CHAPTER VI

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Some of the principal characteristics of the Jewish immigration to the United States have been presented in the preceding pages. The Jewish immigration has been shown to consist essentially of permanent settlers. Its family movement is incomparable in degree, and contains a larger relative proportion as well as absolute number of women and children, than any other immigrant people. This in turn is reflected in the greater relative proportion as well as absolute number of those classified as having "no occupation". The element of dependency thus predicated is another indication of the family composition of the Jewish immigration. Its return movement is the smallest of any, as compared both with its large immigration and the number of total emigrants. The Jewish immigrants are distinguished as well by a larger relative proportion and absolute number of skilled laborers, than any other immigrant people. In these four primary characteristics the Jewish immigrants stand apart from all the others.

It is with the neighboring Slavic races emigrating from the countries of Eastern Europe and with whom the Jewish immigrants are closely associated that the contrasts, in all these respects, are strongest. The Slavic immigrants are chiefly male adults. Their movement is largely composed of transients, as evidenced by a relatively large outward movement and emphasized by the fact that the vast majority of them are unskilled laborers. An exception, in large measure, must be made of the Bohemian and Moravian immigrants who present characteristics strongly similar to those of the Jewish immigrants.

The division into "old" and "new" immigration brings out even more clearly the exceptional position of the Jews in regard to these characteristics. Although the Jewish immigration has been contemporaneous with the "new" immigration from Eastern and Southeastern Europe, and is furthermore essentially East-European in origin, its characteristics place it altogether with the "old" immigration.[140] Most striking, however is the fact that in all of these respects--family composition, and small return movement (both indicating permanent settlement) and in the proportion of skilled laborers--the Jewish immigration stands apart even from the "old" immigration.

Further confirmation may be obtained, in the study of the characteristics of the Jewish immigration, of the principle established in the preceding sections that the rejective forces of governmental oppression are responsible for the largest part of this immigration. The large family movement of the Jewish immigration is a symptom of abnormal conditions and amounts almost to a reversal of the normal immigration, in which single or married men without families predominate. Even the family movement of the "old" immigrants may largely be attributed to the longer residence of their peoples in the United States as well as to their greater familiarity with the conditions and customs of the United States. That so large a part of the Jewish immigrants is composed of dependent females and children creates a situation of economic disadvantage for the Jewish immigrants, all the stronger because of their relative unfamiliarity with the language or the conditions facing them in this country.

Again, the Jews respond slowly and incompletely to the pressure of unfavorable economic conditions in this country. This was emphasized by the almost complete lack of response to the panic of 1907, as well as expressed in the small, practically unchanging return movement of the Jews to their European homes.

The pressure upon the Jewish artisans, or skilled laborers, in Eastern Europe is reflected in the predominance of this class among the Jewish immigrants to this country. That so useful an element in Eastern Europe with its still relatively backward industrial development--a fact that was given express recognition by the permission accorded the Jewish artisans in Alexander II's time to live in the interior of Russia--should have been compelled to emigrate indicates that the voyage across the Atlantic was easier for them than the trip into the interior of Russia, access to which is still legally accorded to them.

That the oppressive conditions created particularly in Russia and Roumania and operating as a pressure equivalent to an expulsive force does not explain the entire Jewish immigration to this country is evident from the preceding pages. In a great measure, the immigration of Jews from Austria-Hungary is an economic movement. The existence, however, of a certain degree of pressure created by economic and political antisemitism has however been recognized. The Jewish movement from Austria-Hungary shares largely with the movement from Russia and Roumania the social and economic characteristics of the Jewish immigration which we have described. A strong family movement and a relative permanence of settlement, especially as compared with the Poles, and a movement of skilled laborers must be predicated of the Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary, though undoubtedly not to the same degree as in the case of the Jewish movements from Russia and Roumania.

It is also clear that the forces of economic attraction in the United States do not play an altogether passive part in the Jewish immigration. The very fact of an immigrant-nucleus formed in this country and serving as a center of attraction to relatives and friends abroad--a force which increases in direct and multiple proportion to the growth of immigration--is an active and positive force in strengthening the immigration current. This was early understood by the _Alliance Israelite Universelle_ which had acted upon this principle in the seventies and had prophetically sought to direct a healthy movement of Jewish immigrants to this country in the hope of thereby laying a foundation for future Jewish immigration to this country. This current, however, once started and growing only by the force of its increasing attraction, would reflect in its movement almost wholly the economic conditions in this country. That so large a part of the Jewish immigration, and so many of the phenomena peculiar to it, find their explanation, for the largest part of the thirty years, in the situation and the course of events in the countries of Eastern Europe leads to the inevitable conclusion that the key to the Jewish immigration is to be found not in the force of economic attraction exercised in the United States but rather in the exceptional economic, social and legal conditions in Eastern Europe which have been created as a result of governmental persecution.

Reviewing the various phases of the history of Jewish immigration for these thirty years, we are enabled to see more closely its nature. The study of the immigration, its movement and its social and economic characteristics, in comparison with those of other immigrant peoples, has revealed in it a number of distinguishing traits. In the causes of the emigration of the Jews, in the pressure exerted upon their movement as reflected in their rate of immigration, in their family movement, in the permanence of their settlement, and in their occupational distribution have been found characteristics which mark them off from the rest of the immigrant peoples. The number of these characteristics and the degree in which they are found in the Jewish immigration, put it in a class by itself.

The facts of governmental pressure amounting to an expulsive force, and reflected in an extraordinary rate of immigration, in a movement of families unsurpassed in the American immigration, the largest part economically dependent, in an occupational grouping of skilled artisans, able to earn their livelihood under normal conditions, and in a permanence of settlement in this country incomparable in degree and indicating that practically all who come stay--all these facts lead irresistibly to the conclusion that in the Jewish movement we are dealing, not with an immigration, but with a migration. What we are witnessing to-day and for these thirty years, is a Jewish migration of a kind and degree almost without a parallel in the history of the Jewish people. When speaking of the beginnings of Russian Jewish immigration to Philadelphia, David Sulzberger said: "In thirty years the movement of Jews from Russia to the United States has almost reached the dignity of the migration of a people," he used no literary phrase. In view of the facts that have developed, this statement is true without any qualification.

This migration-process explains the remarkable growth of the Jewish population in the United States, within a relatively short period of time. In this transplantation, the spirit of social solidarity and communal responsibility prevalent among the Jews has played a vital part.

The family rather than the individual thus becomes the unit for the social life of the Jewish immigrant population in the United States. In this respect the latter approaches more nearly the native American population than does the foreign white or immigrant population. One of the greatest evils incident to and characteristic of the general immigration to this country is thereby minimized.

Again, the concentration of the Jewish immigrants in certain trades explains in great measure the peculiarities of the occupational and the urban distribution of the Jews in the United States. The development of the garment trades through Jewish agencies is largely explained by the recruiting of the material for this development through these laborers.

These primary characteristics of the Jewish immigration of the last thirty years will serve to explain some of the most important phases of the economic and social life of the Jews in the United States, three-fourths of whom are immigrants of this period.

Of all the features of this historic movement of the Jews from Eastern Europe to the United States, not the least interesting is their passing from civilizations whose bonds with their medieval past are still strong to a civilization which began its course unhampered by tradition and unyoked to the forms and institutions of the past. The contrast between the broad freedom of this democracy and the intolerable despotism from whose yoke most of them fled, has given them a sense of appreciation of American political and social institutions that is felt in every movement of their mental life.

FOOTNOTES:

[140] So strongly was this the case that the Immigration Commission in discussing these characteristics was compelled to separate the Jewish from the "new" immigration, in order to bring out the essential differences of the latter from the "old" immigration.

STATISTICAL TABLES

TABLE IA

PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1897[1]

------------------------+----------+----------+------------------- Group of occupation | Total | Jews | Per cent of total ------------------------+----------+----------+------------------- Agricultural pursuits | 18245287 | 40611 | .2 Professional service | 988813 | 71950 | 7.5 Personal service[2] | 5150012 | 277466 | 5.4 Manufacturing and | | | mechanical pursuits | 5169919 | 542563 | 10.5 Transportation | 714745 | 45944 | 6.4 Commerce[2] | 1256330 | 452193 | 36.0 ------------------------+----------+----------+------------------- Total | 31525106 | 1430727 | 4.5 ------------------------+----------+----------+------------------- [1] Compiled from Rubinow, p. 500.

[2] _Cf._ Rubinow, note, p. 500.

TABLE IB

PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN OCCUPATIONS IN THE PALE OF JEWISH SETTLEMENT, 1897[1]

-----------------------+----------+----------+------------------ Group of occupation | Total | Jews |Per cent of total -----------------------+----------+----------+------------------ Agricultural pursuits | 6071413 | 38538 | .6 Professional service | 317710 | 67238 | 21.1 Personal service[2] | 2139981 | 250078 | 11.6 Manufacturing and | | | mechanical pursuits | 1573519 | 504844 | 32.1 Transportation | 211983 | 44177 | 20.8 Commerce[2] | 556086 | 426628 | 76.7 -----------------------+----------+----------+------------------ Total | 10870692 | 1331503 | 12.2 -----------------------+----------+----------+------------------

[1] Compiled from Rubinow, p. 501.

[2] _Cf._ Rubinow, note, p. 500.

TABLE II

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE, JULY TO JUNE, 1886 to 1898[1]

-------+----------+--------------+-----------+-------- Year | New York | Philadelphia | Baltimore | Total -------+----------+--------------+-----------+-------- 1886 | 19548 | 1625 | -- | 21173 1887 | 30866 | 2178 | -- | 33044 1888 | 26946 | 1935 | -- | 28881 1889 | 23958 | 1394 | -- | 25352 1890 | 26963 | 1676 | -- | 28639 1891 | 47098 | 2719 | 1581[2]| 51398 1892 | 66544 | 4677 | 5152 | 76373 1893 | 29059 | 4322[3] | 1941 | 35322 1894 | 23444 | 3833 | 1902 | 29179 1895 | 21422 | 3672 | 1097 | 26191 1896 | 27846 | 3016 | 1986 | 32848 1897 | 17362 | 1613 | 1397 | 20372 1898 | 19222 | 2121 | 2311 | 23654 -------+----------+--------------+-----------+-------- Total | 380278 | 34781 | 17367 | 432426 -------+----------+--------------+-----------+--------

[1] Table II and all succeeding tables are arranged from July 1st to June 30th, the fiscal year.

[2] Baltimore statistics begin October.

[3] Philadelphia figures for August missing.

TABLE III

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JULY, 1885, TO JUNE, 1886, BY MONTH AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY[1]

-----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+------- Month | Russia | Austria-Hungary | Roumania | Others | Total -----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+------- July | 1130 | 354 | 58 | 107 | 1649 August | 1512 | 448 | 33 | 121 | 2114 September | 945 | 185 | 20 | 119 | 1269 October | 785 | 236 | 12 | 216 | 1249 November | 1347 | 589 | 21 | 80 | 2037 December | 574 | 249 | 17 | 62 | 902 January | 565 | 202 | 4 | 26 | 797 February | 492 | 228 | 16 | 44 | 780 March | 1077 | 444 | 35 | 66 | 1622 April | 639 | 309 | 28 | 55 | 1031 May | 791 | 521 | 31 | 70 | 1413 June | 3017 | 1365 | 210 | 93 | 4685 -----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+------- Total | 12874 | 5130 | 485 | 1059 | 19548 -----------+--------+-----------------+----------+--------+-------

[1] Compiled from reports of the United Hebrew Charities of New York.

TABLE IVA

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA, 1886 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITY

-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------ | | Per |Austria-| Per | | Per | | Per | Year |Russia| cent|Hungary | cent|Roumania| cent|Others| cent|Total -------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------ 1886 | 1218 | 75 | 196 | 12 | 33 | 2 | 178 | 11 | 1625 1887 | 1699 | 78 | 262 | 12 | 86 | 4 | 131 | 6 | 2178 1888 | 1432 | 74 | 232 | 12 | 97 | 5 | 174 | 9 | 1935 1889 | 1129 | 81 | 125 | 9 | 42 | 3 | 98 | 7 | 1394 1890 | 1424 | 85 | 184 | 11 | 34 | 2 | 34 | 2 | 1676 1891 | 2447 | 90 | [1] | -- | [1] | -- | 272 | 10 | 2719 1892 | 3929 | 84 | 561 | 12 | 47 | 1 | 140 | 3 | 4677 1893 | 3025 | 70 | 519 | 12 | 43 | 1 | 735 | 17 | 4322 1894 | 2951 | 77 | 422 | 11 | 77 | 2 | 383 | 10 | 3833 1895 | 1983 | 54 | 624 | 17 | 73 | 2 | 992 | 27 | 3672 1896 | 1538 | 51 | 875 | 29 | 60 | 2 | 543 | 18 | 3016 1897 | 1049 | 65 | 355 | 22 | 32 | 2 | 177 | 11 | 1613 1898 | 1611 | 76 | 382 | 18 | 64 | 3 | 64 | 3 | 2121 -------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------ Total |25435 | 73 | 4737 | 14 | 688 | 2 | 3921 | 11 |34781 -------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------

[1] Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year grouped under "all others" in the original tables.

TABLE IVB

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORT OF BALTIMORE, 1891 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITY

-------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------ | | Per |Austria-| Per | | Per | | Per | Year |Russia| cent|Hungary | cent|Roumania| cent|Others| cent| Total -------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------ 1891 | 1423 | 90 | [1] | -- | [1] | -- | 158 | 10 | 1581 1892 | 4328 | 84 | 618 | 12 | 52 | 1 | 154 | 3 | 5152 1893 | 1388 | 70 | 232 | 12 | 19 | 1 | 302 | 17 | 1941 1894 | 1465 | 77 | 209 | 11 | 38 | 2 | 190 | 10 | 1902 1895 | 592 | 54 | 187 | 17 | 22 | 2 | 296 | 27 | 1097 1896 | 1013 | 51 | 576 | 29 | 40 | 2 | 357 | 18 | 1986 1897 | 908 | 65 | 307 | 22 | 28 | 2 | 154 | 11 | 1397 1898 | 1757 | 76 | 416 | 18 | 69 | 3 | 69 | 3 | 2311 -------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------ Total |12874 | 74 | 2545 | 15 | 268 | 2 | 1680 | 9 |17367 -------+------+-----+--------+-----+--------+-----+------+-----+------

[1] Immigrants from Austria-Hungary and Roumania were this year grouped under "all others" in the original tables.

TABLE V[1]

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AT THE PORTS OF NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND BALTIMORE, 1886 TO 1898, BY COUNTRY OF NATIVITY

-------+-----------------+-----------------------------------+-------- | | Ports | Year | Country of |----------+------------+-----------| Total | nativity | New York |Philadelphia| Baltimore | -------+-----------------+----------+------------+-----------+-------- 1886 | Russia | 12874 | 1218 | -- | 14092 | Austria-Hungary | 5130 | 196 | -- | 5326 | Roumania | 485 | 33 | -- | 518 1887 | Russia | 21404 | 1699 | -- | 23103 | Austria-Hungary | 6636 | 262 | -- | 6898 | Roumania | 1977 | 86 | -- | 2063 1888 | Russia | 18784 | 1432 | -- | 20216 | Austria-Hungary | 5753 | 232 | -- | 5985 | Roumania | 1556 | 97 | -- | 1653 1889 | Russia | 17209 | 1129 | -- | 18338 | Austria-Hungary | 4873 | 125 | -- | 4998 | Roumania | 1016 | 42 | -- | 1058 1890 | Russia | 19557 | 1424 | -- | 20981 | Austria-Hungary | 6255 | 184 | -- | 6439 | Roumania | 428 | 34 | -- | 462 1891 | Russia | 39587 | 2447 | 1423 | 43457 | Austria-Hungary | 5890 | [1] | [1] | 5890 | Roumania | 854 | [1] | [1] | 854 1892 | Russia | 55996 | 3929 | 4328 | 64253 | Austria-Hungary | 7464 | 561 | 618 | 8643 | Roumania | 641 | 47 | 52 | 740 1893 | Russia | 20748 | 3025 | 1388 | 25161 | Austria-Hungary | 5612 | 519 | 232 | 6363 | Roumania | 493 | 43 | 19 | 555 1894 | Russia | 16331 | 2951 | 1465 | 20747 | Austria-Hungary | 5285 | 422 | 209 | 5916 | Roumania | 501 | 77 | 38 | 616 1895 | Russia | 14152 | 1983 | 592 | 16727 | Austria-Hungary | 5236 | 624 | 187 | 6047 | Roumania | 423 | 73 | 22 | 518 1896 | Russia | 17617 | 1538 | 1013 | 20168 | Austria-Hungary | 8380 | 875 | 576 | 9831 | Roumania | 644 | 60 | 40 | 744 1897 | Russia | 11106 | 1049 | 908 | 13063 | Austria-Hungary | 5010 | 355 | 307 | 5672 | Roumania | 456 | 32 | 28 | 516 1898 | Russia | 11581 | 1611 | 1757 | 14949 | Austria-Hungary | 6569 | 382 | 416 | 7367 | Roumania | 587 | 64 | 69 | 720 -------+-----------------+----------+------------+-----------+-------- Total | ------ | 380278 | 34781 | 17367 | 432426 -------+-----------------+----------+------------+-----------+--------

[1] See note to Tables IVa and IVb. For Tables VI and VII, see pp. 93 and 94.

TABLE VIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910, ABSOLUTE NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES, BY DECADE AND COUNTRY OF NATIVITY

-------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------- | Absolute numbers | Percentages Country of +-------+---------------+-------+-----+-----+------ nativity | | 1881- | 1891- | 1901- |1881-|1891-|1901- | Total | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 |1890 |1900 |1910 -------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+-----+------ Russia |1119059| 135003| 279811| 704245| 69.9| 71.1| 72.1 Austria-Hungary | 281150| 44619| 83720| 152811| 23.1| 21.3| 15.7 Roumania | 67057| 6967| 12789| 47301| 3.6| 3.2| 4.8 United Kingdom | 42589| -- | -- | 42589| --| --| 4.4 Germany | 20454| 5354| 8827| 6273| 2.8| 2.3| .7 British North | | | | | | | America | 9701| -- | -- | 9701| --| --| 1.0 Turkey | 5081| -- | -- | 5081| --| --| .5 France | 2273| -- | -- | 2273| --| --| .2 All others | 15436| 1078| 8369| 5989| .6| 2.1| .6 -------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+------------ Total |1562800| 193021| 393516| 976263|100.0|100.0|100.0 -------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----+------------

TABLE IX

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR

-------+-------------------+------------------- Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -------+-------------------+------------------- 1881 | 3125 | 0.3 1882 | 10489 | 0.9 1883 | 6144 | 0.5 1884 | 7867 | 0.7 1885 | 10648 | 1.0 1886 | 14092 | 1.3 1887 | 23103 | 2.1 1888 | 20216 | 1.8 1889 | 18338 | 1.6 1890 | 20981 | 1.9 1891 | 43457 | 3.9 1892 | 64253 | 5.7 1893 | 25161 | 2.2 1894 | 20747 | 1.9 1895 | 16727 | 1.5 1896 | 20168 | 1.8 1897 | 13063 | 1.2 1898 | 14949 | 1.3 1899 | 24275 | 2.2 1900 | 37011 | 3.3 1901 | 37660 | 3.4 1902 | 37846 | 3.4 1903 | 47689 | 4.3 1904 | 77544 | 6.9 1905 | 92388 | 8.2 1906 | 125234 | 11.2 1907 | 114932 | 10.3 1908 | 71978 | 6.4 1909 | 39150 | 3.5 1910 | 59824 | 5.3 -------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 1119059 | 100.0 -------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE X

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1887 to 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE

-----------+-------------------+------------------- Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -----------+-------------------+------------------- 1881-1890 | 135003 | 12.1 1891-1900 | 279811 | 25.0 1901-1910 | 704245 | 62.9 -----------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 1119059 | 100.0 -----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, JANUARY 1, 1891 TO DECEMBER 31, 1891, AND JANUARY 1, 1892 TO DECEMBER 31, 1892, BY MONTH

(From reports of United Hebrew Charities of New York City, 1891 and 1892)

---------------+----------------------- | Jewish immigrants +----------+------------ Month | 1891 | 1892 ---------------+----------+------------ January | 2179 | 3276 February | 2185 | 3057 March | 3150 | 2397 April | 2714 | 1468 May | 1225 | 1620 June | 8667 | 4028 July | 8253 | 5673 August | 9109 | 4842 September | 9422 | 1729 October | 5255 | 416 November | 3792 | 121 December | 4310 | 198 ---------------+----------+------------ Total | 60261 | 28834 ---------------+----------+------------

TABLE XII

TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

--------+------------+------------+------------- | Total | Jewish | Per cent of | immigrants | immigrants | total --------+------------+------------+------------- 1881 | 5041 | 3125 | Est. 1882 | 16918 | 10489 | 1883 | 9909 | 6144 | at 1884 | 12689 | 7867 | 1885 | 17158 | 10648 | 62.0 1886 | 17800 | 14092 | 79.2 1887 | 30766 | 23103 | 75.1 1888 | 33487 | 20316 | 60.4 1889 | 33916 | 18338 | 54.1 1890 | 35598 | 20981 | 58.9 | | | 1891 | 47426 | 43457 | 91.6 1892 | 81511 | 64253 | 78.8 1893 | 42310 | 25161 | 59.5 1894 | 39278 | 20747 | 52.8 1895 | 35907 | 16727 | 43.2 1896 | 51435 | 20168 | 39.2 1897 | 25816 | 13063 | 50.6 1898 | 29828 | 14949 | 50.1 1899 | 60982 | 24275 | 39.8 1900 | 90787 | 37011 | 40.8 | | | 1901 | 85257 | 37660 | 44.2 1902 | 107347 | 37846 | 35.3 1903 | 136093 | 47689 | 35.0 1904 | 145141 | 77544 | 53.4 1905 | 184897 | 92388 | 50.0 1906 | 215665 | 125234 | 58.1 1907 | 258943 | 114932 | 44.4 1908 | 156711 | 71978 | 45.9 1909 | 120460 | 39150 | 32.5 1910 | 186792 | 59824 | 32.1 --------+------------+------------+------------- Total | 2315868 | 1119059 | 48.3 --------+------------+------------+-------------

TABLE XIII

TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

------------+------------+------------+------------- Decade | Total | Jewish | Per cent of | immigrants | immigrants | total ------------+------------+------------+------------- 1881-1890 | 213282 | 135003 | 63.3 1891-1900 | 505280 | 279811 | 55.4 1901-1910 | 1597306 | 704245 | 44.1 ------------+------------+------------+------------- Total | 2315868 | 1119059 | 48.3 ------------+------------+------------+-------------

TABLE XIV

IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, 1899 TO 1910, BY ANNUAL PERCENTAGE OF CONTRIBUTION OF PRINCIPAL PEOPLES[1]

-------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+--------- | Finnish | German | Jewish | Lithuanian | Polish | Russian -------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+--------- 1899 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 39.8 | 11.2 | 25.4 | 2.7 1900 | 13.8 | 5.9 | 40.8 | 11.3 | 24.8 | 1.3 1901 | 11.7 | 6.6 | 44.2 | 10.0 | 25.2 | .8 1902 | 12.9 | 8.0 | 35.3 | 9.3 | 31.5 | 1.4 1903 | 13.8 | 7.7 | 35.0 | 10.6 | 29.1 | 2.6 1904 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 53.4 | 8.8 | 22.4 | 2.7 1905 | 9.0 | 3.6 | 50.0 | 9.5 | 25.5 | 1.8 1906 | 6.2 | 4.8 | 58.1 | 6.4 | 21.4 | 2.4 1907 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 44.4 | 9.6 | 28.2 | 6.2 1908 | 4.0 | 6.4 | 45.9 | 8.5 | 24.2 | 10.4 1909 | 9.3 | 6.5 | 32.5 | 12.1 | 31.4 | 7.6 1910 | 8.0 | 5.4 | 32.1 | 11.6 | 34.1 | 7.9 -------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+--------- Total | 8.5 | 5.8 | 43.8 | 9.6 | 27.0 | 4.4 -------+---------+--------+--------+------------+--------+--------- [1] From Immigration Commission: _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 338.

TABLE XV

RATE OF IMMIGRATION OF PEOPLES PREDOMINANT IN THE IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, 1899 TO 1910[1]

------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------- | |Average annual | |Population in Russia|immigration to U.S.| Ratio of People |1897 and in Finland |from Russia and | immigration | 1900 combined |Finland 1899-1910 | to population ------------+--------------------+-------------------+---------------- Jewish | 5082343[2] | 63794 | 1 to 79 Finnish | 2352990 | 12348 | 1 to 191 Polish | 7865437 | 39282 | 1 to 200 German | 1721387 | 8401 | 1 to 205 Lithuanian | 3077436 | 14062 | 1 to 212 Swedish | 349733 | 1135 | 1 to 308 Russian | 75434753 | 6530 | 1 to 11552 ------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------

[1] Ibid., p. 339.

[2] The figure for the Jewish population in Russia as given in _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 339, is incorrect. See Goldberg, _Juedische Statistik_, pages 266 and 270.

TABLE XVI

RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM RUSSIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910

------+---------------------- Year | Ratio of immigration ------+---------------------- 1899 | 47 1900 | 72 1901 | 74 1902 | 74 1903 | 93 1904 | 152 1905 | 181 1906 | 246 1907 | 226 1908 | 141 1909 | 77 1910 | 117 ------+---------------------- Total | 125 ------+----------------------

TABLE XVII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE

-----------+-------------------+------------------- Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -----------+-------------------+------------------- 1881-1890 | 6067 | 10.4 1891-1900 | 12789 | 19.1 1901-1910 | 47301 | 70.5 -----------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 67057 | 100.0 -----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XVIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR

--------+-------------------+------------------- Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total --------+-------------------+------------------- 1881 | 30 | [1] 1882 | 65 | .1 1883 | 77 | .1 1884 | 238 | .3 1885 | 803 | 1.2 1886 | 518 | .8 1887 | 2063 | 3.1 1888 | 1653 | 2.5 1889 | 1058 | 1.6 1890 | 462 | .7 | | 1891 | 854 | 1.3 1892 | 740 | 1.1 1893 | 555 | .8 1894 | 616 | .9 1895 | 518 | .8 1896 | 744 | 1.1 1897 | 516 | .8 1898 | 720 | 1.1 1899 | 1343 | 2.0 1900 | 6183 | 9.2 | | 1901 | 6827 | 10.2 1902 | 6589 | 9.8 1903 | 8562 | 12.8 1904 | 6446 | 9.6 1905 | 3854 | 5.7 1906 | 3872 | 5.8 1907 | 3605 | 5.4 1908 | 4455 | 6.6 1909 | 1390 | 2.1 1910 | 1701 | 2.5 --------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 67057 | 100.0 --------+-------------------+-------------------

[1] Below one-tenth per cent.

TABLE XIX

TOTAL IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, 1899 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

--------+----------------+-----------------+------------------- Year |Total immigrants|Jewish immigrants|Per cent of total --------+----------------+-----------------+------------------- 1899 | 1606 | 1343 | 83.6 1900 | 6459 | 6183 | 95.7 1901 | 7155 | 6827 | 95.4 1902 | 7196 | 6589 | 91.6 1903 | 9310 | 8562 | 91.9 1904 | 7087 | 6446 | 91.0 1905 | 4437 | 3854 | 86.8 1906 | 4476 | 3872 | 86.5 1907 | 4384 | 3605 | 82.2 1908 | 5228 | 4455 | 85.2 1909 | 1590 | 1390 | 87.4 1910 | 2145 | 1701 | 79.3 --------+----------------+-----------------+------------------- Total | 61073 | 54827 | 89.8 --------+----------------+-----------------+-------------------

TABLE XX

RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM ROUMANIA, PER 10000 OF JEWISH POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910[1]

--------+----------------------- Year | Ratio of immigration --------+----------------------- 1899 | 51 1900 | 238 1901 | 262 1902 | 253 1903 | 329 1904 | 246 1905 | 148 1906 | 149 1907 | 138 1908 | 171 1909 | 53 1910 | 65 --------+----------------------- Total | 175 --------+-----------------------

[1] For Jewish population in Roumania _cf._ Ruppin, _The Jews of To-Day_, p. 39.

TABLE XXI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH DECADE

-----------+-------------------+------------------- Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -----------+-------------------+------------------- 1881-1890 | 44619 | 15.9 1891-1900 | 83720 | 29.8 1901-1910 | 152811 | 54.3 -----------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 281150 | 100.0 -----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XXII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR, AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARRIVING EACH YEAR

----------+-------------------+------------------- Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total ----------+-------------------+------------------- 1881 | 2537 | .9 1882 | 2648 | .9 1883 | 2510 | .9 1884 | 3340 | 1.2 1885 | 3938 | 1.4 1886 | 5326 | 1.9 1887 | 6898 | 2.4 1888 | 5985 | 2.1 1889 | 4998 | 1.8 1890 | 6439 | 2.3 | | 1891 | 5890 | 2.1 1892 | 8643 | 3.1 1893 | 6363 | 2.3 1894 | 5916 | 2.1 1895 | 6047 | 2.2 1896 | 9831 | 3.5 1897 | 5672 | 2.0 1898 | 7367 | 2.6 1899 | 11071 | 3.9 1900 | 16920 | 6.0 | | 1901 | 13006 | 4.6 1902 | 12848 | 4.6 1903 | 18759 | 6.7 1904 | 20211 | 7.2 1905 | 17352 | 6.2 1906 | 14884 | 5.3 1907 | 18885 | 6.7 1908 | 15293 | 5.4 1909 | 8431 | 3.0 1910 | 13142 | 4.7 ----------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 281150 | 100.0 ----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XXIII

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

-----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------ Decade |Total immigrants|Jewish immigrants|Per cent of total -----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------ 1881-1890 | 353719 | 44619 | 12.6 1891-1900 | 592707 | 83720 | 14.1 1901-1910 | 2145266 | 158811 | 7.4 -----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------ Total | 3091692 | 281150 | 9.1 -----------+----------------+-----------------+------------------

TABLE XXIV

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1881 TO 1910, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

-------------------------------------------------------------------- Year | Total immigrants | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total ----------+------------------+-------------------+------------------ 1881 | 27935 | 2537 | Est. 1882 | 29150 | 2648 | at 1883 | 27625 | 2510 | 1884 | 36571 | 3340 | 9.0 1885 | 27309 | 3938 | 14.4 1886 | 28680 | 5326 | 18.6 1887 | 40265 | 6898 | 17.1 1888 | 45811 | 5985 | 13.1 1889 | 34174 | 4998 | 14.6 1890 | 56199 | 6439 | 11.5 | | | 1891 | 71042 | 5890 | 8.3 1892 | 76937 | 8643 | 11.2 1893 | 57420 | 6363 | 11.1 1894 | 38638 | 5916 | 15.3 1895 | 33401 | 6047 | 18.1 1896 | 65103 | 9831 | 15.1 1897 | 33031 | 5672 | 17.2 1898 | 39797 | 7367 | 18.5 1899 | 62401 | 11071 | 17.7 1900 | 114847 | 16920 | 14.7 | | | 1901 | 113390 | 13006 | 11.5 1902 | 171989 | 12848 | 7.5 1903 | 206011 | 18759 | 9.1 1904 | 177156 | 20211 | 11.4 1905 | 275693 | 17352 | 6.3 1906 | 265138 | 14884 | 5.6 1907 | 338452 | 18885 | 5.6 1908 | 168509 | 15293 | 9.1 1909 | 170191 | 8431 | 5.0 1910 | 258737 | 13142 | 5.1 ----------+------------------+-------------------+------------------ Total | 3091692 | 281150 | 9.1 --------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLE XXV

PERCENTAGE OF ANNUAL IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTRIBUTED BY PRINCIPAL PEOPLES, 1899 TO 1910[1]

--------+--------+--------+----------- Year | Polish | Jewish | Ruthenian --------+--------+--------+----------- 1899 | 18.7 | 17.7 | 2.2 1900 | 19.9 | 14.7 | 2.5 1901 | 17.9 | 11.5 | 4.7 1902 | 18.9 | 7.5 | 4.4 1903 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 4.8 1904 | 17.1 | 11.4 | 5.3 1905 | 18.4 | 6.3 | 5.2 1906 | 16.5 | 5.6 | 5.9 1907 | 17.6 | 5.6 | 7.0 1908 | 15.7 | 9.1 | 7.2 1909 | 21.4 | 5.0 | 9.0 1910 | 22.6 | 4.9 | 10.2 --------+--------+--------+----------- Total | 18.6 | 7.8 | 6.2 --------+--------+--------+-----------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 373.

TABLE XXVI

RATE OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION FROM AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, PER 10000 OF JEWISH POPULATION, 1899 TO 1910[1]

--------+---------------------- | Ratio of immigration --------+---------------------- 1899 | 53 1900 | 83 1901 | 63 1902 | 62 1903 | 90 1904 | 97 1905 | 84 1906 | 72 1907 | 91 1908 | 74 1909 | 41 1910 | 63 --------+---------------------- Total | 74 --------+----------------------

[1] For Jewish population in Austria-Hungary _cf._ Ruppin, _The Jews of To-Day_, pp. 38-39.

TABLE XXVII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE

-----------+-------------------+------------------- Decade | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -----------+-------------------+------------------- 1881-1890 | 193021 | 12.3 1891-1900 | 393516 | 25.2 1900-1910 | 976263 | 62.5 -----------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 1562800 | 100.0 -----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XXVIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY SIX-YEAR PERIOD

-----------+-------------------+------------------- Period | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -----------+-------------------+------------------- 1881-1886 | 77105 | 4.9 1887-1892 | 243687 | 15.6 1893-1898 | 167566 | 10.7 1899-1904 | 396404 | 25.4 1905-1910 | 678038 | 43.4 -----------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 1562800 | 100.0 -----------+-------------------+-------------------

TABLE XXIX

JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1881 TO 1910

-------+-------------------+-------------------- Year | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total -------+-------------------+-------------------- 1881 | 5692 | .4 1882 | 13202 | .8 1883 | 8731 | .5 1884 | 11445 | .7 1885 | 16862 | 1.1 1886 | 21173 | 1.3 1887 | 33044 | 2.1 1888 | 28881 | 1.8 1889 | 25352 | 1.6 1890 | 28639 | 1.8 | | 1891 | 51398 | 3.3 1892 | 76373 | 4.9 1893 | 35322 | 2.3 1894 | 29179 | 1.9 1895 | 26191 | 1.7 1896 | 32848 | 2.1 1897 | 20372 | 1.3 1898 | 23654 | 1.5 1899 | 37415 | 2.4 1900 | 60764 | 3.9 | | 1901 | 58008 | 3.7 1902 | 57688 | 3.7 1903 | 76203 | 4.9 1904 | 106236 | 6.8 1905 | 129910 | 8.3 1906 | 153748 | 9.9 1907 | 149182 | 9.6 1908 | 103387 | 6.6 1909 | 57551 | 3.7 1910 | 84260 | 5.4 -------+-------------------+-------------------- Total | 1562800 | 100.0 -------+-------------------+--------------------

TABLE XXX

TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY DECADE AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

-----------+------------+------------+---------- Decade | Total | Jewish | Per cent | immigrants | immigrants | of total -----------+------------+------------+---------- 1881-1890 | 5246613 | 193021 | 3.7 1891-1900 | 3687564 | 393516 | 10.7 1901-1910 | 8795386 | 976263 | 11.1 -----------+------------+------------+---------- Total | 17729563 | 1562800 | 8.8 -----------+------------+------------+----------

TABLE XXXI

TOTAL IMMIGRATION AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY YEAR AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL

-----------+------------+------------+----------- Year | Total | Jewish | Per cent | immigrants | immigrants | of total -----------+------------+------------+----------- 1881 | 669431 | 5692 | .9 1882 | 788992 | 13202 | 1.7 1883 | 603322 | 8731 | 1.4 1884 | 518592 | 11445 | 2.2 1885 | 395346 | 16862 | 4.3 1886 | 334203 | 21173 | 6.3 1887 | 490109 | 33044 | 6.7 1888 | 546889 | 28881 | 5.3 1889 | 444427 | 25352 | 5.7 1890 | 455302 | 28639 | 6.3 | | | 1891 | 560319 | 51398 | 9.2 1892 | 579663 | 76373 | 13.2 1893 | 439730 | 35322 | 8.0 1894 | 285631 | 29179 | 10.2 1895 | 258536 | 26191 | 10.1 1896 | 343267 | 32848 | 9.6 1897 | 230832 | 20372 | 8.8 1898 | 229229 | 23654 | 10.7 1899 | 311715 | 37415 | 12.0 1900 | 448572 | 60764 | 13.5 | | | 1901 | 487918 | 58098 | 12.1 1902 | 648743 | 57688 | 8.9 1903 | 857046 | 76203 | 8.9 1904 | 812870 | 106236 | 11.8 1905 | 1026499 | 129910 | 12.6 1906 | 1100735 | 153748 | 13.4 1907 | 1285349 | 149182 | 11.6 1908[1] | 782870 | 103387 | 13.2 1909[1] | 751786 | 57551 | 7.7 1910[1] | 1041570 | 84260 | 8.1 -----------+------------+------------+----------- Total | 17729563 | 1562800 | 8.8 -----------+------------+------------+-----------

[1] Only immigrant aliens taken these years.

TABLE XXXII

TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1881 TO 1910, BY NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE OR DECREASE

--------+-------------------+------------------- | Total immigrants | Jewish immigrants +-------------------+------------------- Year | Increase (+) | Increase (+) | or decrease (-) | or decrease (-) +----------+--------+---------+--------- | Number | Per | Number | Per | | cent | | cent --------+----------+--------+---------+--------- 1881 | -- | -- | -- | -- 1882 | +119561 | +17.9 | + 7509 | +131.9 1883 | -185670 | -23.5 | - 4471 | - 33.9 1884 | - 84730 | -14.0 | + 2714 | + 31.1 1885 | -123246 | -23.8 | + 5417 | + 47.3 1886 | - 61143 | -15.5 | + 4491 | + 26.7 1887 | +155906 | +46.7 | +11871 | + 56.1 1888 | + 56780 | +11.6 | + 4163 | + 12.6 1889 | -102462 | -18.7 | - 3529 | - 12.2 1890 | + 10875 | + 2.4 | + 3287 | + 13.0 | | | | 1891 | +105017 | +20.9 | +22759 | + 79.5 1892 | + 19344 | + 3.4 | +24975 | + 48.6 1893 | -139933 | -24.1 | -39051 | - 51.1 1894 | -154099 | -35.0 | - 6143 | - 17.4 1895 | - 27095 | - 9.5 | - 2988 | - 10.2 1896 | + 84731 | +32.8 | + 6657 | + 25.4 1897 | -112435 | -32.8 | -12476 | - 38.0 1898 | - 1533 | - .7 | + 3282 | + 16.1 1899 | + 82416 | +36.0 | +13761 | + 58.2 1900 | +136857 | +43.9 | +23349 | + 62.4 | | | | 1901 | + 39346 | + 8.8 | - 2666 | - 4.4 1902 | +160825 | +33.0 | - 410 | - .7 1903 | +208303 | +32.1 | +18515 | + 32.1 1904 | - 44176 | - 5.2 | +30033 | + 39.4 1905 | +213629 | +26.3 | +23674 | + 22.1 1906 | + 74236 | + 7.2 | +23838 | + 18.2 1907 | +184614 | +16.8 | - 4566 | - 3.0 1908 | -502479 | -39.1 | -45795 | - 30.7 1909 | - 31084 | - 4.0 | -45836 | - 44.3 1910 | +289784 | +38.5 | +26709 | + 46.4 --------+----------+--------+---------+---------

TABLE XXXIII

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------+---------+-----------------+--------------- | | Number | Per cent Year | Total +--------+--------+------+-------- | | Male | Female | Male | Female -------+---------+--------+--------+------+-------- 1899 | 37415 | 21153 | 16262 | 56.5 | 43.5 1900 | 60764 | 36330 | 24434 | 59.8 | 40.2 1901 | 58098 | 32345 | 25753 | 55.7 | 44.3 1902 | 57688 | 32737 | 24951 | 56.7 | 44.3 1903 | 76203 | 43985 | 32218 | 57.7 | 42.3 1904 | 106236 | 65040 | 41196 | 61.2 | 38.8 1905 | 129910 | 82076 | 47834 | 63.2 | 36.8 1906 | 153748 | 80086 | 73662 | 52.1 | 47.9 1907 | 149182 | 80530 | 68652 | 54.0 | 46.0 1908 | 103387 | 56277 | 47110 | 54.4 | 45.6 1909 | 57551 | 31057 | 26494 | 54.0 | 46.0 1910 | 84260 | 46206 | 38054 | 54.8 | 45.2 -------+---------+--------+--------+------+-------- Total | 1074442 | 607822 | 466620 | 56.6 | 43.4 -------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XXXIV

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ADULTS[1] AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO 1898[2]

-------+---------+-----------------+--------------- | | Number | Per cent Year | Total +--------+--------+------+-------- | | Male | Female | Male | Female -------+---------+--------+--------+------+-------- 1886 | 14212 | 9598 | 4614 | 67.5 | 32.5 1887 | 22223 | 13872 | 8351 | 62.4 | 37.6 1888 | 19456 | 11691 | 7765 | 60.1 | 39.9 1889 | 17155 | 9946 | 7209 | 58.0 | 42.0 1890 | 19449 | 11524 | 7925 | 59.3 | 40.7 1891 | 33343 | 20980 | 12363 | 62.9 | 37.1 1892 | 43155 | 25338 | 17817 | 58.7 | 41.3 1893 | 18314 | 9715 | 8599 | 53.0 | 47.0 1894 | 13142 | 6404 | 6738 | 48.7 | 51.3 1895 | 12366 | 6275 | 6091 | 50.7 | 49.3 1896 | 17052 | 9703 | 7349 | 56.9 | 43.1 1897 | 10226 | 5447 | 4779 | 53.3 | 46.7 1898 | 11530 | 6560 | 4970 | 56.9 | 43.1 -------+---------+--------+--------+------+-------- Total | 251623 | 147053 | 104570 | 58.4 | 41.6 -------+---------+--------+--------+------+--------

[1] Sixteen years of age and over.

[2] From _Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City_.

TABLE XXXV

AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

------+---------+--------------------------+------------------------ | | Number | Percentage Year| Total +--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------- | | Under | 14 to | 45 and | Under | 14 to | 45 and | | 14 | 44 | over | 14 | 44 | over ------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------- 1899 | 37415 | 8987 | 26019 | 2409 | 24.0 | 69.5 | 6.5 1900 | 60764 | 13092 | 44239 | 3433 | 21.6 | 72.8 | 5.6 1901 | 58098 | 14731 | 39830 | 3537 | 25.4 | 68.6 | 6.0 1902 | 57688 | 15312 | 38937 | 3439 | 26.5 | 67.5 | 6.0 1903 | 76203 | 19044 | 53074 | 4085 | 25.0 | 69.6 | 5.4 1904 | 106236 | 23529 | 77224 | 5483 | 22.1 | 72.7 | 5.2 1905 | 129910 | 28553 | 95964 | 5393 | 22.0 | 73.9 | 4.1 1906 | 153748 | 43620 | 101875 | 8253 | 28.4 | 66.2 | 5.4 1907 | 149182 | 37696 | 103779 | 7707 | 25.3 | 69.5 | 5.2 1908 | 103387 | 26013 | 71388 | 5986 | 25.1 | 69.1 | 5.8 1909 | 57551 | 15210 | 38465 | 3876 | 26.5 | 66.7 | 6.8 1910 | 84260 | 21869 | 57191 | 5200 | 26.0 | 67.9 | 6.1 ------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+-------- Total| 1074442 | 267656 | 747985 | 58801 | 24.9 | 69.6 | 5.5 ------+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+-------+--------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XXXVI

AGE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS AT THE PORT OF NEW YORK, 1886 TO 1898[1]

-------+--------+--------------------+--------------------- | | Number | Percentage Year | Total +--------+-----------+--------+------------ | | Adults |Children[2]| Adults |Children[2] -------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+------------ 1886 | 19548 | 14212 | 5336 | 72.7 | 27.3 1887 | 30866 | 22223 | 8643 | 72.0 | 28.0 1888 | 26946 | 19456 | 7490 | 72.2 | 27.8 1889 | 23958 | 17155 | 6803 | 71.6 | 28.4 1890 | 26963 | 19449 | 7514 | 72.1 | 27.9 1891 | 47098 | 33343 | 13755 | 70.8 | 29.2 1892 | 66544 | 43155 | 23389 | 64.8 | 35.2 1893 | 29059 | 18314 | 10745 | 63.0 | 37.0 1894 | 23444 | 13142 | 10302 | 56.1 | 43.9 1895 | 21422 | 12366 | 9056 | 57.7 | 42.3 1896 | 27846 | 17052 | 10794 | 61.2 | 38.8 1897 | 17362 | 10226 | 7136 | 58.9 | 41.1 1898 | 19222 | 11530 | 7692 | 60.0 | 40.0 -------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+------------ Total | 380278 | 251623 | 128655 | 66.2 | 33.8 -------+--------+--------+-----------+--------+------------

[1] From _Reports of United Hebrew Charities of N.Y. City_.

[2] Children under sixteen.

TABLE XXXVII

SEX OF TOTAL AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------+-------------------+------------------ | Total immigrants |Jewish immigrants +-------------------+------------------ Year | Per cent | Per cent +--------+----------+--------+--------- | Male | Female | Male | Female -------+--------+----------+--------+--------- 1899 | 62.6 | 37.4 | 56.5 | 43.5 1900 | 67.8 | 32.2 | 59.8 | 40.2 1901 | 67.9 | 32.1 | 55.7 | 44.3 1902 | 71.9 | 28.1 | 56.7 | 43.3 1903 | 71.5 | 28.5 | 57.7 | 42.3 1904 | 67.6 | 32.4 | 61.2 | 38.8 1905 | 70.6 | 29.4 | 63.2 | 36.8 1906 | 69.5 | 30.5 | 52.1 | 47.9 1907 | 72.4 | 27.6 | 54.0 | 46.0 1908 | 64.8 | 35.2 | 54.4 | 45.6 1909 | 69.2 | 30.8 | 54.0 | 46.0 1910 | 70.7 | 29.3 | 54.8 | 45.2 -------+--------+----------+--------+--------- Total | 69.5 | 30.5 | 56.6 | 43.4 -------+--------+----------+--------+---------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XXXVIII

SEX[1] OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[2] 1899 TO 1910[3]

------------------------+---------+-------------------+--------------- | | Number | Per cent People | Total |---------+---------+------+-------- | | Male | Female | Male | Female ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------+-------- Irish | 439724 | 210686 | 229038 | 47.9 | 52.1 Jewish | 1074442 | 607822 | 466620 | 56.6 | 43.4 Bohemian and Moravian | 100189 | 57111 | 43078 | 57.0 | 43.0 French | 115783 | 67217 | 48566 | 58.1 | 41.9 German | 754375 | 448054 | 306321 | 59.4 | 40.6 English | 408614 | 251421 | 157193 | 61.5 | 38.5 Scandinavian | 586306 | 362467 | 223839 | 61.8 | 38.2 Scotch | 136842 | 86938 | 49904 | 63.5 | 36.5 Finnish | 151774 | 100289 | 51485 | 66.1 | 33.9 Polish | 949064 | 659267 | 289797 | 69.5 | 30.5 Slovak | 377527 | 266262 | 111265 | 70.5 | 29.5 Lithuanian | 175258 | 123777 | 51481 | 70.6 | 29.4 Magyar | 338151 | 244221 | 93930 | 72.2 | 27.8 Ruthenian | 147375 | 109614 | 37761 | 74.4 | 25.6 Italian North | 372668 | 291877 | 80791 | 78.3 | 21.7 Italian South | 1911933 | 1502968 | 408965 | 78.6 | 21.4 Croatian and Slovenian | 355543 | 284866 | 50677 | 84.9 | 15.1 Greek | 216962 | 206306 | 10656 | 95.1 | 4.9 ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------+-------- Total[4] | 9555673 | 6641367 | 2914306 | 69.5 | 30.5 ------------------------+---------+---------+---------+------+--------

[1] Arranged in order of percentage of females.

[2] Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000.

[3] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 49.

[4] Total includes all races.

TABLE XXXIX

AGE[1] OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[2] 1899 TO 1909.

----------------+----------------------------------+--------------------- | Number | Per cent People +--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+------- | Total | Under | 14 to | 45 and| Under| 14 to|45 and | | 14 | 44 | over | 14 | 44 | over ----------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+------- Jewish | 990182| 245787 | 690794 | 53601 | 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4 Bohemian and | | | | | | | Moravian | 91727| 18965 | 67487 | 5275 | 20.7 | 73.6 | 5.8 German | 682995| 116416 | 520437 | 46142 | 17.0 | 76.2 | 6.8 Scotch | 112230| 17157 | 85123 | 9950 | 15.3 | 75.8 | 8.9 English | 355116| 52459 | 262334 | 40323 | 14.8 | 73.9 | 11.4 Italian, South | 1719260| 201492 |1416075 |101693 | 11.7 | 82.4 | 5.9 Scandinavian | 534269| 51220 | 457306 | 25743 | 9.6 | 85.6 | 4.8 Polish | 820716| 77963 | 723226 | 19527 | 9.5 | 88.1 | 2.4 Slovak | 345111| 32157 | 302399 | 10555 | 9.3 | 87.6 | 3.1 Finnish | 136038| 12623 | 119771 | 3644 | 9.3 | 88.0 | 2.7 Italian, North | 341888| 30645 | 297442 | 13801 | 9.0 | 87.0 | 4.0 Magyar | 310049| 27312 | 270376 | 12361 | 8.8 | 87.2 | 4.0 Lithuanian | 152544| 12004 | 137880 | 2660 | 7.9 | 90.4 | 1.7 Irish | 401342| 20247 | 363797 | 17298 | 5.0 | 90.6 | 4.3 Ruthenian | 119468| 5537 | 110705 | 3226 | 4.6 | 92.7 | 2.7 Croatian and | | | | | | | Slovenian | 295981| 12711 | 273685 | 9585 | 4.3 | 92.5 | 3.2 Greek | 177827| 7314 | 168250 | 2263 | 4.1 | 94.6 | 1.3 ----------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+------- Total[3] | 8213034|1013974 |6786506 |412554 | 12.3 | 82.6 | 5.0 ----------------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------+------+-------

[1] Arranged in order of highest percentage of children.

[2] Excluding all races with an immigration below 100,000, except the Bohemian and Moravian.

[3] Total includes all European races.

TABLE XL

SEX,[1] 1899 TO 1910, AND AGE,[2] 1899 TO 1909, OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

------------------------+-------------+------------------------------ |Sex--per cent| Age--per cent Group +------+------+--------+--------+------------ | Male |Female|Under 14|14 to 44|45 and over ------------------------+------+------+--------+--------+------------ Polish | 69.5 | 30.5 | 9.5 | 88.1 | 2.4 Ruthenian | 74.4 | 25.6 | 4.6 | 92.7 | 2.7 Russian | 85.0 | 15.0 | 7.5 | 90.0 | 2.5 Slovak | 70.5 | 29.5 | 9.3 | 87.6 | 3.1 Croatian and Slovenian | 84.9 | 15.1 | 4.3 | 92.5 | 3.2 Bohemian and | | | | | Moravian | 57.0 | 43.0 | 20.7 | 73.6 | 5.8 Jewish | 56.6 | 43.4 | 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4 ------------------------+------+------+--------+--------+------------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 49.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 25.

TABLE XLI

A. SEX OF ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS,[1] 1899 TO 1910, AND OF IMMIGRANTS FROM ROUMANIA,[2] 1900 TO 1910

----------------+------------------------------------------------ | | Number | Per cent Group | Total +---------+----------+--------+-------- | | Male | Female | Male | Female ----------------+---------+---------+----------+--------+-------- From Roumania | 59467 | 31968 | 27499 | 53.8 | 46.2 Roumanian | 82704 | 75238 | 7466 | 91.0 | 9.0 ----------------+---------+---------+----------+--------+--------

B. AGE OF JEWISH AND ROUMANIAN IMMIGRANTS[3] 1899 TO 1909

-----------+--------+--------------------+------------------------ | | Number | Per cent Race | Total +------+------+------+-------+-------+-------- | Number | Under| 14 to|45 and| Under | 14 to | 45 and | | 14 | 44 | over | 14 | 44 | over -----------+--------+------+------+------+-------+-------+-------- Jewish | 990182 |245787|690794| 53601| 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4 Roumanian | 68505 | 1476| 63997| 3032| 2.2 | 93.4 | 4.4 -----------+--------+------+------+------+-------+-------+--------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Emigration_, pp. 44-48.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 23.

[3] _Ibid._, p. 25.

TABLE XLII

SEX AND AGE OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED), AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]

---------------------+-------+---------------+------------------------ | | Sex--per cent | Age--per cent Group | +------+--------+-------+-------+-------- | Total | | | Under | 14 to | 45 and | | Male | Female | 14 | 44 | over ---------------------+-------+------+--------+-------+-------+-------- Old immigration |2273782| 58.5 | 41.5 | 12.8 | 80.4 | 6.8 New immigration | | | | | | (Jewish excepted) |4949070| 76.3 | 23.7 | 9.7 | 86.2 | 4.1 Jewish immigration | 990182| 56.7 | 43.3 | 24.8 | 69.8 | 5.4 ---------------------+-------+------+--------+-------+-------+--------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, pp. 23-26.

TABLE XLIII

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1912[1]

--------+-----------+-----------+--------------- | Jewish | Jewish | Number Year | immigrant | emigrant | departed per | aliens[2] | aliens[3] | 100 admitted --------+-----------+-----------+--------------- 1908 | 103387 | 7702 | 7 1909 | 57551 | 6105 | 10 1910 | 84260 | 5689 | 6 1911 | 91223 | 6401 | 7 1912 | 80595 | 7418 | 9 --------+-----------+-----------+--------------- Total | 417016 | 33315 | 8 --------+-----------+-----------+---------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] See note, page 93.

[3] Emigrant aliens are aliens whose permanent residence has been in the United States and who intend to reside permanently abroad.

TABLE XLIV

TOTAL AND JEWISH EMIGRANT ALIENS AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH IMMIGRANT ALIENS OF TOTAL IMMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908 TO 1912[1]

-------+---------------------------+------------------------------ | Emigrant aliens | Immigrant aliens +--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- Year | Total | Jewish |Per cent.| Total | Jewish |Per cent. |emigrant|emigrant|Jewish of|immigrant|immigrant|Jewish of | aliens | aliens | total | aliens | aliens | total -------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- 1908 | 381044 | 7702 | 2.0 | 782870 | 103387 | 13.2 1909 | 225802 | 6105 | 2.7 | 751876 | 57551 | 7.7 1910 | 202436 | 5689 | 2.8 | 1041570 | 84260 | 8.1 1911 | 295666 | 6401 | 2.1 | 878587 | 91223 | 10.4 1912 | 333262 | 7418 | 2.2 | 838172 | 80595 | 9.5 -------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------- Total | 1438210| 33315 | 2.3 | 4293075 | 417016 | 9.7 -------+--------+--------+---------+---------+---------+----------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XLV

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED[1] AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED, 1908, 1909 AND 1910[2]

-----------------+-----------------+------------------------------- |Immigrant aliens | Emigrant aliens departed | admitted | +--------+--------+--------+--------+------------- People | |Per cent| |Per cent| Number | Number |of total| Number |of total| departed | |admitted| |departed| for every | | | | |100 admitted -----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------- Jewish | 236100 | 10.2 | 18543 | 2.5 | 8 Croatian and | | | | | Slovenian | 78658 | 3.4 | 44316 | 5.2 | 56 English | 101611 | 4.4 | 11152 | 1.5 | 11 German | 192644 | 8.3 | 35823 | 5.0 | 19 Greek | 86257 | 3.7 | 21196 | 2.9 | 25 Irish | 93090 | 4.0 | 5728 | .8 | 6 Italian, North | 77661 | 3.3 | 47870 | 6.7 | 62 Italian, South | 457414 | 19.8 | 255188 | 35.7 | 56 Lithuanian | 51129 | 2.2 | 7185 | 1.0 | 14 Magyar | 78910 | 3.4 | 50597 | 7.1 | 64 Polish | 269646 | 11.7 | 82080 | 11.4 | 30 Ruthenian | 55106 | 2.3 | 6681 | .9 | 12 Scandinavian | 113786 | 4.8 | 11193 | 1.5 | 10 Slovak | 70717 | 3.0 | 41383 | 5.8 | 59 -----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------- Total[3] |2297338 | | 713356 | | 32 -----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------------

[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 50,000 excluded.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 41.

[3] Total for all races, including Syrians.

TABLE XLVI

JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND ROUMANIA, 1908 TO 1912[1]

---------+--------------------------------------------+ | Russia | +-------------+------------+-----------------+ | Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed | Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted| ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ 1908 | 71978 | 5439 | 7 | 1909 | 39150 | 3989 | 10 | 1910 | 59824 | 3295 | 5 | 1911 | 65472 | 3375 | 5 | 1912 | 58389 | 4448 | 7 | ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ Total | 294813 | 20546 | 7 | ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ ---------+--------------------------------------------+ | Austria-Hungary | +-------------+------------+-----------------+ | Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed | Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted| ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ 1908 | 15293 | 1758 | 11 | 1909 | 8431 | 1398 | 16 | 1910 | 13142 | 1409 | 10 | 1911 | 12785 | 1827 | 14 | 1912 | 10757 | 2121 | 19 | ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ Total | 60408 | 8513 | 14 | ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ ---------+--------------------------------------------- | Roumania +-------------+------------+-----------------+ | Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed | Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted| ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ 1908 | 4455 | 158 | 3 1909 | 1390 | 87 | 6 1910 | 1701 | 101 | 6 1911 | 2188 | 78 | 3 1912 | 1512 | 122 | 8 ---------+-------------+------------+------------------ Total | 11246 | 546 | 5 ---------+-------------+------------+------------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XLVII

POLISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, 1908 TO 1912[1]

---------+--------------------------------------------+ | Russian Poles | +-------------+------------+-----------------+ | Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed | Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted| ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ 1908 | 73122 | 18187 | 25 | 1909 | 37770 | 8421 | 22 | 1910 | 63635 | 6705 | 10 | 1911 | 40193 | 12276 | 30 | 1912 | 51244 | 14701 | 28 | ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ Total | 265964 | 60290 | 22 | ---------+-------------+------------+-----------------+ ---------+--------------------------------------------+ | Austro-Hungarian Poles +-------------+------------+------------------ | Immigrant | Emigrant | Number departed Year | aliens | aliens | per 100 admitted ---------+-------------+------------+------------------ 1908 | 59719 | 28048 | 47 1909 | 336483 | 10292 | 28 1910 | 60565 | 9609 | 15 1911 | 27515 | 18499 | 67 1912 | 30649 | 22546 | 73 ---------+-------------+------------+------------------ Total | 214931 | 88994 | 41 ---------+-------------+------------+------------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE XLVIII

"OLD" AND "NEW" (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND JEWISH IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION, 1908 TO 1910[1]

---------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------- | Immigrant | Emigrant | Number Class | aliens | aliens | departed per | | | 100 admitted ---------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------- Old Immigration | 599732 | 79664 | 13 New immigration (Jewish | | | excepted) | 1461506 | 615549 | 42 Jewish immigration | 236100 | 18543 | 8 ---------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------- Total | 2297338 | 713356 | 32 ---------------------------+-----------+----------+--------------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 42.

TABLE XLIX

EUROPEAN IMMIGRANT ALIENS,[1] 1907, AND EUROPEAN EMIGRANT ALIENS, 1908[2]

-----------------+---------------------+---------------------------- | Immigrant aliens | Emigrant aliens, 1908 | 1907 | +-----------+---------+--------+---------+-------- People | | | | | Number | Number |Per cent.| Number |Per cent.|departed | | of total| | of total| per 100 | | | | |admitted -----------------+-----------+---------+--------+---------+--------- Jewish | 149182 | 12.1 | 7702 | 2.0 | 5 Bulgarian, | 27174 | 2.2 | 5965 | 1.6 | 22 Servian and | | | | | Montenegrin | | | | | Croatian and | | | | | Slovenian | 47826 | 3.9 | 28584 | 7.5 | 60 English | 51126 | 4.1 | 5320 | 1.4 | 10 German | 92936 | 7.5 | 14418 | 3.8 | 15 Greek | 46283 | 3.7 | 6763 | 1.8 | 14 Irish | 38706 | 3.1 | 2441 | .6 | 6 Italian, North | 1564 | 4.2 | 19507 | 5.1 | 37 Italian, South | 242497 | 19.6 | 147828 | 38.8 | 60 Lithuanian | 25884 | 2.1 | 3388 | .9 | 13 Magyar | 60071 | 4.9 | 29276 | 7.7 | 48 Polish | 138033 | 11.2 | 46727 | 12.3 | 33 Scandinavian | 53425 | 4.3 | 5801 | 1.5 | 11 Slovak | 42041 | 3.4 | 23573 | 6.2 | 56 -----------------+-----------+---------+--------+---------+--------- Total | 1237341[3]| | 381044 | | 32 -----------------+-----------+---------+--------+---------+---------

[1] All peoples with an inward movement of less than 25,000 omitted.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, pp. 39-40.

[3] All European immigrants, including Syrians.

TABLE L

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED[1] AND TOTAL OF THOSE ADMITTED DURING THIS PERIOD IN THE UNITED STATES PREVIOUSLY, 1899 TO 1910[2]

--------------------------+----------+----------------------- | | In United States | | previously People | Number |---------+------------- | admitted | | Per cent of | | Number | admitted --------------------------+----------+---------+------------- Jewish | 1074442 | 22914 | 2.1 Bohemian and Moravian | 100189 | 4066 | 4.1 Croatian and Slovenian | 355542 | 43037 | 12.8 English | 408614 | 103828 | 25.4 Finnish | 151774 | 17189 | 11.3 French | 115783 | 33859 | 29.2 German | 754375 | 86458 | 11.5 Greek | 216962 | 12283 | 5.7 Irish | 439742 | 80636 | 18.3 Italian, North | 372668 | 56738 | 15.2 Italian, South | 1911933 | 262508 | 13.7 Lithuanian | 175258 | 6186 | 3.5 Magyar | 337351 | 39785 | 11.8 Polish | 949064 | 65155 | 6.9 Ruthenian | 147375 | 18492 | 12.5 Scandinavian | 586306 | 86700 | 14.8 Scotch | 136842 | 27684 | 20.2 Slovak | 377527 | 71889 | 19.0 --------------------------+----------+---------+------------- Total[3] | 9220066 | 1108948 | 12.0 --------------------------+----------+---------+-------------

[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.

[2] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 51.

[3] Includes all European peoples entered and Syrians.

TABLE LI

OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------------------+-----------+------------ Group | Number | Per cent -------------------+-----------+------------ No occupation | 484175 | 45.1 Skilled laborers | 395823 | 36.8 Professional | 7455 | .7 Miscellaneous | 186989 | 17.4 -------------------+-----------+------------ Total | 1074442 | 100.0 -------------------+-----------+------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-------------------------+----------+------------ Group | Number | Per cent -------------------------+----------+------------ Professional | 7455 | 1.3 Skilled laborers | 395823 | 67.1 Laborers | 69444 | 11.8 Merchants and dealers | 31491 | 5.3 Farm laborers | 11460 | 1.9 Farmers | 1008 | .2 Miscellaneous | 8051 | 1.3 -------------------------+----------+------------ Total | 590267 | 100.0 -------------------------+----------+------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LIII

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ENGAGED IN PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS[1]

-------------------------------------+--------- Occupation | Number -------------------------------------+--------- Actors | 232 Architects | 108 Clergymen | 350 Editors | 84 Electricians | 359 Engineers | 484 Lawyers | 34 Literary and scientific persons | 385 Musicians | 1624 Officials (gov.) | 18 Physicians | 290 Sculptors and artists | 357 Teachers | 2192 Others | 938 -------------------------------------+--------- Total | 7455 -------------------------------------+---------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LIV

JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING SKILLED OCCUPATIONS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

A. _Principal skilled occupations_

-----------------------------------+----------+------------ | | Per cent Occupation | Number | of total | | skilled -----------------------------------+----------+------------ Tailors | 145272 | 36.6 Carpenters, joiners, etc.[2] | 40901 | 10.3 Dressmakers and seamstresses[2] | 39482 | 10.0 Shoemakers | 23519 | 5.9 Clerks and accountants | 17066 | 4.3 Painters and glaziers | 16387 | 4.1 Butchers | 11413 | 2.9 Bakers | 10925 | 2.8 Locksmiths | 9385 | 2.4 Blacksmiths | 8517 | 2.2 -----------------------------------+----------+------------ Total | 322867 | 81.5 -----------------------------------+----------+------------

B. _Other skilled occupations_

--------------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- Occupation | Number | --------------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- Tinners | 6967 | Watch and clockmakers | 4444 | Tobacco workers | 4350 | Hat and capmakers | 4070 | Barbers and hairdressers | 4054 | Weavers and spinners | 3971 | Tanners and curriers | 3715 | Furriers and fur workers | 3144 | Bookbinders | 3009 | Masons | 2507 | Plumbers | 2455 | Saddlers and harness makers | 2311 | Milliners | 2291 | Metal workers (other than iron, steel and tin) | 2231 | Machinists | 1907 | Jewelers | 1837 | Millers | 1390 | Mechanics (not specified) | 1203 | Upholsterers | 1109 | Photographers | 1013 | Iron and steel workers | 604 | Textile workers (not specified) | 436 | Others | 13938 | --------------------------------------------------+-----------+-------- Total | 72956 | +-----------+ Grand total | 395823 | --------------------------------------------------+-----------+--------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] Seamstresses are included with dressmakers; cabinetmakers and woodworkers (not specified) with carpenters and joiners.

TABLE LV

OCCUPATIONS OF TOTAL EUROPEAN AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1909, AND PERCENTAGE JEWISH OF TOTAL[1]

--------------------+------------+------------+---------- Group | Total | Jewish |Per cent | immigrants | immigrants |of total --------------------+------------+------------+---------- Professional | 803222 | 6836 | 8.5 Skilled laborers | 1247674 | 362936 | 29.1 Farm laborers | 1290295 | 9633 | 0.1 Farmers | 841466 | 908 | 1.1 Common laborers | 2282565 | 66311 | 2.9 Servants | 890093 | 61611 | 6.9 No occupation | 2165287 | 445728 | 20.6 Miscellaneous | 172652 | 36219 | 21.0 --------------------+------------+------------+---------- Total | 8213034 | 990182 | 12.1 --------------------+------------+------------+----------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 27.

TABLE LVI

TOTAL EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] AND IMMIGRANTS WITHOUT OCCUPATION, 1899 TO 1910[2]

--------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------- | Total |Without occupation|Per cent People |Immigrants | (including women | of | | and children) | total --------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------- Jewish | 1074442 | 484175 | 45.1 Bohemian and Moravian | 100189 | 39700 | 39.5 Croatian and Slovenian | 355542 | 37219 | 11.1 English | 408614 | 158616 | 38.8 Finnish | 151774 | 28766 | 18.9 French | 115783 | 45745 | 39.5 German | 745375 | 296082 | 39.7 Greek | 216962 | 19244 | 8.9 Irish | 439724 | 63456 | 14.4 Italian, North | 372668 | 76046 | 20.4 Italian, South | 1911933 | 440274 | 23.0 Lithuanian | 175258 | 33718 | 19.2 Magyar | 338151 | 78875 | 23.3 Polish | 949064 | 200634 | 21.1 Ruthenian | 147375 | 18915 | 12.9 Scandinavian | 586306 | 111212 | 18.9 Scotch | 136842 | 47634 | 34.9 Slovak | 377527 | 87280 | 23.1 --------------------------+-----------+------------------+--------- Total | 9555673[3]| 2506713 | 26.2 --------------------------+-----------+------------------+---------

[1] All races with an immigration below 100,000 omitted.

[2] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 52.

[3] Total includes all races.

TABLE LVII

OCCUPATIONS OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS[1] REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO 1910[2]

----------------+----------+-------------------------------------------- | | Per cent | +------------+-----------+---------+--------- | | | |Laborers,| | Number |In | |including| | reporting|professional|In skilled |farm |Miscell- People |employment|occupations |occupations|laborers |aneous ----------------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+--------- Jewish | 590267 | 1.3 | 67.1 | 13.7 | 18.0 Bohemian and | | | | | Moravia | 60489 | 1.3 | 40.8 | 28.5 | 29.4 Bulgarian, | | | | | Servian and | | | | | Montenegrin | 90991 | .1 | 3.3 | 92.0 | 4.6 Croatian and | | | | | Slovenian | 298324 | .1 | 5.0 | 86.4 | 8.5 English | 249908 | 9.0 | 48.7 | 14.1 | 28.1 Finnish | 123008 | .3 | 6.0 | 67.2 | 26.5 French | 70038 | 9.3 | 34.5 | 26.0 | 30.2 German | 458293 | 3.5 | 30.0 | 37.7 | 28.8 Greek | 197718 | .3 | 7.7 | 86.2 | 5.8 Irish | 376268 | 1.3 | 12.6 | 35.2 | 50.9 Italian, North | 296622 | 1.1 | 20.4 | 66.5 | 12.0 Italian, South |1471659 | .4 | 14.6 | 77.0 | 7.9 Lithuanian | 141540 | .1 | 6.7 | 76.1 | 17.2 Magyar | 259276 | .5 | 8.6 | 77.5 | 13.4 Polish | 748430 | .2 | 6.3 | 75.3 | 18.1 Roumanian | 75531 | .2 | 2.7 | 93.8 | 3.3 Russian | 69986 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 82.7 | 6.8 Ruthenian | 128460 | .1 | 2.0 | 80.6 | 17.4 Scandinavian | 475094 | 1.2 | 20.5 | 43.8 | 34.5 Scotch | 89208 | 5.7 | 57.9 | 12.1 | 24.3 Slovak | 290247 | .1 | 4.4 | 80.0 | 15.5 ----------------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+--------- Total |7048953[3]| 1.4 | 20.2 | 79.3 | 19.1 ----------------+----------+------------+-----------+---------+---------

[1] All races with an immigration below 50,000 omitted.

[2] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 53.

[3] Total includes all races.

TABLE LVIII

OCCUPATIONS OF SLAVIC AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REPORTING EMPLOYMENT, 1899 TO 1910[1]

---------------+-----------+-------------------------------------------- | | Per cent | +------------+-----------+----------+-------- | | | | Common | People | | | | laborers |Miscel- | No. |In |In |(including|laneous | reporting |professional|skilled | farm | |occupations|occupations |occupations| laborers)| ---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------+-------- Jewish | 590267 | 1.3 | 67.1 | 13.7 | 18.0 Bohemian and | | | | | Moravian | 60489 | 1.3 | 40.8 | 28.5 | 29.4 Bulgarian, | | | | | Servian and | | | | | Montenegrin | 90991 | .1 | 3.3 | 92.0 | 4.6 Croatian and | | | | | Slovenian | 298324 | .1 | 5.0 | 86.4 | 8.5 Polish | 748430 | .2 | 6.3 | 75.3 | 18.1 Russian | 69986 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 82.7 | 6.8 Ruthenian | 128460 | .1 | 2.0 | 80.6 | 17.4 Slovak | 290247 | .1 | 4.4 | 80.0 | 15.5 ---------------+-----------+------------+-----------+----------+--------

[1] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 53.

TABLE LIX

OCCUPATIONS OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]

------------------+-----------------+-----------------+----------------- | |"New" immigration| Jewish |"Old" immigration|(Jewish excepted)| immigration Occupations +-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+--------- | Number| Per cent| Number| Per cent| Number| Per cent ------------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+--------- Professional | 56406| 2.5 | 17080| .3 | 6836| .7 Skilled laborers | 442754| 19.5 | 441984| 8.9 | 362936| 36.7 Farm laborers | 138598| 6.1 |1142064| 23.1 | 9633| 1.0 Farmers | 40633| 1.8 | 42605| .9 | 908| .1 Common laborers | 402074| 17.7 |1814180| 36.7 | 66311| 6.7 Servants | 424698| 18.7 | 403784| 8.2 | 61611| 6.2 No occupation | 678510| 29.8 |1041049| 21.0 | 445728| 45.0 Miscellaneous | 90109| 4.0 | 46324| .9 | 36219| 3.7 ------------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+--------- Total |2273782| 100.0 |4949070| 100.0 | 990182| 100.0 ------------------+-------+---------+-------+---------+-------+---------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 29.

TABLE LX

ILLITERACY OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910[1]

---------+-----------------+-----------------------+----------- |Jewish immigrants| Jewish immigrant | Per cent Year | 14 years of age |illiterates[2] 14 years|illiterate | and over | of age and over | ---------+-----------------+-----------------------+----------- 1899 | 28428 | 5637 | 19.5 1900 | 47672 | 10607 | 22.2 1901 | 43367 | 10119 | 23.3 1902 | 42376 | 11921 | 28.1 1903 | 57159 | 14980 | 26.2 1904 | 82707 | 18763 | 22.6 1905 | 101357 | 22770 | 22.4 1906 | 110128 | 29444 | 26.7 1907 | 111486 | 31885 | 28.6 1908 | 77374 | 23217 | 30.3 1909 | 42341 | 12201 | 28.8 1910 | 62391 | 17963 | 28.8 ---------+-----------------+-----------------------+----------- Total | 806786 | 209507 | 26.0 ---------+-----------------+-----------------------+-----------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] Those who could neither read nor write.

TABLE LXI

SEX OF JEWISH IMMIGRANT ILLITERATES, 1908 TO 1912[1]

---------+---------------------+----------------------------------- | | Jewish immigrant illiterates | Jewish immigrants | 14 years of age and over | 14 years of age |-----------------+----------------- Year | and over | Number | Per cent |----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------- | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female ---------+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------- 1908 | 43270 | 34104 | 9455 | 13762 | 21.9 | 40.4 1909 | 23452 | 18889 | 4832 | 7369 | 20.6 | 39.0 1910 | 35272 | 27120 | 7593 | 10370 | 21.5 | 38.2 1911 | 38018 | 31370 | 6453 | 10304 | 16.9 | 32.8 1912 | 32706 | 27799 | 5637 | 9498 | 17.2 | 34.2 ---------+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Total | 172718 | 139282 | 33970 | 51303 | 19.7 | 36.8 ---------+----------+----------+--------+--------+--------+--------

[1] In order to ascertain the number of males and females, 14 years of age and over, the number of Jewish immigrants under 14 years of age were distributed equally between the sexes. Subtracting these respectively from the number of males and females, we obtain the above totals. Cf. _Report of New York State Commission on Immigration_, 1908, p. 171.

TABLE LXII

ILLITERACY OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS,[1] 1899 to 1910[2]

------------------------+---------------+--------------------------- | | Immigrant illiterates 14 | Immigrants 14 | years of age and over People | years of age +-------------+------------- | and over | Number | Per cent ------------------------+---------------+-------------+------------- Jewish | 806786 | 209507 | 26.0 Bohemian and Moravian | 79721 | 1322 | 1.7 Croatian and Slovenian | 320977 | 115785 | 36.1 English | 347458 | 3647 | 1.0 Finnish | 137916 | 1745 | 1.3 German | 625793 | 32236 | 5.2 Greek | 208608 | 55089 | 26.4 Irish | 416640 | 10721 | 2.6 Italian, North | 339301 | 38897 | 11.5 Italian, South | 1690376 | 911566 | 53.9 Lithuanian | 161441 | 79001 | 48.9 Magyar | 307082 | 35004 | 11.4 Polish | 861303 | 304675 | 35.4 Ruthenian | 140775 | 75165 | 53.4 Scandinavian | 530634 | 2221 | .4 Scotch | 115788 | 767 | .7 Slovak | 342583 | 82216 | 24.0 ------------------------+---------------+-------------+------------- Total[3] | 8398624 | 2238801 | 26.7 ------------------------+---------------+-------------+-------------

[1] All peoples with an immigration below 100,000 excluded, except the Bohemian and Moravian.

[2] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 51.

[3] Total for all races.

TABLE LXIII

ILLITERACY OF "OLD" AND "NEW" IMMIGRATION (JEWISH EXCEPTED) AND OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION, 1899 TO 1909[1]

---------------------+-----------------+--------------------------- | | Immigrant illiterates 14 | Immigrants 14 | years of age and over Classed | years of age +------------+-------------- | and over | Number | Per cent ---------------------+-----------------+------------+-------------- Old immigration | 1983618 | 52833 | 2.7 New immigration | | | (Jewish excepted) | 4471047 | 1667754 | 37.3 Jewish immigration | 744395 | 191544 | 25.7 ---------------------+-----------------+------------+-------------- Total | 7199060 | 1912131 | 26.6 ---------------------+-----------------+------------+--------------

[1] From _Emigration Conditions in Europe_, p. 30.

TABLE LXIV

ILLITERACY OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1899 TO 1910[1]

---------------------+-----------------+------------------------- | Immigrants 14 | Illiterates People | years of age +------------+------------ | and over | Number | Per cent. ---------------------+-----------------+------------+------------ Jewish | 806786 | 209507 | 26.0 Lithuanian | 161441 | 79001 | 48.9 Polish | 861303 | 304675 | 35.4 Russian | 77479 | 29777 | 38.4 Ruthenian | 140775 | 75165 | 63.4 ---------------------+-----------------+------------+------------ [1] From _Statistical Review of Immigration_, p. 51.

TABLE LXV

SEX OF ILLITERATES OF PEOPLES FROM EASTERN EUROPE, 1908[1]

---------------+-----------------------+--------------------- | Number illiterates 14 | Per cent. | years and over | Race +-----------+-----------+----------+---------- | Male | Female | Male | Female ---------------+-----------+-----------+----------+---------- Jewish | 9455 | 13762 | 21.9 | 40.4 Lithuanian | 4215 | 2897 | 53.4 | 63.4 Polish | 14573 | 8813 | 36.7 | 42.9 Russian | 5820 | 828 | 40.1 | 50.8 Ruthenian | 4203 | 1836 | 49.6 | 57.4 ---------------+-----------+-----------+----------+----------

[1] From _Report of New York State Commission on Immigration_, 1908, p. 171.

TABLE LXVI

DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION[1]

--------------------------+-------------------+---------- Division | Jewish immigrants | Per cent --------------------------+-------------------+---------- North Atlantic States | 923549 | 86.0 North Central States | 110998 | 10.3 South Atlantic States | 25149 | 2.3 South Central States | 8324 | .8 Western States | 6384 | .6 --------------------------+-------------------+---------- Total | 1074404[2] | 100.0 --------------------------+-------------------+----------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] 27 were destined for Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, and 11 were tourists.

TABLE LXVII

DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, 1899 to 1910, BY PRINCIPAL STATES

----------------+-------------------+------------------- State | Jewish immigrants | Per cent of total ----------------+-------------------+------------------- New York | 690296 | 64.2 Pennsylvania | 108534 | 10.1 Massachusetts | 66023 | 6.1 Illinois | 59931 | 4.7 New Jersey | 31279 | 3.2 Ohio | 20531 | 1.9 Maryland | 18700 | 1.7 Connecticut | 16254 | 1.5 Missouri | 12476 | 1.2 Minnesota | 7029 | .7 Wisconsin | 6369 | .6 Michigan | 5970 | .6 Rhode Island | 5023 | .5 All others | 31989 | 3.0 ----------------+-------------------+------------------- Total | 1074404[1] | 100.0 ----------------+-------------------+-------------------

[1] _Cf._ note 2 of table LXVI.

TABLE LXVIII

PERCENTAGE OF JEWISH AND TOTAL IMMIGRANTS DESTINED FOR EACH DIVISION, 1899 TO 1910[1]

-----------------------+------------------+------------------- Division | Per cent of | Per cent of | total immigrants | Jewish immigrants -----------------------+------------------+------------------- South Atlantic States | 67.5 | 86.0 North Central States | 22.4 | 10.3 South Atlantic States | 2.7 | 2.3 South Central States | 1.8 | .8 Western | 5.6 | .6 -----------------------+------------------+------------------- Total | 100.0 | 100.0 -----------------------+------------------+-------------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

TABLE LXIX

PARTICIPATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN DESTINATION OF TOTAL IMMIGRANTS, 1899 TO 1910, BY DIVISION

-----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------- Division | Total | Jewish | Per cent | immigrants | immigrants | Jewish of total -----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------- North Atlantic | 6368243 | 923549 | 14.5 North Central | 2116327 | 110998 | 5.2 South Atlantic | 254936 | 25149 | 9.9 South Central | 167437 | 8324 | 5.0 Western | 532824 | 6384 | 1.2 -----------------+--------------+-------------+----------------- Total | 9439757 | 1074404[2] | 11.4 -----------------+--------------+-------------+-----------------

[1] From _Reports of Commissioner-General of Immigration_.

[2] _Cf._ note 2 of table LXVI.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A.

PRESIDENT HARRISON'S MESSAGE TO CONGRESS, DECEMBER 9, 1891.[141]

This Government has found occasion to express in a friendly spirit, but with much earnestness, to the Government of the Czar its concern because of the harsh measures now being enforced against the Hebrews in Russia. By the revival of antisemitic laws, long in abeyance, great numbers of those unfortunate people have been constrained to abandon their homes and leave the Empire by reason of the impossibility of finding subsistence within the pale to which it is sought to confine them. The immigration of these people to the United States--many other countries being closed to them--is largely increasing and is likely to assume proportions which may make it difficult to find homes and employment for them here and to seriously affect the labor market. It is estimated that over 1,000,000 will be forced from Russia in a few years. The Hebrew is never a beggar; he has always kept the law--life by toil--often under severe and oppressive civil restrictions. It is also true that no race, set or class has more fully cared for its own than the Hebrew race. But the sudden transfer of such a multitude under conditions that tend to strip them of their small accumulations and to depress their energies and courage is neither good for them nor for us.

The banishment, whether by direct decree or by not less certain indirect methods, of so large a number of men and women is not a local question. A decree to leave one country is in the nature of things an order to enter another--some other. This consideration, as well as the suggestion of humanity, furnishes ample ground for the remonstrances which we have presented to Russia, while our historic friendship for that government can not fail to give assurance that our representations are those of a sincere wellwisher.

FOOTNOTES:

[141] (_Messages and Papers of the Presidents_, 1789-1897, vol. ix, 1889-97, p. 188. Washington, 1898).

APPENDIX B.

ARTICLE VII OF THE CONSTITUTION OF ROUMANIA.

Difference in religious beliefs and confessions does not constitute in Roumania an obstacle to the obtainment of civil and political rights, nor to the exercise of these rights.

(1) A foreigner without distinction of religion, and whether a subject or not of a foreign government, can become naturalized under the following conditions:

(a) He shall address to the government an application for naturalization, in which he shall indicate the capital he possesses, the profession or craft which he follows, and his abode in Roumania.

(b) He shall reside, after this application, ten years in the country, and prove, by action, that he is of service to it.

(2) The following may be exempted from the intermediary stages:

(a) Those who have brought into the country industries, useful inventions, or talent, or who have founded large establishments of commerce or industry.

(b) Those who, born and bred in Roumania, of parents established in the country, have never been subjected, either themselves or their parents, to any protection by a foreign power.

(c) Those who have served under the colors during the war of independence; these may be naturalized collectively by government decree, by a single resolution, and without any further formality.

(3) Naturalization can not be given except by law, and individually.

(4) A special law shall determine the manner in which foreigners may establish their home on Roumanian territory.

(5) Only Roumanians, and those who have been naturalized Roumanians, can buy rural estates in Roumania.

APPENDIX C.

SECRETARY HAY'S NOTE.

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, } WASHINGTON, _August 11, 1902_. }

"Excellency:--In the course of an instruction recently sent to the Minister accredited to the Government of Roumania in regard to the bases of negotiation begun with that government looking to a convention of naturalization between the United States and Roumania, certain considerations were set forth for the Minister's guidance concerning the character of the emigration from that country, the causes which constrain it, and the consequences so far as they adversely affect the United States.

"It has seemed to the President appropriate that these considerations, relating as they do to the obligations entered into by the signatories of the Treaty of Berlin, of July 13, 1878, should be brought to the attention of the Governments concerned, and commended to their consideration in the hope that, if they are so fortunate as to meet the approval of the several Powers, such measures as to them may seem wise may be taken to persuade the Government of Roumania to reconsider the subject of the grievances in question.

"The United States welcomes now, as it has welcomed from the foundation of its Government, the voluntary immigration of all aliens coming hither under conditions fitting them to become merged in the body politic of this land. Our laws provide the means for them to become incorporated indistinguishably in the mass of citizens, and prescribe their absolute equality with the native born, guaranteeing to them equal civil rights at home and equal protection abroad. The conditions are few, looking to their coming as free agents, so circumstanced physically and morally as to supply the healthful and intelligent material of free citizenhood. The pauper, the criminal, the contagiously or incurably diseased are excluded from the benefits of immigration only when they are likely to become a source of danger or a burden upon the community. The voluntary character of their coming is essential; hence we shut out all immigration assisted or constrained by foreign agencies. The purpose of our generous treatment of the alien immigrant is to benefit us and him alike--not to afford to another state a field upon which to cast its own objectionable elements. The alien, coming hither voluntarily and prepared to take upon himself the preparatory and in due course the definitive obligations of citizenship, retains thereafter, in domestic and international relations, the initial character of free agency, in the full enjoyment of which it is incumbent upon his adoptive State to protect him.

"The foregoing considerations, whilst pertinent to the examination of the purpose and scope of a naturalization treaty, have a larger aim. It behooves the State to scrutinize most jealously the character of the immigration from a foreign land, and, if it be obnoxious to objection, to examine the causes which render it so. Should those causes originate in the act of another sovereign State, to the detriment of its neighbors, it is the prerogative of an injured State, to point out the evil and to make remonstrance: for with nations, as with individuals the social law holds good, that the right of each is bounded by the right of the neighbor.

"The condition of a large class of the inhabitants of Roumania has for many years been a source of grave concern to the United States. I refer to the Roumanian Jews, numbering some 400,000. Long ago, while the Danubian principalities labored under oppressive conditions, which only war and a general action of European powers sufficed to end, the persecution of the indigenous Jews under Turkish rule called forth in 1872 the strong remonstrance of the United States. The Treaty of Berlin was hailed as a cure for the wrong, in view of the express provisions of its forty-fourth article, prescribing that "in Roumania, the difference of religious creeds and confessions shall not be alleged against any person as ground for exclusion or incapacity in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil and political rights, admission to public employments, functions, and honors, or the exercise of the various professions and industries in any locality whatsoever," and stipulating freedom in the exercise of all forms of worship to Roumanian dependents and foreigners alike, as well as guaranteeing that all foreigners in Roumania shall be treated, without distinction of creed, on a footing of perfect equality.

"With the lapse of time these just prescriptions have been rendered nugatory in great part, as regards the native Jews, by the legislation and municipal regulations of Roumania. Starting from the arbitrary and controvertible premise that the native Jews of Roumania domiciled there for centuries are "aliens not subject to foreign protection," the ability of the Jew to earn even the scanty means of existence that suffice for a frugal race has been constricted by degrees, until nearly every opportunity to win a livelihood is denied; and until the helpless poverty of the Jew has constrained an exodus of such proportions as to cause general concern.

"The political disabilities of the Jews in Roumania, their exclusion from the public service and the learned professions, the limitations of their civil rights and the imposition upon them of exceptional taxes, involving as they do wrongs repugnant to the moral sense of liberal modern peoples, are not so directly in point for my present purpose as the public acts which attack the inherent right of man as a breadwinner in the ways of agriculture and trade. The Jews are prohibited from owning land, or even from cultivating it as common laborers. They are debarred from residing in the rural districts. Many branches of petty trade and manual production are closed to them in the overcrowded cities where they are forced to dwell and engage, against fearful odds, in the desperate struggle for existence. Even as ordinary artisans or hired laborers they may only find employment in proportion of one "unprotected alien" to two "Roumanians" under any one employer. In short, by the cumulative effect of successive restrictions, the Jews of Roumania have become reduced to a state of wretched misery. Shut out from nearly every avenue of self-support which is open to the poor of other lands, and ground down by poverty as the natural result of their discriminatory treatment, they are rendered incapable of lifting themselves from the enforced degradation they endure. Even were the fields of education, of civil employment and of commerce open to them as to "Roumanian citizens," their penury would prevent their rising by individual effort. Human beings so circumstanced have virtually no alternatives but submissive suffering or flight to some land less unfavorable to them. Removal under such conditions is not and cannot be the healthy, intelligent emigration of a free and self-reliant being. It must be, in most cases, the mere transplantation of an artificially produced diseased growth to a new place.

"Granting that, in better and more healthful surroundings, the morbid conditions will eventually change for good, such emigration is necessarily for a time a burden to the community upon which the fugitives may be cast. Self-reliance and the knowledge and ability that evolve the power of self-support must be developed, and, at the same time, avenues of employment must be opened in quarters where competition is already keen and opportunities scarce. The teachings of history and the experience of our own nation show that the Jews possess in a high degree the mental and moral qualifications of conscientious citizenhood. No class of immigrants is more welcome to our shores, when coming equipped in mind and body for entrance upon the struggle for bread, and inspired with the high purpose to give the best service of heart and brain to the land they adopt of their own free will. But when they come as outcasts, made doubly paupers by physical and moral oppression in their native land, and thrown upon the long-suffering generosity of a more favored community, their migration lacks the essential conditions which make alien immigration either acceptable or beneficial. So well is this appreciated on the Continent that, even in the countries where anti-Semitism has no foothold, it is difficult for these fleeing Jews to obtain any lodgment. America is their only goal.

"The United States offers asylum to the oppressed of all lands. But its sympathy with them in no wise impairs its just liberty and right to weigh the acts of the oppressor in the light of their effects upon this country and to judge accordingly.

"Putting together the facts now plainly brought home to this Government during the past few years, that many of the inhabitants of Roumania are being forced, by artificially adverse discriminations, to quit their native country; that the hospitable asylum offered by this country is almost the only refuge left to them; that they come hither unfitted, by the conditions of their exile, to take part in the new life of this land under circumstances either profitable to themselves or beneficial to the community; and that they are objects of charity from the outset and for a long time--the right of remonstrance against the acts of the Roumanian Government is clearly established in favor of this Government. Whether consciously and of purpose or not, these helpless people, burdened and spurned by their native land, are forced by the sovereign power of Roumania upon the charity of the United States. This Government cannot be a tacit party to such an international wrong. It is constrained to protest against the treatment to which the Jews of Roumania are subjected, not alone because it has unimpeachable ground to remonstrate against the resultant injury to itself, but in the name of humanity. The United States may not authoritatively appeal to the stipulations of the Treaty of Berlin to which it was not and cannot become a signatory, but it does earnestly appeal to the principles consigned therein because they are the principles of international law and eternal justice, advocating the broad toleration which that solemn compact enjoins and standing ready to lend its moral support to the fulfilment thereof by its co-signatories, for the act of Roumania itself has effectively joined the United States to them as an interested party in this regard.

"You will take an early occasion to read this instruction to the Minister for Foreign Affairs and, should he request it, leave with him a copy.

"I have the honor to be, "Your obedient servant, "JOHN HAY".

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+-------------------------------------------------------------+ | Typographical errors corrected in text: | | | | Page 74: acordance replaced with accordance | | Page 75: elementay replaced with elementary | | Page 103: Jewism replaced with Jewish | | Page 183: Croation replaced with Croatian | | Page 185: Croation replaced with Croatian | | Page 187: Commissiomer replaced with Commissioner | | Page 196: Table LXIX (2nd) North Central replaced with | | South Central | | | | On page 146 the typesetter misplaced four lines of text: | | "Out of a total | | this country from 1899 to 1910, 209,507 or 26 per | | of 806,786 Jews fourteen years of age and over who entered | | cent, were unable to read and write." | | This has been changed to read: | | "Out of a total | | of 806,786 Jews fourteen years of age and over who entered | | this country from 1899 to 1910, 209,507 or 26 per | | cent, were unable to read and write." | | | +-------------------------------------------------------------+