chapter II, _The Revival of Letters in England_, pp. 14-50.--Einstein,

_The Italian Renaissance in England_, pp. 18-57.

[105] _Gesch. des gel. Unt._, pp. 44-127. (I, 74-170).

[106] On this subject see Creighton, _History of the Papacy_, vol. V. _The German Revolt_, ch. I. “Humanism in Germany,” pp. 1-49.

[107] Janssen, vol. III, pp. 1-2. For the following see the same volume, pp. 1-79, and Guggenberger, S. J., _A General History of the Christian Era_, vol. II, p. 133.

[108] A much kindlier view of Erasmus is taken in the highly interesting chapter on “Erasmus”, in Gasquet’s _The Eve of the Reformation_, pp. 155-207. There his attitude towards Luther and his loyalty to the Catholic Church are admirably set forth.

[109] Pastor, _History of the Popes_, vol. I, p. 12.

[110] Guggenberger, vol. II, p. 147. However, it is fair to mention that there were not only deep shadows in this period but also gleams of sunshine. The pagan tendencies were not absolutely general. The religious orders gave to the Church a line of saintly, brilliant, and truly apostolic preachers, who fearlessly raised their voices against the sins and failings of high and low, ecclesiastics and laymen. Nor were their efforts in vain, as may be seen from the conversion of whole towns and provinces, effected by Vincent Ferrer, Bernardine of Siena, John Capistran, Savonarola, and others. And beside the many unworthy prelates and priests of the period, the historian meets, in every country of Christendom, with a great number of men distinguished alike for virtue and learning. The number of Saints of this period, especially in the Franciscan and Dominican Orders, is exceedingly great, a proof that the Church had not lost her saving and sanctifying power. See Pastor, _History of the Popes_, vol. I, pp. 32-38.

[111] These symptoms are summed up by Janssen, vol. II, _passim_, especially pp. 285-302.--Guggenberger, vol. II, pp. 146-151.

[112] See: _Luther and his Protestant Biographers_, by the Rev. H. G. Ganss in the _American Catholic Quarterly Review_, July 1900; also _The Messenger_, Nov. 1902.

[113] _Neue Geschichte der Deutschen_, vol. II, p. 44, quoted by Ganss, _l. c._, p. 599, where similar statements of other Protestants may be found.

[114] Professor Maurenbrecher of the Königsberg University, _ib._

[115] London _Athenaeum_, Dec. 1884, p. 729.

[116] Janssen, vol. III, pp. 100-101.

[117] Janssen, vol. III, pp. 106 foll.

[118] _Gesch. des gel. Unt._, pp. 128-29. (2. ed. I, 174 foll.).

[119] Protestants frequently object to the appellation “revolution”, as applied to the Reformation. However, men like Harnack openly declare that it was a revolution. See _What is Christianity?_ Lecture XV, pp. 277-281. Paulsen, _l. c._

[120] _L. c._, p. 129. (1. ed.; cf. 2. ed. I, p. 174 foll.)

[121] Paulsen, _l. c._, pp. 133-144. (I, pp. 184-195.)

[122] _Ibid._, p. 143. (I, p. 194.)

[123] _Die Reformation_, vol. I, pp. 418-545; see also Janssen, vol. III, pp. 355-365; vol. VII, p. 11 foll.

[124] Hallam, _Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries_, vol. I, chapter VI, p. 189, note (Harper’s ed. 1842).--Janssen, vol. III, p. 357.--Döllinger, _l. c._, vol. I, p. 470 foll.

[125] See Archbishop Spalding’s _The Reformation in Germany_, chap. XIII.--Döllinger, _Die Reformation_, vol. I, p. 423.

[126] _L. c._, p. 134. (I, p. 185.)

[127] Paulsen, _ib._

[128] _Luther’s Werke_, ed. Walch XIX, 1430. See Döllinger, _l. c._, vol. I, p. 475 foll.--Janssen, vol. II (German ed. 18), pp. 211-213.

[129] _Ib._, XII, 45; XI, 459.

[130] See Döllinger, _Die Reformation_, vol. I (2nd ed.), pp. 477 foll.

[131] _Ib._, p. 479.

[132] Paulsen, pp. 135 foll.

[133] Döllinger, _Die Reformation_, vol. I, p. 466 foll.--Numerous contemporary testimonies to the same effect may be seen in Janssen’s _Geschichte des deutschen Volkes_ (German edition, 18), vol. II, p. 322; vol. VII, pp. 11-211.

[134] Spalding, _The Reformation in Germany_, ch. 14.

[135] Another result of the Reformation has been pointed out by President Butler of Columbia University, New York: “The separation of religious training from education as a whole is the outgrowth of Protestantism and democracy.” _Educational Review_, December 1899, p. 427.--Why democracy should be a cause of this separation is not clear to me, nor are the arguments, adduced by President Butler, convincing.

[136] On the development of the Protestant schools see Paulsen, _l. c._, p. 145 foll. (I, 209).--Ziegler, _l. c._, p. 61 foll.

[137] Dr. Nohle, in _Rep. of Com. of Ed._, 1897-98, vol. I, p. 30.

[138] Ziegler, _Geschichte der Pädagogik_, p. 69.

[139] _Introduction to the Literature of Europe_, vol. I, p. 165 (Harper’s ed. 1842).--Hence it is utterly false to say that the reform of the studies in the sixteenth century was, in the first place, a Protestant work. And yet this statement is repeated again and again.

[140] _Ib._, p. 200. Also _Döllinger, Die Reformation_, vol. I, pp. 546-563, and especially Paulsen I, 212-214.

[141] Gasquet, _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_, vol. II, p. 423.

[142] Gasquet, _The Eve of the Reformation_, p. 41 foll.

[143] Fuller’s _History of the University of Cambridge_, in Gasquet, _Henry VIII._ etc., vol. II, p. 519.

[144] See above, p. 65-66.

[145] Gasquet, _Henry VIII. and the English Monasteries_, vol. II, pp. 519-520.

[146] Hallam, _Literature of Europe_, vol. I, p. 196.

[147] See page 20.

[148] See the words of Mr. Einstein, above p. 37.