Chapter 17

201 See p. 207.

_ 202 Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p. 124.

203 See p. 204.

204 See Dickson’s _Japan_, p. 227.

205 His beatification was decreed by the pope in 1609, and his canonization in 1622.

206 Hildreth’s _Japan_, etc., p. 176.

207 The Jesuit historians relate with malicious satisfaction how one of the Spanish friars, in a dispute with one of Adams’ shipwrecked company, to sustain the authority of the church appealed to the miraculous power which its priests still possessed. And when the Hollander challenged an exhibition of such power, the missionary undertook to walk on the surface of the sea. A day was appointed. The Spaniard prepared himself by confession, prayer, and fasting. A great crowd of the Japanese assembled to see the miracle, and the friar, after a confident exhortation to the multitude, stepped, crucifix in hand, into the water. But he was soon floundering over his head, and was only saved from drowning by some boats sent to his assistance.—Hildreth’s _Japan_, etc., p. 140.

208 “This will seem to you less strange, if you consider how the Apostle St. Paul commands us to obey even secular superiors and gentiles as Christ himself, from whom all well-ordered authority is derived: for thus he writes to the Ephesians (vii. 5): ‘be obedient to them that are your temporal lords according to the flesh, with fear and trembling in the simplicity of your heart, as to Christ; not seeming to the eye, as it were pleasing men, but as the servants of Christ doing the will of God from the heart, with a good will seeming as to the Lord and not to men.’ ”

The above is an extract from an Epistle of St. Ignatius, the 26th of March, 1553, which is still regarded as authoritative and is read every month to each of the houses. It was supplied to me by Dr. Carl Meyer and verified by Rev. D. H. Buel, S. J. of St. Francis Xavier’s College, New York City. Dr. Meyer has also pointed out that the Second General Congregation, 1565, severely forbids any Jesuit to act as confessor or theologian to a prince longer than one or two years, and gives the minutest instructions to prevent a priest from interfering in any way with political and secular affairs in such a position.

209 This edict of Ieyasu is given by Mr. Satow in his contributions to the debate on Mr. Gubbins’ _Review of the Introduction of Christianity into China and Japan_. Fifteen rules to guide the Buddhist priests in guaranteeing the orthodoxy of their parishioners are also given.—_Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part i., p. 46.

210 See Gubbins’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part i., p. 35.

211 See Mr. Satow’s contributions to the debate on Mr. Gubbins’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part i., p. 51.

_ 212 Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 35.

213 See chapter xi. of a _Description of the Kingdom of Japan and Siam_, by Bernhard Warenius, M.D., Cambridge, Printing-House of John Hayes, Printer to the University, A.D. 1673. The volume is in Latin, which, as well as a translation of the same in manuscript, has been furnished to me by Mr. Benjamin Smith Lyman, of Philadelphia. Warenius was a Lutheran, and need not be suspected of being prejudiced in favor of the Jesuits. See also _History of the Martyrs of Japan_, _Prague_, 1675, by Mathia Tanner, containing many engravings of the horrible scenes, such as burnings, crucifixions, and suspensions in the pit, etc.; also _Histoire des Vingt-six Martyrs du Japon, Crucifié à Nagasaqui le 5 Février, 1597_, par D. Bouix, Paris, 1862.

214 See Woolley’s “Historical Notes on Nagasaki,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. ix., part 2, p. 134; also Mr. Satow’s contributions to the discussion of Mr. Gubbins’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 2, p. 52. Specimens of the metal plates are in the Uyeno Museum of Tōkyō.

215 See Kæmpfer’s _Histoire de l’Empire de Japon_, tome i., p. 287.

216 In the narrative which we give of this insurrection we have relied chiefly upon the accounts of Mr. Gubbins in his “Review of the Introduction of Christianity,” _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. vi., part 1, p. 36; of Mr. Woolley in his “Historical Notes on Nagasaki,” _do._, vol. ix., part 2, p. 140; and on Dr. Geerts’ paper on the “Arima Rebellion and the Conduct of Koeckebacker,” _do._, vol. xi., p. 51. Mr. Gubbins and Mr. Woolley had access to Japanese authorities, and we have in their papers been enabled to see this bloody episode for the first time from a Japanese standpoint. Dr. Geerts has rendered an invaluable service in giving us translations of letters written by Koeckebacker, the head of the Dutch factory during the events, which show us how this insurrection was regarded by the Dutch East India Company.

217 A _rônin_ was a retainer who had given up the service of his feudal master, and for the time being was his own master.

218 See Dr. Geerts’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p. 75.

219 The ships in use at this time among the Japanese were far less seaworthy than those of European nations. The accompanying figures given by Charlevoix, although probably somewhat fanciful, show the impractical character of the vessels of that time.

220 See Dr. Geerts’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., p. 111.

221 Mr. Koeckebacker says: “The rebels counted in all, young and old, as it was said, about forty thousand. They were all killed except one of the four principal leaders, being an artist who formerly used to gain his livelihood by making idols. This man was kept alive and sent to Yedo.”—Dr. Geerts’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., part 1, p. 107.

There is a tradition that a number of the prisoners who were captured at this castle were hurled down from the rocks of the island now called Papenberg in Nagasaki harbor. But Dr. Geerts ridicules this notion and says: “A little local knowledge would show it to be impossible to throw people from the rocks on Papenberg into the sea, as the rocks are by no means steep bluffs, but possess an inclined shape and a shore. A little knowledge of the Dutch language would further show that the name Papenberg means ‘mountain of the priest,’ in allusion to the shape of a Roman Catholic priest’s cap or bonnet.”—_Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi., part 1, p. 115.

222 See Dr. Geerts’ paper, _Asiatic Society Transactions_, vol. xi.,