Part 2

When setting the batten frame by either the set screws or the arms to which the set screws are attached, the principal point is that the cylinder must be flat against the needle board, both at the top and bottom of the board, and have the needle points as near the center of the holes in the cylinder as possible. It is particularly desirable that all points be square and straight with the batten motion, because the batten, moving from a top connection, performs an arc movement, and if the cylinder does not lie flat against the needle board, some of the hooks will not be pressed far enough off the griffe, or the points of the needles will come in contact with the sides or bottom of the holes in the cylinder and in that case, hooks will be down when they ought to be lifted. Fig. 18 shows the cylinder set crooked with the needle board.

The set screw support for the batten frame is a very objectional feature as will readily be seen, for the frame resting and working on two points is a great strain and some part of the screw soon becomes worn. This, of course, lowers the cylinder. When the cylinder is adjusted by turning the set screw, the frame is not only raised higher but is moved to the right or left, which throws the cylinder out of place, thus making double the amount of work to adjust it.

The method of supporting a batten frame on an iron bar is by far the best, as by this arrangement, the cylinder can be directly adjusted. The illustration given in Fig. 19, shows this method of supporting the cylinder.

In the second method of operating the movable parts (see Fig. 20) the top motion remains the same as in the first, but the method of operating the cylinder is different. Fixed to each side of the square iron frame that supports the cylinder, is an iron spindle, which passes through two brackets which act as slides for the spindle and are fixed to the frame of the machine. Attached to this cylinder spindle is a two-inch cranked slotted arm. Attached to the spindle of the griffe is a small extension on which an iron roller is placed. This iron roller sets in the slot of the cranked arm; the slot arm being about seven inches long. The seven inches is divided into three parts, the top and lower portions being perpendicular, to allow a rest for the cylinder when it is out from the needle board, and also when it is in contact with the needle board. As the griffe is lifted, the roller passing up the slot of the cranked arm forces out the cylinder. The distance the cylinder is moved cannot be changed to any great extent, neither can the time of the cylinder be changed, so that when a warped set of cards is being used, there is always the tendency for the cards to catch on the needle points.

In the third movement (see Fig. 21), the top motion is the same as the first and second, but the cylinder movement is distinct. A flat, iron casting which acts as a slide, is placed on each side of the machine. These slides are supported by small iron rollers, which are placed in brackets fixed to the frame of the machine. At the end of the slide, a brass cup for the cylinder and the spring hammer is fixed. A stud is attached to the slide. The rod connected to the clamp of the cam (or what is called the eccentric rod) extends upwards and is attached to an arm that is set-screwed on a shaft, but extends upwards. This movement is one of the best. The brackets that support the rollers are adjustable but seldom in the life of a harness do they require adjusting, for if the rollers are well oiled they last many years, because the friction is at the lowest possible point.

In the fourth movement a square cradle lever is placed in brackets near the feet of the machine, and connected to the top of the griffe spindle by means of an arm attached to the end of the cradle lever. This is shown in the double-lift machine, Fig. 22. There is an arm at each side of the machine that is connected to the cradle lever. To the outer end of the lever the long lifting rod is attached. The length of the square lever is generally twenty-eight inches from fulcrum to connection of long lifting rod, and ten inches on the shorter end. This gives about a four-inch lift to the griffe. The cylinder is driven by an independent spindle motion. An iron spindle is attached to the frame that supports the cylinder. The spindle passes through two slide brackets fixed to the sides of the machine. Between the two brackets and set-screwed on the spindle is an extension with a stud attached to the top of it. On this stud, the connecting arm from the lever is placed. The lever is supported at the top of the same bracket that supports the square lifting lever. To the outer end of the lever the eccentric rod is attached, but instead of using a cam to give motion to the cylinder, one part of a double crank is used, the other portion is used for lifting the griffe.

The fifth method is the same as the fourth with the exception that the cylinder is operated by the slotted crank arm same as in the second method.

DOUBLE-LIFT AND SINGLE CYLINDER MACHINES

The illustration, Fig. 22, shows a machine of this type. The same methods are used to operate this kind of machine as are used with the single action with this exception that there must be two lifting levers, either overhead or cradle levers. The reason for using this kind of machine is to have an open shed motion, and to gain a little extra speed; but this naturally drives the cylinder faster, consequently there is a greater damage done to the cards unless great care is taken with them and additional appliances used to prevent them from jumping off the pegs.

The needles and hooks used in this kind of machine are shown in Fig. 23. Each needle has two eyes or curves. The reason for two eyes is as follows: There is but one cylinder and two griffes, one of which is descending while the other is ascending. The cylinder has to pass in for every pick; that is, for each lift of the griffe, which necessitates the use of double the number of hooks; so that in a 400-machine, there are 800 hooks, without the extra ones. The top bend of every hook is turned in the same direction, that is, toward the needle board.

The hook that is used on this machine requires a deep bend at the top so as to have a firm grip on the griffe blade. This is necessitated by the method of controlling two hooks with one needle, for it sometimes happens that one hook is lifted while the other is pressed back by the cylinder, so that the same thread will not be lifted for the next pick.

The bottom of the hook is made in the form of a capital letter V. The reason for this is that it saves a considerable amount of friction by allowing the bottom of the hook that is lifted to move back a little as the "partner" hook is being pressed by the needle. This shape of hook saves the grate through which the bottom of the hook passes. Fig. 23 shows the position occupied by the hooks when one hook is lifted and the other hook (which passes through the same needle) is pressed off. The dotted lines show the original positions of the hooks.

In addition to the added friction on the needles and hooks, it takes considerably more time to replace a worn needle than it does in machines where single needles are used, for a rod has to be temporarily inserted that will press to one side the two hooks around which the needle has to go, and it is often necessary to take out the hooks until the needle has been replaced, particularly if the machine is an old one, or if deep blades are used in the griffe.

DOUBLE ACTION MACHINE

This means that there are two griffes and two cylinders. The same methods are used to operate the moving parts, as are used on the single action machines, but the lever and arms are used in a compound manner. This machine is undoubtedly the best, where large reproduction is aimed at, for it can be run 170 or 180 picks per minute. The illustration, Fig. 24, shows a double action machine.

~The shedding motion~ is obtained by means of a double crank fixed on the end of the pick cam shaft, and to which the long lifting rods are attached. This is shown in Fig. 25. Cams have been used to take the place of the double crank, so as to allow a dwell for the shed while the shuttle is passing through. It is particularly desirable in a broad loom to have the shed full open for a longer period in order to give clearance for the shuttle, but the cam motion was proven to be somewhat detrimental, owing to the quick rise and fall of the harnesses, which causes the lingoes to jump and to be constantly breaking off. The neck cords also were constantly breaking. The cam movement could be used successfully with a jacquard that had not many harness threads attached to the neck cords, and had heavier lingoes fixed to the harnesses, but for general use, the double crank is best, as it gives a more even movement. There is also a short dwell while passing around the extended part of the crank.

The time to set the crank is to have it level, that is, the two extreme points horizontal, when the crank shaft is a little ahead of the bottom center, or to have the reed about 1½ inches from the cloth when the shed is level.

Owing to the general formation of the double action machine, that is, the use of two hooks for one set of harness threads, there is a somewhat uneven movement to the harnesses. When a griffe is descending and some of the hooks that are on the griffe are to be lifted for the next shed, and the hooks are passing each other at the center of movement, the angle of the harness threads is changed, for as one hook is lifted from the top shed, the neck cord attached to the hook that is at the bottom is slack. When this hook is raised for the next pick, at the point when all the slack cord is taken up, the uneven movement is caused, the harnesses swinging over into the line with the lifting hook. The results from this movement are not so harmful if the jacquard is tied up proportionally and run at the right speed; but when the machine is run too fast and the lingoes are too light, also when the neck cord is too short, a large amount of trouble is caused. Instead of connecting the harnesses to the hooks, by means of two neck cords, one is used as shown in Fig. 26. The link answers the purpose for which it is intended, that is, to take away the slack neck cord. It also reduced the uneven movement. However, unless the hooks are kept perfectly straight, the link will not work, and it is common for a hook to be bent a little underneath the grate.

When one neck cord breaks on the ordinary double action machine, the defect is not readily seen, because the harness cord will be lifted by the other hook, unless it is a pattern where that particular hook from which the cord has broken is lifted very often. When the link is used, all the harness threads that are attached to the link will fall, owing to the use of only one neck cord; this also occurs on the single action machine.

~Needles.~ The illustration Fig. 27 shows the arrangement of needles in a double action machine. The first needle at the top marked A, controls the hook B, passing down in regular order until the bottom needle in the right hand needle board, marked C, controls the hook D. The first needle in the left hand or bottom needle board, marked E, controls the hook F, which is the partner to D, that is, F and D control the same harness threads, as will be noticed by the connection at the bottom G. The eighth needle in the bottom needle board, marked H, controls the hook K, which is the partner hook to B. The bottom set of needles is exactly like the top set. They are placed in the same relative position, but work from the opposite direction.

There being two cylinders on this type of machine, one passes in as the other is going out. Both cylinders turn toward the machine as indicated by the arrows, and a glance at the two cards A and B with holes marked 1 and 2, and needles marked the same will show the two hooks F and D control the same harness threads.

It will be noticed that one hook has the top bend bent backward, while the other bends forward in the same direction as the lower bend of the hook. The reason for this latter is that it would require more space in the grate and the needles would have to be longer, which would make a broader machine if the same shape of hook were used; so that by the use of these hooks, considerable space is gained.

When cutting cards for a double action machine, each card is cut from the design singly, just the same as if cutting cards for a single action machine. After the cards are cut, they are divided, the odd numbers from the even numbers, so that when laced they form, as it were, two sets of cards, one set being placed at one side of the machine and the other set at the other side of the machine.

A double action machine is composed of double the number of working parts that are on a single action machine, but they are placed so as to work in different directions, with the exception that with an independent cylinder motion only one eccentric rod is used, and the eccentric is placed on the pick cam shaft. But if the cylinders are operated by a spindle motion, a slotted crank arm is attached to the lifting rod of each griffe and the cylinder is moved out as the griffe to which it is attached is raised, one cylinder moving out from contact with the needle board as the griffe, that comes in contact with the hook controlled by the needles of that board, is raised, at the same time the other cylinder is passing in towards the needle board while the second griffe is descending.

When using the cradle lever on a double action machine, it is necessary to have two different sizes of lifting cranks to allow extra lift for the difference in length of the levers, owing to one of the levers working on the inside of the other. The length of levers used is about 30 inches for the longer end, from fulcrum to connection of lifting rod, and 13 inches for the shortest end on the longer lever. Fulcrum to connection of lifting arm on the shorter lever is 25 inches, and 10 inches on the shorter end. The double crank is made so that the one with the 12-inch stroke is attached to the shorter lever, and the 10-inch stroke operates the longer lever.

The cradle lever lift is used only on machines that have the harnesses attached to them by the cross tie system, because by the straight tie system the machine is turned in the opposite direction; that is, one set of cards would be over the cloth in the loom, and the other set over the warp; and in the cross tie system the cards are over the sides of the loom or over shuttle boxes.

The top lever lift is considered by many to be the best method of operating the griffes, and this method can be used whether the harnesses are attached by the straight tie or the cross tie system. All that is required to be changed is that where as in the straight tie both the levers are on the same stud, and fixed to one support, the levers for the cross tie are placed on separate studs with separate supports. The reason for using separate supports and studs is to meet the different positions of the griffe bar. (See Fig. 28.)

Other lifting methods have been successfully tried on double action machines; one being a rack movement shown in Fig. 29 and another a pulley and belt lift shown in Fig. 30.

The rack movement is as follows: A 1½-inch iron shaft is supported in bearings fixed to the top of the machine. This shaft extends over the end of the machine. The supports are bolted to the cross rail of the griffe, and on these supports the racks are fixed. The shaft passes between the two racks, and the gear is fixed on the shaft in contact with the rack. An arm is set-screwed on the outer end of the shaft, and to this arm a long lifting rod is attached. The bottom of the rod is placed on a stud attached to the face of a round iron plate that is set-screwed on the pick cam shaft.

In Fig. 30 the pulley A is supported on a shaft in the same position as the gear for the rack motion, and to the pulley a strip of belting B is attached, each end being fixed to the cross rail of the griffe at C. The belt motion is a simple arrangement, but the griffe must act freely and perfectly straight or the griffe will not descend low enough to allow the hooks to be pressed off by the cylinder.

THE RISE AND FALL OR CLOSE SHED MACHINE

The illustration, Fig. 31, shows a machine of this type. Its purpose is to have all the harnesses level at the center movement. The same working parts are used on this machine as are used on the single action, the distinctive difference being that cranked levers are attached to the usual lifting levers so that the grate through which the hooks pass can be raised and lowered, and so that the griffe is raised only half the usual distance.

After the cylinder has pressed off the hooks that are not to be lifted, the grate descends with these hooks, and at the same time the griffe raises the hooks that are to be lifted.

On some rise and fall machines, a batten cylinder motion is used, but is fixed in the opposite position from the usual batten motion; that is, the batten swings from the bottom instead of from the top of the machine, the set screws that hold it in position being placed in brackets fixed near the feet of the machine.

These machines cannot be run at a high speed, 130 being considered average, but faster speed is obtained when the pattern is equally balanced so that about the same number of ends are raised, as are falling. This style of machine is now extensively used for weaving table cloths, silk goods, etc.

EXAMINATION PAPER

JACQUARD MACHINES

~Read carefully:~ Place your name and full address at the head of the paper. Any cheap, light paper like the sample previously sent you may be used. Do not crowd your work, but arrange it neatly and legibly. _Do not copy the answers from the Instruction Paper; use your own words, so that we may be sure that you understand the subject._

1. To what may the term "Jacquard Weaving" be applied?

2. What are the classifications of Jacquard machines?

3. What are the chief features of the single action machine?

4. In what industry is the single action machine most extensively used?

5. What is the use of the extra row of needles in the single action machine?

6. How many methods are there for operating the movable parts of a machine, and what are they?

7. What are the reasons for using "double-lift" and "single cylinder" machines?

8. Why do the needles of double-lift and single cylinder machines have two eyes?

9. Why does the hook on a double-lift and single cylinder machine require a deep band at the top?

10. Why is the bottom of the hook made like the capital letter V?

11. Describe in detail a double action machine.

12. Why are two different sizes of lifting cranks necessary in using a cradle lever on a double action machine?

13. What is the "rack" movement?

14. Describe the rise and fall machine.

15. Describe fully the working of the Jacquard machine.

16. How are the cords handled in a Jacquard machine?

~After completing the work, add and sign the following statement:~

I hereby certify that the above work is entirely my own.

(Signed)

Transcriber's Note

Minor punctuation errors have been corrected. Hyphenation has been made consistent.

The following amendment has been made:

Page 20--extention amended to extension--... is a small extention on which an iron roller is placed.