v. Rottenburg, Otto

Chapter 419,317 wordsPublic domain

Roever, Hans Rupp, Albert Ruetgers, August Schadt, Karl Schaefer, Otto Schakowskoy, Fuerstin Eugenie Schall, Karl Schauenburg, Theodor Schendel, Georg Scherff, Mauricio Schiedeck, Hermann v. Schimpf, Ernst, Dr. jur Schirrmeister, Hans Schlatter, Joseph Schlegel, Ernst Schlueter, Fritz Schmidt, Erich Schmidt, Richard Schmigulski, Hans Schoener, Georg Schultze, Gustav Schuepphaus, Heinrich Ernst Schwandt, Paul Schwarz, Erwin Sedlmayer, Gerhard Senge, Paul Seydler, Frank Siewert, Lotherm Steffen, Bruno Steinbeck, Hans Stiefvater, Otto Stoeffler, Victor Stoldt Stoephasius, Curt von Strack, Karl Strack, Peter Stueber, Joachim, Leutnant d. R. Suvelack, Josef Thelen, Robert Thiele, Erich Toepfer, Otto Trautwein, Max Treitschke, Friedrich Tybelski, Franz Tweer, Gustav Vollmoeller, Hans Wecsler, Rubin Weickert, Julius Artur Weinaug, Ernst Werntgen, Bruno Wertheim, Paul Weyl, Richard Wiencziers, Eugen Wieting, Werner Wirtz, Reinerm Witte, Gustav Wittenstein, Oskar, Dr. Witterstaetter, E. W. Wolter, Richard von Zastrow, Alexanderm

Note.--Abramowitch was a Russian by birth (killed April, 1913).

The following German aviators have been killed:--

GERMAN AEROPLANES.

~A~

ALBATROS. Albatroswerke G.m.b. H, Flugzeugfabr. u. Fliegerschule, Johannisthal bei Berlin. Established 1910. One of the largest constructors in Germany. Capacity: 150 machines a year.

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | | 2-seat tractor | Military tractor | Military tractor | Hydro. | Mono. | biplane. | biplane. | | | ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.70) | 34-1/2 (10.5) | 42-1/2 (12.8) | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 43-2/3 (13.30) | 52-1/2 (16) | 65-3/4 (20) | ... | ... ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 430 (40) | 576 (54) | 624 (58.5) | ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1058 (480) | 1543 (700) | 1874 (850) | ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 90 Mercedes or | 120 N.A.G. or | ... | ... | | 100 Argus | Aust. Daimler | | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 59 (95) | 46 (75) | ... | ... ~Speed~ { | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6 | 6 | 7-5 | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | about 40 | 70 | 30 | 4 | 2 ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--In all the upper plane is slightly staggered. In all the control is duplicated.

AVIATIK. Autemobil & Aviatik A.G., Muelhausen i.E. Established 1910. Capacity: 100 a year.

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1912-13.~ | Monoplane. | Biplane. | Racing biplane. | Hydro-biplane. ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/2 (8) | 36 (11) | 29-1/2 (9) | 36 (11) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39 (11.80) | 52-1/2 (16) | 52-1/2 (16) | 62-1/3 (19) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 258 (.24) | 517 (48) | 517 (48) | 597 (56) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1146 (520) | 1323 (600) | 1234 (560) |1653 (750) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 661 (300) | 882 (400) | 882 (400) | 661 (300) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 100 Argus | 100 Argus | 100 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 68-1/2 (110) | 56 (90) | 62 (100) | 52 (80) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5 | 6-8 | 7-8 | 4-5 Number built during 1912 | 6 | 20 | 4 | 3 ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--The monoplanes are constructed under _Hanriot_ license.

~D~

DELFOSSE. Ceased to construct.

DORNER III. Monoplane. ~Length.~--34-1/2 feet (10.50 m.) ~Span.~--39-1/3 feet (12 m.) ~Surface.~--280 sq. feet (126 m squared.) ~Weight.~--882 lbs. (400 kgs.)

Type II: ~Length.~--32-3/4 feet (10 m.) ~Span.~--38 feet (11.60 m.) ~Surface.~--268-1/2 sq. feet (25 m squared.) ~Weight.~--661 lbs. (300 kgs.) See _Flugsport_, No. 5, 1911.

~E~

ETRICH. Etrich Fliegerwerke, G.m.b. H, Dittersbach b. Liebau (Schlesien). Capacity: 50 a year.

------------------------------+------------------------------- | ~1913.~ | ~Etrich~ (original) _Taube._ | monoplane. ------------------------------+------------------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.5) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 47-1/2 (14.4) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 301 (28) {Total lbs. (kgs.)| 1323 (600) ~Weight~ { | {Useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Mercedes or Argus { max. m.p.h. (km.)| 71 to 75 (115 to 120) ~Speed~ { | { min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6 ------------------------------+-------------------------------

Remarks.--

EULER. August Euler, Frankfurt a.M. In 1908 Euler secured _Voisin_ rights for Germany. In 1910 he took out a patent for a design of his own. In the summer of 1911 he built a successful monoplane, in the autumn of the same year a triplane. Existing models are as follows:--

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+---------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | | Triplane. | Monoplane. | Military biplane. ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | | {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | no data | no data ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | | ~Motor~ h.p.| Gnome | | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-4 | | Number built during 1912 | _about_ 70 | of various types | ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------

~F~

FOKKER. Monoplanes. Fokker-Aeroplanbau, G. m. b. H., 18 Parkstrasse, Johannisthal bei Berlin. Capacity: 40.

---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | ~A.~ | ~B.~ | ~A.~ | ~B.~ | ~C.~ | Hydro-aeroplane. ---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-3/4 (8.25) | 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 31 (9.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 37-3/4 (11.50) | 39-1/3 (12) | 42-3/4 (13.20) | 42-3/4 (13.20) | 42-3/4 (13.20) | 52-1/2 (16.20) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 226 (21) | 242 (22.50) | 280 (26) | 280 (26) | 280 (26) | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 838 (380) | 1036 (470) | 970 (440) | 1146 (520) | 1190 (540) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.{| 70 Argus | 100 Argus | 70 Argus | 100 Argus | 70 Renault | 100 Renault {| | | or Dixi | | | or Mercedes {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 68 (108) | 52 (83) | 60 (96) | 53 (85) | 59 (95) ~Speed~ { | | | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | 43 (70) | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 4-6 | 4-6 | 5-8 | 5-8 | 4-6 | 4 Number built during 1912 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 2 | ... ---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------

Remarks.--The _Fokker_ is a machine of Dutch origin. (See Dutch).

FOHN. This firm ceased to exist January, 1913.

~G~

GRADE. Hans Grade Fliegerwerke, Bork, Post Bruck (Mark). Founded 1910 by H. Grade, who was the first man in Germany to fly with a German machine. During 1911 _Grades_ had a considerable vogue, but since then have not been prominent.

-----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------- Model and date. | Racer, ~1911.~ | Racer, ~1912.~ | Racer, ~1912.~ | ~C.~ | ~D.~ | ~E.~ -----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 21 (6.50) | 26-1/4 (8) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/4 (12) | 34-1/2 (10.50) | 41 (12.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 480 (45) | 240 (22) | 360 (33) {machine, lbs. (kgs.)| 375 (170) | 408 (185) | 595 (270) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ... | ... ... | ... ... ~Motor~ h.p.| various | ... ... | ... ... ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 71 (115) | 71 (115) Number built during 1912 | ? | 1 or 2 | ? -----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------

GOEDECKER. J. Goedecker, Flugmaschinen-Werke, Niederwalluf a. Rh. Flying School: Flugplatz Grosser Sand bei Mainz.

----------------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1911.~ | Monoplane | Monoplane | "Sturmvogel." | "Sturmvogel." ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 32-3/4 (10) | 29-1/2 (9) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 47-3/4 (14.5) | 47-3/4 (14.5) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 387 (36) | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (459) | 827 (375) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Dixi | 70 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... Number built during 1912 | 8 | 2 ----------------------------------+------------------+------------------

~H~

HANSA-TAUBE. Heinrich Heitmann, Aviatik und Konstructions Werkstaetten, Altona.

----------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | Monoplane. ----------------------------------+----------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 24-3/4 (7.5) | 24-3/4 (7.5) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 36-3/4 (11.2) | 36-3/4 (11.2) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 237 (22) | 237 (22) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 617 (280) | 573 (260) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 75 or 100 Argus | 100 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 to 62 (95 to 100)| 62 (100) Number built during 1912 | 2 | 2 ----------------------------------+----------------------+----------------------

Remarks.--

HARLAN. Harlan Werke, G. m. b. H., 21 Moltkestrasse, Johannisthal bei Berlin. Established 1909, turned into present Company, 1911. Output capacity about 50 machines a year.

----------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1912-13.~ | Military monoplane. | Military monoplane. ----------------------------+-----------------------+---------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 30 (9.10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/3 (12) | 45-1/2 (13.80) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 312 (29) | 312 (29) {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1984 (900) ~Weight~{ | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1323 (600) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus or Mercedes | 100 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | 69 (110) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 7-8 | 7-8 Number built during 1912 | 20 | 15 ----------------------------+-----------------------+----------------------

HANUSCHKE. Bruno Hanuschke, Flugzeugbau, Johannisthal b. Berlin. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | "Typ populaire" | Typ II. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 24-3/4 (7.50) | 21 (6.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 27 (8.25) | 26-1/4 (8) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 183 (17) | 172 (16) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 716 (325) | 1102 (500) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 385 (175) | 600 (275) ~Motor~ h.p.| 35 Anzani | 50 Gnome ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 62 (100) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 | 2 Number built during 1912 | 2 | 2 -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--

~J~

JATHO. Jatho Flugzeugwerke, G. m. b. H., Stader Chaussee 32, Hannover. Karl Jatho built his first aeroplane in 1899, and has produced machines at intervals ever since. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+------------------ | ~1913.~ -----------------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 49-1/4 (15) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 345 (32) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2116 (960) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 N.A.G. ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 75 (120) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 Number built during 1912 | 2 -----------------------------+------------------

Remarks.--

JEANNIN. Emile Jeannin, Flugzeugbau, G. m. b. H., Stahltauben & Renneindecker Fabrik, Johannisthal b. Berlin. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | "Taube" monoplane. | Racing monoplane. -----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) | ... ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100-150 Argus | 150 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 68 (110) | 87 (140) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5-8 | 4-7 Number built during 1912 | 2 | 3 -----------------------------+--------------------+------------------

Remarks.--The 1913 was building only in March.

~K~

KAHNT. Oswald Kahnt, Flugzeugbau, Leipzig. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+------------------ | ~K. F. 1913.~ | "Falke." -----------------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 27-3/4 (8.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 291 (27) {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 50-70 ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) Number built during 1912 | new firm -----------------------------+------------------

KONDOR. Kondor Flugzeugwerke G. m. b. H., Essen, Ruhr. Fabrik auf dem Flugplatz. Rotthausen. Capacity: 30 or so a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33-3/4 (10.30) | 27 (8.20) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 48-3/4 (14.80) | 46 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 258 (24) | 280 (26) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1543 (700) | 1328 (600) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 100 Argus ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 65 (105) | 70 (112) Number built during 1912 | 2 | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--Both models torpedo body, on 4 skids. Planes dart ~V~ form. Constructor: J. Suwelack.

KUeHLSTEIN. Kuehlstein Wagenbau, Karosseriefabrik, Salzufer 4, Charlottenburg. This old-established motor car firm commenced to build aeroplanes in 1911. Capacity: 20 a year.

-----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | Torpedo monoplane. | Torpedo monoplane. | I. | II. -----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-3/4 (9.10) | 27 (8.2) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 40-3/4 (12.4) | 35-1/2 (10.8) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 291 (27) | 215 (20) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1984 (900) | 2204 (1000) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1322 (600) | 1543 (700) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Argus | 96 Mercedes {max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 84 (135) | 87 (140) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | 3 Number built during 1912 | 2 | 2 -----------------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--

~M~

MARS. Deutsche Flugzeugwerke G. m. b. H., Lindenthal bei Leipzig. Established 1911. This is one of the most important and successful aviation works in Germany. Capacity: from 80 to 100 machines a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | Biplane. | Hydro-aeroplane. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.7) | 31 (9.7) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 55-1/4 (16.8) | 57 (17.8) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 376 (35) | 495 (46) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1234 (560) | 1434 (650) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1808 (820) | 2006 (910) | _Building._ ~Motor~ h.p.| 95 N.A.G. | 95 Mercedes | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 120 (75) | 115 (71) | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 5-6 | 4-6 | Number built during 1912 | 6 | 16 | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--

MROZINSKI. Bernard Mrozinski, Berlin-Wilmersdorf. Established 1912.

~Length~, 23 feet (7 m.) ~span~, 32-3/4 feet (10 m.) ~area~, 215 sq. feet (20 m squared.)

~Weight.~--661 lbs. (300 kgs.)

~Motor.~--20 h.p. Anzani.

~Speed.~--50 m.p.h. (80 km.)

Remarks.--One machine only built in 1912.

~O~

OERTZ. Max Oertz, Yachtwerft, Reiherstieg b. Hamburg. Famous yacht builder. Commenced aeroplane construction in 1911. Existing models as below. Capacity about 25 machines a year.

-----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | ~M 1911-12.~ | ~M 1912-13.~ | Monoplane. | Monoplane. -----------------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | 30-1/4 (9.2) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 41-3/4 (12.75) | 41-3/4 (12.75) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 247 (23) | 263 (24.5) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 948 (430) | 1212 (550) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Gnome | 70 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | 75 (120) ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | 4 Number built during 1912 | 3 | 1 -----------------------------+--------------------+--------------------

OTTO. Gustav Otto, Flugmaschinenwerke, Schleissheimer Str. 135, Munich. Started building in 1911. Present max. capacity about 30 machines a year.

------------------------------+----------------- | ~M 1912.~ | Biplane. ------------------------------+----------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| ... ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 A. G. Otto. {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-8 Number built during 1912 | 6 ------------------------------+------------------

Remarks.--All 1912 machines purchased for German Army.

~P~

PEGA-EMICH. Flugtechnische und mechanische Werke vorm. Pega & Emich, Falterstrasse 13-15, Griesheim, Frankurt-a-M. Commenced building with a 6-decker in 1910. Capacity: small.

----------------------------+-------------------- | ~1913.~ | Buteno monoplane. ----------------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 39-1/4 (12) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 46 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 355 (33) {total lbs. (kg.)| 838 (380) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kg.)| 1102 (500) ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 Number built during 1912. | ... ----------------------------+--------------------

PIPPART-NOLL. Pippart-Noll-Flugzeugbau, Mannheim.

------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- | P. N. 1 | P. N. 2. | P. N. 3. Type. | Sporting. | "Uberland" | Military. | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ ------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.50) | 28 (8.50) | 28 (8.50 also 7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 39-1/3 (12) | 45 (13.70) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 215 (20) | 280 (26) | 300 (28) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 617 (280) | 838 (380) | 1234 (560) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 330 (150) | 463 (210) | 441 (200) ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Argus | 70 Argus | 70 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 59 (95) | 62 (100) | 68 (110) ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | 50 (80) ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | 1 | 1 | 1 ------------------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------

~R~

RUMPLER. E. Rumpler, Luftfahrzeugbau G. m. b. H., Siegfriedstrasse 202, Berlin-Lichtenberg, also Johannisthal b. Berlin. Established 1909 by E. Rumpler and R. Haessner for the construction in Germany of _Etrich_ (see Austria) monoplanes. These now vary considerably from the original _Etrich_. Capacity at present about 200 to 300 machines a year. Standard models are as follows:--

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | Monoplane. | "Taube." | Hydro. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-3/4 (9.50) | 34 (10.30) | 33 (10) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 41-1/2 (12.65) | 46 (14) | 49-1/4 (15) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 247 (23) | 336 (32) | 387 (36) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1398 (630) | 1190 (540) | 1328 (600) ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 771 (350) | 551 (230) | 485 (220) ~Motor~ h.p.| 95 Mercedes | 100 Argus | 100 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 81 (130) | 59 (95) | 56 (90) ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-7 | 4-6 | ... Number built during 1912 | 1 | 60 | 3 -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

RUTH-ROHDE. Ruth-Rohde, Motorgleitflieger, G. m. b. H., Wandsbeck. Established 1912. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | Biplane I. | Biplane II. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 36 (11) | 45 (14) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 590 (55) | 700 (65) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1653 (750) | 1764 (800) ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 75 Argus | 75 Argus {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 55 (90) | 55 (90) ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h.(km.)| ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | 3-4 Number built during 1912. | 1 | 1 -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

~S~

SCHELIES. Richard Schelies, Conventstrasse 5 und 5b, Hamburg 23. Flying Station, etc.: Dockenhuden a/Elbe.

-----------------------------+-------------------- | ~1913.~ | Hydro-monoplane. -----------------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 323 (30) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 705 (320) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 220 (100) ~Motor~ h.p.| Rheinische Aero 35 ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... -----------------------------+--------------------

SCHULZE. Gustav Schulze, Flugzeug Werke, Burg b. Magdeburg. Schulze began to build in 1910 light monoplanes, generally along _Santos-Dumont_ lines. Maximum present capacity about 12 machines a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | I. | II. | III (2-seater). | I (2-seater). -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 19-3/4 (6) | 26-1/4 (8) | 21-1/3 (6.50) | 23 (7) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 34-1/2 (10.50) | 28 (8.50) | 29-1/2 (9) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 215 (20) | 172 (16) | 194 (18) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 330 (150) | 441 (200) | 441 (200) | 551 (250) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 24-30 Hilz | 24-30 Hilz | 35 Haacke | 35 Haacke {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 48 (77) | 53 (85) | 56 (90) | 53 (85) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 43 (70) | 50 (80) | 46 (75) Number built during 1912. | 1 | 3 | 1 | _Building._ -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

SIGISMUND. Prinz Sigismund von Preussen, Berlin.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------ Model and date. | Monoplane. | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 42-3/4 (13) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 323 (30) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 950 (430) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 395 (180) | ~Motor~ | Argus, 100 | ~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | Number built during 1912 | 2 | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------

~U~

UNION FLUGZEUGWERKE. Union Flugzeugwerke G. m. b. H. Elsenstrasse 106 & 107, Berlin s. o. 36. Established 1913. Capital 500,000 marks. Capacity of works: 20 machines a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+ | ~Bomhard.~ | Model and date. | Pfeilflieger, | | ~1913.~ | -----------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 32-3/4 (10) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 59 (18) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 450 (42) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1235 (560) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 617 (280) | ~Motor~ | 100 Argus | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 69 (110) | ~Speed~ { | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | Number built during 1912 | New firm | -----------------------------+------------------+

~W~

WRIGHT. Flugmaschine Wright, G. m. b. H., Adlershof, bei Berlin. Company formed to trade in German rights for the Wright Bros.' patents. Considerable departures have been made from the U.S. pattern, and some have been built with a single propeller only. Capacity of works 100-150 a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | Military. | Sporting. | Military. | Military. | | | | 4-seater. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 28 (8.50) | 26-1/2 (8.20) | 31-1/2 (9.65) | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/2 (12.20) | 31 (9.60) | 40-1/2 (12.50) | 44-1/4 (13.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 452 (42) | 323 (30) | 463 (43) | 463 (43) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) | 837 (380) | 1433 (650) | 1653 (750) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | 882 (400) ~Motor~ h.p.| 55 N.A.G. | 55 N.A.G. | 100 Argus or | 100 | | | Mercedes | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80) | 60 (95) | 60 (95) | 60 (95) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | 10 | ? | ... | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~Z~

ZIEGLER. Ziegler, Potsdam. Established late in 1912.

-----------------------------+------------------ | ~1912-13.~ | Monoplane. -----------------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39-1/3 (12) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 344 (32) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 881 (400) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| 992 (450) ~Motor~ h.p.| 100 N.A.G. {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (90) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 Number built in 1912 | 1 -----------------------------+------------------

GERMAN DIRIGIBLES.

(Approximately 1000 m cubed=35,000 c. feet.)

~Military.~

----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. |Capacity| Total| Speed. | Remarks. | | | | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (km.)| ----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- 1908 | ~Z I~ | Zeppelin 3b | r. | 12100 | 190 | 29 (46) | as _rebuilt_ | | | | | | | 1910 | ~Z II~ | Zeppelin 9b | r. | 18000 | 345 | 35 (56) | as _rebuilt_ " | ~L. S I~ |Schuette Lanz 1| r. | 20000 | 540 | 40 (62) | | | | | | | | 1912 | ~Z III~ | Zeppelin 12 | r. | 17800 | 450 | 49 (79) |was _Schwaben L. Z 10_ " | ~L I~ | Zeppelin 14 | r. | 22000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | Naval: 1 gun | | | | | | | 1913 | ~Z IV~ (Z I _Ersatz_) | Zeppelin 15 | r. | 21000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | 4 guns Building. | ~L II~ | Zeppelin 16 | r. | 21000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | Naval: _bldg._ 4 guns | ~S. L II~ |Schuette Lanz 2| r. | 26000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | _Building_ | | | | | | | ----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- | | | | | | | 1908 | ~P I~ | Parseval 2 | n.r. | 3800 | 85 | 33-1/2 (54) | | | | | | | | 1911 | ~P III~ | Parseval 11 | n.r. | 11000 | 400 | 42-1/2 (67) | | | | | | | | 1912 | ~M I~ | Gross-Bas 2 | s.r. | 6000 | 150 | 28 (45) | old 1908 _rebuilt_ " | ~M II~ | Gross-Bas 3 | s.r. | 6000 | 150 | 28 (45) | old 1909 _rebuilt_ " | ~M III~ | Gross-Bas 4 | s.r. | 9000 | 300 | 42-1/2 (67) | old 1910 _rebuilt_ | | | | | | | 1913 | ~M IV~ | Gross-Bas 5 | s.r. | 12000 | 400 | 44-1/2 (70) | old 1911 _rebuilt_ " | ~P II~ ersatz | Parseval 8 | n.r. | 8250 | 300 | 41 (66) | _Building_ " | ~P IV~ | Parseval 16 | n.r. | 10000 | 360 | 45 (72) | _Building_ ----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------

~Private.~[D]

------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. |Capacity| Total| Speed | Remarks. | | | | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h (km.) | ------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- 1910 | ~DEUTCHLAND 2~ | Zeppelin 6a | r. | 15000 | 345 | 36 (58) | Deutschland _Ersatz_ | | | | | | | Delag | | | | | | | 1912 | ~V. LUISE~ | Zeppelin 11 | r. | 17000 | 450 | 40 (62) | Delag " | ~HANSA~ | Zeppelin 13 | r. | 17000 | 450 | 40 (62) | Delag | | | | | | | 1913 | ~SACHSEN~ | Zeppelin 17 | r. | 21000 | | 48 (77-1/2) | _Building._ Delag _Bldg._ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+---------------------- | | | | | | | 1908 | ~P. L 1~ | Parseval 1 | n.r. | 3200 | 185 | 20 (32) | | | | | | | | 1910 | ~STOLLWERCK~ | Parseval 6 | n.r. | 9000 | 220 | 31 (50) | | | | | | | | 1911 | ~P. L 9~ | Parseval 9 | n.r. | 2200 | 50 | 25 (40) | Sporting[E] " | ~R 2~ | Ruthenberg 2| n.r. | 1700 | | | Experimental | | | | | | | 1912 | ~SUCHARD~ |Suchard reb'lt| n.r. | 6730 | 200 | 17 (28) | to be _rebuilt_ 1913 " | ~P. L XII~ | Parseval 12 | n.r. | 8800 | 220 | 33-1/2 (54) | | | | | | | | 1913 | ~P. L 10~ | Parseval 10 | n.r. | 2200 | 50 | 25 (40) | _Building_: delayed " | ~R 3~ | Ruthenberg 3 | n.r. | 2700 | | | _Building_ ------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------

~Dirigible Sheds.~ (_See Note._)

Bickendorf bei Koeln. Biesdorf bei Berlin. *Bitterfeld (_Parseval Co._) Breslau. Cuxhaven. Duesseldorf (_Delag_) Frankfurt a/m. Friedrichshafen (_Zeppelin Co._) Gotha. Hamburg (_Delag_). *Johannisthal (_L.V.G._) Kiel (_private_). Koeln. Koenigsberg i/Pr. Leichlingen. Manzell (_Zeppelin Co._) Metz. *Muenchen (_private_). Oos bei Baden-Baden (_Delag_). Potsdam (_Delag_) Reinickendorf bei Berlin. Rheinau. Strassburg. Stuttgart. Thorn.

Note.--Unless otherwise stated the above are military sheds. All private ones capable of holding _Zeppelins_ are subsidised. *=not large enough for _Zeppelins_.

~Dirigible Pilots.~ For M. dirigibles.

Geerdtz, Oblt. George, Hptm. v. Jena, Hptm. Kirchner, Oberltn. Lohmuller, Hptm. Masius, Oberltn. v. Muller, Hptm. Nichisch v. Rosenegk, Oberltn. Schlutter, Obltn. Sperling, Major. von Zech, Obltn.

~Dirigible Pilots.~

Z=Zeppelin. S=Schutte-Lanz. P=Parseval _pilot_.

(The number after each name is the Imperial Ae. C. certificate number.)

Z Abercron, H. v. Major (1) Z Bassus, K. v. (28) Z Bentheim, Kapt. Lt. a. D. v. (34) Z Blew (25) Clouth, R. (8) P Dinglinger, F. (2) Z Dorr, W. E. (21) Z Durr (9) Z Eckener, Dr. (10) P Forsbeck, Ob. Lt. A. D. (11) Z Glund, F. (23) Z Hacker, (12) P Hackstetter, Reg. B. a. D. (13) Z Hanne, G. (32) Z Heinen, A. (22) Z Holzmann, Ob. Lt. A. (26) S Honold, R. (29) P Hormel, Kap. Lt. (14) P Jordens, W. (19) P Kehler, R. v. (6) P Kiefer, T. (5) Kleist, Hptm. a. D. v. (15) PZ Krogh, Hptm. a. D. v. (16) Z Lange, K. (30) Z Lau (17) Z Lempertz, E. (33) Z Mechlenburg, W. C. (35) Z Meyer, Ob. Lt. E. (27) P Parseval, A. v. (4) Z Stahl, K. (31) P Stelling, A. (3) Z Sticker, J. (24) P Thewaldt, C. H. (20) Z Zeppelin, Graf. v. (7) Z Zeppelin, Graf. F. v. junr. (18)

=GERMAN MILITARY CLASS--GROSS-BASENACH. (Semi-rigid)=

Up to date, these vessels have been designed by Major Gross and Oberingenieur Basenach.

The utmost secrecy is observed as to their details.

The system of employing 2 ballonets has been borrowed from the _Parseval_ type, and presumably the _Parseval_ system of working the automatic valves has also been adopted.

In all other features, these ships appear to resemble the French _Lebaudy_ type, the shape of the hulls being rather better.

List of ships built, re-built and re-building of this type:--

1 = Aeronautical Society. (1,800 m cubed) _non-effective._ 2 (reconstructed) = M 1, Military. (6,000 m cubed) 3 " = M 2 " (6,000 m cubed) 4 " = M 3 " (9,000 m cubed) 5 " = M 4 " (12,000 m cubed)

M I (re-built 1912), & M II (re-built 1912). Military.

~Length,~ 242-3/4 feet} ~maximum diameter,~ 36 feet (11 m.) ~capacity~, 212,000 c. feet (6,050 kg.) ~total lift~, 13,338 lbs. (6,000 m cubed) _about_ 6 tons

~Useful lift.~--2,756 lbs. (1,250 kgs.)=about 1-1/4 tons.

~Gas bag.~--Continental rubber cloth, diagonal thread. Tapering shape.

~Ballonet.~--One-fifth of total volume.

~Motors.~--2-75 h.p. Daimler. 2 propellers, with 3 aluminium blades.

~Speed.~--About 28 m.p.h. (45 km.).

_Remarks.--M I_ was originally built in 1908, re-built and enlarged 1910 and again in 1912. _M II_ built 1909, re-constructed 1912.

M III (re-built 1912). Military.

~Length~, 295-1/4 feet (90 m.) ~diameter~, 39-1/3 feet (12 m.) ~volume~, 317,800 c. feet (9,000 m cubed.)

~Motors.~--4 Koerting of 75 h.p. each = 300 h.p. total.

~Speed.~--19 metres per second = 42 m.p.h. (68-1/2 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--2, on outriggers from car, chain-driven.

Remarks.--Built 1910. Burned 13th September, 1911. Rebuilt 1912.

M IV (re-built 1913). Military.

+---------------------+ | | +---------------------+

~Maximum length~, 334-3/4 feet (102 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 44-1/2 feet (13.5 m.) ~volume~, 423,800 c. feet (12,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- lbs. ( kgs.) ~Useful lift~, lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Continental.

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, 100 h.p. each = total 200 h.p.

~Speed.~--44-1/2 m.p.h. (70-1/2 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--4 (two for each motor.) Carried on outriggers projecting from the car.

Remarks.--Departs from previous practice in having two separate cars, each of which contains one motor. Originally built in 1911 of 7,500 m cubed. Re-built 1912-1913 to details as above.

=PARSEVAL CLASS (Non-rigid).=

Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H, Berlin, W. 62.

When the "Motorluftschiff Studien Gesellschaft" was formed at the instigation of the German Emperor, a committee was formed to acquire an experimental airship of the most promising type. Major Von Parseval's first airship was selected, and since that time the above company has confined itself to improving this type, and to making exhaustive and costly researches, all of which have been embodied in successive ships.

The characteristic feature of every one of these craft is its unequalled portability. Almost all other so-called Non-rigid vessels distribute the load by means of a long girder which also serves as a car. This girder is awkward to pack up and transport. Parseval uses a comparatively small car, and distributes the weight by hanging it further below the balloon than usual, and also by using 2 ballonets which are placed one near each end of the gas bag.

These 2 ballonets enable the ship to be trimmed by merely pumping air into either at the expense of the other.

Another essential feature of the type is the system by which the valves are worked automatically. At the present time there is no other system of valve working so reliable as this.

A third essential feature of the class is the use of a swinging car, in such a manner that pitching, due to alterations of propeller thrust, is automatically checked by an alteration of the position of the centre of gravity.

A fourth feature is the use of limp propeller blades. A propeller of this type is very easily packed up.

The shape of these vessels is in accordance with the experiments of Professor Prandtl.

Ships of this class built or building (figures supplied by the Parseval Co.):--

EXPERIMENTAL PARSEVAL 2,300 m cubed. P. L. 1 Kals. Ae. C 3,200 m cubed. MILITARY P I 4,000 m cubed. MILITARY P II 6,600 m cubed. P. L. 4 Austrian Military 2,300 m cubed. P. L. 5 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 1,450 m cubed. P. L. 6 " " 9,000 m cubed. P. L. 7 Russian Army 7,600 m cubed. P. L. 8 MILITARY P II Ersatz 8,250 m cubed. P. L. 9 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 2,200 m cubed. P. L. 10 Motorluftschiff Studien Gesellschaft 2,200 m cubed. MILITARY P III 11,000 m cubed. P. L. 12 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 8,800 m cubed. P. L. 13 Japanese Army 8,500 m cubed. P. L. 14 Russian Army 9,500 m cubed. P. L. 15 Italian Army 10,000 m cubed. P. L. 16 MILITARY P IV, Prussian Army 10,000 m cubed. P. L. 17 Italian Army 10,000 m cubed. P. L. 18 British Navy 8,800 m cubed.

(Of the above, the Experimental is no longer in existence, _P. 2_ is out of service, and _P. L. 3_ has been burned and destroyed).

PARSEVAL (P.L. 1). (1908.) (Belongs to the Kaiserl. Aero Club.) (Parseval class.)

~Length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~max. diam.~ 31 feet (9.4 m) ~capacity,~ 113,000 c. feet (3,200m cubed) ~lifting power,~ 7,800 lbs. (3,583 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Cylindrical, with semi-conical front. Of rubber-proofed material in longitudinal strips. Pressure in ballonets and gas bag, 30 mm. of water.

~Motor.~--One 85 h.p. Daimler.

~Fuel.~--700 lbs. (325 kg.) 88 gallons (400 litres)

~Speed.~--20 m.p.h. (32 k.p.h.)

~Propeller.~--One 4-bladed. Semi-rigid Parseval.

This vessel was somewhat altered on being bought by the Society. Her essential principle is that she can be taken to pieces in a few minutes, and carried in a truck. Her main feature is that she has a ballonet at each end. This is described in the case of type A (_P.L. 2_). This class rise with the forward ballonet empty, and inclined up by the bow. The propeller is similar to that of _P.L. 2_. The car also is mounted on wire runners. She was originally 4,000 m cubed. capacity. Built 1908. Station: Bitterfeld. The car is at present in Deutsches Museum, Munich.

PARSEVAL P.L. 2 = P. I. Military. (1908.)

Built by the "Society for the Study of Motor Air Ships," and taken over by the German War Office.

~Length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 34 feet (10.40 m.) ~capacity,~ 111,270 cubic feet (4,000 cubic m.) ~lifting power,~ 9,200 lbs. (4,180 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Front end semi-ellipsoidal with semi-axes 15.4 feet (4.7 m.) and 11.8 feet (3.6 m.), from which it increases to its maximum diameter. This is maintained for about two-thirds of its length, when it begins to taper to a point at the stern. Made of 2 layers of transverse strips of rubber proofed material, crossing each other diagonally. Fitted with a tearing strip.

~Ballonets.~--One at each end, together amounting to about one-quarter of the total capacity. Owing to this disposition, the trim can be altered, and steering effected in the vertical plane by filling either more than the other. Pressure in the ballonets and gas bag, 20 mm. of water pressure.

~Motor.~--4-cylinder 85 h.p. Daimler placed at one side of the car to give more room. 1,000 to 1,200 r.p.m.

~Propellers.~--12-1/3 feet (3.75 m.) diameter, 250 to 300 r.p.m. 4-bladed, the blades being of peculiar construction. When stopped, the fabric of which they are made hangs down limply; when running, these flaps fly out under centrifugal force.

~Speed.~--27 miles per hour. 43 kilometers per hour.

~Car.--Length~, 22-1/3 feet (6.8 m.) Width 4.1 feet (1.22 m.) Made of nickel steel, U bars, screwed together so as to take the pieces rapidly. The sides are lattice girders. The whole is boat shaped and covered with canvas. Contains motor, chart table; trail rope 480 feet (146 m.) long, weighing 220 lbs. (100 kg.)

Wheel for horizontal steering at the bow.

110 gal. (500 litre) cask of petrol on the girders at the after point.

41 feet (12-1/2 m.) below the gas bag. It is capable of swinging horizontally on wires running over rollers.

Whereas without this device a forward swing of the car would lift the nose to a possibly dangerous extent, the free motion of the car shifts the centre of the gravity forward and so preserves stability.

~Steering.~--In vertical plane, by altering the trim. In horizontal plane, by a rudder of 80.7 sq. feet (7-1/2 m squared) immediately behind the vertical plane. Two fixed horizontal planes are placed at the rear end of the gas bag above the central line.

~Table of weights~:--

Gas bag 1,653 lbs. Cordage 220.5 " Trail rope 220 " Car and motor 529 " Fuel 770 " Oil 160 " Oil and fuel tanks, instruments, miscellaneous 1,637 " Crew, passengers, ballast 1,654 " --------- Total 6,834 lbs.

Note.--This remarkably successful ship has performed a continuous flight of 11-1/2 hours. She also remained at a height of 4,800 feet (1,500 m.) for 1 hour. She can be transported in 1 railway truck or 2 pair horse wagons, and be assembled and filled ready for ascent within 3 hours of arrival by train.

Built 1908. Station: Metz.

PARSEVAL P.L. 6. "Stollwerck." (1910.)

~Length~, 229-3/4 feet (70 m.) ~Diameter~, 49-1/4 feet (15 m.) ~Volume~, 318,000 c. feet (9,000 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--Riedinger.

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each = 220 h.p.

~Speed.~--31 m.p.h. (50 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Semi-rigid material.

Remarks.--Station, Johannisthal.

PARSEVAL P.L. 8. = P II. Ersatz. Military. (1913.)

~Maximum length~, 252-3/4 feet (77 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 50-3/4 feet (15.50 m.) ~volume~, 290,000 c. feet (8,250 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--5-1/2 tons=12,125 lbs. (5,500 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--2 ballonets, usual arrangement.

~Motors.~--300 h.p. made up of two 150 h.p. Daimler motors, placed one behind the other.

~Speed.~--41 m.p.h. (66 km.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval, 4-bladed, semi-rigid steel.

~Steering.~--As in others.

Remarks.--Station, Cologne, (Coeln).

PARSEVAL P.L. 9 (1910), & 10. (Building 1913.)

~Maximum length~, 164 feet (50m.) ~maximum diameter~, 26-1/4 feet (8m.) ~volume~, 77,700 c. feet (2,200m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--2,910 lbs. (1,320 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Continental fabric. One central ballonet instead of the usual two.

~Motors.~--1 N.A.G. of 50 h.p.

~Speed.~--25 m.p.h. (40 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--One 2-bladed, wooden. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.)

~Steering.~--Differs from other standard types, in that only one ballonet being fitted, an elevator is introduced under the bow.

Remarks.--Small ships for sporting purposes. A remarkably successful type of small dirigible. A small _P.L. 5_, burned 1912. _P.L. 10_ delayed owing to press of other work.

PARSEVAL P.L. 11. = P. III. Military. (1911.)

~Maximum length~, 272-1/3 feet (83 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 53 feet (16.20 m.) ~volume~, 388,450 c. feet (11,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, each of 200 h.p.=400 total.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (67 k.p.h.) (18.3 metres p. sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed Parseval.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station, Koenigsberg.

PARSEVAL P.L. 12. "Charlotte." (1912.)

~Maximum length~, 259 feet (79 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 49-3/4 feet (15.20 m.) ~volume~, 300,750 c. feet (8,800 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each=220 total.

~Speed.~--33-1/2 m.p.h.=54 k.p.h. (15 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station: Wanne.

PARSEVAL P.L. 16 = P. IV. Military. (1913.)

+---------------+ | | | _Completing._ | | | +---------------+

~Maximum length~, 308-1/2 feet (94 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 51-1/2 feet (15.50 m.) ~volume~, 353,000 c. feet (10,000 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzler.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach, of 180 each=360 h.p.

~Speed.~--45 m.p.h.=72 k.p.h. (20 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed, wooden (on trial).

Remarks.--For the Prussian Army. Station: Berlin.

RUTHENBERG II. (1911). H. Ruthenberg, Lehderstrasse 16/19, Weissensee bei Berlin: also Luftfahrzeug-Ges, Ruthenberg, Krefeld.

+-----------------------------------+ | | | _Small ships on Parseval lines. | | Still existing, but stored away._ | | | +-----------------------------------+

~Maximum length,~ 151 feet (46 m.) ~diameter~, 24-1/4 feet 7.40 (m.) ~volume~, 60,000 c. feet (1,700 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--2 Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

RUTHENBERG III. (1913).

+---------------+ | | | _Building._ | | | +---------------+

~Length~, feet (m.) ~diameter~, feet (m.) ~volume~, 95,000 c. feet (2,700 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

SUCHARD. Non-rigid (Trans-Atlantic). (Re-constructed 1912).

~Maximum length~, 198-1/2 feet (60/5 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 56-1/4 feet (17.11 m.) ~volume~, 237,681 cubic feet (6,730 m cubed.)

~Total weight.~--About 2 tons (2,130 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzeler fabric. One ballonet.

~Motors.~--2 of 100 h.p. (one a N.A.G., the other an Escher). Placed one behind the other. A 4 h.p. motor carried for auxiliary purposes. Petrol carried, (1700 kil.) Oil, (300 kil.)

~Speed.~--17 m.p.h. (28 k.p.h).

~Propellers.~--Two 2-bladed Zeise. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.) Chain driven.

~Steering.~--Elevation by moving weight slung on cable under body. Rudder aft.

Remarks.--Built March, 1911, with a view to crossing the Atlantic from the Canaries to the Antilles. Re-constructed 1912. Proposed further re-construction in 1913.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 1. Military. S.L. I. (1911.) H. Heinrich Lanz, Rheinau bei Mannheim.

~Maximum length,~ 426 feet (130 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 60-1/2 feet (18.40 m.) ~volume~, 706,000 c. feet (20,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--About 20 tons (20,000 kgs.) ~Useful lift.~--About 5 tons (5,000 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--These are of great strength and of unusual shapes, made to fit the interior, which is encumbered with cross stays. All but two of the bags are always full, and when the gas expands it flows into the remaining two, which are nearly empty at sea level, and full at 6500 feet (2,000 m.) A centrifugal pump is used for distributing the gas. There are 14 gas bags.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach of 270 h.p. each. The propellers are at the ends of the car, driven through 1 set of reduction gear. ~Speed.~--38-43 m.p.h. About 59-64 k.p.h.

~Propellers.~--2 aft. Also 1 with its axis vertical.

~Steering.~--Vertical and horizontal rudders at both ends of the ship. Also see Propellers.

Remarks.--Two of these ships were under construction, and one was to be presented and one sold to the German government. The hull is built of special 3-ply wood made of Russian white fir; this wood is pressed into channel bars, angle bars, and all other requisite shapes. The strength of the hull is such that it can be supported at the ends without damage; its lightness is such that although the ship is nearly half as large again as _Zeppelin II_, yet the hull weighs about 3 tons less. Designed by Prof. Schuette.

In 1910, structural defects were found in _Schuette I_ when the loads were applied. This has necessitated extensive alterations and much delay. In 1911 it was completed, and sold for L25,000 to the German Army.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 2. Military. S.L. II. (1913.)

ZEPPELIN type. Rigid. Graf von Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen.

The features of this type are--A rigid framework of aluminium, a number of drum-shaped gas bags, and a thin outer cover.

At the end of March, 1913, the total of _Zeppelins_, limit and building was 16, including one (number 18) for Austria. Of these several had come to grief in various ways, and the actual total at the date mentioned, was:--

~8 effective~ = 4 Army (of which one _Z4_ was still on trials), 1 naval and 3 private.

3 completing or building = 1 naval, 1 private and 1 for Austria.

Others projected but not actually in hand.

All are on the lines of the above plan, differing only in minor details, such as the provision of a cabin amidships, etc., and in dimensions.

Details see the following pages.

----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------ | | _Ersatz._ | | | ~Z III.~ | | | _(Ersatz Z I.)_ | | Name | ~Z I.~ | ~DEUTSCHLAND.~ | ~Z II.~ | ~VICT. LUISE.~ | _(ex Schwaben)_ | ~HANSA.~ | ~L I.~ | ~Z IV.~ | ~L II.~ | ~SACHSEN.~ ~Zeppelin~ No. | ~3b.~ | ~6a.~ | ~9b.~ | ~11.~ | ~12.~ | ~13.~ | ~14.~ | ~15.~ | ~16.~ | ~17.~ Date | ~1908.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ Service | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Navy.~ | ~Army.~ | ~Navy.~ | "Delag." ----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------ {c. feet| 424,000 | 682,000 | 635,000 | 667,000 | 629,000 | 660,000 | 776,000 | 742,000 | 742,000 | 742,000 ~Volume~ { | | | | | | | | | | { (m cubed.)| ~12,000~ | ~19,000~ | ~18,000~ | ~18,700~ | ~17,800~ | ~18,700~ | ~22,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 446 (136) | 479 (136) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 518 (158) | 492 (150) | 492 (150) | 492 (150) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38-1/2 (11.66) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) ~Envelope~ | Pegamoid | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... {fabric| Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Gas Bags~ { | | | | | | | | | | {number| 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | ... | 18 | ... | ... {total tons| 12-1/2 | 16-1/2 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21 ~Lift~ { | | | | | | | | | | {useful tons| 3-1/2 | 5 | 4-1/2 | ... | 4-1/2 | ... | 6 | ... | ... | ... ~Motors~ h.p.| 2--85 Daimler | 3--115 Daimler | 3--120 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | | | (= 170) | (= 345) | (= 360) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) {number | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ... | ... ~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | 2 forward} | 2 forward} | ... | ... { | | | | | | | 4 aft } | 4 aft } | | {diam feet (m.)| ... | 12 (3.60) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Max. Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 29 (46) | 36 (57.5) | 35 (56) | 40 (62) | 49 (79) | 40 (62) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) ~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| 15 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 25 | 40 | 35 | ... | ... | ... ~Complement~ | ... | ... | ... |{8 crew | ... | ... | 21 | ... | ... | ... | | | |{25 passengers | | | | | | ~Station~ | Metz | Oos | Cologne | Wechselnd | Cologne | Weschselnd | Hamburg | ... | Johannisthal | Leipsig ----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------

L I. Naval. (1912.) Armament: 1 gun on top.

+-----------------------------+ | | | No photo procurable. | | Generally resembles _Z IV._ | | | +-----------------------------+

GREEK.

~Aerial Societies:~--

_None._

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Military Aeroplanes:~--

At end of March, 1913, these included:--1 _Astra_ hydro. (fitted with Scott's bomb dropper), 2 or 3 _Nieuports_, 1--100 h.p. _M. Farman_, and probably some others. Owing to the war, details are unobtainable. 3 _Bleriots_ reported captured from the Turks, and 15 _Farmans_ on order.

~Military Aviators:~--

Adamis (824 Ae. C. F.) Kamberos (744 Ae. C. F.) Montoussis (839 Ae. C. F.) Mutassas, Sub-lt., naval. Savoff, Lt.

~Flying Grounds~:--

~Phaleron.~

+------------------+ | Killed 1913. | | Argyropulus, Lt. | | | | | +------------------+

ITALIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. d'Italia (Ae.C.I.), 62 via Colonna, Rome.

Ae. Club di Roma (Ae.C.I.), 183, via del Triton, Rome.

Circolo, Aeronautico Napoletano, 295 v. Roma, Naples.

Lega Aerea Nazionale (L.A.N.), 6 via della Signora, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 4 via Boccaccio, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 6, via Cernaia, Turin.

Societa Aviazone, di Torino (S.A.T.), 28 via Roma, Turin.

Societa Ital. di Aviazone, (S.I.A.), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan.

~Aerial Journals:~--

(3 times a week.)

_Gazzetta dello Sport_, 15 v. della Signora, Milan. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

(Weekly):

_Italia Sportiva_, Rome. L--.05 per no. (=1/2d.)

_Lettura Sportiva_, 17 corso Porta Romana, Milan. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Sports (Gli)._ 46 and dei Prefretti, Rome. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

_Stampa Sportiva_, 3 v. Davide Bertolotti, Turin. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Tribuna Sport_, 22 via S. Giacomo, Naples. L--.10 (=1d.)

(Monthly):

_Rivista della L.A.N._ (Lega Aerea Nazionale), Milan.

_Rivista del T.C.I._ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan. L--.40 (=4d.)

_La Navigazione Aerea_ (Bolletino dell' Ae. C. d'Italia). L--1.80 (=1/6.)

(Annual):

_Annuario dell' Aeronautica_ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan. L--6.00 (=5/-)

~Flying Grounds~ (Military see next page):--

~Cameri~, Novara.--15 hangars (Thouvenot school).

~Mirafiore~, Turin.--17 hangars (Asteria and Chiribiri schools).

~S. Giusto~, Pisa.--4 hangars (Antoni school).

~Taliedo~, Milan.--26 hangars.

~Vizzola Ticino.~--7 hangars (Caproni school).

~Dirigible Headquarters~ (with hangars, etc., etc.):--

Bracciano. Milan. Rome. Venice. Verona.

~ITALIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~ORGANISATION, etc.~

The _Battaglione Aviatori_ has its headquarters at Turin. In July, 1912, it was re-organised along the following lines:--

1 command at Turin. 1 flying work. 1 technical work. 2 troop duty. 6 at the aviation schools, with a certain number of mobile squadrillos.

The recognised grades are:--

_a.a.p._ aspirante allievo (learners). _a.p._ allievo pilota (certificated pilots). _p._ pilota militare (superior military brevet).

In flying work the superior pilots are mostly using _Bleriots_; the ordinary pilots _Bleriot-Caproni_, _Bristol_, _Antonis_, _Deperdussins_ and _Voisins_.

The technical section chiefly supervises the theoretical instruction of the _a.a.p._

The 2 companies on troop duty practical work, preparation for the schools.

~FLYING SCHOOLS.~

The military schools are:--

~Aviano.~--Central school. Size about 5x2 kilometres. Sheltered from all winds except westerly, by banks of trees. Numerous hangers.

~Mirafiori (Turin).~--Mixed military and civil school. Hangers. School machines confined to _Asteria_, _Bleriot_, _Nieuport_ and _Savary_ types.

~Pordenone.~--School for superior brevets. Treeless plain. Principal school machines _Breguets_ and _Farmans_; but some _Bleriots_ and _Caproni_.

~S. Francesco al Campo.~--_M. Farman_ machines. At present for officers trained in France.

~Somma Lombarda.~--Camp school for _Nieuports_.

~Venaria Reale.~--Formed late in 1912. _Bristol_ monos for certificated pilots.

~GENERAL TRAINING.~

50 officers in training during the first quarter of 1913.

Aspirants commence with instruction in the theory of heavier than air machines, resistance of material and particular instruction in the various type of aero motors in use. They are taken for flights as passengers.

All then go to the training camp about 80% for monoplane work, the remainder for biplanes.

Monoplanes. Special attention paid to teaching _Gauchis Dessent_.

Biplanes. Much shorter course. Principal feature: _Vol Plane_.

For the _military brevet_ the examination is most comprehensive, special attention is paid to flying in wind, manoeuvring, climbing, good landings without inconvenience to passengers, cross country flights, etc. The course is generally modelled on war experiences.

~TOTAL FLYING STRENGTH.~

No particular distinction between naval and military aviators.

Total by end of June, 1913, to be about 225 certificated aviators of whom a fair percentage hold the superior brevet. In addition all the best civilian aviators are held at disposal.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1911 there were about 20 machines, mostly _Bleriots_ and _Farmans_. The majority of these are still in use for school purposes.

At the end of March, 1913, the machines effective for war purposes were roughly as follows:--

_Bleriot._ } _Bristol_ (mono.) } _Caproni._ } _Deperdussin._ } Total _about_ 50, plus a number _Farman._ } of school machines. _Hanriot._ } _Nieuport._ } _Savary._ }

About 40 machines were on order, including 12 _Bristol-Capronies_.

~Naval Aeroplanes.~

Effective at end of March, 1913.

1 _Calderara_. 1 _Guidoni-Farman_. 4 or 5 others.

~ITALIAN AVIATORS.~

Military.

Agostoni, Capt. V. (45) Bailo, Lieut. (71) *Bolla, Capt. (89) Cannonieri, Lieut. (22) +Cammarotta, Lieut. (15F) De Filippi, Com. (5) *De Rada, Lieut. (38) *Falchi, Capt. (55) Garassini. (29) *Gavotti, Lieut. (25) Gazzera, Lieut. (20) Guidoni, Capt. (58) *Lampugnani, Lieut. (33) +Manazini, Lieut. (98) Moizo, Capt. (40) Neri, Lieut. (345-Ae. C. F.) (106) *Palmadi, Cesnola Lieut. (75) *Piazza, Major (44) Pizzagalli, Capt. (49) Poggi, Lieut. (82) Prandoni, Capt. (69) *Pulvirenti, Lieut. (50) Raffaelli, Lieut. A. (108) Ravelli (453, Ae. C. F.) Roberti, Lieut. (47) Rossi, Capt. (27) +Saghetti, Lieut. (16) Savoia, Lieut. T. U. (4) Surdi, Lieut. (32) *Vece, Lieut. F. (74) +Vivaldi, Lieut. (31)

_Brevets in 1912._

Andriani, Capt. O. (137) Antonini, Capt. L. (91) Almerigi, F. (159) Alvisi, Lieut. A. (172) Baglione, Lieut. A. (129) Baracca, F. (167) Bonamici, L. (101) Bongiovanni, Lieut. E. (115) Bongiovanni, c. L. (124) Bonuti, R. (135) Brach, Lieut. F. (146) Buzzi, Lieut. M. (156) Calderara, Lieut. A. (134) Calori, S. (136) Capuzzo (143) Casabella, Lieut, G. (121) Clerici, Lieut. U. (110) Cuzzo, Capt. A. (166) De Giovanni, Lieut. G. (101) De Riso, Lieut. G. (153) Della Chiesaconte, Lieut. A. (109) Ercole, Lieut. E. (117) Franceschini, Lieut. E. (112) Gallotti, Lieut. A. (150) Garino ing. G. (134) Girotti, Lieut. M. (100) Gordesco, Lieut. M. (151) *Graziani, Lieut, C. (92) Jacoponi, Lieut. A. (171) Kerbaker, Lieut. E. (99) Laureati, Lieut. G. Leffi dott. sott. med. A. (169) *Mareno, M. A. (90) Moreno, Capt. G. (78) Nosari, G. (142) *Novellis di Coarazze, Capt. A. (94) Oddo, A. (147) Pagano, P. (158) Palpacelli, A. (164) Perrucca, D. (162) Poggioli, Q. (107) Pongelli, R. (60) Porta, Capt. E. (145) Prandoni, Capt. E. (69) Resio, Lieut. (120) Rosetti, A. (157) Russi, Lieut. S. (152) Suglia, Lieut. C. (118) Torelli, F. (165) Valdimiro, Lieut. F. (170) Venanzi, U. (155) Zanuso, Lieut. G. (149)

Naval.

(_To end of 1911_).

Calderara, Lieut. (1) Ginnochio, Lieut. (18) *Rossi, Sub. Lieut. (31) Strobin, Lieut. (39)

(_During 1912_).

De Muro, Lieut. (119) Frigerio, Lieut. (154) Scelsi, Capt. difreg. G.

Private.

(_To end of 1911_).

Akachew, C. (61) Amerigo (3) Barigiola, G. (51) Battagli, B. (34) Bianchi, P. (6) Biego, C. (56) Bigliani, A. (63) Borgotti, G. (43) Brilli, D. G. (48) Brociner, M. (87) Cagno, U. (10) Cagliani, A. (23) Cannoniere, Umberto (22) Cattaneo, Bartelomo (2) Cavaglia, Pietro (30) Cavalieri, Alfredo (17) Cei, J. (53, Ae. C. F.) Casaroni, A. (77) +Cirri, Ciro (11) Cobianchi, Mariot (24) Darioli, Ernesto (9) Da Zara, Leonino (7) De Agostina, A. (53) De Antonis, A. (67) Faccioli, Mario (21) Franzoni, R. (62) Garassini, G. G. (29) Gianfelice (59) Ginnochio, T. (18) Graziani, nob. Ettere (28) Lusetti, A. (19) Maffeis, C. (36) Maggiora, C. (72) Manissero, R. (37) +Marra, R. (35) Marro, E. (52) Mogafico, Mario (26) Mosca, Francesco (47) Pasquali, R. (66) Picollo, G. (32) Poggioli, Quinto (117) Porro, A. (113) Ramasotto, M. M. (148) Ravetto, Clemento (12) Re, Umberto (86) Ruggerone, G. (14) Sabelli, G. (93) Santoni, L. (114) Stucchi, Federico (8) Verona, A. (54)

(_Brevets in 1912_).

Amour, ing. E. Arista, A. (131) Ballerini, M. (132) Bergonzi, P. C. (78) Berni, L. (95) +Bertoletti, R. (79) Borsalino, G. M. (102) Brunetta D'Usseaux, G. (125) Carabelli, C. (104) +Caramanlaki, A. (97) Caramanlaki, G. (168) Carminati di, B. N. (163) Colucci, G. (80) Corsini, J. C. (133) Corsini, A. E. (85) Dalla, N. C. (126) Dal Mistro, C. A. (127) De Campo conte, S. (103) Fabri, A. (165) Facchini, E. (141) Garino, G. (134) Gelmetti, A. (83) Grassi, conte A. (88) Leonardi, G. (122) Mandelli, P. (96) Marazzi, E. (140) Nardini, G. (128) Paolucci, G. (144) Piceller, G. (105) Sacerdoti, C. (116) Salengo, R. (138) Vallet, C. (86) Zorra, L. (84)

~Private Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were about 45 machines in use at the various private schools, and about 6 privately owned aeroplanes.

ITALIAN AEROPLANES

~A~

ANTONI. Soc. di aviazione Antoni, via Vitt. Emanuele, 46, Pisa. School: S. Guisto, Pisa. Output capacity: about 20 machines a year.

----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | Single seat mono. | 2-seater military | | | mono. | ----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 36 (11) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 28 (8.50) | 28 (8.50) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 237 (22) | {machine lbs. (kg.)| 660 (300) | 770 (350) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kg.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| Gnome or Anzani | Gnome and Anzani | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

ASTERIA. Fabbr. Ital. Aeroplani ing. Darbesio e. C., via Salbertrand, 12, Torino (Turin). School: Mirafiori. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | | Monoplane. | Biplane. | -----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-3/4 (6.50) | 29-1/2 (9) | {| 26-1/2 (8.10) | 44 (13.50) | ~Span~ feet (m.){| | | {| ... | 24-1/2 (7.50) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 431 (40) | {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 530 (240) | 110 (500) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Renault | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | -----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

~C~

CALDERARA. Navy hydro-monoplane.

----------------------------+-------------------- Model ~1912-13.~ | "Hydro vol." ----------------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 54 (16.50) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 61 (18.50) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 753 (70) {total lbs. (kgs.)| 2644 (1200) ~Weight~ { | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... ~Motor~ h.p.{| 150 (formerly 100 {| Gnome) {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) ~Speed~ { | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80) ~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-1/2 Number Built during 1912 | 1 ----------------------------+--------------------

Lieut. Calderara's floats consist of a plurality of w.t. compartments with internal lattice frame, well braced. Hull is formed of three skins of wood, sail-cloth between each. Distance between outer floats, 21 feet (6.30 m.) Centre of gravity is only 4-1/2 feet (1.40 m.) above water. If necessary wings can be cut away and the central hull used as a boat with emergency sail.

CAPRONI. Soc. di Aviazione Ingg, Caproni e Faccanoni, Vizzola Ticino. School: Vizzola Ticino.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Models ~1912-13.~ | Single Seat | Single Seat | 2-seater mono. | 3-seater mono. | mono. A. | mono. B. | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | 29 (8.80) | ... | ... ~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 162 (15) | 172 (16) | 226 (21) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 485 (220) | 660 (300) | 750 (340) | 760 (345) ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 35 Anzani | 50 Gnome | 60 Anzani | 80 Gnome {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 75 (120) | 75 (120) | 87 (140) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-1/2 | ... | ... | 4 Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--At the end of 1912, held Italian record for speed, 200-300 k.m. Flown by Cobioni.

CAPRONI-BRISTOL. Caproni also builds under Bristol license.

CHIRIBIRI. A Chiribiri e. C, via Lamarmora 28, and via Don Bosco 68-73. Torino (Turin).

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Models ~1912-13.~ | 45 h.p. mono. | 50 h.p. mono. | Racing mono. | 80 h.p. mono. -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | 23 (7) | 24-3/4 (7.50) | 25-3/4 (7.80) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 31 (9.30) | 39-2/3 (12.10) ~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 204 (19) | 204 (19) | 226 (21) | 258 (24) {machine lbs. (kgs.)| 595 (270) | 683 (310) | 772 (350) | 595 (270) ~Weight~{ | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 45 Chiribiri | 50 Chiribiri | 60 Chiribiri | 80 Chiribiri {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 44 (70) | 56 (90) | 103 (165) | 65 (105) ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | 2 | ... -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~F~

FRIULI. E. Pensuti e E. Calligaro, Pordenone. School: Pordenone. A 30-35 h.p. Anzani motor monoplane. Area, 150 sq. feet. (14 m squared). Generally of _Bleriot_ type, but _Hanriot_ type landing carriage.

~G~

GUIDONI. Naval Hydroavions. Either a _Farman_ biplane or a _Nieuport_ mono. is used, mounted on special floats designed by Capitano del Genio navale Guidoni. There are two long floats, each of which is fitted with parallel fins.

~FOREIGN AGENCIES.~

Foreign types of machines are constructed in Italy under licenses as follows:--

BLERIOT. Soc. Ital. Transaerea, corso Peschiera 25, Torino (Turin).

BRISTOL. (British), by Caproni.

DEPERDUSSIN. Soc. Ital. degli Aeroplani, via Giulini 7b, Milan.

NIEUPORT. Carrozzeria Macchi. Varese.

ITALIAN DIRIGIBLES.

~ITALIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES.~

~Army.~ ~Navy.~ /----------------------------------------------^--------------------------------------------------\ /-----------------^-----------------\ --------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Name and Date. | ~P1.~ | ~P2 & P3.~ | ~P4 & P5.~ | ~Citta di Milano~ | ~Parseval.~ | ~M1.~ | ~M2 & M3.~ | 1909. | 1910 & 1911. | both 1912. | 1912. | (P.L. 17). | 1912. | 1912 & 1913. | | | | | 1912-13. | | --------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ { c. feet| 148,000 | 155,000 | 166,000 | 424,000 | 353,000 | 424,000 | 424,000 ~Volume~ { | | | | | | | { (m cubed.)| (~4200~) | (~4400~) | (~4700~) | (~12000~) | (~10000~) | (~12000~) | (~12000~) ~Length~ feet (m.)| 197 (60) | 207 (63) | 207 (63) | 233 (72) | 279 (85) | 272-1/3 (83) | 272-1/3 (83) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) | 39-1/3 (12) | 59 (18) | 52-1/2 (16) | 56 (17) | 56 (17) {fabric | Silk | Continental | Continental | ... | Riedinger | Metzeler | Metzeler ~Gas bags~ {compartments | 7 | 8 | 8 | ... | 0 | ... | ... {ballonets | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | ... {total tons | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.75 | ... | ... | 9.50 | 9.50 ~Lift~ {useful tons | 1.10 | 1.35 | 1.50 | ... | 3.00 | 3.80 | 3.80 ~Motor~ h.p. {| 1-100 C. Bayard | 1-120 C. Bayard | 2-80 Fiat | 2-85/100 Isotta | 2-170 Maybach | 2-250 Fiat | 4-125 Wolseley {| (=100) | (=120) | (=160) | (=170/200) | (=340) | (=500) | (=500) {number | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 Parseval | 2 | 2 ~Propellers~{blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 {diameter feet (m.)| 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 14 (4.20) | ... | 12-1/2 (3.80) | 12-1/2 (3.80) ~Max. speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 32 (52) | 35 (56) | 37 (60) | 45 (72) | 40 (65) | 44 (70) | 44 (70) ~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 20 | 12 | 12 ~Max. complement~ | 5 | 5 | 5 | ... | ... | 14 | 14 ~Station~ | Bracciano | Tripoli | Vigna di Valle | Baggio | Venice | Bracciano | --------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Notes: All the above are semi-rigid. The _P_ and _M_ are all of the same general type. Principal features of these ships, which were designed by Captains Crocci and Ricaldoni, are the shape of the envelope, (maximum diameter very far forward), keel and the box kite tail. The _Citta di Milano_ (semi-rigid) is an enlarged _Leonardo da Vinci_ (which see). _Special feature_ is the keel built into the envelope. This serves as a nacelle.

Building.--One _Parseval_ (P.L. 15) about the same size as the other (P.L. 17), which was completed first.

~Army Dirigible Pilots.~

Agostoni, Capt. Biffi, Ten. Bosio, Ten. Crocco, Capt. G. Dal Fabbro, Capt. C. Denti di Piraino, March, Capt. Gallotti, Ten. Longo, Ten. Manni, Ten. Menenti, S. Ten. Merzari, Capt. Messina, Ten. Munari, Capt. E. Pastina, Capt. Ricaldoni, Capt. A. Scelso, Ten L. Seymandi, Capt. G. Stabarin, Ten. Tagliasacchi, Ten.

~Navy Dirigible Pilots.~

Carniglia, Ten. d. vas. Gravina, Ten. d. v. Conte M. Penco, Ten. d. v., A. Ponzio, Ten. d. v., E. Scelsi, Capt. di f., G. Valerio, Sot. V. Valli, Ten. d. v., G.

Elevation of P. I. The later ships only differ in dimensions, and the fact that the middle rudder is done away with.

~ITALIAN PRIVATE DIRIGIBLES.~

----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+ Name and date. | ~Ausonia bis.~ | ~Italia I.~ | ~Italia II.~ | ~Leonardo da Vinci.~ | ~Usuelli.~ | | Reconstructed 1910.| 1905. | 1913. | 1909. | 1909. | ----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+ ~Volume~ (m cubed.)| (~1500~) | (~1500~) | (~2600~) | (~3265~) | (~3870~) | ~Length~ feet (m.)| 121 (37) | 128 (39) | 164 (50) | 131-1/4 (40) | 167-1/3 (51) | ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 27 (8.25) | 19-3/4 (6) | 32-3/4 (10) | 46 (14) | 32 (9.80) | {fabric | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Gas bags~ {compartments | nil. | nil. | nil. | 7 | 6 | {ballonets | 1 | nil. | nil. | 1 | 1 | {total tons| ... | 1.35 | 2.20 | 3.00 | ... | ~Lift~ { | | | | | | {useful tons| 0.80 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 1-55 h.p. S.P.A. |1-40/50 Antoinette| 1-50 h.p. | 1-40 Antoinette | 1-80 h.p. S.P.A. | {number | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 | {diameter, feet (m.)| 10-3/4 (3.20) | 15 (4.50) | 10 (3) | 9 (2.70) | ... | ~Max. speed~ m.p.h (k.m.)| 25 (40) | 25 (40) | ... | ... | 30 (50) | ~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 | ~Max. complement~ | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ~Station~ | Bosco Mantico | Schio | building | Laid up at Baggio | Turin | | | | | near Milan | | ----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+

Notes:

~Ausonia.~ Nico Piccoli, via Accademia 12, Padova (Padua). Works: Magre, Vicenza (Schio). Semi-rigid.

~Italia.~ Cont Almerico da Schio, Schio. Non-rigid. _Special features_ is a "belly" of Para rubber in lieu of a ballonet.

~Leonardo da Vinci.~ Ing. Enrico Forlanini, via Boccaccio 21, Milan. Works: Baggio. Semi-rigid, keel and nacelle, incorporated in envelope.

~Usuelli.~ Usuelli and Borsalini, Torino (Turin). Non-rigid.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Forlanini, ing. E. Piccoli, D. Usuelli, C.

JAPANESE.

(Naval Aviation data. Official).

~Aerial Societies~:--

Tokio, Ae. Co.

Aeroplane Assoc., 1, Yayesu Cho, I-Chome, Kojimachi, Tokio. (Sec.: Dr. Fujioka).

Kikyu Kinkyu Kai (connected with War Office).

~Flying Grounds~:--

Near ~Yokohama~.

~Saitama~, Tokorozawa (Government).--Dirigible shed and hangars.

~Port Arthur~, (Government).

~General Military Aviation.~

This was originally formed as one body without distinction between army and navy. It was subsequently re-modelled on lines somewhat similar to the British Royal Flying Corps with naval and military wings.

~Navy.~

The naval section is superintended by Capt. K. Yamaji, I.J.N.

The naval headquarters are at Oihama (near Yokosuka).

The naval force at the end of 1912 consisted of 4 hydro-aeroplanes (2 _Curtiss_ and 2 _Farman_). The available total of qualified naval aviators was 5.

~Finance.~

The total amount granted for aviation of the navy in 1912 (fiscal year) was 100,000 yen (L10,000).

For the year 1913 the estimates amount was 100,000 yen (but not approved yet).

~Pay of Flying Officers.~

The special pay for officers employed in aerial work is undecided.

~Army.~

The army wing is responsible for the dirigible. Aeroplanes are one or two _Bleriots_, a _Grade_, 2 _Tokogawa_, and a _Farman_.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Hino, Major Saigom, Capt. Tokogawa, Capt. Tokogama, Lieut.

Naval.

Narahara, Naval Constr. Kaneko, Lieut. Kono, Lieut. Obama, Eng. Lieut. Umikita, Lieut. Usuioku, Naval Constr.

Private.

Doig, S. Iga, Baron Shigeno, Baron Tsuzuki, Yamada, Isaburo

The following have been killed:--

+----------------+ | 1912. | | Aibata, Lieut. | | | | 1913. | | Kimura, Lieut. | | Tokuda, Lieut. | | Takeishi. | +----------------+

~Private Aviation.~

There are some private aeroplanes being regularly flown in Japan. A number of aeroplanes have from time to time been invented by naval and military officers and private individuals, and some of them are in use. Inventors include Major Hino, naval constructor Narahara and Ushioki, Baron Iga, Baron Shigeno and Mr. Tsuzuki.

JAPANESE AEROPLANES.

JAPANESE DIRIGIBLES.

PARSEVAL type. Military. (P.L. 13.)

~Length~ 259 feet (19 m.) ~maximum diameter~ 47-3/4 feet (14.50 m.) ~capacity,~ 8,500 m cubed.

~Gas bag.~--2 ballonets. Usual Parseval.

~Motors.~--Total, 300 h.p., made up of two 150 h.p. Maybach.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (65 km.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual Parseval (see German).

Remarks.--Of _Parseval P.L. 12_ type (see German). Built 1911.

YAMADA. Non-rigid. (Private.)

~Maximum length~, feet ( m.) ~maximum diameter~, feet ( m.) ~volume,~ 700 m cubed. (_about_)

~Gas bag.~--

~Motor.~--American make.

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--One.

~Steering.~--Biplane elevator forward. Triangular rudder in rear under gas bag.

Remarks.--Generally of American type.

MEXICAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 2 old pattern _H. Farman_; also one or more _Curtiss_ and _Wright_ machines. Nothing seems doing with them.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Martinez, N. (Ae. C. F. 462) Mendia, (Ae. C. F. 680)

Private.

Duval, Raoul Lebrija, Miguel Morales Noriega Ramsey, E. L. Saavedra, Alfonso

Probably 2 others

(The above are mostly amateur builders.)

NORWEGIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club, Norsk Flyveselskad (Christiana). Secretary, D. Barth.

Norsk Luftseilads Forening (Christiana). President, H. Mohn.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Military Aviation.~

At the end of 1912 the Army possessed two 70 h.p. _M. Farmans_ (Renault motors), and the Navy a 100 h.p. N.A.G. _Rumpler_.

For 1913 the purchase of further machines is contemplated for both arms.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1911~ 1

At end of 1912 there were in existence 2--a _Grade_ and a _Deperdussin_.

~AVIATORS.~

~Military.~

Dichi, Lieut. Jacobsen, Lieut.

~Private.~

Hansen. St. Dons.

PERUVIAN.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

The Peruvian Government has made a special grant for aviation students, and war machines are projected. Actual order to end of 1912 was one _Avro_ mono.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 3 " ~1911~ 2 " ~1912~ _none_ probably.

~AVIATORS.~

Bielovucic, J. Chavez, J. Monterc (766 A. C. F.)

Peruvian aviators killed:

+------------+ | 1910. | | Chavez, G. | | | | 1911. | | Tenaud, C. | | | +------------+

PORTUGUESE.

(Revised by J. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. de Portugal (R. Nova docklaemada d. ISL.)

~Aerial Journals:~--

Rivista Aeronautica (Ae. C. Journal.)

~Flying Grounds:~--

Campo do Seigcal.

Mounchavo da Povoa.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 1 " ~1911~ 2 " ~1912~ 2

~Private Aviators.~

De Castro, Sanchez De Silva, Gomez

~Military Aviation.~

In 1912 a military corps was formed. At the end of 1912 it possessed _Avro_ (1--50 h.p.), _Voisin_ (1--80 h.p.), and _M. Farman_ (1--80 h.p.) (since wrecked). 1 _Deperdussin_.

~Private Aviation.~

In 1911 the _Gouveia_ mono. was built, span 9 metres, but it failed to fly. Also the _Avante_ biplane, which also failed. First flight in Portugal by a Portuguese was De Castro in September, 1912, with an old _Bleriot_.

ROUMANIAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At end of March, 1913, there were several 80 h.p. _Bristol_ monos., 2 _Bleriots_, 1 _Nieuport_, 1 _Morane_, 2 _Vlaiclu_, and several _H. Farman_ biplanes.

Government school is at Bucharest.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Capsa, Lieut. Negrescu, Lieut. Protpopscu, Lieut. Vacas, Lieut. Poly Zorileann, Lieut. (Ae. F. 587)

Private.

Bibesco, Prince (Ae. C. F. 20) Oznoth

VLAICLU Monoplane. Designed by Ouvret Vlaiclu. First shewn at the Vienna Exhibition, 1911. Modified; it flew very well indeed at Aspern, June, 1912. The 1912 model is of entirely novel type, a tail first monoplane with a propeller either end of the main planes, and a triangular tail aft. Principal details are:--~Length~, 34-2/3 feet (10.50 m.) ~Span~, 30 feet (9.15 m.) ~Height~, 12 feet (3.65 m.) Wing frame in three sections with gap between. ~Motor~, 50 h.p., Gnome chain driven. ~Fuselage~, old style; landing chassis on three wheels only, with a single ash skid in front. Covered in engine driving the 31 foot propeller shaft for the 2 propellers. Rear tail consists of 2 fixed planes, a triangular damping plane and a triangular keel plane. Forward, an elevator and two semi-circular rudders (double faced). From this combination remarkable results are achieved, and all gyrostatic effect from the propellers eliminated. _Control_, horizontal wheel on column. Elevator depressed or otherwise by action on column. Note.--At Vienna, 1912, this machine took first prize for the smallest circle and also for accurate bomb-dropping. The original machine was purchased by the Roumanian Army.

RUSSIAN.

~General Note.~--In the number of military machines and general attention to aviation Russia is only second to France. There are no effective machines of Russian design, but the Aviataka, Dux & Lomatuk firms build at home under foreign license, and there is also the Kennedy school (Anglo-Russian).

~Aerial Societies:~--

(Imperial) Aero Club. 1. Odessa branch. 2. Rostow and Don branch. 3. St. Petersburg "

Finland Ae. C., Helsingfors.

Kieff University Ae. C., Kieff.

Moscow Ae. C., Moscow.

Moscow Imp. Tech. College (Aviation Section).

Riga Ae. C., Riga.

Russian Aeronautical Society, St. Petersburg.

Sevastopol Ae. C.

Students' Aviation Club.

Tomsk Ae. C., Tomsk.

Volunteer Aerial Fleet.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Aeronautical Journal of St. Petersburg._

_Aero_ (6, Liteiny, St. Petersburg). Weekly.

_Dans l'Empire des Airs_ (7, Rota 26, Petersburg). Fortnightly.

_Revue de Navigation Aerienne_ (7 rue Stremmiannaya, Petersburg). Weekly.

_Sport_ (25, Ekaterineska, Odessa).

_Wozdookhoplavatel_ (St. Petersburg). Monthly.

_Wosduchoplawanie y Sport_ (Moscow). Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Gatchina Park.~-- Flying here under restrictions. V.F. school.

~Kieff.~--School for pilots.

~Kolomiaggi.~--Racecourse.

~Novo Therkask.~

~Odessa.~

~St. Petersburg.~--Kennedy school.

~Sevastopol.~--Volunteer Fleet school.

~Warsaw.~

~RUSSIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~Army Aviation.~

Early in 1912, under the presidency of the Grand Duke Alexander, the special school of the Volunteer Aerial Association was finally formed at Sevastopol for the winter and Gatchina for the summer.

June 1912. Vote for 150 aeroplanes (140 to be built at home). Vote 1,050,000 roubles for new school at Tauride.

November, 1912. Military trials results. (1) Sikorsky in a _Sikorsky_. (2) Haber in a _M. Farman_. (3) Boutmy in a _Nieuport_.

December, 1912. Aeronautical school re-organised. Put under control of one commandant, one assistant, and four juniors. Course made seven months--15 pupils per school at a time. A one month course in aeroplanes, aerial motors, etc. Of the pupils, 10 will be selected for aeroplanes. New flying school established at Taskend in Turkestan.

March, 1913. New schools established at Moscow, Odessa and Omsk.

At the end of 1911 the total number of military aeroplanes was about 100. At the end of March, 1913, the total number was about 250, of which about 150 were modern. Principal types: _Albatross_, _Aviatik_, _Bristol_, _Deperdussin_, _Farman_, _Nieuport_, _Rumpler_, there being an average of 20 of each. The majority built under Russian license in Russia. The number of actual military pilots was 72. There is, however, a special volunteer corps of about 36 private aviators, bringing the available total to 108 or thereabouts.

~Navy Aviation.~

July, 1912. Lieut. Andreadi, 50 h.p. _Nieuport_, did a flight with stops from Sevastopol to St. Petersburg.

September, 1912. Special naval aerodrome for hydro-avions ordered for Golodai Island, near Petersburg, bringing total of military and naval aerodromes to 6. _Sikorsky_ hydro-avion acquired. Also an _M. Farman_ ditto. New naval station projected at Libau.

October, 1912. Naval purchase of several _Curtiss_ hydro-avions after trials at Sevastopol.

At the end of March, 1913, the approximate effective force was as follows (all hydros, or capable of being so fitted): 1 _Astra_, 1 _Breguet_, 2 _Donnet-Leveque_, 1 _Farman_, 4 _Paulhan Curtiss_, 2 _Nieuport_ (50 h.p.), 1 _Sikorsky_. (A number of others on order.)

Early in 1913 experiments were carried out with a combination of floats and skids, invented by M. Lobanoff, of Moscow. This proved equally effective on land or water.

~AVIATORS.~

The following are army, navy or volunteer aviators. The number is the Russian Ae. C., unless otherwise stated. F = French. Prefix + = killed. n = navy.

Abramowitch Wissewold (14) Agababa, N. (668 F.) Agofonoff (20) Aleknovitch, G. (29) Alexandroff, D. (472 F.) n Andreadi, Lt. Artsgouloff (44) Avinass, J. (60) Badowski, L. Bakhmoutoff, N. (6) Berdchenko, V. (7) Bistritsky, V. (8) Boukshevden, Bar. G. (10) Boutmy (de), E. Campo, Scipio (211 F.) Childovski (67) Chioni, B. (250) Chimansky (27) Choudinoff (46) Dmitrieff, J. (9) Dorogouski (125 F.) Dougowezky, A. (1) n Dybovski, V. (12) Efimoff, M. (31 F.) Efimoff, T. Erdeli, G. (45) Eristov, Prince (524 F.) Evsukoff, P. (21) Firstemberg Flegfier, von. Gelgar (33) Glouchenko, S. (48) Godoulsky, A. (59) Gorghkoff, G. (626 F.) Goumberto-Dros, B. (58) Grekoff G. (5.) Grigoraschirilly (577 F.) Houeninsey, A. (227 F.) Husarenko (22) Illin, A. (16) Iougmeister (52) Jankovsky, G. (24) Joukoff (37) Kaidenoff (42) Kamensky, V. (66) Katzian, A. + Kauzminski (228 F.) Kebouroff, V. (210 F.) Kirchstern Kolchin, F. (28) Komaroff, M. (245 F.) Kostine, N. (223 F.) Kauznezoff, P. Kreiner, E. Kroumm, A. Lachtionoff, G. (57) Lambert (de) C. (8 F.) Lebedeff, V. (98 F.) Lerche, M. (25) Lewkowicz, H. (327 F.) Linno, G. (15) Lipowski, H. (330 F.) Kokteff (61) Makaroff, D. (13) Makeef, P. (5) Matyevitch, Matzevitch (152 F.) n+Matyevitch, Capt. (178 F.) Meybaum, T. Miller (35) Monakoff, (565 F.) Naidenoff, G. Naslennikoff, B. Nikiforoff (18) Nikolaieff (49) Nikolsky, P. (17) Oulianine, S. (181 F.) Pehanovsky, B. (401 F.) + Pietrowsky, G. (195 F.) Porcheron, J. (640 F.) Popoff, N. (50 F.) Poliakoff, A. (50) Poplavko (34) Pongolowski, W. (4) Pristchepoff (38) Raevsky, A. (F.) Raygorodsky, A. (207 F.) Rossinsky (68) n Rouaroff, M. (245 F.) Rynin, N. (23) Sakoff, N. de (627 F.) Salesky (41) Samoilo (11) Samouiloff, P. (51) Semeniovitch (226 F.) Semenko-Slavorossoff, H. (40) Semitan (36) Seversky-Prokofieff, N. (47) Sewkowicz, L. Shidloovsky, M. Shimansky, K. Shimkevitch, V. Sikorsky, I. (63) Skarginsky, A. (43) Slusarenko, W. + Smith, V. (231 F.) Sobansky Graf. (3) Soechnikoff, A. Soupnevsky, C. (26) Springuefeld Sredinsky, A. Strelmkoff (71) Tchemiakoff (72) Tkatcheff, V. (64) Tounochensky (32) Tselary, I. (54) Wassilieff, A. (225 F.) Zaikine (191 F.) Zelinsky, Col. (273 F.) + Zolotouchin, M. (31)

~CIVILIAN AVIATORS.~

There are very few purely civilian aviators in Russia. Russians who have obtained brevets include Mdlles Anarta (52), Golantchikova (55), Zvereva (30), Count de Lambert, (8 F.) and Count Malynski (209 F.) and one or two others. Few or none do any flying now.

RUSSIAN AEROPLANES.

~A-Z~

AVIATIK. St. Petersburger Aviatik Gesellschaft, Petersburg. Construct Aviatiks. (See Germany.)

BRONISLAWSKI. Experimental biplane with special stabilising features.

DUX. Fabrica Moscovita Tneerskaja "Dux," Lastawa, Moscow. Construct under license.

GELTOUCHOW. W. G. Geltouchow and A. W. Preiss, 4 Piasnitzkajai, Moscow. Constructs.

GILBERT. C. Gilbert, 195 Twerskaja, Moscow. Constructs.

KENNEDY. Soc. d. Dirigibles and Aeroplanes Kennedy, St. Petersburg.

MOTOR. Riga-Sassenhof.

RODJESTVEISKY. Built a triplane in 1911.

RUSSIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES (13).

-----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- | (1) | (2) | (3 & 4) | (5, 6, 7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) Name | ~LEBEDJ.~ | ~KOMMISSIONY.~ | ~JASTREB~ and | ~ZODIAC VII,~ | ~PARSEVAL.~ | ~FORSZMANN I.~ | ~FORSZMANN II.~ | ~ASTRA 13.~ | ~PARSEVAL 14.~ | ~C. BAYARD 6,~ | | | ~GOLOUBJ.~ | ~VIII & IX.~ | | | | | | _bis._ Make | Lebaudy. | C. Bayard I. | Outchebny I & II. | | Parseval 7. | Forszmann. | Forszmann. | | | Date | ~1910.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1910-11.~ | ~1910-11.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ System | Semi-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Semi-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. | Non-rigid. -----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- ~Volume~ c. feet (m cubed.)| ~3700~ | ~3000~ | ~1500~ | ~2140~ | ~7600~ | ~800~ | ~600~ | ~9800~ | ~10,000~ | ~6200~ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 200 (61) | 184 (56.25) | ... | 164 (50) | 236 (72) | 121-1/2 (37) | ... | 259 (77.80) | 279 (85) | 250 (77.60) ~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | 34-3/4 (10.58) | ... | 29-1/2 (9) | 46 (14) | 19-3/4 (6) | ... | 49 (14.90) | 52-1/2 (16) | 42-3/4 (13) {fabric | Continental | Continental | ... | Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | Reidinger | Continental ~Gas Bags~{ballonets | 1 | 1 | ... | 1 | 2 | ... | ... | 2 (3100 m cubed.) | 2 | 2 {compartments| 3 | 2 | 2 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... ~Lift~ {total tons | 4 | 3-3/4 | ... | 2 | 7 | 1/2 | 1/3 | ... | ... | 7-1/2 {useful tons | 1-1/4 | 1 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | nearly 4 | about 3-1/2 | 2-3/4 ~Motor~ h.p.| 1-70 Panhard | 1-105 Clement B. | 1-75 E.N.V. | 1-60 Labor | 2-110 N.A.G. | 1-24 (=24) | ... | 2-150 Chenu | 2-180 Maybach | 2-130 Clement B. | (=70) | (=105) | (=75) | (=60) | (=220) | | | (=300) | (=360) | (=260) ~Propellers~ number| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | two 4-bladed | 1 | 1 | 3 | two 4-bladed | 2 ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 30 (49) | 33-1/2 (54) | 13 (21) | 33-1/2 (54) | 37 (59) | 23 (37) | ... | 36 (60) | 43 (68) | ... -----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+-------------------- _Notes_ | _ex La Russie._ | _Jastreb_ reported | | | Carries 500 | | One-man | Carries 740 litres | | Special 2 speed | | wrecked, March, | | | litres of petrol. | | dirigible. | petrol. Crew 6. | | gear to propellers. | | 1913. | | | Has done 6-1/3 | | | Weights: | | | | | | | hours at 1500 | | |Crew: 1044 lbs. | | | | | | | metres, with 9 | | |Tools, &c. 220 " | | | | | | | on board. | | |Petrol, oil, &c. | | | | | | | | | | 7307 " | | | | | | | | | | ---- | | | | | | | | | | 8541 " | | | | | | | | | | ---- | | | | | | | | | |Forward propeller | | | | | | | | | |6m. diameter; the | | | | | | | | | |two after ones 3 m. | | | | | | | | | | each. | | -----------------------+------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------

Note.--Illustrations see next page.

Note.--The other dirigibles are of usual type. See France and Germany.

SERVIA.

~Military Aviation.~

At end of March, 1913, there were 7 aeroplanes, and 3 more (_Bleriots_) on order.

SPANISH.

~Aerial Societies:~--

El Real Aero Club de Espana (70 rue Alcala, Madrid).

La Asociacion de Locomocion Aerea (20 Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona).

Real Aero Club d'Espana.

Cataluna Ae. C.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Boletin Oficial de la Asociacion de Locomocion Aerea_, 20, Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona (monthly).

_Espana Automovil_, 5, plaza de Isabel II, Madrid. Official organ, Spanish R. Ae. C.

_Revista de Locomotion Aerea_, 20, Plaza de Cataluna, Barcelona (monthly).

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Carbouchelle~ Military School.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 9 old _Farmans_ (1910-11 model), and one or two more modern monoplanes: but little is doing.

Some hydro-aeroplanes are on order for the Navy.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Adaro, Lt. J. Alfaro, Lt. H. Arridaga, Capt. Berron, Lt. E. Echevarria, J. Gonzales, Capt. C. J. Granche Kindelan, Capt. A. Menendez, M. Ortiz, So. Lt. J. Penas, M. de las Pujo, Capt. (467 F)

Private.

Campano Dras, J. F. Jezzi, R. G. L. (British Ae. C. 44)[F] Lailhacar, de Pascal, Ferdinand Pimentel, B. L. Prince Alphonse d'Orleans (1)

The following Spanish aviators have been killed:--

+---------------+ | 1909. | | Fernandez, A. | | | | 1911. | | Pola, M. | | Mauvais | | | | 1912. | | Bayo, Capt. | +---------------+

~Military Dirigible Pilots.~

Herrera, Lt. E. Kindelan y Duany, Capt. A. Vives y Vich, Col.

SPANISH DIRIGIBLES (Non-rigid).

ESPANA. Military. (ASTRA class.)

~Maximum length~, 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 35-1/3 feet (10.75 m.) ~volume,~ 43,057 c. feet4,000 m cubed.

~Total lift.~--9,700 lbs. (4,400 kgs.) ~Useful lift~, ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Yellow coloured rubber proofed Continental fabric.

~Motor.~--One 100 h.p. 4-cylinder Panhard.

~Speed.~--29 m.p.h.

~Propellers.~--1, at the front end of the car, of wood, "Integrale" type.

~Steering.~--As in _Clement Bayard I_ and _Ville de Nancy_.

Remarks.--The two side stabilising shapes are duplicated, as they are in the _Ville de Paris_. A webbing stretched on steel tubes is introduced between the inner edges of the 4 main stabilising shapes to provide extra stabilising surface.

TORRES-QUEVEDO II. Military.

+------------------+ | | | | +------------------+

~Maximum length~, 147-3/4 feet (45 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 32-3/4 feet (10 m.) ~volume,~ 56,700 c. feet (1,600 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- ? lbs. ( ? kgs.) ~Useful lift~, ? lbs. ( ? kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--60 h.p. Chenu.

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--

~Steering.~--

Remarks.--Designed by Captain Kindelan and Engineer Torres Quevedo.

SWEDISH.

~(Revised by Lieut. DAHLBECK, R. Swedish Navy.)~

~Aerial Societies:~--

Svenska Aeronautiska Saellskapet (Stockholm).

Kungl. Automobil klubben: (Fenixpalatset, Stockholm).

Svenska Motor-klubben: Aero sektion (Stockholm).

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Svensk Motor-Tidning_ (Fenixpalatset, Stockholm) Fortnightly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Ljungbyhed~ (Skane), sheds.

~Malmsl[~a]tt~, sheds.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, the Army possessed 1 monoplane, 1 biplane, and 2 biplanes building.

The Navy had 1 _Bleriot_ type monoplane and 3 building.

At the end of 1912 there were 9 privately owned aeroplanes.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. Swedish pilot certificate.)

Military.

von Porat, Lieut. (6) Ljungner, Lieut. (7) Hamilton, Capt. (2)

Naval.

Dahlbeck, Lieut. (3) (British Ae. C. 120) Werner, Lieut. (9)

Private.

Cedarstr[~o]m, Baron C. (1) Fj[~a]llb[~a]ck (4) Angstr[~o]m (5) Sundstedt (8) Thulin, M.A. (10)

SWEDISH AEROPLANES.

ASK. Monoplane.

NYROP. Naval Monoplane.

DAHLBECK.

SWISS.

(By our special Swiss editor.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club Suisse (3, Hirschengraben, Berne). Sec.: F. Filliot.

a Ostschweizerischer V. fuer L. (Zuerich).

b Sektion Mittelschwerz (Bern).

c Sektion Westschweiz (Romande) (Lausanne).

d Club Suisse d'Aviation (Geneva).

Club Genevois d'Aviation (Geneva). Sec.: P. Brasier.

Fluegsport Klub (Rorschach). Sec.: A. Zuern.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Bulletin de l'Aero Club Suisse_ (Berne). Monthly.

_La Suisse Sportive_ (16, Rue de Hesse, Geneva). Weekly.

_Sport_ (35, Boulevard Exterieur, Berne).

_Automobil Revue_ (Berne). Weekly.

_Le Sport Suisse_ (Geneva). Weekly.

_L'Auto Sport_ (Geneva). Weekly.

_A.C.S._ (Swiss Aut. Clubs) (Geneva). Fortnightly.

_Das Illustrierte Programm_ (Zurich). Fortnightly.

_Revue Weinfelden._ Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Avenches.~

~Collex-Versoix.~ (Club Suisse d'Aviation).

~Lucerne.~--60 acre park. Sheds.

~Petit Lancy.~ Geneva (Geneva Club).

~Duebendorf bei Zurich.~

~Dirigible Station~ (with hangars):--

~Lucerne.~

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were no army aeroplanes, a _Farman_ bought in 1911 having ceased to exist.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ _about_ 10 " ~1911~ " 15

At the end of March, 1913, there were about ~15~ privately owned aeroplanes.

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. Suisse pilot certificate number.) + = killed.

Military.

Real, Lieut. T. (4) + Schmidt, Capt. J.

Private.

Audemars, E. (7) Bianchi, P. (6) Bider, O. (32) + Blane, M. (17) Bucher, M. (11) Burkard, H. (20) Burri, E. (24) Casser, E. (28) + Cobioni, E. (15) Domenjoz, J. (10) Durafour, F. (3) Failloubaz, E. (1) Grandjean, R. (2l) Gsell, R. (12) + Hoesli, G. (25) Hug, M. (18) Ingold, K. E. (35) Jucker, A. (13) Kramer, H. (31) Mallei, A. (23) Parmelin, A. (22) + Primavesi, E. (34) Rech, E. (29) Rettig, J. J. (27) Reynold, M. (19) Ruchonnet, E. (5) Rupp, A. (9) Salvioni, C. (16) + Schmid, H. (14) Schumacher, J. (26) Taddoli, E. (2) Trepp, M. (30) Wyss P. A. (8) Zuest, B. (33)

SWISS AEROPLANES.

-----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+------------------+ | ~GRANDJEAN.~ | ~TADDEOLI.~ | ~WETTERWALD.~ | Model and date. | Hydro-monoplane. | Monoplane. | Monoplane. | | ~1911-12.~ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1912.~ | -----------------------------+------------------ +-----------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 19-3/4 (6) | 24-1/2 (7.50) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 29-1/2 (9) | 33 (10) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 191 (18) | 151 (14) | 215 (20) | { total lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | 880 (400) | 705 (320) | ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful, lbs. (kgs.)| 310 (140) | 330 (150) | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Oerlikon | 50 Gnome | 40 E.N.V. | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100) | 69 (110) | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | ... | ... | Number built during 1912 | 2 | 1 | 1 | -----------------------------+-------------------+-----------------+------------------+

TURKISH.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There is a military aerodrome at S. Stefano, with Amerigo, Renzel and Thanlau as instructors.

In March, 1913, there were about 12 monoplanes (_Harlans & Reps_), and one or two biplanes. Only one seems actually to have been used. Several other aeroplanes were captured during the war--generally in their packing cases unopened. In April, 50 machines were reported ordered in Germany.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Fessa, Bey (780, F.) Kienan, Lt. (797, F.) Nouri, Lt. Ratzian Refik, Capt. Sismanoglou, J.

URUGUAY.

~Aeroplanes in the country.~

_None._

~AVIATOR:~ Cameo, M. Garcia

U.S.A.

(Edited by E. L. JONES, Editor of "Aeronautics," U.S.A.)

~General Note.~--In the early nineties, Professor Langley and the Bros. Wright were experimenting with heavier-than-air machines, but general interest in the subject is quite recent. Though some small dirigibles exist, American attention is mainly devoted to aeroplanes. Ballooning was quite the thing in 1907-11, but has languished.

It is stated that there are certainly no less than _two thousand_ people in the U. S. A. who have built flying machines. The greater percentage of these have been home-made copies of standard machines. Individual builders of copies and freaks have diminished greatly in numbers, and there remains a few well-established manufacturers.

Although inventors are still prolific in the Patent Office and clubs numerous, the general public takes very slight intelligent interest in aviation. The majority of clubs are inactive.

In the year 1912 commercial development seemed to have great possibilities. The copyists were being weeded out and competent aeronautical constructors financed by adequate means began operations on systematic business lines. The latter half of the year saw a great slump. In the spring of 1913 prospects looked greatly improved, and there was generally increased activity.

~Aerial Journals:~--

~Aeronautics.~--122, East 25th Street, New York. Monthly.

~Aircraft.~--37, East 28th Street, New York. Monthly.

~Fly.~--1701, Chestnut, Philadelphia, Pa. Monthly.

~Aero.~--Chicago, Ills. Weekly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Belmont Park, N.Y.~--Old race track. Not very good. Scene of 1910 meet. 30 sheds occupied by few experimenters.

~Dayton.~--_Wright_ school private field.

~Chicago, Ills.~--Two fine fields.

~Fort Myer, Va.~--Government and private sheds.

~Hammondsport, N.Y.~--_Curtiss_ factory. Field (small) and lake for water planes.

~Los Angeles, Calif.~--Several fields in vicinity. Used for _Eaton_ school and private flyers.

~Marblehead, Mass.~--Poor field. Home of Burgess C. Fine for hydro-aeroplanes.

~Mineola, N.Y.~--_Moisant, Sloane_ and another school, and individuals. About 1 by 10 miles level field, without obstructions.

~Oakwood Heights, Staten I., N.Y.~--The Aeronautical Soc. grounds, on bay for use of hydro-aeroplanes.

~San Diego, Calif.~--Winter quarters _Curtiss_ camp; also used by army flyers.

~San Francisco~ (near).--Good.

~St. Louis, Mo.~--Kinloch Park. _Benoist_ school and private owners.

~U. S. A. AERO CLUBS.~

An attempt has been made here to give the name of every aero club that has been formed recently in the United States, or has been in existence for a long time. It is believed this list covers every club in the United States.

Many of these clubs are nothing but a name. They were formed to conduct meets or exhibitions, given by the various aeroplane concerns engaged in this business. Many clubs are not incorporated. Others have no organisation, being run by principals of boys' schools or classes.

Clubs even affiliated with the Aero Club of America have no members' meetings, nor have they in many cases even meeting rooms. There are but a half-dozen live aero clubs worthy the name in America. Three clubs own balloons, which are rented to members for ascensions. Little attempt is made by more than one or two associations to popularise aeronautics, to encourage experimenters, or to indulge in scientific work.

The Aero Club of America, the Aeronautical Society and Aero Club of Illinois, are the principal organisations. The Ae. C. represents the F.A.I., and has a beautiful club house. The Aeronautical Society has rooms in the United Engineering Building, conducts well-attended lectures twice a month, and has grounds on Straten Island (for hydro-aeroplanes and aeroplanes).

Clubs affiliated with the Ae. C. of America are marked *

~CALIFORNIA.~

New Orleans Aero Club, Wm. Allen, Sec., New Orleans

*Aero Club of California, Prof. H. La V. Twining, Pres., 1308 Calumet St. Los Angeles.

*Pacific Aero Club, Pacific Buildings, 331 Octavia Street, San Francisco

Postal Aero Club, 305 W. Santa Clara Street, San Jose

University of California Aero Club, T. W. Veitch, Sec., Berkeley

Oakland Aero Club, Oakland

*Aero Club of Colorado, 36 West Colfax Avenue, Denver, Col.

Aero Club of Blackstonehill, Oakland, Calif, c/o W. R. Davis, Jr., 474 Prospect Street

Curtiss Amateur Aviation Club, Harold Scott, Secretary, Los Angeles

Santa Clara Valley Aero Club, Chamber of Commerce, San Jose

Aero Club of San Diego, San Diego, Colonel C. C. Collier, Pres.

Aero Club of Pasedena, W. J. Hogan, Pres., 635 Chamber of Commerce, Box 1054

~CONNECTICUT.~

*Aero Club of Connecticut, Pres., A. Holland Forbes, at Fairfield

Yale University Aero Club, New Haven

Aero Club of Hartford, Hiram Percy Maxim, Pres., Hartford

~CUBA.~

*Aero Club de Cuba, Ignario 5, Havana

~DELAWARE.~

Aero Club of Delaware, Wilmington

~DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.~

Washington Aero Scientific Club, F. L. Rice, Sec., c/o Y.M.C.A., Washington

*Aero Club of Washington, Dr. Albert F. Zahm, Sec., Cosmos Club, Washington

~FLORIDA.~

Aeronautic Society of Florida, Davenport and Kerrison, Secs., 2014 Main Street, Jacksonville

~ILLINOIS.~

*Aero Club of Illinois, F. McCormick, Pres., 240 Michigan Avenue, Chicago

Aeroplane and Kite Club, E. E. Harbert, Pres., 2852 N. Clark Street, Chicago

University of Chicago Aero Club, Chicago

*Aircraft Club of Peoria, c/o Leslie Lord, 505 E. Armstrong Street, Peoria

Aeronautical Society of the University of Illinois, Urbana, R. Watts, Sec., 507 E. John Street, Champaigne

~INDIANA.~

Purdue Aero Club, Purdue University, Lafayette

South Bend Aero Club, South Bend.

*Aero Club of Indiana, Indianapolis

~KANSAS.~

Aero Club of Topeka, Topeka

*Western Aero Association, E. S. Cole, Sec., Topeka

Kansas State Aero Club, C. H. Lyons, Sec., Overland Park

~KENTUCKY.~

Continental Aero Club, Richmond

~LOUISIANA.~

Southern Aero Club, 809 Canal Street, New Orleans

New Orleans Aero Club, Wm. Allen, Sec., New Orleans

~MARYLAND.~

*Aero Club of Baltimore, Col. Jerome H. Joyce, Pres., Baltimore

~MASSACHUSETTS.~

Aero Club of North Adams, North Adams

*Aero Club of New England, A. R. Shrigley, Sec., 26 Trement St., Boston

Amherst Aero Club, Amherst

*Pittsfield Aero Club, L. J. Minahan, Pres., Pittsfield

Springfield Aero Club, c/o Charles T. Shean, Pres., 3 John Street, Springfield

Tufts College Aero Club, Tufts College

*Harvard Aeronautical Society, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch, Pres., Blue Hill Observatory

Mass. Inst. of Technology Aero Club, John S. Selfridgem, Sec., Inst. of Technology, Boston

Dartmouth Aero Club, Richard F. Paul, Sec., Dartmouth

First Assn. of Licensed Pilots, Chas. J. Glidden, Pres., Hotel Somerset, Boston

Williams Aeronautical Society, Williams College, Robert O. Starret, Sec., Williamstown

~MICHIGAN.~

*Aero Club of Michigan, C. B. du Charme, Sec., Detroit

University of Michigan Aero Club, Ann Arbor

~MINNESOTA.~

Minneapolis Junior Aero Club, Stillman Chase, Sec., 3047 5th Avenue, S., Minneapolis

St. Louis Experimental Ass'n., 5346 Zealand Street, St. Louis

*Kansas City Aero Club, George M. Myers, Pres., Convention Hall, Kansas City

~MISSOURI.~

*Aero Club of St. Louis, 1429 Pine Street, St. Louis

~MONTANA.~

Aero Club of St. Charles College, Helena

~NEBRASKA.~

Aero Club of Nebraska, Col. Wm. H. Glassford, Pres., Fort Omaha

Junior Aero Club or the Y.M.C.A., c/o Y.M.C.A., Omaha

Lincoln Aero Club, Lincoln, c/o G. R. Brownfield, 1234 "O" Street

Aviation Club of Nebraska, Arthur Frenzer, Sec., 2778 California Street, Omaha

~NEW JERSEY.~

Princeton University Aero Club, Princeton

Aeronautic Society of New Jersey, c/o N.J. Automobile & Motor Club, Broad Street, Newark

Aero Club of New Jersey, c/o James K. Duffy, Sec., 315 Madison Avenue, New York

New Jersey Aeronautical League, W. A. Kraus, Sec., Guttenberg

Aero and Motor Club, Asbury Park

Atlantic City Aero Club, Col. Walter E. Edge, Sec., Atlantic City

Model School Aero Club, Trenton, R. G. Teavitt, Sec.

Trenton Aero Club, James Fenton, Sec., Trenton

~NEW YORK.~

*Aero Club of America, 297 Madison Avenue, Chas. Walsh, Sec.

The Aeronautical Society, 250 W. 54th Street, Arnold Kruckman, Gen. Sec.

Aeronautic Alumni Ass'n., c/o West Side Y.M.C.A., West 57th Street

New York Model Aero Club, Adrien Lacroix, Sec., 141 Lexington Avenue

National Model Aero Club, c/o A. Leo Stevens, 282 9th Avenue

Stuyvesant Aeronautic Society, 345 East 15th Street, Percey W. Pierce, Sec.

Columbia Aero Club, Columbia University, 116th Street

Dewitt Clinton High School Aero Club, 58th Street and 10th Avenue

*Aero Club of Buffalo, Lafayette Hotel, Buffalo, N.Y.

Thousand Islands Aero Club, c/o Dr. J. M. Gibbons, 168 Montague Street, Ithaca

Aeronautic Section, Technology Club, Syracuse

Boys' High School Aero Club, Henry St. Pieless, Sec., 815 Avenue, J., Brooklyn

*Rochester Aero Club, c/o L. J. Seely, 10 Culver Road, Rochester

Aero Club of the Y.M.C.A., Harold C. Carpenter, Pres., White Plains

Aero Club, Haliano, U.S.A., 135, West 12th Street, N.Y. Seventy-two members. C. Chiantelli, Sec.

Junior Aero Club, c/o A. E. Horn, Public School, 77 Park Avenue and 84th Street

Aero Club of Long Island, c/o Hohn H. Lisle, Alen Cove

Commerce Aero Club, 65 West 117th Street

*Aero Club of New York, Garden City.

Mechanics Aeronautical Ass'n., c/o H. H. Simms, 304 Cutler Building, Rochester

Aeronautical Research Club of the Y.M.C.A., H. C. Myers, Sec., Buffalo

Aero Club Italiano, Saverio A. Mascia, 403 Park Avenue

Aeronautical Society of Women, Miss Dorothy E. Ball, Sec., 250 West 54th Street

~OHIO.~

*Aero Club of Ohio, Canton

*Aero Club of Dayton, Dayton

International Aeroplane Club, Dayton

Cleveland Aero Club, C. J. Forbes, Sec., Hollanden Hotel, Cleveland

*Aero Club of Cincinnati, c/o P. L. Mitchell, Traction Buildings, Cincinnati

~OREGON.~

Portland Aero Club, E. Henry Wemme, Pres., Portland

~PENNSYLVANIA.~

Aviation Section, Professional Chauffeurs Ass'n. of America, 1933 Spring Gardens, Phil.

*Aero Club of Pennsylvania, Rev. Geo. S. Gassner, Sec., Betz Buildings, Phil.

Ben Franklin Aeronautical Ass'n., c/o Dr. T. Chalmers Fulton, 6th and Diamond Street, Phil.

Philadelphia Aeronautical Recreation Society, Dr. Thos. E. Eldridge, Pres., 1639 N. Broad Street, Phil.

Haverford College Aero Club, Haverford, Pa.

Swartmore College Aero Club, Swartmore, Pa.

Univ. of Penn. Aero Club, Univ. of Penn., Phil., Pa.

Aero Club of Carnegie, Tech. Schools, Pittsburg, Pa.

Intercollegiate Aeronautical Ass'n., Geo. A. Richardson, Pres., Univ. of Penn., Phil.

Pittsburg Aero Club, H. P. Haas, Sec., Magel Buildings, Pittsburg, Pa.

~RHODE ISLAND.~

Pawtucket Aero Club, Pawtucket

Rhode Island Aeronautical Society, Providence, John J. Long, Sec., c/o Brown University

~TENNESSE.~

Nashville Aero Club, Nashville, E. Fisher Coles, Sec.

~TEXAS.~

Dallas Aero Club, c/o Chamber of Commerce

San Antonio Aero Club, c/o Dr. Fred J. Fielding, 423 Hick's Buildings, San Antonio

South Western Aero Club, P.O. Box 821, Fort Worth

Texas Junior Aeronautical Ass'n., Hugh Dumas, Pres., Fort Worth

~UTAH.~

Aero Club of Utah, c/o L. R. Culver, 11 Eagle Block, Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City Aero Club, c/o Mr. Campbell, Walker Bank Buildings, Salt Lake City

~VERMONT.~

Aero Club of Vermont, Chas. T. Fairfield, Pres., c/o Rutland News, Rutland

~VIRGINIA.~

University of Virginia Aero Club, Stanford Swin, Sec., University of Virginia

Virginia-Tennesse Aero Club, Bristol, Va-Tenn, C. W. Morey, Sec.

~WASHINGTON.~

Aero Club of Washington, 415 Union Trust Buildings, Washington, D.C.

Aero Club of Seattle, c/o M. Robert Guggenheim, 511 Lonan Buildings, Seattle

Walla Walla Aero Club, Walla Walla

~WISCONSIN.~

*Milwaukee Aero Club, Milwaukee, c/o Major Henry B. Hersey, Chief of the Weather Bureau, Milwaukee

Milwaukee Aeronautic Society, Pres., Sherman Brown, Manager of Davidson Theatre, Milwaukee

~U.S.A. MILITARY AVIATION.~

~U. S. ARMY AEROPLANE SPECIFICATIONS. (1912).~

~SPEED SCOUT MILITARY AEROPLANE.~

(1) Carry one person with the seat located to permit of the largest possible field of observation. (2) Ascend at the rate of 1500 feet in three minutes, while carrying fuel for one hour's flight. (3) Carry fuel for a three hours' flight. (4) Must be easily transportable by road, rail, etc., and easily and rapidly assembled and adjusted. (5) The starting and landing devices must be part of the machine itself, and it must be able to start without outside assistance. (6) The engine must be capable of throttling. (7) The engine will be subject to endurance test in the air of two hours' continuous flight. (8) Speed in the air of at least 65 miles an hour. (9) Capable of landing on and arising from ploughed fields. (10) The supporting surfaces must be of sufficient size to insure safe gliding in case the engine stops. (11) The efficiency and reliability of the system of control must have been demonstrated before the purchase order is placed. The aeroplane must be capable of executing a figure eight within a rectangle 500 yards by 250 yards, and without decreasing its altitude more than 100 feet at the completion of the figure eight. This test to be made by aviator alone without carrying extra weight. (12) The extreme width of the aeroplane supporting surfaces must not exceed 40 feet.

~SCOUT MILITARY AEROPLANE.~

(1) The aeroplane must carry two persons with seats located to permit of the largest possible field of observation for both. (2) The control must be capable of use by either operator from either seat. (3) The machine must be able to ascend at least 2000 feet in ten minutes while carrying a weight of 600 lbs. including the aviator and passenger, 150 lbs. of gasoline, and extra weight to make 600 lbs. All of the extra weight must be carried on the engine section and not distributed over the wings. (4) The fuel and oil capacity must be sufficient for at least four hours continuous flight. This will be determined by a trial flight of at least one half-hour, measuring the consumption of gasoline while carrying the passenger and weight stated in paragraph 3. (5) Same as No. 4 above. (6) Same as No. 5 above. (7) The engine must be of American manufacture and capable of throttling to run at reduced speed. (8) Same as No. 7 above. This test will be made with aviator and passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. (9) The aeroplane must develop a speed in the air of at least forty miles an hour. This test will be made with aviator and passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. The maximum speed must not exceed sixty-five miles per hour. (10) Same as No. 9 above. This test will be made with aviator, passenger, extra weight and fuel enumerated in paragraphs 3 and 4. (11) Same as No. 10 above. (12) Same as No. 11 above. (13) Same as No. 12 above.

In ~1913~ additional requirements specified enclosed body, bullet-proof armour, .75 chrome steel, for engine and aviator, provision of necessary instruments and wireless, with, as desirable features, silencer and cut-out, self-starter and an efficient stabilising device.

At end of March, 1913, the effective Army aeroplanes consisted of three 50 h.p. _Wrights_, one _Wright-Burgess_, several old machines.

The Navy had two _Wright-Burgess_ hydros and a few nondescripts. A _Burgess_ flying boat since added.

The estimate for Army effectives at end of the present year (1913) is 21 (5 _Burgess_, 6 _Curtiss_, 10 _Wright_).

~AVIATORS.~

(The numbers after any name is the number of the U. S. Aero Club certificate.)

Army.

Arnold, Lieut. H. H. (29) Beck, P. Capt. (39) Brereton, Lt. L. H. (211) Burge, Corp. V. S. (154) Chandler, C. de F. Capt. (59) Foulois, Lieut. (140) Geiger, Lieut. H. (166) Goodier, Lt. L. E. (200) Graham, Lieut. H. (152) Hennessy, Capt. F. B. (153) Humphreys, Lieut. Kirtland, Lieut. R.C. (45) Lahm, Lieut. F. P. (2) Love, Lieut. M. L. (155) McClaskey, Lieut. J. W. (90) McKay, Capt. G. W. (67) McLeary, Lieut. S. H. (210) McManus, Lieut. Milling, Lieut. (30) Rodgers, J. Lieut. (48) Sherman, Lieut. W. C. (151) Winder, Lieut.-Col. C.B. (130)

Navy.

Herbster, Ens. (103) Ellyson, Lieut. T. G. (28) Rodgers, John, Lieut. Towers, Lieut. J. H. (62)

~U.S.A. PRIVATE AVIATORS (to end of 1911).~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. America pilot certificate number. Only a few American aviators have bothered to obtain the Ae. Certificate. America produces a large number of aviators who fly for pleasure or exhibitions only and have not gone into competitions under International Rules. These consequently do not bother about certificates; but most of those recorded could easily obtain them, if they cared to try.)

Adams, Clarence Adams, A. S. (215) Alvarez, F. Ambrose, Charles Andrews, Thornwell Apto, H. J. Arndt, Edw. F. Atwater, Mrs. L. J. Atwater, W. B. (98) Atwood, H. N. (33) Baker, G. H. Baldwin, Ivy Baldwin, Capt. T. S. (7) Barnett, A. E. Barton, Sam Bates, M. F. (66) Beachey, Hillery (89) Beachey, Lincoln (27) Beatty, G. W. (41) Beckly, Wm. A. Beers, W. C. (40) Benoist, T. W. Bergdoll, Louis, J. Betton, Kaid Bishop, Cortland Bleakley, W. H. Boandette, A. B. Bonner, G. T. Bonette, C. C. Bonney, L. W. (47) Brackett, A. J. Brewer, Roy Brindley, O. A. (46) Brinker, H. S. Brodie, O. W. (135) Brookins, W. R. (19) Brown, H. H. (58) Bumbaugh, Capt. G. L. Burgess, W. Starling (136) Burligh, Chas. Bush, J. F. Butler, P. J. Callon, J. L. (102) Champion, Frank (86) Christmas, Wm. Cannon, Jack Cline, W. F. Coffyn, F. C. (26) Cole, R. Coleman, R. F. Cook, W. B. (95) Cooke, Henry C. Cooke, F. G. (26) Cooper, John D. (60) Costello, A. B. Coutourier, C. (79) Crewelson, W. H. Cross, Redmond W. (35) Crosby, R. W. Cummings, J. A. Curtiss, Glenn H. (1) & (Ae. C. F. 1) Curzon, J. W. DeGiers, C. De Hart, D. C. De Kor, F. (72) Dennis, D. L. Dixon, S. D. Dougherty, E. S. (87) Doyle, H. Drew, A. (50) Drexel, J. A. (8) Durgan, W. E. Dyott, G. M. Eaton, Warren Ecot, Robert G. Eells, Fred. Elton, Albert (75) Engel, A. J. Erickson, Louis, G. Eshoo, D. Evans, W. Ey, G. Fish, Farnam (85) Fortney, Lewis Fowler, R. G. Freeman, A. (84) Fuchs, Joseph Funk, T. B. Gallaudet, E. F. (32) Games, A. B. Gantz, Saxe P. Gardener, Hubbard G. Garner, R. W. Gaskell, Bud Gratz, H. F. Gray, George Green, William, Dr. Gregory, Donald Greider, C. Greider, J. Gressier, Romaine Guey, Fung Joe Hadley, C. O. Hall, Hamilton, C. K. (12) Hamilton, J. W. Hamilton, Thos. W. Hammond, Lee (34) Harper Harkness, H. S. (16) Harmon, C. B. (6) Hartman, A. Haupt, Willie Havens, Beckwith (127) Hendrian, A. Henning, J. C. Henningsen, Fred Heth, Eugene Henry, R. St. Hilliard, W. M. (Brit. Ae. C. 102) Hills, H. V. Hofer, W. Hoff, Wm. H. (91) Hoflake, Charles Holden, J. J. Holt, L. E. (63) Hoover, Fred. (100) Hoover, H. H. Huddleston, E. D. James, Stanley Janicke, W. Jannus, Anthony (80) Jennings, J. C. Jerwan, S. S. (54) Johnson, Frank H. Johnson, Walter E. (164) Jumel, August Kantner, H. (65) Kellrey, H. Kemmerle, Horace Kennedy, F. M. (97) Kiley, J. E. Kimball, Wilbur R. Klein, H. H. Klockles, J. G. Korn, Edward Krasting, Theodore La Chapelle, Duval Lambert, A. B. (61) Lambreath, C. E. Lapadat, N. Laser, G. F. Le Van, Howard Lewis, S. C. (92) Lewkowicz, Ladis Lidstone, Ed. S. Lillie, M. T. (73) Lockwood, Chas. Longfellow, H. W. Loose, Geo. H. Lougheed, A. Longo, T. Ludwig, Vandy Maier Manners, George Mars, J. C. (11) Martin, J. B. Martin, G. L. (56) Martin, J. V. Massar, A. M. Masson Matalach, S. H. Mattingley, O. A. Maynard, Arthur Mayo, Albert (99) McCally, J. B. (94) McCarty, James McClellam McCollum, W. C. McCurdy, J. A. D. (18) McGoey, Thomas McNamara, Geo. E. McManus, L. McMahon, A. J. Medrick, F. H. Meyerhoffer, Orvar Miller, Clinton R. Moisant, Miss M. E. (44) Morok, Chas. B. Mourfield, Carl Murias, De E. F. (38) Murphy, T. Murphy, Wm. Neidmiller, Ed. Nelson, N. B. Nelson, Nels. T. Ovington, E. L. Page, P. W. (68) Paine, N. B. Paridon, Michael Park, Henry Paulding, Dwight Paulhan, L. (3) Pfiel, P. Post, Augustus Powers, H. W. Prince, Norman (55) Prentice, Prospect, Louis Prowse, C. O. Raiche, Mrs. F. Ragot, Louis Reichert, H. D. W. (82) Remington, Earle Reynolds, Dr. Percy, L. Richter, J. (81) Riggs, E. Roat, Arthur R. Robinson, H. (42) Roehrig, B. F. Rowe, F. E. Russell, Geo. Sackett, Harry Sands, H. Hayden (Ae. C. F. 70) Schafer, G. E. Schmidt, G. S. Schneider, Fred, P. Schulz, G. C. Schwartz, A. Schwister, John Scott, Miss B. Seeman, J. R. Seignor, H. A. Seligman, J. (64) Seymour, Joseph Sellers, M. B. Shelton, T. Sherwood, Oliver, B. Shneider, Fred. Shoemaker, Chas. W. (93) Sill, F. Simmonds, O. G. (145) Skinner, S. R. Slaik, E. Slavin, J. J. Smith, A. Smith, Kyle Smith, R. M. Sommerville, W. E. Soreusen, Prof. Sparling, J. N. Steitz, F. M. (88) Stewart, J. G. Stone, A. (Ae. C. F. 15) Summer, Gill. Suppe, Talmage, M. P. Takisow, Tarbox, J. Thomas, W. T. Thomas, O. W. Thompson, George Tickell, Sam Timothy, S. R. Troxey Turpin, J. C. (22) Tuttle, T. T. Vanderbilt, W. K. Vaughan, Stanley Vogt, Jesse S. Walden, Dr. H. W. (74) Walker, Clarence Ward, J. J. (52) Warner, A. P. Webster, C. L. (69) Weeks, F. W. Wells, G. Wetzig, H. H. Weymann, Charles (14) Wilcox Wildman, Dock Willard, C. F. (10) Williams, Beryl (71) Williams, B. J. Willoughby, Capt. Hugh L. Wilson, Edward Wiseman, Fred. E. Witmer, C. C. (53) Worden, John H. (76) Wright, Orville (4) (Ae. C. F. 14) Wright, Wilbur (5) (Ae. C. F. 15) Young, C. M. Yan, J.

The following American aviators have been killed:--

~U.S.A. PRIVATE AVIATORS. (Brevets, 1912.)~

Aldasoro, J. P. (217) Aldasaro, E. A. (218) Andrews, W. D. (124) Arnold, G. (198) Barlow, F. E. (139) Beckwith, S. F. (137) Beech, A. C. (168) Belcher, O. T. (158) Bell, Dr. F. J. (196) Bell, G. E. (201) Bergdoll, G. C. (169) Berlin, C. A. (109) Bleakley, W. H. (206) Bouldin, W. (157) Boysdorfer, C. (193) Brown, R. M. (185) Bryant, G. M. (208) Burnside, F. H. (212) Carlstrom, O. G. (145) Colovon, P. (160) Crossley, S. J. (187) Dalwigk, G. B. (190) De Hart, D. C. (129) Eaton, W. S. (128) Edelman, D. (191) Elliott, R. (178) Figyelmessy, H. (203) Fritts, E. V. (213) Gilpatric, J. G. (171) Gray, G. A. (142) Gray, J. F. (150) Gunn, T. (131) Hattemer, H. L. (147) Hemstraught, W. H. (146) Hetlick, W. A., jr. (197) Hild, F. C. (216) Hunt, E. N. (163) Holmes, H. (204) Johnson, R. R. (205) Kabitzke, W. (126) Kammski, J. G. (121) Kemper, F. W. (119) Klockler, J. G. (125) Korn, E. (171) Lamkey, W. A. (183) Law, R. B. (188) Maroney, T. T. (106) Masson, D. (202) McMillen, R. E. (111) Meyer, C. (176) Miller, B. A. (173) Niles, C. F. (181) Park, H. (113) Peoli, C. (141) Piceller, W. (116) Prodgers, C. B. (159) Reid, M. E. (114) Reid, P. H. (179) Remer, L. H., de (115) Richardson, R. H. C. (174) Robinson, R. W. C. (162) Ruiz, H. (182) Russell, R. B. (132) Salinas, A. (170) Salinas, G. (172) Schaeffer, J. S. (177) Scholovinck, E. (195) Schuman, F. J. (143) Singh, M. M. (123) Sjolander, C. T. (138) Smith, J. F. (207) Spaulding, J. D. (107) Stark, W. M. (110) Stinson, K. (148) Sverkerson, J. S. (180) Tait, G. M. (184) Takeiski, K. (122) Terrill, F. J. (108) Thomson, C. (112) Thompson, De L. (134) Twombly, W. I. (149) Vought, C. M. (156) Waite, H. R. (186) Weeks, E. O. (214) Weiner, T. (167) Wiggins, C. L. (175) Wood, C. M. (209)

U.S. Aviators killed: _Continued._

U.S.A. AEROPLANES.

~A~

AERIAL EXHIBITION Co. (Biplane), 1777, Broadway, New York. Built a _Curtiss_ type with Kirkham motor, 1911. 2 skids, with wheel between, and usual _Farman_ rubber shock absorbers.

AERIAL YACHT CO., San Francisco. Inc. 1913. Capital, $25,000.

AERONAUTICAL SUPPLY CO. See _Cordeaux-Etter_.

AMERICAN AEROPLANE SUPPLY HOUSE (Monoplane), 266, Main Street, Hempstead, N.Y. Builders of monoplanes after the _Bleriot_ type. Half-a-dozen machines were built and sold during 1911. Fitted with Gnomes or American engines.

~B~

BALDWIN Biplanes. Captain Thos. S. Baldwin, PO Box, 78, Madison Square, N.Y. About half-a-dozen steel biplanes have been produced in 1911 by Captain Baldwin, and he and other aviators, Badger, Hammond, Miss Scott Mass, etc., have flown these at various exhibitions and meets, and are classed with well-known successful American biplanes.

Details of _Baldwin_ ("Red Devil").

~Length.~--28-1/4 feet (8.60 m.) ~Span.~--28-3/4 feet (8.75 m.)

~Motor.~--50-60 h.p. Hall-Scott ~Propeller.~--One Requa-Gibson in rear of main planes. Diameter, 7 feet (2.13 m.) Pitch, 6 feet (1.82 m.)

~Speed.~--60 m.p.h. (97 k.p.h.)

BENOIST. Benoist Aircraft Co., 6628, Delmar Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. (formerly Aeronautic Supply Co.)

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+ | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | Model and date. | "Headless." | Flying boat. | | | Tandem biplane. | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 22-1/2 (6.85) | 27 | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 30 (9.15) | 42-1/6 (12.80) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... | {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1004 (455) | ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| ... | 75 Roberts | {max. m.p.h. (km.)| 68 (110) | ... | ~Speed~ { | | | {min. m.p.h. (km.)| 31 (50) | ... | ~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | | -----------------------------+------------------+------------------+

Notes.--The boat of the flying boat is 23-5/6 feet long, by 2 feet 2-1/2 inches wide. Shipable wheels. See _Aeronautics_, January, 1913.

BOLAND. Boland Aeroplane & Motor Co., 1821, Broadway, New York. Works: Ft. Center St. Newark, N.J.

----------------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~1913.~ | | "Tailless." | ----------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-1/6 (6.45) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.80) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 900 (408) | ~Weight~ { | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.| 60 Boland | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (95) | Number built during 1912 | 1 | ----------------------------+------------------+

A refinement of the original machine of the late F. E. Boland, which first flew in 1911. _Control_ by two special jibs which work inward. Designed to be used also as a hydro, with three step floats. No rudder or ailerons. Full details, etc., see _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May, 1913, and _Aircraft_, U.S.A., May, 1913.

BURGESS. Burgess Co. & Curtis, Marblehead, Mass. Built _Wright_ types under license, also machines of their own.

----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------- Model and date. | Military tractor. | Coast defence hydro. | Naval flying boat. | ~1912-13.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ ----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 37-3/4 (8.50) | 33-1/3 (9.55) | 31 (9.45) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 37-3/4 (12) | 43 (13.10) | | | -- ----- | | | 36 (10.97) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| ... | ... | 397 (37) {total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 775 (352) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 60 Sturtevant | 70 Renault | | _muffled_ | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 45 (70) | 59 (95) | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 4-1/2 | 4-1/2 | ... Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... ----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+---------------------------- Remarks.-- | Lumina fabric. | Special clear view | Boat 29-1/2 feet long. | Single screw. | for observation. | 2--2 step floats. | Details, _Aeronautics_, | 2--1 step mahogany | Petrol, 48 gallons. | (U.S.A.), May-June, | and copper floats. | Details, _Aeronautics_, | 1912. | Useful weight | (U.S.A.), May, 1913. | | includes floats. | | | Details, _Aeronautics_, | | | (U.S.A.), Feb., 1913. | ----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------+----------------------------

~C~

CHRISTMAS. Durham Christmas Aeroplane Sales & Exhibition Corporation, Inc. 1913. Capital: $10,000 to $50,000. Claims for it are that it is "automatically balanced." This is attained by the shape of the machine, not through the agency of any auxiliary apparatus.

CORDEAUX-ETTER. Cordeaux-Etter Mfg. Corporation, Brooklyn, N.Y. Capital: $10,000. Took over, 1913, the Aeronautical Supply Co., of N.Y.

COOKE. Weldon B. Cooke Aeroplane Co., Sandusky, Ohio. Founded 1913 by the well-known aviator, W. B. Cooke.

---------------------------+------------------+ Model and date. | ~1913.~ | ---------------------------+------------------+ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 25 (7.60) | ~Span~ feet (m.)| 24 (7.30) | ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 240 (22) | {total lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | ~Weight~ { | | {usefullbs. (kgs.)| ... | ~Motor~ h.p.{|75 Roberts 2 cycle| {| _upside down_ | ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... | Number built during 1912 | new firm | ---------------------------+------------------+

Details, _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., February, 1913.

CURTISS. Curtiss Aeroplane Co., Hammondsport, N.Y. Glenn H. Curtiss in 1907 and 1908 was a member of the Aerial Experiment Association, formed by Dr. and Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell. This Association built four machines, each along the lines of one of the four engineers belong to the Association, F. W. Baldwin, Lieut. T. E. Selfridge, G. H. Curtiss and J. A. D. McCurdy. The last built was the _June Bug_, designed by Curtiss and was the most successful. In the spring of 1908, the Association was disbanded and The Aeronautical Society gave Curtiss an order for an aeroplane with _carte blanche_ as to design. He produced a 4 cyl. machine, Curtiss engine, and flew it. A duplicate was hurriedly built, 8 cyl. engine installed, and taken to Europe for the first Gordon Bennett, which he won. Returning, the same type was continued with minor improvements. Later the front elevator was brought closer in, finally discarded, and the fan tail adopted and this remains the standard land machine to-day. In April, a military tractor was built and flown.

On January 26th, 1911, first successful flights were made with a hydroaeroplane, at the Winter camp at San Diego, Calif. This had two floats tandem. One was finally adopted and great success was achieved, and remains standard at the present time. With this machine various experiments were made. It was altered in a tractor for one occasion, it was lifted on board warships; made into triplane, etc.

In 1912 he brought out his present type of flying boat. This is being rapidly developed and minor changes in details are made in practically every machine put out.

In May, 1913, he produced a special 4-passenger flying boat for a customer on special order.

Note.--In addition to those tabulated, special small racing machines have been built, as well as similar machines with extra sections simply added either side for Army use.

---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- Model and date. | ~Type D.~ | ~Type E.~ | ~Type F.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ ---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- ~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-2/3 (8.10) | 27-1/3 (8.33) | 27-1/3 (8.33) ~Span~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 31-1/4 (9.50) | 38-1/3 (11.70) ~Overall~ feet (m.)| 33-1/12 (10) | 36-1/4 (11) | 41-2/3 (12.70) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 214 (19-1/2) | 288 (26-1/4) | 421-1/2 (39) {total lbs. (kgs)| ... | 1700 (771) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | {useful lbs. (kgs)| ... | 500 (227) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| Curtiss | 80 Curtiss | Curtiss ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 59 (95) | ... ---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+-------------------- Remarks.-- | Land service, but | Fitted either with |Used to date only |is also made fitted | wheels, pontons, or |as military tractor | with floats. | boat. |or heavy flying boat. | Panels. | _Vilas boat._ | _McCormick boat._ | | Boat 24 ft. long. |Boat 25 ft. long 4 ft. | |Beam 54-1/2 ft. long. |wide. Freeboard 46 | |Height 41 ins. long. |ins. Cockpit 84 ins. | |Cockpit 3 ft. long by |long by 46 ins. wide. | | 4 ft. 2 ins. wide. |Length of tail, incl. | | | elevator 12 feet. ---------------------------+--------------------+----------------------+------------------

For full details of the tractor (F) see _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., February, 1913.

~G~

GALLAUDET. Gallaudet Eng. Co., Norwich Ct.

In 1912 produced a special racer as above. ~Span~, 32 feet (9.75 m.) ~Area~, 200 sq. feet (18-1/2 m squared.) ~Speed~, 100 m.p.h. (160 k.p.h.) ~Motor~, 100 Gnome.

~K~

KIRKHAM Biplanes. Chas. B. Kirkham, Motor Manufacturers, Savona, N.Y. Began to manufacture aeroplanes in 1912, after previous experiments and flights near his factory.

~Length~, ? feet ( ? m.) ~span~, 34 feet (10.40 m.) ~surface~, ? sq. feet ( ? m squared.)

~Weight.~--Complete, _without pilot_, 980 lbs. (445 kgs.)

~Motor.~--50 h.p. Kirkham, located in front under bonnet. 70 h.p. also fitted.

~Speed.~--56-62 m.p.h. (90-100 k.p.h.)

Remarks.--Rises easily at under 35 m.p.h., and has a full speed radius of 5-1/2 hours. Full details in _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., January, 1912. 1913, no changes.

~L-S~

LOENING. Monoplane aero boat, with one very deep step. See _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May-June, 1912.

SELLERS. Quadruplane. Matthew B. Sellers, R.F., D2, Norwood, Ga. Has been successfully experimenting for a number of years with a staggered quadruplane, and has given the aviation world a number of valuable papers. His aim is to fly successfully with the least possible horse power. For several years he has been making flights with various engines delivering from 5 to 6 h.p. on careful test. The actual thrust has been measured and recorded in late 1911 experiments. Details in _Aeronautics_, June, 1909; October, 1909; November, 1910; January, 1911; January, 1912. No actual details of the machine are available, but it follows closely the patent drawings (see references). He is one of the few real scientific flying men in the U.S.A. The original machine with slight changes was still flying at end of 1912 with only 5 h.p. B.H.P. The flying speed is 20 m.p.h.

SLOANE. Sloane Aeroplane Co., 1733, Broadway, New York. Established 1911. Agents for _Caudrons_ and _Deperdussins_. Run a school for these.

~T-V~

THOMAS Biplanes. Thomas Bros., Bath, N.Y., O.W., and W.T. Thomas began experimenting and flying in 1908 with a machine on the order of a _Curtiss_. In the winter of 1909-10, a type of their own was produced and was flown during 1911 by Walter Johnson in exhibitions. In 1912 they continued the same type, with refinements. In 1913 they adopted the overhanging top plane type, but of the same general high order of construction.

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | ~1912.~ | | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ Model and date. | Tractor | ~1913.~ | Standard | Special | Flying boat. | biplane. | Monoplane. | biplane. | biplane. | ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------- ~Length~ ft.(m.)| ... | 30 (9.15) | ... | 25 (7.62) | ... ~Span~ ft.(m.)| 37 (11.27) | 32 (9.75) | 37 (11.27) | 33 (10) | 33 (10) | 27 (8.23) | ... | 27 (8.23) | 23 (7) | 23 (7) ~Area~ sq. ft.(m squared.)| ... | ... | ... | ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 900 (408) | 750 (340) | 900 (408) | 850 (385) | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | 400 (181) | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 65 Kirkham | 70 Kirkham | 65 Kirkham | 65 Kirkham | 100 | | _muffled_ | | | Maximotor ~Speed~ m.p.h.(km)| 58 (94) | ... | 58 (94) | 60 (97) | ... ~Endurance~ hrs.| 2 | ... | 2 | 2-1/4 | ... Number built during 1912 | 1 | _building_ | ... | ... | _building_ ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+-------------------

Remarks. Control in all: Ailerons, 4 rudders. Elevator operated by rocking post on which wheel is mounted. The 1912 tractor was given up as less efficient than the Standard 1913. Special: full description _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., May, 1913.

The move was evolved 1912, but not built till well into 1913.

~W~

WASHINGTON. Washington Aeroplane Co., Washington, D.C. In 1913 built a flying boat to private order. ~Length~, 29 feet (8.83 m.) ~Maximum span~, 38 feet (11.85 m.) ~Motor~, 80 h.p. Gyro. Boat with eight compartments and one 3 inch step.

WITTEMAN. Witteman Bros., 17, Ocean Terrace and Little Clare Road, Staton Island, N.Y. These people do a considerable business building Curtiss type machines or machines to special designs for others. They built the _Baldwin_ biplanes for Captain Baldwin, to his design, using steel tubing throughout. See _Aeronautics_, December, 1911, for a _Witteman_ of special design shown by them at the Aero Show.

WRIGHT BROS. Biplanes. The Wright Co., Dayton, Ohio. The original type of _Wright_ machine was mounted on skids only, and started along a rail. Its special features were a biplane elevator forward, main planes with warpable tips to trailing edge, small keel in gap, 2 propellers, chain driven in rear of planes, double rudder in rear and no tail. Wilbur Wright flew a machine of this type for 2 h. 20 m. 23-1/2 s. in 1908. (Details of early _Wrights_ see previous editions of this book.)

----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ Model and date. | ~B.~ | ~C.~ | ~EX.~ | ~E.~ ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ ~Length~ feet (m.)| 31 (9.45) | 29-3/4 (9) | ... | ... ~Span~ feet (m.)| 39 (11.90) | 38 (11.58) | 32 (9.75) | 32 (9.75) ~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 500 (47) | 500 (47) | ... | ... {total lbs. (kgs.)| 1250 (567) | ... | ... | ... ~Weight~ { | | | | {useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ... ~Motor~ h.p.| 30-35 Wright | 30-35 Wright | 30 or 50 Wright | 30 or 50 Wright ~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 45 (75) | 45 (75) | ... | ... ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------ | | 1913 standard. | For exhibition | 1913 | | This machine as | work only. | for exhibition | | a hydro is fitted| Single seater | work only. | | with two 3 step | small duplicate | Single seater | | floats. | of B. | duplicate of EX | | Mea magneto. | |except fitted with | | | |a single propeller | | | | only. ----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

U.S.A. DIRIGIBLES.

There are a few small dirigibles in the U.S.A., but they are in no way to be compared to French and German productions. Up-to-date, they have only been used as attractions at fairs about the country. In the past several larger ones of poor design have been built and found failures.

~Military.~

BALDWIN (1908) 20,000 c. feet (560 m cubed)

Part B.

HISTORICAL AIRCRAFT.

In the following pages an attempt has been made to include photographs of all aeroplanes of the past six years, which, for one reason or another, "made history" in their own day.

While many are merely freak machines, which in the light of present knowledge seem ridiculous, the germ of modern practice is to be found in many other aircraft illustrated in this cemetery of dead ideals; and it is worth noting that at least one constructor, who is one of the first in the field to-day, commenced operations with machines which were entirely "freaks."

~AUSTRIAN.~

~BELGIAN.~

~BRAZIL.~

~BRITISH.~

~DANISH.~

~FRENCH.~

In 1909 the famous _Bleriot XI_ was built. This did very well at Reims, 1909. On 25th July, 1909, Bleriot made the first Cross-Channel flight in the machine illustrated below.

This machine had ~length~, 23 feet (7 m.) ~Span~, 25-3/4 feet (7.80 m.) ~Area~, 167 sq. feet (15-1/2 m squared.) Aspect ratio 4-1/2 to 1. ~Motor~, 22-25, 3 cylinder Anzani. ~Speed~, _about_ 45 m.p.h. (73 k.m.) _Special features_: Fixed wings with rounded edges. Twin elevator and fixed surface tail.

~GERMAN.~

~ITALIAN.~

~SWISS.~

~U.S.A.~