CHAPTER XVIII.

Chapter 386,770 wordsPublic domain

EFFECT OF THE EXPULSION.

A BRIEF REVIEW.--CURSE OF GOD VISITED UPON SPAIN.--THE CHURCH A FALSE PROPHET.--WITH EXPULSION OF THE JEWS AND MOORS SPANISH PROSPERITY CEASES.--SPANIARDS EXPERIENCE SOME OF THE SUFFERINGS WHICH THE JEWS AND MOORS HAD ENDURED.--SPAIN MAKES AMENDS.--THE MOORS LOST.--THE JEWS LIVE.

A few words more and our task is ended. A few words more and we shall bid a last farewell to unfortunate Spain, once so sunny, so prosperous, so intellectual, and so fair. A few words more and our goodly vessel, staunch and strong, will furl its eager wings and speed us straight across the foaming deep, and land us once again upon Columbia's heaven blessed and freedom-kissed virgin soil. As we predicted, so it came to pass. Our journey back into the centuries of the past, and into foreign lands, and among foreign peoples, has proven a profitable one, and as memorable as profitable. Events and scenes, beautiful and loathsome, joyous and tearful, soul refreshing and execrable, followed each other in rapid succession. There was much, which, despite the most authentic historic sources, seemed fabulous, incredible, impossible. Men and women and the states of society and civilization in which they lived and played their parts, were described, which startled us for their peerless magnificence, for their marvelous intellectuality, scarce equalled even now, and led us to suppose that we were not dealing with facts, but with the imagination of some rich phantasy. And events and achievements were recounted which struck terror into our very soul, and caused the heart to rise in rebellion against the mind when it was asked to believe them as actual occurrences, and not as some distressing and revolting and blood-stained work of fiction. And yet all that was told, and all that was described, and all that was recounted was history, and true history, strange and incredible, marvelous and anomalous though it did appear.

Two races of men engaged our attention most, the Jews and the Moors. When first we met the Jews in the southwestern corner of Europe, we found them a prosperous community, large in numbers, loved and appreciated by their heathen neighbors, busily engaged in transforming Spain into a granery and into the garden spot of Europe, and contributing largely, by their high morality and intelligence, by their skill and industry to the nation's prosperity.

With the advent of the power of Christianity in Spain, in the Sixth Century, a sad change took place. It marked the beginning of the martyrology of the Jews in Europe. Thousands were massacred, thousands were dragged to the baptismal font, thousands were forced to take the staff of exile. But not for long. A deliverer arose from the Arabian peninsula and hastened to their rescue. This Arabian people, agile in the use of arms, dexterous in the training of horses, capable of sustaining great fatigue and hardship, and, true to the Semitic race, intellectual and sagacious, had lived till late in the Sixth Century a peaceful, nomadic life. Suddenly they were awakened out of their religious and political inactivity by their great leader Mohammed, the prophet. He kindled in their hearts the fire of enthusiasm, and led them forth to establish throughout the world his faith and his dominion. Asia submitted, Africa submitted. The early dawn of the Eighth Century saw them, where the African continent protrudes boldly to meet the continent of Europe, casting wistful glances across the straits of Hercules, upon Andalusia's beauteous lands. The exiled Jews and Christians, roused to rebellion by the religious and political tyranny of Spain, conspired with the Mohammedan invaders, and the portals of Spain were opened to the people of Arabia, and Europe to the creed of Mohammed. The exiled Jews returned to their country, and the baptized to their cherished faith, for the Arab-Moors tolerated both the Hebrew people and their faith. Moorish and Jewish skill and industry and intelligence united, and united they became--and they maintained that distinction for many centuries--the most prosperous and most intellectual people of Europe, at a time when the rest of Europe was numbed into a death-like torpor, mentally spell-bound, industrially entranced, politically enslaved, morally degraded and religiously fettered, by a corrupt priestcraft, to ignorance and superstition.

Eight centuries long Jew and Moor toiled side by side, and during all these centuries, the Jews, with some few exceptions, politically tolerated, and religiously free, arose to great wealth and commercial importance, clothed honorably high political offices, and occupied a social and intellectual position never equalled in Europe before or since.

But the Mohammedan power began to wane, and with its waning came the terrible change in the fortunes of the Hebrew people. With Moorish decline awakened the eagerness of the Spaniards for the provinces from which the Arabian invaders had driven them, and with it grew a most fanatical zeal for the expulsion from its territories of every belief save that of Christianity.

A desperate struggle ensued. Province after province the Moor was forced to yield to the relentless foe. At last all was lost. The Mohammedan power in Spain was crushed. The Moors and Jews were given the choice between baptism and expulsion. Hundreds of thousands of them feigned allegiance to the Church of Christ, and remained. Hundreds of thousands of them, true to their faith, parted heart-broken from the land that was dearer to them than their own life. The remaining baptized Jews and Moors were soon suspected of relapsing into their old faith, and the Inquisition was brought and burned them by the thousands, and thinned the ranks of the exile Jews. By far the greater number perished from cruelty, exposure, starvation, disease, in their search for a quiet spot where they might live or die in peace. Wherever the remainder of them was permitted to settle, thither they brought blessings[43] verifying the promise of God: "They that bless thee will be blest.[44]

[43] Cf. Lecky's "Rationalism in Europe", vol i. chap. vi.

[44] Genesis xii: 3.

And so, too, was verified the other half of that promise: "They that curse thee will be cursed." The curse of God has hung heavily upon Spain, ever since she had dared to lay violent hand upon God's anointed, ever since she cruelly massacred, burned and exiled the most thrifty, the most industrious, the most intellectual people that ever trod her soil, and made her the glory of Europe and the pride of the world. For a short time only, lingered her prosperity after the expulsion of the people that had created that prosperity. The New World, the discovery of which the Jews and Moors had made possible, poured into the mother country a prodigious wealth, which hastened the ruin of Spain. It intoxicated the Spaniards, and when the sobering came, the effect was terrible. Had they had the skillful, and industrious and intelligent Jews and Moors to turn the vast treasures, which poured into Spain with every vessel, into useful channels, Spain would have maintained her position as leader in the commercial world, and Italy, and France, and the Netherlands, the new homes of the Jews, would never have seized it from her, and Spain would not have been to-day what she is. But, instead, it flowed into the coffers of the greedy and insatiable Church, and the richer the Church became the more terrible became its tyranny, and the greater the inducement for laymen to enter it. Convents and Churches multiplied with such vast speed, that early in the Seventeenth Century the Spanish historian enumerates upwards of 9,000 monasteries, besides nunneries, 32,000 Dominican and Franciscan friars, 14,000 chaplains in the diocese of Seville, and 18,000 in the diocese of Calahorra.

The State was completely in its power. Even Charles V and Phillip II, sovereigns not to be matched in any other country for a period of equal length, submitted cheerfully to the power of the Church, and thought it a blessed privilege to do so. It was Charles V's great boast that he always preferred his creed to his country, and proved his boast by slaying in cold blood, in the Netherlands, over 50,000 peaceful, industrious, good Christian citizens for their religious opinions. The cannibal appetite of the Church had to be appeased, when the stock of Jewish and Moorish victims was exhausted, truth and knowledge-seeking Christians had to supply their places upon the _quemaderos_, and in the torture-dungeons of the Inquisition. Even with his last breath he commanded his son, Philip, never to show favor to heretics, to kill them all, to uphold the Inquisition as the best means for the establishment of the true belief. Philip II. proved himself worthy of his sire. He has written his services to the Church upon history's records with flames of fire and letters of blood.

With amazing swiftness Spain's once invincible power began to disappear, becoming weaker with every century, and to-day the population of more than 30,000,000 of people before the expulsion of the Jews and Moors has dwindled down to about one half of that number, while her neighboring countries have increased in numbers and prosperity. "So rapid was the fall of Spain," says Buckle in his "History of the Civilization of England," Vol. II, Chap. I, "that the most powerful monarchy existing in the world was depressed to the lowest point of debasement, was insulted with impunity by foreign nations, was reduced more than once to bankruptcy, was stripped of her fairest possessions, was held up to public opprobrium, was made a theme on which schoolboys and moralists loved to declaim, respecting the uncertainty of human affairs. Truly did she drink to the dregs the cup of her own shame. Her glory had departed from her, she was smitten down and humbled. The mistress of the world was gone; her power was gone, no more to return."

The Church had proven itself a false prophet. "Once purge blessed Spain," it preached to its credulous followers, "of the presence of the accursed Jews and Moors, and yourselves and your families will be under the immediate protection of Heaven. The earth will bear more fruit. A new era will be inaugurated, Spain will be at ease. People will live in safety, and gather in peace and in abundance the fruits of their handiwork."

Such was the prophecy: but bitter its fulfilment. With the expulsion of the Jews and Moors large bodies of industrious and expert agriculturists and skilled mechanics were suddenly withdrawn, and there was no one to fill their place. The cultivation of rice, cotton and sugar, and the manufacture of silk and paper was destroyed at a blow, and most of it was destroyed forever, for the Spanish Christians, still intoxicated with their military and financial and social greatness, considered such pursuits beneath their dignity. To fight for the king and to enter the Church was honorable, but everything else was mean and sordid. Whole districts were deserted and have never been repeopled to the present day. The brigands soon occupied the places formerly so beneficially filled by honest toilers. In less than fifty years 16,000 looms of Seville, giving employment to 130,000 persons, had dwindled away to less than 300, and its population to one quarter of its former number. The mines stood idle until foreigners took pity of some of them. The others are idle still. A little over one hundred years ago the Spanish government being determined to have a navy, found it necessary to send to England for shipwrights; and they were obliged to apply to the same quarter for persons who could make ropes and canvas, the skill of the natives being unequal to such arduous achievements; and early in the eighteenth century they were obliged to import laborers from Holland to teach the Spaniards the art of making wool, an art for which in their glorious past they were especially famous.

The consequences of this industrial and agricultural standstill could not fail. Famine set in. The grandees murmured aloud against the State for expelling the Jews and Moors. The citizens of Madrid fell down in the streets famished and perished where they fell--so had famished and died the Jewish exiles--anarchy prevailed. Peaceful citizens organized themselves into bands and going in search of bread, broke open private houses, and robbed and murdered the inhabitants in the face of day--thus had been murdered the Jewish exiles. Verily God's prophecy was fulfilled: "And I will bless them that bless thee, and curse them that curse thee, in thee shall the families of the earth be blessed."[45]

[45] Gen. xii:3.

Spain's intellectual decline kept steady pace with its political and industrial decay. No more is she the center of Europe's learning. No more does her intellect shed luminous rays all over the world. The Moor and the Jew have fled her provinces, and darkness covers her lands, the shadows of night again brood stiflingly over her people. Her poverty has made her ignorant, her ignorance has made her intensely fanatic, and her fanaticism is, to this day, the enemy of all social and intellectual advance. For two centuries and more investigation likely to stimulate thought was positively prohibited. In the measure that her sister countries advanced intellectually she declined, and in proportion as they shook off the fetters of the Church, she cheerfully submitted to have them drawn tighter about her. Until the eighteenth century Madrid did not possess a single public library, and to-day the number of volumes in all the Spanish libraries cannot reach 500,000. The library of Cordova in the tenth century, before the printing press was discovered, counted over 600,000 volumes. The Government library of Paris and that of London count respectively over 1,500,000 and over 2,000,000 volumes. So late as the year 1771 the University of Salamanca, the most ancient and most famous seat of learning in Spain, publicly refused to allow the discoveries of Newton to be taught, and assigned as a reason that his system was not consonant with revealed religion. Buckle quotes from Spanish sources, an epistle which will illustrate the abysses of ignorance into which the Spanish intellect had sunk. About a century ago some bold men proposed that the streets of Madrid should be cleansed. The proposal was met with excited indignation. The question was submitted by the government to the medical profession. They reported unfavorably. They had no doubt that the dirt ought to remain. To remove it was a new experiment, and of new experiments it was impossible to foresee the issue. Their fathers having lived in it, why should they not do the same? Their fathers were wise men, and must have had good reasons for their conduct. The filth shall remain. And it did remain. And it did make Spain the alas, too frequent victim of plague and cholera, and we now no longer wonder that a year ago, when the cholera raged in Spain, the people arose against the physicians for being asked to resort to medicines and cleanliness and not to Relics and Holy Water.

Intellectually Spain sleeps on, dreams on, receiving no impressions from the rest of the world and making none upon it. "There she lies," says the historian, "at the further extremity of the continent, a huge and torpid mass, the sole representation now remaining of the feelings and knowledge of the middle ages. And what is the worst symptom of all, she is satisfied with her own condition. Though she is the most backward country in Europe, she believes herself foremost. She is proud of everything of which she should be ashamed. She is proud of the antiquity of her opinions; proud of her orthodoxy; proud of the strength of her faith; proud of her immeasurable and childish credulity; proud of her unwillingness to amend either her creed or her customs; proud of her hatred of heretics, and proud of the undying vigilance with which she has baffled their efforts to obtain a full and legal establishment on her soil."

But since Buckle penned these forcible lines, she has made a change. She has recalled the Jews, some five years ago, after 400 years of banishment. Her eyes have been opened at last, and she now seeks to repair her wrongs to the people she afflicted most. And prosperity will follow the re-entrance of the Jews. Spain will again be blest; it may take time, church tyranny will first have to be crushed and ignorance and superstition rooted out, but crushed and rooted out they will be. Her harbors on the Atlantic and Mediterranean will again command the commerce of both hemispheres. Her cities will again teem with people. Her towns will again flourish, her manufactures will again be skillful, the produce of her exuberant soil will again gladden the heart of mankind. Her inexhaustible mines, rich in all the precious and all the useful metals, her quarries of marbles and her beds of coal will again set the wheel of industry into busy motion. She will be blest again. She must be blest again, for such is the word of God. She has held out the hand of friendship to His anointed people, and they that bless them will be blest.

The Moors, Spain no more can recall. The Arab-Moors, such as they were in Spain, exist no longer. Their descendants roam as benighted Bedouins over those regions of Africa which their ancestors once illumined by the light of learning. Gone is most of their literature. The beautiful accents of the classic Arabic tongue are heard no more. Darkness, deep darkness, rules over the Arabian peninsula now. The history that their sires in Spain have made our civilization their debtor, reads indeed, to-day, like unto a fairy tale.

But the Jews live, and fulfill the glorious mission for which they have been scattered throughout the world. The people chosen by the Eternal Jehovah to be His priest people cannot die. The people that has seen the tidal waves of Babylon, Persia, Greece, Egypt, Rome roll over it and instead of engulfing it has lived to see them engulfed; the people that live after a thousand struggles, after deeds of heroic courage that Rome, and Athens, and Sparta, and Carthage have never equaled, outliving them all; the people that still lives, after eighteen centuries of persecution, and still is united, though scattered the wide world over, and though not held together by the ties of any fatherland, was never destined to be annihilated by any Church or by any race of men. The Jew is older than both, and will outlive them both. Time and death wield no power over him. Emerson spoke truly:

"This is he who, felled by foes, Sprung harmless up, refreshed by blows: He to captivity was sold, But him no prison bars would hold; Though they sealed him in a rock, Mountain chains he can unlock; Thrown to lions for their meat, The crouching lion kissed his feet; Bound to the stake, no flames appalled, But arched o'er him an honoring vault."

Such is the Jew. He is as indestructible as his religion, and as eternal as his God.

FAREWELL TO SPAIN.

Schoenes Land der Jugend Traeume! Habe endlich dich durchzogen, Ueberall nur Freude findend, Herzlich war ich aufgenommen.

Schoen bist du und lachend woelbt sich Ueber dir der blaue Himmel, Dich umrauschen Meereswellen Und dir ragen Bergesgipfel.

Auf den Feldern blueht der Weinstock, Feigenbaeume decken Huetten, Purpurn glaenzen die Granaten, Und der Oelbaum strotzt in Fuelle.

Allzeit duften dir die Rosen Und die Myrthen in dem Garten, Gleich Orangen und Citronen Bilden Waelder dir die Palmen.

Schoenes Land, das frohen Menschen Steigert den Gesang zum Jauchzen, Land des Weines und der Taenze Und der anmuthsvollen Frauen.

Land der Dichter und der Ritter, Und der muntren Volkessitten, Land fuer Hohes sich begeisternd, Und gefuehrt vom Edelsinne.

Einst, ja einst, da sangen mit euch, Judas Soehne, euch zum Ruhme, Waren eng mit euch vereinet, Gleicher Sinn hat euch verbunden.

Sie auch stellten manchen Denker, Der noch heut' im Volke lebet, Und ihr habt von eurem Namen Vieles ihnen zu verdanken.

Sie auch stellten manchen Dichter, Der in urer schoenen Sprachen Liedere sang in allen Toenen, Wie sie nur Iberien athmet.

Trefflich waret ihr gebildet, Die Natur hat euch geschmuecket. Doch, es waren boese Maechte, Die euch falsche Wege fuehrten.

Jene boesen Maechte sind es, Die euch das Verderben brachten, Despotismus war die eine, Fanatismus war die andre.

Schon in diesen wen'gen Blaettern Hoert ihr eine Welt von Jammer. Rastlos jagten schwarze Wolken, Euren Himmel zu umnachten.

Doch es nahen nach den Stuermen Endlich jene lichten Zeichen, Die die neue Zeit verkuenden, Alte Schaeden auszugleichen!

Ja, sie nahen, jene Geister, Fuer die Wahrheit sich zu muehen; Ja, sie nahen, jene Maenner, Die fuer Menschenrecht ergluehen.

D'rum sei alles Leid vergessen, Bruedern ziemt es, zu vergeben, Ob der grossen Geisteswerke Wollen freudig wir vergeben.

Ob der grossen Geisteswerke, Die wir danken euren Gassen, Unserer Geschichte Glanzpunkt, Seit wir Judas Land verlassen.

Moege eure Kraft sich sammeln, Wohlstand eure Wege schmuecken, Wissenschaft und Kunst erstarken, Frieden euer Land begluecken.

NOTE. --The German Poems, at the end of Chapters XV., XVI., XVII., XVIII., are selections from Dr. M. Levins' "Iberia."

The poetic selections on pages 133, 134, 135, are from the writings of Gabirol. Ha Levi is the author of the first selection, and Moses ben Ezra of the second selection on page 136.

INDEX.

ABARBANEL, intercedes with Queen Isabella on behalf of Jews, 196; enters the service of Ferdinand I, King of Naples, 212.

Abbu Rabbi, President of Medical School of Narbonne, 108.

Abdallah Ibn Xamri, the Moorish poet, 44, 47; eulogizes the Jews, 99.

Abder Rahman III, patron of art and learning, 6; assists in the erection of the great Mosque, 40.

Aben Esra, the poet, 129.

Abitur Joseph Ibn, translator of the Mishnah, 44, 137.

Abou Othman, author of treatise on Geology, 120; accounts for the origin of mountains, 120.

Acids, discovery of by the Jews and Moors, 120.

Agriculture, zealously fostered by Jews and Moors, 162; amount of its revenue, 162; its neglect after expulsion of Jews and Moors, 163.

Albertus Magnus, is served by a brazen android, 23.

Albigenses, the first to suffer by the Inquisition, 175.

Alchofni, Jehuda ben Solomon ben, the poet, 131; extracts from his writings, 132.

Alcohol, introduced by the Jews and Moors; 120.

Alexandria, great center of learning, 105, 149; condition of Jews in, 152; its learning extinguished by the Church, 153.

Alfonso X, (El Sabro) his astronomical tables, 119; his boast, 119.

Algebra, dispute as to whom belongs the honor of its invention, 116; first applied to geometry, 116.

Alhakem II Caliph, splendor of his court, his great library, 125; an enthusiastic student and annotator, 30.

Alhambra, pride of the Moors, 172; its capture by Ferdinand and Isabella, 173.

Ali, son in law of Mohammed, fourth Caliph, 112; his maxim in favor of Science, 112.

Alkhazi, his views on evolution, 121, (note).

Almamum, Caliph, his maxim in favor of learning, 124.

America, its discovery hastened by the teachings of Averroes, 166.

Ammon St., his asceticism, 16.

Andalusia, beauty of, 5, 35, 59, conquest of by Arab-Moors, 55.

Angels, accompanying men, 37, 41, 74.

Anthony St., cures inflammations, 107.

Antipodes, existence of, denied by the church, 119.

Antonio Joseph de Silva, burned by the Inquisition, 182-188.

Apothecary, first introduced in Europe by Moors, 111.

Aquinas Thomas St., disturbed by the brazen android of Albertus Magnus, 23; resists Averroism, 157.

Arabs, history of, 48; their skill in the use of martial weapons, 49; their mental endowments, 49; their skill in training horses, 49; their hospitality, 49; their change of religion, 49; their religious creed tinctured with Judaism, 50; influenced by Magian and Sabean creeds, 50; how affected by teachings of Mohammed, 50; their western movements, 53; their coalescing with the Moors, 54.

Arab-Moors, their march of conquest, 54; their services to Europe, 105; their contributions to medical science, 110; to the other sciences, 112, 122; to literature, 123-128; to philosophy, 154-158; to the industries, 162-167; their great culture causes their political decline, 171; their last defeat and last surrender, 172; their deplorable deterioration, 236.

Arabian Nights; stories of their origin, 127.

Archimedes, studies mathematics in Alexandria, 150.

Architecture, beauty of Moorish architecture, 38-40, 59-63.

Ariosto, his debt to Moorish literature, 128.

Aristotelian Philosophy, influenced by Alexandrian learning, 151; engrafted upon the theology of Jews, 153; propagated by the Jews, 154; Moors adopt it, 154-155.

Arithmetic, science of, first generally introduced into Europe by Moors, 114.

Arles, seat of Medical College, 108.

Asceticism, its prevalence, 16.

Astronomy, zealously cultivated by Jews and Moors, 118.

Atmosphere, height of determined by Jews and Moors, 118.

Atomistic philosophy, 151.

Avenzoar, (Ibn Zohr), physician to the court of Seville, 110; his famous medical work, 110; becomes the medical authority for European University, 110.

Avicenna (Ibn Sina), his medical work, 110.

BACON ROGER, influenced by Averroism, 158.

Bagdad, a centre of Mohammedan learning, 105-116.

Bajazet, Sultan of Turkey, welcomes exiled Spanish Jews, 212.

Banks, first established by Jews, 166, (note.)

Bechai ben Joseph, author of a celebrated work on Ethics, 137.

Belisarius, opposed by Jews of Naples, 88.

Bills of Exchange, first introduced by Jews, 165, 170. (Note.)

Boabdil el Chico, besieged by Ferdinand and Isabella, 172; his surrender, 172; begs for clemency, 173.

Boccaccio, borrows from the literature of Moors, 128.

Bookkeeping, introduced by Jews, 166. (Note.)

Bridge of Al Sirat, Mohammedan superstition concerning it, 43.

Bulan, King of Khozars, adopts religion of Jews, 79.

CAABA, great mosque at Mecca, rivalled by the Mezquita of Cordova, 38.

Caliphs, patrons of learning, 125.

Cape of Good Hope, discovered by Jews, 166.

Carpet, weaving of, a specialty of the Moors, 164.

Cassiodorus, his opinion of the Jews, 88.

Castile, refuses admission to inquisition, 179.

Ceuta, stronghold of Spain near the straits of Gibraltar, 54; valiantly defended by Count Julian, 54.

Chagan Joseph, king of Khozars, corresponds with Chasdai ben Isaac, 80.

Chanoch Moses ben, description of, 64; starts for Europe to collect money for academy at Sura, 65; taken captive, 65; tragic death of his wife, 66; sold as slave to Cordova, 66; is appointed Dayan of all European Jews, 62-67.

Charisi, the Jewish poet, 131; extracts from his poetry, 132.

Chasdai ben Isaac Ibn Shaprut, his importance at the court of the Caliph, 44; description of, 66; his home life, 75; his correspondence with Chagan Joseph, king of the Khozars, 80.

Chaucer, borrows from literature of Moors, 128.

Chemistry, originated by Jews and Moors, 120.

Church Catholic, its ignorance during the Dark Ages, 18-20; 107, 119, 153, 157; its greed, 22, 24, 27, 107; its cruelty, 26, 122, 171, _et sequ_; its superstition, 24-26; its corruption, 28.

Chushiel Rabbi, taken captive with Moses ben Chanoch, 65; establishes a school at Kairuan, 67.

Civilization of Europe, exclusive of Spain, during Dark Ages, 12, 33.

Clara St., cures sore eyes, 107.

Clement VII, Pope, friendly to Jews, 218.

Clock, invented by Jews and Moors, 118.

Colleges, abundance of in the Moorish realm, 125.

Columbus, is led to discovery of America by Averroism, 156.

Conon, teaches mathematics in Alexandria, 150.

Conquest, of Spain by Arab-Moors, 53-57.

Copernicus, alludes to astronomical discoveries of Profiat, 118; his discovery anticipated by Jews, 119.

Copper, its chemical affinity determined, 120.

Cotton, fabrics extensively manufactured in the Moorish commonwealth, 164.

Council decrees, Fourth of Carthage, prohibits bishops from reading secular books, 18; third council of Toledo, 589, A. C.; begins the martyrology of the Jews, 93; fourth council of Toledo (633 A. C.) enacts decree that children of Jewish converts be taken from their parents, 95; sixth, ninth and twelfth councils of Toledo enact still more cruel laws against Jews 95, 96; prohibit Jewish physicians to attend Christian patients, 107.

Cordova, description of during 10th cent., 5-11, 34, 46, 47.

Creed, Mohammedan, 41, 42.

Crucifix, sheds tears of blood, 23.

Ctesibius, invents steam-engine, 150.

Cubic Equations, first taught by Ibn Ibrahim, 116.

Cyril St., his fanaticism and murder of Hypatia, 153.

DAMASCUS, a center of Mohammedan learning, 105, 116.

Decline of Moors, 17.

Demons, teachings of Church concerning them, 23; tempt the virtue of ecclesiastics, 24.

Departure of Jews from Spain, 201, 202, 205.

Diaspore, account of, 83.

Diophantus, credited with the invention of Algebra, 116.

Dispersion of Jews, 206.

Distillation, apparatus for invented by Jews and Moors, 120.

Dominic St., founder of Dominican Order, and of Inquisition, 175.

Drugs, first introduced in Europe by Jews and Moor, 109, 110.

Dunash ben Labrat, poet and grammarian, 44, 46.

EARTH, its form and dimension and revolution determined by Jews and Moors, 118.

Ecliptic, obliquity of earth's, proven by Ibn Junis, 118.

Edict of expulsion, 193.

Education, provisions for among Jews and Moors, 9, 125.

Eleatics, their philosophy, 151.

England, during Dark Ages, 14; its literature influenced by that of the Moors, 128.

Eratosthenes, makes astronomy a science, 150.

Esra, Moses ben, selections from his poetic writings, 130, 136.

Euclid, the mathematician, 150.

Euphraxia St., shudders at the mention of a bath, 16.

Europe, during dark days, 12-33.

Evolution, doctrine of, anticipated by Al Khazim, 121. (Note.)

Exchange Bills of, introduced by Jews, 165-168. (Note.)

Expulsion, edict of, 193.

Ezra Ibn, polyhistor of his age, 109; distinguished as physician, commentator and author, 109.

FATALISM, Moorish belief in, 42.

Ferdinand, King of Aragon, marries Isabella, queen of Castile, 172; his march against.

Ferdinand I, King of Naples welcomes exiled Spanish Jews, 212.

Feudalism, its practices during Dark Ages, 31, 167. (Note.)

Filigree work, cultivated by Jews and Moors, 164.

Filtration, apparatus for, invented by Jews and Moors, 120.

Florinda, daughter of Count Julian, maid of honor at the court of Roderick, 54; her ruin, 54; her father's revenge, 54.

France, during Dark Ages, 14; influenced by culture of Jews and Moors, 108.

Franciscan, monks favor Averroism, 157.

Friday, the Mohammedan Sabbath, 35-38.

Fusion, apparatus for, invented by Jews and Moors, 120.

GABIROL, Solomon ben Jehudah, selections from his poetry, 134, 135, 137-140.

Genoa, description of exiled Jews landing Granada, 172; approves of the inquisition, 179; at, 211.

Geology, work on, by Avicenna, 120.

Geometry, advance made in it by Moors, 116.

Germany, during Dark Ages, 14.

Gibraltar, origin of its name, 55.

Glass, manufactured by Jews and Moors during Dark Ages, 165.

Gold, its chemical affinity determined by Jews and Moors, 120.

Goths, their cruelty against the Jews, 92-98.

Granada, its commercial importance, 167; last province of Moors, 172; its surrender, 172.

Graveyards, Jews resort to graveyards for consolation, 197.

Guadelete, decisive battle of, 55.

Gunpowder, introduced in Europe by Jews

HA-LEVI, Jehudah, selections from his poetry, 130, 132, 136, 143.

Hegira, its date, 38.

Hell, conception of as taught by Christianity during Dark Ages, 24; as taught by Mohammedanism, 43.

Heraclius, conspires with Sisebut for extirpating the Jews, 94.

Hero, invents steam-engine, 150.

Hindoos, credited with invention of Algebra, 116.

Holland, welcomes exiled Spanish and Portuguese Jews, 215.

Holy Ghost, finger of, preserved in Alsatian Monastery, 23.

Hypatia, murder of, 154.

IBN ROSHD (Averroes.) The greatest philosopher of the Arab-Moors, 156.

Ibn Sina, (see Avicenna.)

Ibn Sohr (see Avenzoar.)

Ignorance, in Europe during Dark Ages, 29.

Indies, settled by exiled Portuguese Jews, 218.

Industries, lack of in Europe during Dark Ages, 30; flourishing in Spain, 160; lead to the discovery of America, 166.

Infants, their burning in hell described, 25.

Innocent III, pope, aids in the establishment of the Inquisition, 175.

Insurance, fire and marine introduced by Jews, 166. (Note.) Opposed by the church, 166. (Note.)

Inventions by Jews and Moors, 112-122.

Inquisition described by Samuel Usque, 174; its introduction, 175; its cruelties, 175-182.

Iron, chemical affinity determined by Jews and Moors, 120.

Irrigation, treaties on, 163.

Isaac ben Sid, prepares Alphonsine tables, 119.

Isabella, queen of Castile marries Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 172; opposed to Inquisition, 179; her opposition overcome by her husband and Torquemada, 179; desires to revoke expulsion edict, 196; a scene with Torquemada, 196.

Israeli Isaac ben Suleiman, author of medical work on fever, 110.

Italy, welcomes exiled Portuguese Jews, 218.

JAMES, the apostle, his arm preserved in an Alsatian Monastery, 23.

Jerome St., opposes bishops studying secular subjects, 18.

Jerusalem, its destruction, 83, 84.

Jews, their dispersion, 85, 87; their early suffering, 83, 85, 89; their entrance into Spain, 91; their earliest sufferings in Spain, 92, 95; favorably treated by Arab-Moor, 98, 100; aid Arab-Moors in their conquest of Spain, 54, 98; devoted to industry in Europe during Dark Ages, 31; make Spain garden spot of Europe, 91; their learning, 108; their contribution to medical science, 110; in the pure sciences, 113; their treatment in Alexandria, 152; devoted to Aristotelian philosophy, 154; their importance in commerce, 165-170 (Note.) their prosecutions, 173-177; feign allegiance to Christianity, 177; their expulsion from Spain, 189-205; their sufferings, 207-214; rest and peace at last, 219; their eternity, 237.

John the Baptist, his skeleton preserved in an Alsatian Monastery, 23.

John II, king of Portugal, grants an eight month's sojourn in Portugal to exiled Spanish Jews, 213; his cruelty to the Jews, 214, 215.

Joseph Chagan, king of Khozars, his proposition to Chasdai ben Isaac, 80.

Julian, count, his valiant defence of Ceuta, 54; his revolt, 54; insult to his daughter, 54; swears revenge, 54; conspires with Arab-Moors, 54, 55.

Junis Ibn, proves obliquity of Earth's ecliptic, 118.

KADDISH, meaning of, 72.

Kepler, alludes to discovery of Levi ben Gerson, 118.

Khozars, Jewish kingdom of, described, 79.

Kiddush, described, 72, 78.

Koran, its place in Mohammedan worship, 39, 40; selections from it, 40, 41, 42, written by angel Gabriel, 42.

Korrah, Ibn, applies Algebra to Geometry, 116.

LABRAT DUNASH BEN, poet and grammarian, 44.

Laplace, refers to Ibn Musa's astronomical theories, 118.

Las Navas, battle of, decides fate of Moors, 172.

Lead, its chemical affinity determined by Jews and Moors, 120.

Leather, extensively manufactured by Jews and Moors, 165.

Levi ben Gershon, honorably mentioned by Kepler, 118.

Libraries, great abundance of, in Moorish caliphate, 125.

Light, theory of refraction and its curvilinear paths determined by Jews and Moors, 118.

Linen, extensively manufactured by Jews and Moors, 164.

Llorento, on the Inquisition, 182.

Loretto, house of, Virgin deposited there by angels, 23.

Louis de Parre, a Jew, of the crew of Columbus (the first European) who steps upon the American soil, 192. (Note.)

Luxury, its indulgence hastens Moorish decline, 171.

MAIMONIDES, his position in Jewish literature, 109, 156; coveted as body physicians by great potentates, 109; accepts position with Sultan Saladin, 109; summoned to the sick bed of Richard Coeur de Lion, king of England, for consultation, 109; his contribution to medical science, 156.

Magnet, introduced by Jews and Moors, 165.

Manoel, king of Portugal, favorably disposed towards Jews, 215; marriage proposed between him and daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 216; expulsion of Jews from Portugal required in his marriage contract, 216; he consents, 217; surpasses Torquemada in cruelty, 217-218.

Manufacture, extensively carried on by Jews and Moors, 164.

Manuscripts, destroyed by Church, 19.

Mariners, compass introduced by Jews and Moors, 165.

Mary St., of Egypt, her asceticism, 16.

Menachem ben Saruk, compiles first Hebrew Lexicon, 44.

Menasseh ben Israel, pleads with Oliver Cromwell for settlement of Jews in England, 218.

Medinah al Zohar, the caliph's palace, 46.

Medicine, cultivated by Jews and Moors, 102; reasons why Jews excelled in medical sciences, 106.

Medicis, imitate example of Caliphs, 125.

Mezquita of Cordova, description of, 38.

Mineral, riches of Spain, 163, 164.

Miracles, wrought by clergy, 23.

Mohammed, miracles accompany his birth, 50; his conquests, 51.

Mohammedanism, its creed, 42; inspiration claimed for it, 42.

Montpellier, seat of the most famous medical school of Middle Ages, 108.

_Monts de piete_, houses of loaning on pledges established by Bernardin de Feltre in opposition to Jewish banking houses, note, 169; abandoned as a failure, note, 170.

Moors, (see Arab-Moors.)

"More Nebuchim" greatness of, 156.

Moses ben Chanoch, (see Chanoch).

Mosque, (see Mezquita).

Mountains, their origin geologically accounted for, 120.

Musa Ibn Nosseyr, invades Spain, 54; dispatches Tarik for conquest of Andalusia, 55.

Museum of Alexandria, 153.

Muezzin's, call for prayer, 37.

Musa Ibn, mathematician, credited with invention of Algebra, 116; his astronomical researches accepted by La Place, 118; determines the diminution and eccentricity of earth's orbit, 118.

NAPLES, accepts exiled Jews, 212.

Narbonne, school established in, by Nathan ben Isaac Kohen, 65; becomes the seat of a famous medical school.

Nathan, Rabbi, Dayan of Jews of Cordova, 66; resigns in favor of Moses ben Chanoch, 67.

Navigation, extensively carried on by Jews and Moors, 166.

New Platonism, its mysticism no permanent influence upon Jews, 153.

New Christians, name of Jews who feigned allegiance to Christianity, 177, 178; charges against them, 180.

Nitric Acid, discovered by Jews and Moors, 120.

OBSERVATORY, first observatory in Europe built at Seville, 119.

_Opus Majus_, of Roger Bacon permeated by Averroism, 158.

Orient, conducive to religious speculation, but not to philosophy, 150.

PADUA, university of admits Averroism in its curriculum of studies, 158.

Paper invented and manufactured by Jews and Moors, 165.

Paradise, Mohammedan conception of, 42.

Paul III, pope, favorable to Jews, 218.

Pendulum clock, invented by Jews and Moors, 118.

Pernel St., cures ague, 107.

Pharmacy, first introduced in Europe by Moors, 110.

Philosophy, cultivated by Jews and Moors, 148, 155; not a favored study with Orientals, 150.

Physicians, Jewish physicians excel, 110; opposed by church, 107-108; Jewish physicians preferred by popes and kings, 107-108.

Plague, breaks out in Portugal and Jews held responsible, 213.

Platonic philosophy exercises no lasting influence upon Jews, 151.

Poetry, reasons for its flourishing among Jews and Moors, 127; its influence upon European literature, 127-128; its sacred character among Jews, 129-137.

Portugal, exiled Spanish Jews permitted an eight month's sojourn, 213; its cruelty against Jews, 215-218.

Prayer, its significance with Moors, 37-52.

Profatius Duran, president of medical school of Montpellier, 118; honorably mentioned by Copernicus, 118.

Ptolemy, author of the Syntaxes, 150.

Pythagorian philosophy, 151.

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS, first taught by Ibn Musa, 116.

QUICK SILVER, its chemical affinity determined, 120; successfully mined, 164.

RASHI (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac), distinguished surgeon and commentator, 108.

Relics, traffic in, by Church, 22; applied to cure disease, 107.

Renaissance, stimulated by Averroism, 158.

Roderick, his crime, 54; his defeat, 56.

Rome, entrance of Jews into, 87.

Roshd Ibn, (see Averroes).

Rumachis Ibn, captures the four Rabbis, 65.

SABBATH, its observance among Jews, 58, 69.

Sahal Abraham Ibn, his poetry prohibited. 131.

Sahamaria ben Elchanan, one of the four captured Rabbis, 65; establishes a school in Kahira, 67.

Science, introduced in Europe by Arab-Moors, 112.

Serapion of Alexandria, gathering place for the learned, 149.

Sid Isaac ben, prepares Alphonsin tables, 119.

Silk, extensively manufactured by Jews and Moors, 164.

Silver, its chemical affinity determined, 120.

Silvia, her asceticism, 16.

Sinai Ibn, (see Avicenna).

Sixtus, fifth, favors the Jews, 170. (Note.)

Social life, in Europe during Dark Ages, 14.

Socratic Philosophy, contrasted with that of Aristotle, 151.

Song, challenge, described, 35.

Spain, during Dark Ages, 5, 11, 34, 90; invasion of by Moors, 46-57, enacts cruel laws against Jews, 92-96; inquisition established in, 171; Jews expelled from it; 189; suffers because of expulsion of Jews and Moors, 225.

Specific Gravity, tables constructed, 120.

Spinoza influenced by Averroism, 158.

Steam engine, invented by Hero and Ctesbius, 150.

Story-telling, cultivated by Moors, 127, influence upon European literature, 128.

Sublimation, apparatus for, invented by Jews and Moors, 120.

Sulphuric acid, discovered by Jews and Moors, 120.

Sun, its spots noted by Averroes, 118.

Superstition, in Europe during Dark Ages, 23.

Swords, Jews and Moors skilled in their manufacture, 165.

Sylvester II, pope, studies philosophy at Seville, 155.

Synagogue, of Cordova described, 58.

Syntaxes, written by Ptolemy in Alexandria. 150.

TARIK, invades Spain, 55.

Tibbon Ibn, insists upon study of Botany for medical purposes, 109.

Time, computed by Jews and Moors, 118.

Tin, its chemical affinity determined, 120.

Torquemada, the inquisitor, 79; his cruelties, 79; resolves to expel Jews from Spain, 191; conquers the scruples of Isabella, 196.

Trigonometry, improved by Moors, 116.

Turkey, welcomes exiled Spanish Jews, 212, 218.

USQUE, Samuel, describes the Inquisition 74; suffers death by it, 174.

United States, prosperity of Jews in, 219.

WITCHES, burning of described, 27.

Women, burnt as witches, 27; not permitted by Jews and Moors to worship with the men, 38, 86.

Worship, among Moors and Jews described, 37, 40, 69.

End of Project Gutenberg's Jews and Moors in Spain, by Joseph Krauskopf