Chapter 12

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL CHANGES: THE PERMANENCE OF CONTINENTS

Changes of Land and Sea, their Nature and Extent--Shore-Deposits and Stratified Rocks--The Movements of Continents--Supposed Oceanic {xiii} Formations; the Origin of Chalk--Fresh-water and Shore-deposits as Proving the Permanence of Continents--Oceanic Islands as Indications of the Permanence of Continents and Oceans--General Stability of Continents with Constant Change of Form--Effect of Continental Changes on the Distribution of Animals--Changed Distribution Proved by the Extinct Animals of Different Epochs--Summary of Evidence for the General Permanence of Continents and Oceans.

_Pages_ 83-105