Chapter 18

223 A Japanese writer thus sums up the result of the effort to introduce Christianity into his country: “After nearly a hundred years of Christianity and foreign intercourse, the only apparent results of this contact with another religion and civilization were the adoption of gunpowder and firearms as weapons, the use of tobacco and the habit of smoking, the making of sponge-cake, the naturalization into the language of a few foreign words, and the introduction of new and strange forms of disease.”—Shigetaka Shiga’s _History of Nations_, Tōkyō, 1888. The words introduced into the language from the Portuguese, except several derived from Christianity, are as follows: _tabako_, tobacco; _pan_ (_pāo_), bread; _kasutera_ (from Castilla), sponge-cake; _tanto_, much; _kappa_ (_capa_), a waterproof; _kappu_ (_copa_), a cup or wine glass; _birōdo_ (_vellendo_), velvet; _biidoro_ (_vidro_), glass.—Rein’s _Japan_, p. 312.

224 See Mr. Satow’s contributions to the discussion of Mr. Gubbins’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 61; also Satow and Hawes’ _Handbook_, p. 22; also Griffis’ _Mikado’s Empire_, p. 262; and Professor Dixon’s paper on the Christian Valley, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xvi., p. 207.

225 See Chamberlain’s _Things Japanese_, 1892, p. 300.

226 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xv.

227 The _Confucian_ classics consist of the Four Books, viz.: _The Great Learning_, _The Doctrine of the Mean_, _The Confucian Analects_, and _The Sayings of Mencius_; and the Five Canons, viz.: _The Book of Changes_, _The Book of Poetry_, _The Book of History_, _The Canon of Rites_, and _Spring and Autumn_ (_Annals of the State of Lu_, by Confucius). Chamberlain’s _Things Japanese_, 1892, p. 92.

228 An accurate and amusing account of the printing of a modern newspaper in Japan is given in Mr. Henry Norman’s _Real Japan_, p, 43 _et seq._

229 For a history of the city of Yedo, and reference to the disasters to which it has been subject from fires, earthquakes, and pestilences, see Satow and Hawes’ _Handbook_, p. 6. See also “The Castle of Yedo,” by T. R. H. McClatchie, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, and “The Feudal Mansions of Yedo,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vii., part 3.

230 See Dickson’s _Japan_, p. 294.

231 Those who desire a fuller explanation of this complicated and difficult matter are referred to Dr. Yoshida’s _Staatsverfassung und Lehnwesen von Japan_, Hague, 1890, and to the paper on “The Feudal System in Japan,” by J. H. Gubbins, Esq., _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xv., part 2; also to the introduction by Professor Wigmore, _do._, vol. xx., Supplement, p. 25.

232 In the _Legacy of Ieyasu_ will be found the following statement: “The _fudai_ are those _samurai_ who followed me and proffered me their fealty before the overthrow of the castle of Ōsaka in the province of Sesshū. The _tozama_ are those _samurai_ who returned and submitted to me after its downfall, of whom there were eighty-six.”—See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. vii.

_ 233 Ancien Japon_, vol. ii.

234 Dickson’s _Japan_, p. 303.

235 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xiv.

236 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xxxvii.

237 For the general history of the sword, see Mitford’s _Tales of Old Japan_, vol. i., p. 70; T. R. H. McClatchie’s, The sword of Japan, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., p. 55; Chamberlain’s _Things Japanese_, 1892, p. 396. For the mode of manufacture, see Rein’s _Industries of Japan_, p. 430; and especially for the artistic decoration of swords, see Satow and Hawes’ _Hand-book_, p. 114.

238 I have been told by a young Satsuma _samurai_ that when he was a boy it was a test of skill with the sword, to set a chop-stick (which was about six inches long) on its end and before it could fall over to draw a sword from its scabbard and cut it in two.

239 For an account of _hara-kiri_ see the “Story of the Forty-Seven Ronins” in Mitford’s _Tales of Old Japan_, vol. i., p. 1.

240 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xxxi.

241 See _Legacy of Ieyasu_, cap. xxviii.

242 T. R. H. McClatchie, “The Castle of Yedo,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 131.

243 As illustrative of Buddhism at its greatest splendor we give here the figures of the great bronze image of Buddha at Kamakura, and of the great bell at the temple of Daibutsu in Kyōto. [Transcriber’s Note: This bell is shown as the Frontispiece to the book.] The former was erected about A.D. 1252 after plans initiated by Yoritomo before his death. The statue in its sitting posture is nearly fifty feet in height. It is constructed of separate plates of bronze brazed together. Formerly it was enclosed in a temple, but this was twice destroyed by tidal waves, and since its last destruction in 1494 it has not been rebuilt.

The bell given in the illustration is that at the temple of Daibutsu, the inscription on which is said to have offended Ieyasu. It is nearly fourteen feet in height and nine feet in diameter. Its weight is more than sixty-three tons.—See Satow and Hawes’ _Handbook_, p. 368.

244 In the account given by Don Rodrigo de Vivero, the late governor of Manila, of a visit made in 1608 by him in behalf of Spanish trade, Yedo is described as a city of seven hundred thousand inhabitants, and Sumpu, which he calls Suruga, where the emperor (as he denominates Ieyasu) lived, is estimated to contain from five to six hundred thousand inhabitants. He was so pleased with the country through which he travelled that he declares, “if he could have prevailed upon himself to renounce his God and his king he should have preferred that country to his own.”—See Hildreth’s _Japan_, etc., pp. 145, 147.

245 These letters were written from Japan between 1611 and 1617. They were printed in part in Purchas’ _Pilgrimes_, and are included in the publications of the Hackluyt Society. From the latter source they were printed in pamphlet form by the _Japan Gazette_ at Yokohama, 1879. It is from this last source these references are taken.

246 First letter of Adams in pamphlet edition. Yokohama, 1878, p. 8.

247 This name, Nova Spania or New Spain, was first given to the peninsula of Yucatan, and was afterward extended to the territory of Mexico conquered by Cortez. Finally it was given to all the Spanish provinces extending on the Pacific coast from Panama to Van Couver’s island. Acapulco was the principal harbor on the Pacific coast.—See Prescott’s _Conquest of Mexico_.

248 Captain Cocks in his “Diary,” contained in Purchas’ _Pilgrimes_,