'Arc: A Pilgrimage.' London, 1866. 8vo.

Charles, Mrs. E., 'Joan of Arc: A Story of the Fifteenth Century.' London, 1879. 8vo.

'Commines, Philip de, The Memoirs of.' 2 vols. London, 1855. 12mo.

Davenport-Adams, W.H., 'The Maid of Orleans.' London, 1889. 8vo.

Delepierre, Joseph Octave, 'Historical Difficulties and Contested Events.' London, 1868. 8vo.

Doran, John, 'Knights and their Days.' London, 1856. 8vo.

Fuller, Thomas, 'The Holy State and the Profane State.' London, 1840. 8vo. pp. 341.

Guizot, F.P.G., 'The History of France from the Earliest Times to the year 1789.' Translated by R. Black. London, 1870. 8vo.

Jameson, Mrs. A., 'Lives of Celebrated Sovereigns.' London, 1834. 12mo.

'Joan of Arc: The Story of a Noble Life.' Edinburgh, 1871. 12mo.

Maceroni, Cecilia, 'Illustrations from the History of the Maid of Orleans.' London, 1854. 8vo.

Owen, Emily, 'Heroines of History.' London, 1877. 8vo.

Parr, Harriet, 'The Life and Death of Jeanne d'Arc.' London, 1866. 8vo.

Parton, James, 'The People's Book of Biography.' New York, 1869. 8vo.

Pauli, Rheinhold, 'Pictures of Old England.' Translated by E.C. Otté. London, 1861. 8vo.

Quincey, T. de, 'Miscellaneous Essays: Joan of Arc.' London, 1865. 8vo.

Russell, Wm., 'Extraordinary Women.' London, 1857. 8vo.

R., C.L., 'The Story of Joan of Arc.' London, 1860. 16mo.

Southey, Robert, 'Joan of Arc; an epic Poem.' Bristol, &c., 1796. 4to.

Stanhope, P.H. (5th Earl), 'The Life of Joan of Arc.' London, 1853. 8vo.

Sterling, J., 'Essays and Tales,' vol. i. London, 1848. 8vo.

Stothart, A.E., 'Joan of Arc.' London, 1874. 8vo.

'The Wonderful Exploits of the Maid of Orleans.' Falkirk, 1815. 12mo.

Tuckey, Janet, 'Life of Joan of Arc.' London, 1880. 8vo.

* * * * *

MAGAZINE ARTICLES ON JOAN OF ARC.

_Blackwood's Magazine_, vol. xlvii. p. 284 (1841).

_Dublin Review_, vol. lx. p. 118 (1866).

_Dublin University Magazine_, vol. lxxxix. p. 417 (1876).

_Encyclopædia Britannica_, Article, 'Joan of Arc.'

_Temple Bar_, vol. xxi. p. 380 (1867).

_Fortnightly Review_, vol. vi. p. 632 (1866).

_Harper's Magazine_, vol. lxiii. p. 91 (1881).

INDEX

INDEX.

Adam, De l'Isle, commander of the Burgundian soldiers in Paris, 107

Albret, Sire d', assists Joan of Arc at the siege of Saint Pierre-le-Moutier, 115

Alençon, Duke of, entrusted with the command of the expedition on the Loire, 73, 74; his personal safety vouchsafed by Joan of Arc, 76; accompanies the King to Rheims, 85; testifies to the military talents of Joan, 95; gives evidence at the trial for her rehabilitation, 265

Alessée, John, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Alnwick, William, Bishop of Norwich, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Anjou, Duke of, his sympathy with Joan of Arc, 30

Anjou, René d', 111

Arc, origin of the name, 4

Arc, Isabeau d' (mother of Joan of Arc), her influence upon her daughter, 5; at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Arc, Jacques d' (father of Joan of Arc), his social position, 4; his death, 255

Arc, Joan of. _See_ Joan of Arc

Arc, John d' (brother of Joan of Arc), 37; at the trial for her rehabilitation, 256, 285

Arc, Peter d' (brother of Joan of Arc), 37; taken prisoner with his sister, 125; at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Armagnac, Thibauld d', Sire de Thermes, 40; at the trial for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 274

Arnolin, Henri, priest, 260

Arras, Bishop of, 106

Arundel, Earl of, threatens the town of Compiègne, 122

Aubert, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Aubignac, Abbé d', his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306

Auguy, Raoul, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Aulon, John d', esquire of Joan of Arc, 37, 56, 57; rescues his mistress, 115; taken prisoner with her, 125, 134; gives evidence at the trial for her rehabilitation, 257, 271

Aunoy, Arnoult d', Celibat of the Monastery of Saint Urban-les-Joinville, 21

Averdy, Clément de l', 292

Avét, John de Saint, Bishop of Avranches, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145

Avrigni, D', dramatic poet, 308

Aymeri, William, doctor of theology, 33

Bailly, Nicolas, scrivener, 260

Baker, Sir Richard, English writer, 300

Bar, Count de, 3

Barante, historian, 297

Barbier, Robert, canon of Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Barbier, Jean, King's Advocate, 224; at the trial for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 263

Barbier, Jules, 309

Barrey, John, godfather of Joan of Arc, 258

Basin, Thomas, Bishop of Lisieux, quoted for Joan of Arc's belief in the reality of her visions, 8

Basset, John, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Baubribosc, William de, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Baudricourt, Robert de, 9; his first interview with Joan of Arc, 12; second interview, 14; presents her with his sword, 21

Beaucharnys, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Beaucharnys, Petronillé, 274

Beaucroix, Simon, at the trial for rehabilitation, 272

Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester. _See_ Winchester.

Beaupère, John, canon at Besançon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145; examines and cross-questions her, 158; seeks to effect her abjuration, 227; at the trial for rehabilitation, 276

Bedford, Duke of, sends Fastolfe to Suffolk's assistance at Jargeau, 75; takes refuge in the fortress of Vincennes, 100; appeals for help to the Duke of Burgundy and the Bishop of Winchester, 101; advances from Paris, 103; returns there, 105; leaves for Normandy, 107; comes to terms with the Duke of Burgundy, 114; invokes the aid of the Church against Joan of Arc, 130

Bellarme, Martin, Dominican priest, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Bellier, William, bailiff of Troyes, 89

Bellow, J., cited, 150

Benel, Abbot of Courcelles, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Bergame, Philip de, Augustinian monk, 289

Berwoit, John, attendant on Joan of Arc, 149, 157

Bibliography of Joan of Arc: French, 311; English, 320

Boissel, Guérold de, 225

Bonart, Hervé, canon at Orleans, 274

Bonnet, John, priest, 282

Bonnet, Simon, Bishop of Senlis, 32

Bordez, André, canon at Rouen, 274

Boucher, Charlotte, bedfellow of Joan of Arc, at the trial for rehabilitation, 273

Boucher, James, host of Joan of Arc in Orleans, 52

Boucher, Mary le, 122

Bouchier, Peter, priest, 282

Boulogne, Count of, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Boussac, Marshal de (Saint-Sévère), 40, 47, 58, 75

Boyleau, Joan, 273

Brullot, John, canon at Rouen, assessor at trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Buchon, 291, 292

Burgundy, Philip, Duke of, his trimming conduct after the coronation at Rheims, 102; comes to terms with Bedford, 114; intrigues to obtain possession of Compiègne, 121; hands over Joan of Arc to the English, 137

Cabu, Gentien, burgher of Orleans, 273

Cagny, Perceval de, cited, 66

Calixtus III., Pope, sanctions the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 254

Canelier, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Castiglione, Zanon de, Bishop of Lisieux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145, 213

Cauchon, Peter, Bishop of Beauvais, 106; his early career, 131; offered preferment by Winchester, 132; ransoms Joan of Arc for the English, 133; resolves that her trial shall take place in Rouen, 141; constitution of his tribunal, 143; his policy at the beginning of the trial, 150, 151; his opening speech, 153; his examination of the Maid, 154 _et seq._; fails to attach guilt to her in the public trial, 187; subjects her to a secret examination in prison, 188; contents of his letter of indictment to the University of Paris, 208; tries to extort her submission in illness, 215; decides to put her to the torture, 221; commended for his zealous conduct, 226; seeks to effect her abjuration, 227; absolves her from excommunication, 235; interviews her in prison, 238; hands her over to the secular powers, 248

Caval, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148; at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Censurey, Peter de la, canon at Rouen, 274

Chapelain, his 'heroic poem' on the Maid, 306

Charles II., Duke of Lorraine, seeks an interview with Joan of Arc, 17

Charles V. of France, 1

Charles VI. of France, 1

Charles the Dauphin (afterwards Charles VII.), protests against the dismemberment of France, 1; his wretched condition at the beginning of 1429, 23; interview with Joan of Arc at Chinon, 28; presents her with a suit of armour, 37; meets her after the delivery of Orleans, 70; sets out for Rheims, 83; is crowned there, 91; ennobles Joan, 98; vacillating conduct, 102; marches on Paris, 104; retreats to Gien, 114; takes measures for the rehabilitation of the Maid, 253; real object in doing so, 271

Charles, Simon, Master of the Requests, 263

Charlet, 292

Charnettes, Lebrun les, historian, 292

Charron, William le, burgher of Orleans, 272

Chartres, Regnault de, Archbishop of Rheims, 32; accompanies Joan of Arc to Blois, 46; tries to thwart her mission, 55; meets Charles VII. on his entry into Rheims, 90; makes a truce with the English, 111; announces the capture of the Maid to the citizens of Rheims, 128

Chartrier, William, Bishop of Paris, appointed a commissioner for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 255

Chatillon, Archdeacon of Evreux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; his sermon before Joan, 219

Chauvigny, Seigneur de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Chinon, the Castle of, 22

Clermont, Count of, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85, 111

Coaraze, 40

Colin, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Colin, John, priest, 262

Colles, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 144, 151; at the trial for rehabilitation, 279

Columbel, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Compaing, Peter, canon at Orleans, 274

Compiègne, the town of, 122

Contes, Louis de, page of Joan, 37, 268

Conti, De, Abbot of Sainte Catherine, Assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Coppequesne, Nicolas, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147, 224

Cormeilles, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Coulant, 40

Coulon, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Coulon, Guillemette de, 273

Courcelles, Thomas de, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145, 150, 202, 224, 235; nature of his evidence at the trial for rehabilitation, 275

Cousinot, G., Chancellor of the Duke of Orleans, 291

Crique, Peter de, Prior of Sigy, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Crotoy, Le, importance of, to the English in the fifteenth century, 139

Crotoy, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Culan, Louis, Admiral de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Cusquel, Peter, burgher of Rouen, 284

Dacier, Abbot of Saint Corneille of Compiègne, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 222

Daniel, English writer, 300

Darmesteter, M., cited, 300

Daron, Peter, attorney, 283

Daval, William, priest, at the trial for rehabilitation, 281

David, Jesuit priest, 291

De Champcoux, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

De Commy, Cosmé, burgher of Orleans, 273

Delachambre, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; at the trial for rehabilitation, 278; Joan of Arc's doctor, _ib._

Delavigne, Casimir, his poems on Joan of Arc, 307

Desjardins, Abel, biographer of Joan of Arc, 299

Desnoyers, dramatist, 308

Desprès, John, 257

Domremy, birthplace of Joan of Arc, 3

Du Bellay, French writer, cited, 285, 289

Dubesert, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148; at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Duchemin, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Du Duc, Fronton, his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306

Du Fay, Geoffrey, knight, 261

Dufresnoy, Abbé Longlet, his Life of Joan of Arc, 292

Du Lys, Charles, descendant of the Arc family, 290

Dumas, Alexandre, his Life of Joan of Arc, 297

Dunois, Bastard of Orleans, commander of the French troops in Orleans, 36, 40; interview with Joan of Arc at Reuilly, 51; goes to Blois to bring up reinforcements, 54; attacks the Tournelles, 62, 75; testifies to the military talents of Joan, 95; at the trial for rehabilitation, 266

Durement, Abbot of Fécamp, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Edward III. of England, 1

Emenyart, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149, 212

Epinal, Gerardin d', village companion of Joan of Arc, 89, 258

Epinal, Isabellette d', friend of Joan of Arc, 258

Erard, William, canon of Beauvais, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; opposed to applying the torture to her, 224; preaches on the occasion of Joan's abjuration, 230, 232

Erault, John, 35

Esbalny, Jacques l', burgher of Orleans, 273

Estelin, Beatrix d', godmother of Joan of Arc, 258

Estivet, John d', surnamed 'Bénédicité,' at trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Estouteville, Cardinal d', 254

Fabre, Joseph, historian, cited, 164, 258, 266, 284; his works on Joan of Arc, 299

Fabyan, Robert, English writer, 299

Farciaux, Robert de, canon, 274

Fastolfe, Sir John, at the siege of Orleans, 43; sent to Jargeau to reinforce Suffolk, 75; joins forces with Talbot, 78; defeated at the battle of Patay, 80; disgraced, 100

Fauconbridge, clerk of the French Parliament, quoted, 68

Fave, Jean, Master of Requests, 284

Feuillet, Gerard, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 146

Fèvre, Le, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149

Fiexvet, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149

Flavigny, William de, governor of Compiègne, 121, 123, 124; his supposed treachery towards Joan, 127

Fontaine, John de la, at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143; secretly examines her in prison, 188; flies from the wrath of Couchon, 194

Fournier, Jean, priest, testifies in favour of Joan of Arc, 16

France, state of, in 1420, 1

France, Martin le, 302

Franquet d'Arras, English freebooter, captured by Joan of Arc, 120

Fremiet, sculptor, 110

Frique, Abbot of Bee, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Fuller, Thomas, 300

Fumeux, Jean le, priest, testifies to the piety of Joan of Arc, 17; at the trial for rehabilitation, 262

Gargrave, Sir Thomas, mortally wounded in the attack on Orleans, 42

Garin, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Garivel, Francis, at the trial for rehabilitation, 264

Gastinel, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 224

Gaucourt, Raoul de, Grand Master of the King's Household, 40; closes the Burgundy Gate at Orleans against Joan of Arc, 61, 75; at the trial for her rehabilitation, 268

Gerard, Henriette, friend of Joan of Arc, 258

Giresme, Nicolas de, knight of Rhodes, in the attack on the Tournelles, 64

Glansdale, Sir William, succeeds Salisbury in the command of the English forces before Orleans, 42, 59; drowned in the Loire, 65

Gloucester, Duke of, English Protector, 101

Godart, Raoul, canon at Rouen, 274

Godefroy, Denis, 291

'Godon,' the French sobriquet for the English, 61

Gounod, 309

Grasset, Peter, governor of La Charité, 116

Graverent, John, Dominican priest and Grand Inquisitor of France, at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143

Graville, De, 58

Green, J.R., 300

Greene, Robert, dramatist, 305

Gris, John, English knight, personal attendant on Joan of Arc, 149, 157

Grouchet, Richard de, priest, 282

Guerdon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149

Guesdon, Laurent, clerk and advocate to the lay court of Rouen, 284

Guillemeth, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Guthrie, his Life of Joan of Arc, 300

Haillon, French writer, 289

Haiton, William, English priest, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 222, 224

Hall, English historian, quoted, for the delivery of Orleans, 66, 299

Harcourt, Christophe d', Bishop of Castres, confessor of Charles VII., 71

Henry II. of England, 26

Henry III. of England, his death at Chinon, 25

Henry V. of England, his position in France in 1420, 1, 39

Henry VI. of England, 100, 137

Herrings, the battle of the, 44

Hilaire, John, burgher of Orleans, 273

Hire, La, 40; persuaded to break off swearing by Joan of Arc, 46; assists in the attack on the Tournelles, 62; leads the van at the battle of Patay, 80; accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Holinshed, English writer, 299

Hordal, John, descendant of the Arc family, 291

Houppeville, Nicolas de, doctor of theology, 278

Hue, Peter, burgher of Orleans, 273

Illiers, Florent d', 53

Ingres, his picture of Joan of Arc, 92

Inquisition, the, resolve to prosecute Joan of Arc as a sorceress and idolatress, 130

Jacquard, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Jacquier, native of Domremy, 261

Jacquier, Guillot, 262

Joan of Arc, her birth and parentage, 3; her amiable character, 5; devotion to religious duties, 6; first visions, 7; her belief in their reality, 8; interviews with Baudricourt, 11, 14; visits Duke Charles of Lorraine, 17; her popularity at Vaucouleurs, 18; her equipment, 19; sets out for Chinon, 20; opposed by La Tremoïlle, 24; arrival at Chinon, 25; interview with the King, 26; favourably impresses him, 29; trains herself in military exercises, 30; examined at Poitiers before the French Parliament, 32; her mission sanctioned, 36; prepares her standard, 37; arrives at Blois, 46; despatches a letter to the Duke of Bedford, 47; her interview with Dunois before Orleans, 51; enthusiastic entry into the city, 52; summons the English to surrender, 53; meets Dunois with the relieving forces, 55; her first engagement, 57; carries the Bastille des Augustins, 59; prophesies she will be wounded, 60; leads the attack on the Tournelles, 62; wounded, 63; rallies the wavering French, 64; compels the English to raise the siege, 65; returns to Chinon, 69; urges Charles VII. to go to Rheims, 70; leads the expedition on the Loire, 73; storms and takes Jargeau, 75; gains the battle of Patay, 80; sets out for Rheims with Charles, 84; the enforced halt before Troyes, 85; expresses her fear of treachery, 89; at the King's coronation in Rheims cathedral, 91; her military talents, 94; her humane conduct in war, 96; ennobled by Charles, 98; advises the latter to march on Paris, 101; writes to the Duke of Burgundy for assistance, 102; resolves to attempt to take Paris, 107; her impetuous onslaught, 109; again wounded, 110; deposits her armour and arms in the fane of Saint Denis, 113; assaults and captures the fortress of Saint Pierre-le-Moutier, 115; fails to take La Charité, 117; her simplicity and freedom from egotism, _ib._; captures an English freebooter and his band at Lagny, 120; received with joy in Compiègne, 122; attacks the Burgundians at Margny, 124; driven back from Clairvoix, 124; taken prisoner, 125; removed to the castle of Beaulieu, in Picardy, 129; handed over to Peter Cauchon, 133; attempts to escape, 135, 136; delivered to the English, 138; taken to Rouen, 141; barbarously treated, 142; demands that her judges should be equally divided in nationality, 153; her answers to Cauchon and Beaupère, 154 _sq._; secretly interrogated in prison, 188; continued maltreatment, 196; the twelve articles on which her condemnation was founded, 207; falls ill in prison, 214; again interrogated by Cauchon, 215; threatened with torture, 221; condemned by the University of Paris, 225; her abjuration, 228 _sq._; discards her male attire, 236; roughly treated by her guard, _ib._; her forgiving nature, 239; is apprised of her fate, 243; upbraids Cauchon, _ib._; confesses and receives the sacrament, 244; pardons Loiseleur, 246; handed over to the secular powers, 248; implores pardon for her enemies, _ib._; her martyrdom, 250; the trial for her rehabilitation, 253 _sq._

Jocab, Dominic, curate, 261

Jolivet, Abbot of St. Michel's Mount, Normandy, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Jollois, historian, 297

Jonqualt, Peter, burgher at Orleans, 273

Jonson, Ben, cited for the authorship of the First Part of _King Henry VI._, 304

Jouvenel des Ursins, John, Archbishop of Rheims, appointed commissioner for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 255

Joyart, Mengette, friend of Joan of Arc, 258

Labbé, Abbot of Saint George de Bocherville, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Laclopssé, Bertrand, thatcher, 261

Ladvenu, Martin, Dominican priest, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149; cited for her brutal treatment in prison, 238; sent to apprise her of her fate, 243; receives her confession and administers the sacrament, 244; attends her to execution, 245; at the trial for her rehabilitation, 280

La Fontaine, biographer of Joan of Arc, 299

Laiguise, John, Bishop of Troyes, offers to capitulate Troyes to King Charles VII., 88

Lamartine, 299

Landor, Walter Savage, 300

Langart, John de, godfather of Joan of Arc, 258

Laval, Count Guy de, cited, 73; accompanies the King to Rheims, 85

Laxart, Durand, cousin of Joan of Arc, 11; at the trial for rehabilitation, 261

Lebourg, William, prior, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Le Cuin, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Ledoux, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 224

Le France, Martin, French poet, 300

Le Fèvre, Jean, bishop, at the trial for rehabilitation, 276

Lemaître, Husson, coppersmith, 275

Lemaître, John, Dominican prior, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 143, 157, 188, 224

Lenozoles, John de, priest, 282

Lepage, Bastien, his picture of Joan of Arc, 12

Leroux, abbot of Jumièges, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Leroy, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Lessarmentrer, Mauger, chief torturer of Rouen, at the trial for rehabilitation, 282

Ligny, John de, 128; transfers Joan of Arc to his castle of Beaurevoir, 135; delivers her into the hands of the Duke of Burgundy, 137; taunts her in prison, 142

Lisle, Lancelot de, at the siege of Orleans, 43

Loheac, Seigneur de, accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Lohier, John, threatened by Cauchon for his sympathy with Joan of Arc, 199

Loiseleur, Nicolas, canon of Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 146; his infamous conduct, _ib._, 197; his remorse, 199; intent on torture, 222, 224; seeks to effect her abjuration, 227, 232, 235; asks pardon of her, 246

Lombard, Jean, professor of theology, 33

Longueil, Richard de, Bishop of Coutances, appointed a commissioner for the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 255

Luce, Simeon, cited, 14, 299

Luillier, John, at the trial for rehabilitation, 272

Luxembourg, John of, 106

Luxembourg, Louis of, Bishop of Thérouanne, in command of the English soldiers in Paris, 107; consents to the sale of Joan of Arc to the English, 133; an assessor at the trial of the Maid, 144

Machot, Gerard, Bishop of Castres, 32

Mackintosh, Sir James, 300

Maçon, Robert de, 71

Macquelonne, the Bishop of, 32

Macy, historian, cited, 142

Macy, Aimonde de, soldier, 283

Mahon, Lord, 300

Mailly, John de, Bishop of Noyon, assessor at trial of Joan of Arc, 144; at the trial for rehabilitation, 276

Manchon, William, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 144, 151, 157, 209; cited for the brutal treatment of her guard, 237, 238; at the trial for rehabilitation, 279

Mansier, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Marcel, John, 284

'Margette,' the, 24

Marguerie, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 222, 224, 282

Marie, Thomas, priest, 282

Marin, Captain, cited, 112, 127

Martigny, Louis de, 216

Martin, Henry, historian, 298

Martyn, English writer, 300

Masle, Du, Abbot of Saint Ouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Masnier, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Massieu, John, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 144, 151, 153; grants her permission to kneel at the prison chapel door, 197, 222; urges her to abjure, 232; cited for the brutal treatment of her guard, 237, 249; at the trial for rehabilitation, 280

Maurice, Peter, 243

Metz, Jean de, becomes acquainted with Joan of Arc, 14; escorts her to Chinon, 19; at the trial for rehabilitation, 261

Mézarie, historian, 291

Michelet, cited, 3, 82, 121, 131, 187, 199, 236, 238, 291; his Life of Joan of Arc, 297

Midi, Nicolas, D.D., assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 146; his sermon on the eve of Joan's death, 246

Migiet, Peter, Prior of Longueville, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148; at trial for rehabilitation, 277

Milet, Peter, 274

Moen, John, of Domremy, 261

Monsteschère, John de, master gunner at the siege of Orleans, 43

Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, cited, 46, 129; the most eminent writer against Joan of Arc, 289

Montaigne, cited, 12

Montgomery, commands the English forces before Compiègne, 123

Montjeu, Philibert de, Bishop of Coutances, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 145

Moreaux, John, burgher of Rouen, 284

Morel, Aubert, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148, 222, 224

Morel, John, village companion of Joan of Arc, 89

Morel de Greux, John, godfather of Joan of Arc, 258

Morellet, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Moret, Abbot of Préaux, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Morice, Peter, canon at Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 146, 226

Mystery play, the French, on Joan of Arc, 301

Nicolas V., Pope, opposed to the rehabilitation of Joan of Arc, 254

Orleans, the siege of, begun by the English, 13; enthusiasm of the people of, for Joan of Arc, 36; its defences, 39; horrors of the siege, 45; the siege raised, 66, 68

Ourche, Albert d', knight, 261

Paris, Martial de, French poet, 301

Paris, University of. _See_ University

Parliament, French, at Poitiers, 31; examine Joan of Arc, 32; sanction her mission, 36

Pasquerel, Jean, cited, 27, 37; at the trial for rehabilitation, 268

Pasquier, Stephen, French jurisconsult, 290

Patay, the battle of, 80

Perrin le Drassier, bell-ringer of Domremy, 260

Petitot, 291, 292

Pierre, Isambard de la, Dominican priest, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149, 151; his sympathy for her, 195, 224, 235; cited for the brutal treatment of her guard, 238; attends her last moments, 245, 249, 251; at the trial for rehabilitation, 280

Pinchon, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Pisan, Christine de, poetess, 301

Poitiers, the Great Hall of, 31; the Bishop of, 32

Pole, John de la, at the siege of Orleans, 43

Pole, William de la. _See_ Suffolk

Postel, William, French writer, 290

Postian, William, burgher of Orleans, 273

Pougoulat, 292

Poulangy, Bertrand de, 11; escorts Joan of Arc on her journey to Chinon, 19; at the trial for rehabilitation, 261

Prévosteau, advocate, at the trial for rehabilitation, 256

Quicherat, historian, cited, 24, 55, 291; his literary labours, 292

Quincey, De, 300

Rabelais, connection with Chinon, 25

Rabuteau, Maître Jean, Parliamentary Advocate-General, 32

Radley, English officer, 107

Raimond, page of Joan, 37

Rainguesson, John, godfather of Joan of Arc, 258

Rais, Seigneur de, 47, 75; accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85

Regnault, William, captures the Earl of Suffolk at Jargeau, 77

Rheims, coronation of Charles VII. at, 91

Rheims, the Archbishop of. _See_ Chartres, Regnault de

Richard, Father, his interview with Joan of Arc, 86

Richarville, Guillaume de, 274

Richemont, Constable de, joins the army of the Loire, 78

Richer, Edmond, doctor of theology, 291

Rochelle, Catherine de la, her deceit exposed by Joan of Arc, 118

Roger, Denis, burgher of Orleans, 273

Roquier, John, priest, 282

Rotslaer, Sire de, cited, 60

Rouillart, William, burgher of Orleans, 272

Roussel, 224

Rouvray, the Battle of the Herrings near, 44

Royer, Henry and Joan le, 261

Sainte-Beuve, cited, 2; on Wallon's biography of Joan of Arc, 298

Saint-Mesmin, Aignan de, burgher of Orleans, 273

Saint-Prix, Berriat, historian, 293; his itinerary of the last three years of the life of Joan of Arc, _ib._

Saint-Sévère, Marshal. _See_ Boussac.

Salisbury, commands the English forces before Orleans, 40; mortally wounded, 42

Saulx, canon, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Savoy, Duke of, 106

Scales, Lord, at siege of Orleans, 42

Schiller, his _Jungfrau von Orleans_, 307

Sequier, Dominican monk, 32; questions Joan, 33; at the trial for rehabilitation, 263

Shakespeare and the character of Joan of Arc, 301, 309

Sionne, Etienne de, curate, 260

Sismondi, historian, 296

Solera, 309

Sorel, Agnes, 52

Soumet, dramatic poet, 308

Southey, cited, 306; his heroic poem on Joan of Arc, 307

Stafford, Lord, visits Joan of Arc in prison, 142

Sterling, John, 300

Stern, Daniel, French authoress, 308

Stow, historian, 299

Stuart, John, Constable of Scotland, killed at the battle of the Herrings, 45

Stuart, William, brother of the Constable of Scotland, killed at the battle of the Herrings, 45

Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, commands the English forces before Orleans, 43; confronts the French at Jargeau, 75; defeated and captured, 77

Talbot, Lord, at the siege of Orleans, 42; withdraws his forces, 67; joins hands with Fastolfe, 78; defeated and taken prisoner, 80

Talbot, William, attendant on Joan of Arc, 149, 157

Taquel, Nicolas, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 144; at the trial for rehabilitation, 280

Thépelin de Viteau, Jeannette, god-mother of Joan of Arc, 258

Theroude, Abbot of Mortemer, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Thevenin le Royer, of Domremy, 261

Théverien, Jeannette, godmother of Joan of Arc, 258

Thibault, Gobert, 32, 264

Thierry, Reginald, court physician, 274

Thou, James de, burgher of Orleans, 273

Tilloy, Jamet de, French knight, 36

Tiphanie, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 149, 278

Touraine, James de, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 146

Toutmouillé, John, apprises Joan of Arc of her fate, 243; at the trial for rehabilitation, 281

Tremoïlle, George de la, minister of Charles VII., 23; tries to thwart Joan of Arc in her mission, 24, 30, 55, 112; alarmed at her ever-growing popularity, 83; accompanies the King to Rheims, 85, 128

Troyes, the treaty of (1420), 1

Troyes, John de, senior of the Faculty of Theology in the University of Paris, 224

University of Paris, aid in the prosecution of Joan of Arc, 130; constitution of the, 134; recommend the removal of Joan to Paris, 140; their decision regarding her guilt, 224

Vaillant, Peter, burgher of Orleans, 273

Vaux, Pasquier de, canon, one of the tribunal on the trial of Joan of Arc, 148

Venderès, Nicolas de, canon of Rouen, assessor at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147, 222, 225

Vendôme, Comte de, Chamberlain to Charles VII., 27, 75; accompanies the King to Rheims, 85

Verdi, 307

Vernon, Raoul Roussel de, reporter at the trial of Joan of Arc, 147

Versailles, Pierre de, 35

Veuillot, on Wallon's Life of Joan of Arc, 298

Viennne, Colet de, escorts Joan of Arc to Chinon, 19

Villars, French knight, 36

Villaume, biographer of Joan of Arc, 299

Villon, François, his lines on Joan of Arc, 302, 308

Viole, Aignan, advocate, 274

Virey, his tragedy on Joan of Arc, 306

Virgile, Polydore, French writer, 290

Viriville, Vallet de, 291

Volant, John, burgher of Orleans, 272

Voltaire, cited, 285; his _Pucelle_, 306, 309

Wallon, historian, cited, 46, 126, 210, 211, 227, 297

Wandome, the Bastard of, 128

Warwick, Earl of, visits Joan of Arc in prison, 142; threatens Isambard de la Pierre for his sympathy with her, 196; demands that she should be saved from a natural death, 214; enraged at the prospect of her release, 235

Waterin, playmate of Joan of Arc, 259

Waverin, English officer, cited for the English loss at the battle of Patay, 80

Winchester, Henry Beaufort, Bishop of, arrives in Paris with his army, 101; retains Peter Cauchon to prosecute Joan of Arc, 132; his scheme for this purpose, 137; at the abjuration of Joan, 229; weeps over her fate, 248

Xaintrailles, 40, 47; accompanies Charles VII. to Rheims, 85; taken prisoner, 125

THE END.

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