CHAPTER XVIII.

THE REIGN OF MARY.

[Sidenote: The succession to the crown.]

Lawyers and casuists might dispute about the succession. Logically, Mary and Elizabeth could not both be legitimate; but the people of England swept these cobwebs away. Catherine had for twenty-two years borne the title of Queen, and in that great place she was not known to have done anything worthy of blame, but much deserving the highest praise. And then there was the will of Henry VIII. Its execution had perhaps been informal, but the people cared nothing for that; it was his will, and he had been authorised by Parliament to make it. The sick-room fancies of a boy of sixteen were not to be allowed to alter such a settlement.

[Sidenote: Mary proclaimed.]

The struggle for the crown was short, and was little felt at the distance at which Ireland then was, though the Dudley party took care that Queen Jane's accession should be officially known there. On the thirteenth day after her brother's death Mary was proclaimed by the Council in London, on the fourteenth the baffled Northumberland renewed the proclamation at Cambridge, on the fifteenth the grand conspirator himself was arrested. On the very day of the Cambridge proclamation the Privy Council wrote to Aylmer, the acting Lord Justice cancelling the former communication, and directing that Mary should be proclaimed 'Queen of England, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and on earth supreme head of the churches of England and Ireland.'[391]

[Sidenote: St. Leger is Deputy, 1553.]

Besides twelve Privy Councillors, six individuals connected with Ireland, who happened to be in England, signed these letters--Cusack, the Chancellor; Lord Gormanston; Staples, Bishop of Meath; Thomas Luttrell, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas; James Bathe, Chief Baron; and the veteran John Alen. The object probably was to show the men in Dublin that this time at least there was no mistake as to which Queen they were to obey. Cusack, Aylmer, Luttrell, and Bathe were confirmed in their offices with increased emoluments, and no immediate change was made in the general management of Irish affairs. Some disturbances amongst the O'Connors were easily put down, and the citizens of Dublin repulsed a raid of the O'Neills near Dundalk. In the meantime Northumberland had expiated his crimes on the scaffold. Gardiner, Bonner, Tunstall, and others had been restored, and Cranmer, Latimer, and Hooper imprisoned; and there was time to think of the affairs of Ireland. In October, soon after the coronation, St. Leger was appointed Lord Deputy in fulfilment of the late King's intention. He landed at Dalkey on November 11, and on the 19th took the oath and received the sword in Christ Church.

[Sidenote: His instructions.]

St. Leger's instructions show the policy which Mary had adopted. As regards temporal affairs it did not greatly differ from that of her father. The Scots in Ulster were not to be molested unless they gave fresh trouble. The army was to be reduced to 500 regular soldiers, of which not more than ten per cent. were to be Irishmen. Extraordinary garrisons were to be discharged at the next general pay day, and if possible induced to go back to England without raising riots. The Lord Deputy might employ kerne and gallowglasses where necessary, and the usual private bands were to be continued; but coyne and livery were to be eschewed as much as possible. St. Leger found it impossible to carry out the reduction of the army lower than 1,100 men, besides kerne. The question as to the desirability of a Presidency for Munster was to be carefully considered in all its bearings. Leix and Offaly being in great measure waste, the Lord Deputy was to grant lands in fee simple at a small quit-rent either to Englishmen or Irishmen, binding them to erect and maintain farm buildings, and to till a certain portion of land. By this means it was hoped that these unfortunate districts would soon be made like the English Pale. Leases for twenty-one years were to be given to Crown tenants generally, including holders of monastic lands. Goodacre had just died, so that there was no difficulty about Armagh, to which, as well as to the Primacy of all Ireland, Dowdall was immediately restored, with the additional grant of the priory of Ards rent free for life. The Mass and the rest of the old religion was to be restored as nearly as possible.[392]

[Sidenote: Mary maintains the rights of the Crown.]

But Mary, though zealous for orthodoxy, had no intention of yielding the rights of the Crown to the Pope, and this was no doubt well understood. One of St. Leger's earliest duties was to go to Drogheda and place the government of Eastern Ulster in the hands of Eugene Magennis, who specially covenanted not to admit any provisor from Rome. An Irish-born priest named Connor MacCarthy asked Mary for a letter of licence to go to Rome, there to obtain certain benefices from the Pope, fearing lest some should be in the Queen's gift, 'and also considering the statute of Premunire.' Nor was the fear an idle one, for when Tyrone afterwards obtained a Papal bull for the appointment of his chaplain to the restored priory of Down, the Queen sharply reminded him that she intended to maintain the prerogative in that behalf which she had received from her progenitors. MacCarthy was not the only Irish ecclesiastic of the reign who thought it necessary to petition for relief from the consequences of the dreaded statute.[393]

[Sidenote: Catholicism restored. Bale refuses to give way.]

[Sidenote: Bale's religious dramas.]

In some places the old religion was restored without waiting for any formal order. As soon as Edward's death was known Justice Howth and Lord Mountgarret, the Earl of Ormonde's uncle, went to Kilkenny and desired to have the sacrament celebrated in honour of St. Anne. The priest said the Bishop had forbidden celebrations on week days; 'as indeed I had,' says Bale, 'for the abominable idolatry that I had seen therein.' The learned judge, who seems to have had no commission, then discharged the clergy from obedience to their Bishop, and commanded them to proceed in the old way. On August 20 Mary was proclaimed at Kilkenny with much solemnity. Bale strongly objected to wear cope or mitre, or to have the crozier borne before him; not from any opposition to the Queen's title, but from dislike to vain ceremonies. Taking a New Testament in his hand, he went to the market-cross followed by a great crowd, to whom he preached from the 13th chapter of Romans, on the reverence due to magistrates. But the clergy of the cathedral, who had no sympathy with the Bishop's doctrines, provided two disguised priests to carry mitre and crozier before him against his will. The people were amused, instructed, or scandalised, as the case might be, by the representation of a tragedy concerning God's promises in the old law, and by a comedy of St. John the Baptist. The baptism and temptation of Christ were brought upon the stage, and the young men of the town acted both at the morning and evening performance. Both dramas were written by Bale himself, and in a literary point of view they are far from contemptible. They mark the transition between the mystery plays of the middle ages and the compositions of Shakespeare's immediate precursors. Personified abstractions as well as historical characters appear on the stage; nor did Bale shrink from a representation which seems impossible to us, for he boldly introduces the first person in the Trinity under the name of Pater Cælestis. Justification by faith is the great doctrine inculcated, and where the author speaks in person he loses no opportunity of attacking the Church of Rome. In an epilogue he exhorts the people to

'Hear neither Francis, Benedict, nor Bruno, Albert nor Dominic, for they new rules invent, Believe neither Pope nor Priest of his consent, Follow Christ's gospel,' &c.

In another play on the instructive story of King John, 'Ynglond vidua' says:--

'Such lubbers as hath disguised heads in their hoods, Which in idleness do live by other men's goods, Monks, chanons, and nones.'

In his other works Bale throughout shows the same spirit. Thus he calls that very questionable hero, Sir John Oldcastle, 'a blessed martyr not canonised by the Pope, but in the precious blood of his Lord Jesus Christ.' St. Paul is the great object of Bale's admiration, and he seems to have thought that he was like him. The points of resemblance are similar to those which Captain Fluelen discovered between himself and Alexander the Great. Thus, Paul was tossed up and down between Candia and Melita, Bale between Milford and Waterford. There was a river in Monmouth and a river in Macedon, and there were salmon in both.[394]

[Sidenote: Opposition to Bale in his diocese.]

Sir Richard Howth, Treasurer of St. Canice's, and his friend Sir James Joys, were among Bale's most energetic opponents. To annoy him they suggested solemn exequies and prayers for the soul of Edward VI. The Bishop argued that it would be better to wait for orders from Dublin. The ceremony had already once been postponed to see the devil dance at Thomastown--a Sunday amusement which the mob perhaps preferred to the Bishop's plays. Bale found another enemy in one whom he calls Bishop of Galway, and who was probably John Moore, Bishop of Enaghdune, the ancient diocese in which Galway stands. This Moore was commissioned, along with other prelates not acknowledged in the Roman succession, to consecrate Patrick Walsh Bishop of Waterford. He was no credit to the Reformation, for Bale represents him as spending his nights in drinking and his days in confirming children at twopence a head. A gallowglass brought a dog in a sheet with twopence hanging round his neck to be confirmed with his neighbours' children; in this, says Bale, 'noting this beastly Bishop more fit to confirm dogs than Christian men's children.' The soldier may have regarded him as a schismatic, but it is not easy to understand how such a man can have attained episcopal orders.[395]

[Sidenote: He is forced to fly.]

Ten days after the proclamation of Mary there was a general revolt against Bale, incited by Howth, whose position in legal circles gave him ample means of knowing how the wind blew at Court, but who was rather horrified at the length to which the clergy and their adherents went. In Bale's absence they rang the bells of St. Canice's and of all the other churches, flinging their caps to the battlements of the cathedral with shouts of laughter, but doing no actual violence. A little later the mob was not so good-humoured. The Fitzpatrick and Butler kerne, and especially the 'furious family of Mountgarret,' annoyed Bale in many ways. Barnaby Bolger, an enterprising tradesmen who had formerly aroused great indignation by forestalling Kilkenny market, and whose young daughter was married to 'Grace Graceless,' an adherent of the Fitzpatricks, headed a tumultuous attack on the Bishop's house outside the town. He and his friend Mr. Cooper, the parson of Callan, were robbed of all their horses, and thus deprived of the means of escape. Five of Bale's servants, one of them a girl of sixteen, were caught haymaking, and all murdered. He managed to close the portcullis and defend himself until rescued by Robert Shee, the sovereign of Kilkenny, 'a man sober, wise, and godly, which is a rare thing in this land.' Shee, who could command the services of 100 horse and 300 foot, sent Bale by night to Dublin, and no doubt he thought of St. Paul's journey under somewhat similar circumstances. But there was no safety in the Irish capital, and the Bishop escaped by sea in a sailor's dress. He was captured at St. Ives and brought before the justices, but was released when nothing was found to connect him with Wyatt's or any other plot. He was again captured by pirates and had to pay a ransom, but ultimately succeeded in reaching Holland. For five years he lived at Basel, where he continued to write with an acrimony which had not been lessened by his recent troubles. When Elizabeth became Queen, Bale made no attempt to regain his bishopric. At sixty-three he was disinclined to face the Kilkenny people again, or perhaps he had learned that he was unfit to govern men. He became a prebendary of Canterbury, and devoted his remaining years to literature. His hurried flight from Ireland had forced him to leave books and manuscripts behind, and the Queen ordered them to be sent over to him. 'He had,' she said, 'been studious in the search of the history and antiquities of this our realm,' and might probably do something for their illustration. Whether Bale ever got back his library or not, he was certainly not silenced for want of materials; for the extent and variety of his learning were considered most remarkable.[396]

[Sidenote: Wyatt's rebellion. Croft, Cheeke, and Carew, 1554.]

The abortive insurrection of Wyatt had the usual effect of setting Mary more firmly on the throne, and at the same time of exasperating her against some whom she might have been willing to spare. Sir James Croft, the late Lord Deputy, was arrested before he had time to raise his tenants in Herefordshire: he was convicted, but afterwards pardoned. Sir Peter Carew, who afterwards played an important part in Irish affairs, was also accused of complicity, and thought it prudent to go abroad, where his companion was no less a personage than Sir John Cheeke. Venturing to Brussels, where Paget was ambassador, they were led to suppose that there was no danger, but that crafty diplomatist had them kidnapped near Antwerp, and carried to England in a fishing boat. Their captors were the Flemish and Spanish officials; and Philip, while expressing becoming indignation at the breach of hospitality, took care not to hear of it until the prisoners were safe beyond seas. The passage can hardly have been pleasant, for they were blindfolded and chained, one at each end of the boat. Poor Sir John Cheeke, who afterwards showed his unfitness for the crown of martyrdom, and who perhaps saw a vision of the stake, did not conceal his misery. 'Although very well learned, but not acquainted with the cross of troubles, he was still in great despair, great anguish, and heaviness, and would not be comforted, so great was his sorrow; but Sir Peter Carew, whose heart could not be broken nor mind overthrown with any adversities, and yielding to no such matter, comforted the other, and encouraged him to be of a good stomach, persuading him (as though he had been a divine) to patience and good contentation.' The man of action, as is not seldom the case, showed that he had more philosophy than the philosopher. Sir Peter, whose guilt, if he was guilty, was much less clear than that of Croft, was pardoned by the Queen, and afterwards served her well at St. Quentin. Sir John Cheeke lived to undergo a worse humiliation than that of Cranmer, to be made an instrument in the persecution of those with whom he secretly agreed, to suffer in the few months which his pusillanimity had gained him a thousand martyrdoms of grief and shame, and then to die heart-broken and dishonoured. Sir Nicholas Arnold, afterwards employed by Elizabeth in Ireland, was another of the conspirators. Lady Jane, the innocent victim of so many intrigues, laid her beautiful neck upon the block, and fivescore Kentishmen suffered death for their zeal to the Reformation or their hatred of Spanish influence. Gerald of Kildare and the young Earl of Ormonde both served with distinction against Wyatt, and the orthodox Queen rewarded both with goodly grants of abbey lands. Ormonde had been captain of one of the bands of Whitecoats sent by the city into Kent, where many of his men deserted to the insurgents.[397]

[Sidenote: The primacy is restored to Dowdall.]

The insurrection being at an end, the Queen lost no time in forcing Browne to surrender his patent of precedence, and restoring Dowdall to the primacy, and a commission was issued to him and to Drs. Walsh and Leverous for re-establishing the old religion, and punishing those who had violated the law of clerical celibacy. Browne, who had a wife, was accordingly deprived, and, pending the appointment of a successor, the temporalities of his see handed over to Lockwood, the pliant Dean of Christ Church. Staples of Meath, who was likewise married, and was besides personally obnoxious to Dowdall, was also deprived in favour of one of the Commissioners who sentenced him, the learned William Walsh, formerly a Cistercian monk of Bective Abbey. Curiously enough, Walsh, who was appointed by Pole in virtue of his legatine authority, did not receive a Papal provision till 1564, some time after Elizabeth had expelled him from his see. The same treatment for the same offence was inflicted on Lancaster, Bishop of Kildare, who was succeeded by Leverous, already Bishop of Leighlin by Papal provision. A fourth married bishop was Travers of Leighlin, who was succeeded by Thomas O'Fihel or Field, an Augustinian friar. A fifth, Casey of Limerick, had to make way for his aged predecessor Quin. On Bale, who had left the field clear, no legal sentence of deprivation was passed; but his successor, John Thonory, was already appointed. Thonory has an evil name for having corruptly wasted the property of his see, and is said to have died of grief at the loss of some of his ill-gotten gains. Of the deprived prelates, Lancaster lived to be Archbishop of Armagh, and Casey, who survived two successors, and saw another expelled, regained his see in 1571. Browne, Travers, and Lancaster are supposed to have died before the accession of Elizabeth, and Staples soon after it.[398]

[Sidenote: Kildare returns to Ireland, 1554.]

This year was memorable for the return of Gerald of Kildare, whose titles and estates were restored to him. The attainder, however, was not renewed till 1569. Old Brian O'Connor was released from the Tower, and allowed to revisit Offaly, an indulgence which he owed to the exertions of his daughter Margaret, who was Kildare's aunt, and who relied upon the number of her connections at Court, as well as her own knowledge of the English language. Barnaby Fitzpatrick, Lord of Upper Ossory, King Edward's bosom friend, returned about the same time, and so did a far more important personage, the young Earl of Ormonde. 'There was great rejoicing,' say the 'Four Masters,' 'throughout the greater part of Leath-Mhogha because of their arrival; for it was thought that not one of the descendants of the Earls of Kildare, or of the O'Connors Faly, would ever come to Ireland.'

[Sidenote: Constant war among the Irish.]

While the obedient shires were busy with the restoration of the ancient religion, the native Irish made war among themselves, with but little interference from the Government. Donough O'Brien, the second Earl of Thomond, and a firm friend of the Crown, was killed in April 1553 by his brother Donnell, leaving the earldom to Connor, his eldest son, by Lady Helen Butler, who survived him. Donnell, however, assumed the title of O'Brien, and the clansmen were divided between the representatives of the old and new order. Donnell petitioned that, having been nominated according to the ancient custom, he might be acknowledged as chief. St. Leger was unable to grant this, but offered to write to the Queen in his favour. In the meantime other controversies were submitted to the arbitration of O'Carroll, O'Mulrian, and MacBrien Arra, on the part of Donnell; and of the barons of Mountgarret, Cahir, and Dunboyne, all Butlers, on the part of the Earl. The umpires in case of disagreement were the Lord Deputy, the Lord Chancellor, and the Earl of Desmond. It is very hard to make out the exact sequence of events, but either just before or just after this negotiation, Donnell attacked one of his nephew's castles, and was driven off by the arrival of the Earl of Ormonde. He then turned his attention to the plunder of Clanricarde. The Baron of Delvin continued to ravage MacCoghlan's country, and one of the Nugents, who was foster-brother of Kildare, being killed, the newly restored Earl, who lost no time in showing that he meant to keep up the family traditions, exacted 340 cows as an _eric_. The O'Carrolls in the south, the MacSweenys in the north, killed each other in the old fashion. Shane O'Neill persuaded the Earl of Kildare and the Baron of Delvin to take his part in a quarrel with one sept of his name, and old Tyrone was defeated by another sept, supported by the MacDonnells, who were also intriguing with Calvagh O'Donnell.[399]

[Sidenote: The Pope and the 'Rex Hiberniæ,' 1555.]

We have seen that the Queen had no intention of yielding any part of the dignity which had belonged to her predecessors. Notwithstanding the Papal pretension to suzerainty, she had as a matter of course assumed the royal title created by her father in Ireland. The Holy See found it necessary to respect accomplished facts, and had not Julius III. abandoned all claims to the monastic lands, Pole would never have been allowed into England. Paul IV.'s pretensions were boundless, but he could not afford to quarrel about a mere trifle both with England and Spain. He considered it a great glory for his pontificate that its opening should be signalised by the arrival of an English ambassador. Whether he wished it or not, Philip and Mary were, and would remain, King and Queen of Ireland. He therefore ignored all that Henry had done, and, as if of his own mere notion, erected Ireland into a kingdom. The world might perhaps suppose that Mary took it from his hand, and not in right of blood. 'The Popes,' says the sarcastic Venetian, 'have often given that which they could not take from the possessors, and, to avoid contentions, some have received their own goods as gifts, and some have dissembled the knowledge of the gift, or of the pretence of the giver.' But in Ireland, where distance cast a halo of enchantment over Papal politics, and where Franciscans and Jesuits swayed the popular mind, the bull which announced the gracious gift was taken by many for what it pretended to be, and not for what it really was.[400]

[Sidenote: The Queen maintains her prerogative.]

Mary gave evidence of her desire to restore the splendour of religion by re-establishing St. Patrick's as a cathedral. Leverous was the first Dean of the new foundation, and was allowed to hold the preferment along with the see of Kildare. The man selected to undo Browne's work was Hugh Curwin, Dean of Hereford, a native of Westmoreland, and one of the Queen's chaplains. He had become known as a preacher in favour of Henry's marriage with Anne Boleyn, in opposition to the Franciscan Peto. The deanery of Hereford had been his reward. Peto, on the other hand, had become the Queen's confessor, and was the chosen instrument of Paul IV., when that Pope in a fit of anger appointed a legate to supersede Pole. Mary so valued the royal authority that she resented the irregular honour intended for her confessor, though he had been the champion of her own legitimacy, stopped the red hat at the gates of Calais, and never allowed Peto any benefit from the Pope's irritability. On the whole, Anne's advocate fared better than Catherine's. Curwin, whose first article of belief enjoined submission to principalities and powers, no doubt knew how to turn the Queen's love of power, as he had done her father's, to his own advantage. He was treated with exceptional favour, and gained practical control of the temporalities even before his consecration, which was performed in London by Bonner, Thirlby, and Griffin. Immediately afterwards he received the Great Seal of Ireland. Curwin had the pall from Rome, and in the Papal record of his appointment Philip and Mary are said to have supplicated for it, Browne being ignored, and Curwin made successor to Alen. But the King and Queen only acknowledged that Curwin was preferred on their recommendation, and he had to renounce on oath all things prejudicial to the Crown, whether contained in the Papal bull or not. Curwin held a provincial synod soon after his arrival in Ireland, at which the principal business was the restoration of the ancient rites.[401]

[Sidenote: No progress made in Ulster. St. Leger has no money, 1555.]

Ulster was in a state of more than usual confusion. Manus O'Donnell, who had been constantly at war with his father, was opposed by his son Calvagh, who had the help of the Scots. They addressed him as illustrious lord, and he went over to Scotland to claim the proffered aid. Returning with a large force, and with a piece of ordnance which the annalists inexplicably call a crooked gun, he entered Lough Swilly, took his father prisoner, and battered Greencastle and another fortress on Lough Foyle. Calvagh thenceforth assumed practical control of his clan. The Scots slew Hugh MacNeill Oge, and St. Leger divided his territory between Phelim O'Neill and the sons of Phelim Bacagh. The hardy interlopers had even designs on Carrickfergus, which St. Leger says were frustrated 'by the help of God and Mr. Parker;' but in a campaign of six weeks the Lord Deputy could gain no real advantage. As in the case of most Irish governors, his detractors, among whom Sir William Fitzwilliam was conspicuous, were busy at Court. They accused him, among other things, of falsifying estimates in favour of Andrew Wyse, the late Vice-Treasurer, whose accounts had been found unsatisfactory. 'I am now in case,' he said, 'as the poet's fame. I have meat to the surlip and drink to the netherlip, and can reach neither of them.' His position made it impossible for him to economise, and no money came to pay his hungry retinue. A friendly chronicler has remarked that St. Leger, like all other Irish governors, was hated chiefly for his good deeds; like a good apple tree, which, the more fruit it bears, the more stones are thrown at it.[402]

[Sidenote: Lord Fitzwalter (Sussex) Lord Deputy, 1556.]

The Lord Deputy's entreaties for release were heard at last, and the government was conferred on Sir Thomas Radcliffe, Lord Fitzwalter, afterwards created Earl of Sussex, who, but for his Irish service, would bear one of the fairest characters in our history. Mary rejoiced that the true Catholic faith had by God's great goodness and special grace been recovered in England and Ireland, and she directed her representative 'to set forth the honour and dignity of the Pope's Holiness and See Apostolic of Rome, and from time to time to be ready with our aid and secular force, at the request of all spiritual ministers and ordinaries there, to punish and repress all heretics and Lollards and their damnable sects, opinions, and errors.' Cardinal Pole, she added, was about to send over a legatine commission to visit the Irish Church, and official assistance was to be given 'in all and everything belonging to the function and office legatine, for the advancement of God's glory and the honour of the See Apostolic.' The new governor was reminded that he lay under an obligation to execute justice, and was exhorted at much greater length to exert himself for the improvement of the revenue. A Parliament was to be held, chiefly as a means of restoring religion according to the Queen's ideas, of settling her marriage and succession, and of voting a subsidy. Sir Henry Sidney, who now makes his first appearance in Irish history, accompanied the Lord Deputy as Vice-Treasurer. He brought with him a sum of 25,000_l._[403]

[Sidenote: A warlike mayor of Dublin.]

About the time of the new Lord Deputy's arrival, the Kavanaghs made a raid into the neighbourhood of Dublin. Sir George Stanley took command of the citizens, and drove 140 of the assailants into Powerscourt, where they had to surrender at discretion. Seventy-four were hanged. John Challoner, who was Mayor of Dublin at the time, provided the civic force with arms, which he had brought at his own expense from Spain. This martial magistrate was offered knighthood, but he excused himself. 'My Lord,' he said, 'it will be more to my credit and my posterity's to have it said that John Challoner served the Queen upon occasion, than to say that Sir John Challoner did it.'[404]

[Sidenote: Sussex makes a journey into Ulster, 1556.]

Sussex landed at Dublin towards the end of May, and received the sword from St. Leger's willing hands. The religious ceremonies were of a kind entirely satisfactory to the Queen. After a month's stay in the capital he set out for the North, and appeared in church both at Drogheda and Dundalk. The force mustered on this occasion was very considerable, for besides the regular soldiers and Ormonde's followers, the gentlemen of the Pale were called on to serve with from one to six horsemen each. The Plunkets contributed twenty-four horse, the Nugents eighteen horse and twenty-four foot. Dublin sent sixty horsemen and gunners, and Drogheda forty men well appointed. 'The Byrnes and the Tooles' wastes' in Wicklow were expected to send twelve horse each, and other Irish contingents joined on the march. The first Sunday was spent at a mill beyond Newry, where Dowdall said Mass, and where O'Hanlon, whose chiefry seems to have been disputed, was solemnly proclaimed. Mention is made of a great hill of stones, which was, perhaps, the traditional spot for the election of an O'Hanlon. Passing along the right bank of the Newry river, which he crossed near Tanderagee, Sussex reached the Laggan valley near Moira, and passing Belfast, reached Carrickfergus on the ninth day after leaving Dublin. From this the army marched across the central districts of Antrim, and, at last, on the twenty-fourth day from Dublin, Sussex reached Glenarm, and found that James MacDonnell had fled before him into Scotland. The fugitive sent to France for help, but his envoy's proceedings were counteracted by Paget's vigilance. A quantity of cattle were captured, besides butter and other produce hid in a cave. This seems to have been the only result of an expedition which lasted thirty-seven days. Sussex dismissed his allies at their old rendezvous near Newry, and on the very next day, as if in ridicule of his efforts, a messenger arrived to say that the Scots had attacked the rear guard. Sidney afterwards said that he had slain James MacConnell, a mighty Scots captain, during this expedition. Some Scots of name were certainly killed, and one of them may have been called James; but the real James MacDonnell was back at Glenarm before the end of the year.[405]

[Sidenote: His failure.]

The moral which Sussex drew from this inglorious expedition was that the North could only be held by a chain of forts along the coast from Dundalk to Lough Foyle. Some part at least of the expense would be paid by the salmon fisheries of the Foyle, the Bann, and the Bush; and by the herring, cod, ling, and hake fisheries, of which Carlingford was the chief seat. A good English bishop would also, he thought, be a means to civilise the country. It had not yet been discovered that making the Church a badge of conquest only served to make religion itself odious. The dislike of the Irish to English ecclesiastics had been marked throughout the middle ages, and even if England had remained in communion with Rome, bishops who were Government officials first and chief pastors afterwards, could scarcely have ministered successfully to the wants of O'Neills and O'Donnells.[406]

[Sidenote: The King's and Queen's Counties.]

[Sidenote: The natives.]

The settlement of Leix was in outward form completed, and Sussex received the Queen's thanks for it. The arrangements were not without a show of equity; but the old inhabitants could not reconcile themselves to the intrusion of a colony, and their pertinacious opposition forced the Government to treat them with far more rigour than had been at first intended. The western half of the new Queen's County was originally reserved for the O'Mores, each head of a sept becoming a landlord holding an estate in tail by knight-service. The chiefs were prohibited from keeping any idlemen except of their own sept, or more than one for every 100 acres. They were to attend the constable of the fort when required, to repair bridges, and at all times to keep the passes open between their districts and those occupied by the English. They were to dress like Englishmen, except when riding, and to teach their children to speak English, to attend the Deputy annually, and to use only the Common Law. All above twelve were required to take the oath of allegiance. Forfeiture was prescribed for a persistent refusal to keep the passes open; for retaining superfluous idlemen; for keeping more than one set of harness; for interrupting communication with the English; for making a private way; for marrying and fostering with the Irish, and for absenteeism. The Deputy's licence removed the penalty in all these cases. For keeping unlicensed firearms the first offence was to be punished by forfeiture, and the second by death.

[Sidenote: The settlers.]

The eastern district was assigned to the English, to hold on similar terms, and twelve places, among which Stradbally and Abbeyleix are the best known, were to be kept in a defensible state as satellites to the royal fort of Maryborough. The duties of the settlers were in general the same as those assigned to the O'Mores; but whereas the latter were restrained in the matter of arms, the possession of them was made obligatory on the former. A good bow and sheaf of arrows, or one hand-gun at least, was to be kept in every house. Forfeiture was to be incurred in the same way as by the Irish, and in addition for falling away from the use of the English tongue, for holding more than 300 acres in demesne, or for entertaining Irishmen, except so far as they were necessary for husbandry. A few natives, whose services as captains of kerne had deserved special recognition, were to have grants in the English territory, and it was suggested that a large territory should be offered to the Earl of Kildare. A constable, resident at the fort, was to have the same powers locally as the Lord Deputy had generally. Stringent rules were made as to free quarters and purveyance. The constable or president on his annual circuit was to have his own expenses and those of four men and five horses borne for one night only by each town; and each sept of the O'Mores was to bear the like burden, and no more. Finally, a church was to be built in each of the twelve settlements within three years, and a parson, of English birth, was to have the tithe.[407]

[Sidenote: The natives cling to their land.]

Whatever the intentions of the Queen or her Deputy might be towards Leix and Offaly, there was sure to be plenty of opposition on the part of the natives, who were, however, as usual, divided among themselves. The old chief, Brian O'Connor, was still alive, and his son Donough carried on the old feud and killed his cousin, the son of Cahir Roe. Both Donough and Connell O'More, the chief of Leix, fell into the hands of Sussex in the course of the year, but to the surprise of the Irish in general were released in deference to Kildare and Ormonde, who had become in some measure responsible for them. The O'Mores remained quiet for a time on the lands reserved to them. Donough and others of the O'Connors afterward came to Sussex at Philipstown, as the fort of Offaly must henceforth be called, and made their submission, giving promises of good behaviour, which they immediately broke.[408]

[Sidenote: They are again attacked, 1557.]

After the meeting at Philipstown, Sussex and his Council repaired to Leighlin, where the principal O'Connors neglected to appear as they had promised. A leader of the Kavanaghs, who had not taken warning by the recent fate of his clansmen, was executed, and Connel O'More, who had once more broken into rebellion, was hanged in chains at Leighlin about the same time. Offaly was next invaded and hostages taken, who were executed on a further outbreak taking place, with the exception of O'Connor himself, who was detained prisoner in Dublin.[409]

[Sidenote: Parliament of 1557. The monastic lands are not restored.]

The Parliament, from which Mary expected much for the Church of which she was so faithful a daughter, met at last and enacted all the laws made in England against the Protestants. The old statutes against Lollardry, which prescribed death by fire as the punishment for obstinate or relapsed heretics, were declared to be in full force. A communication from Pole was read by Curwin as Chancellor, kneeling down in open session, in which the Cardinal urged the assembly to restore Ireland to full communion with the Church. All Acts derogatory to the Pope which had been passed since the twentieth year of Henry VIII. were accordingly repealed. The Queen was declared a legitimate, absolute sovereign, and all laws and sentences to the contrary were abrogated. On the other hand, grants of monastic land were confirmed. There could be no doubt of Mary's wish to restore the religious houses, but this does not appear to have been done except in the single case of Kilmainham. Oswald Massingberd, who during the Puritan ascendency had led a wandering life in the woods, was appointed Prior by Pole, and the nomination was confirmed by the Queen. Massingberd was sworn of the Council, and assumed the position of his predecessors; but he seems to have had no belief in the stability of the new system. He gave long leases and sold all that was saleable, and he took no thought for the morrow. There appears to have been no intention of specially favouring the obsolete order of St. John, for no attempt was made to restore it in England; but in Ireland it happened that the Crown had not parted with the house and lands. In the same way, since it could be done without offending vested interests, Mary re-established the Benedictines at Westminster, the Carthusians at Sheen, and the Observants at Greenwich. There are indications that she wished to examine titles closely, and to restore the monks where defects appeared; but she granted and confirmed grants of abbey lands as freely as her father and brother. Ninety years later, when the confederate Catholics had military possession of the greater part of Ireland, and the Nuncio Rinuccini was apparently all-powerful, the claim of the regulars to their old possessions was met by the nobility and gentry with anger and scorn.[410]

[Sidenote: Sussex makes an abortive expedition westward;]

When released from his Parliamentary duties, Sussex marched westward against the O'Connors, who, under Donough, had possessed themselves of Meelick Castle, on the Shannon. The line of march lay through Offaly, by Killeigh, Ballyboy, and Cloghan, no opposition being offered by the O'Molloys or O'Maddens. The Shannon was reached on the third day. Clanricarde must have been in a tolerably peaceful state, for Athlone pursuivant seems to have had no difficulty in going to Galway to seek ammunition and provisions. Cannon were brought by water from Athlone and planted in the grounds of the friary, on an island or peninsula on the Galway side of the stream. The castle was summoned, and a cautionary shot fired without effect. Next day the cannonade began, and at the sixteenth shot a large piece of the courtyard wall fell down. The O'Connors escaped by a postern gate, and were proclaimed traitors. Clanricarde, Thomond, O'Carroll, and other chiefs, came to pay their respects to Sussex, and may well have laughed at the small results achieved by the display of irresistible force. A garrison was placed in the castle, and, hostages having been taken from the neighbouring clans, the army returned through MacCoghlan's country, led by the chief himself. The Lord Deputy had the pleasure of seeing the night lit up by fires which the rebels kindled within a mile of his camp. The outlying buildings at Philipstown were all burnt, and arrows shot into the fort itself. Such was the practical outcome of a nine days' expedition, during which, as the annalists say, it is not easy to state or enumerate all that was destroyed.[411]

[Sidenote: and another into Ulster.]

An expedition into Ulster, undertaken three months later, had the same lame and impotent conclusion. The annalists say compendiously that Armagh was burned twice in one month by Thomas Sussex. His horsemen encamped in the cathedral, and no enemy opposed the destroyer, who returned after a week to Dundalk only to hear that Shane O'Neill was burning and plundering within four miles of the town. Being pursued, Shane retreated to his woods, whither those who knew the country declined to follow him. Sussex then returned to Dublin; the Queen being richer by a few cows, and Sir James Garland poorer by the village which O'Neill had burned.[412]

[Sidenote: The central districts still disturbed.]

Not much impressed by the late invasion, the O'Connors who had escaped from Meelick stationed themselves at Leap Castle, about which there had been so much fighting in bygone days. Sussex took the castle without trouble, but Donough again escaped by the speed of his horse, and the stronghold was seized by O'Carroll as soon as the army had left. Sidney afterwards made two separate inroads into the same district. O'Molloy was proclaimed a traitor, and everything destroyed. It is not easy to see how there could be anything combustible left in the devoted country. The O'Carrolls were also engaged about this time in opposition to the Government, and in support of the O'Mores and O'Connors, and the annalists are again at a loss to enumerate the preys and slaughter which were made from the Shannon to the Nore.[413]

[Sidenote: War between the O'Neills and O'Donnells.]

A local war of considerable importance took place this year between the O'Neills and O'Donnells. Manus, the old chief of Tyrconnel, had been kept a prisoner for the last two years by his son Calvagh, who assumed the leadership. This claim was disputed by his brother Hugh, who, with his immediate adherents, had deserted to Shane O'Neill. Shane was delighted at the opportunity of interfering, and declared that not one cow should escape, though the O'Donnells should carry away their cattle into Leinster or Munster. He himself would in future be the sole King of Ulster. Shane pitched his camp at Carriglea, near Strabane, just above the junction of the Finn and the Mourne. It was more a fair than an encampment, and the time was gaily passed in buying, and no doubt in drinking wine and mead, as well as fine clothes and merchandise. Calvagh, who lay five miles off with a few followers, sent two trusty spies to the camp, who mingled boldly with the throng of camp followers and soldiers belonging to many different clans. In front of Shane's tent they found a great central fire, and a huge torch as thick as a man's body blazing brightly. Sixty gallowglasses with their axes, and as many Scots, with heavy broadswords drawn, stood ready to guard the chief. When the time came for serving out supper, the spies claimed their share with the rest, and received a helmet full of meal and a corresponding quantity of butter. Not staying to make cakes, they carried back the trophy to Calvagh, who immediately got his men under arms. He had but two companies of the MacSweeney gallowglasses and thirty horsemen. No look-out was apparently kept at the camp, which they entered at once. There they had little to do but to kill till their arms were tired, the deficiency of force being much more than counterbalanced by the totally unprepared state of the O'Neills. Shane, whose reputation for courage is not high, slipped out at the back of his tent with only two companions, leaving his men to their fate. The three fugitives threaded the passes of the neighbouring mountains, and passed the Finn, the Deel, and the Derg by swimming. At Termonamongan, near the latter river, Shane bought a horse, and never rested till he reached the neighbourhood of Clogher. Calvagh remained in possession of the camp, and his men spent the rest of the night in drinking the wine which the O'Neills had provided for themselves. The extent of the plunder may be estimated from the fact that Con, Calvagh's young son, who had given up his horse to his father and fought on foot, now had eighty steeds for his share, including a celebrated charger of Shane's called the Eagle's Son.[414]

[Sidenote: Sidney, Lord-Justice. No money.]

Sussex had not been very long in Ireland before he asked for a holiday, and he was allowed to spend Christmas at home; Curwin and Sidney, and afterwards Sidney only, being appointed Lords Justices. War had been declared with France at midsummer, and one of the first letters received by the new governor announced the loss of Calais, and the Queen's vain hope of recovering it. In the storm of St. Quentin and the defence of Guisnes, English soldiers had shown that they were made of the same stuff as the victors of Agincourt, but the war was unpopular. Mary's subjects felt that they were sacrificed to Philip, and this jealousy of Spain both caused the fall of Calais and prevented its recovery. But the national vanity was sorely hurt, and Sidney thought it a good opportunity to point out that James MacDonnell was expected in Ulster with many French and Scots allies, and that the natives would join him or fall upon the Pale, which was itself heartily sick of English rule, of soldiers at free quarters, and of purveyors, who paid, if they paid at all, something very much less than market prices. The army was reduced to a little over 1,000 men, and the people of the Pale, though well disposed, could afford no effective help. Credit was extinct, and the bad money caused great misery. Yet even bad coin was scarce. 'Help us, my lord,' he wrote openly to Sussex, 'help us to money at this pinch, though it be as base as counters.'

Men, money, and provisions were alike wanting, and the outlook was as dark as could be. Desmond proposed that the Queen should send special commissioners, independent of the Government, to inquire into the state of Ireland, and point out means of reformation. He himself had perhaps sinned through ignorance, and he thought justice and fair dealing more likely to do the work of civilisation than a new conquest. 'We neither think it meet, nor intend,' answered Mary, with a touch of her father's humour, 'to make any new conquest of our own, nor to use any force when justice may be showed.' She proposed to do all that was necessary by fair means.[415]

[Sidenote: Hatred of the English Government.]

Sidney's fears of foreign complications were not unfounded. He had no ship of war at his disposal, and he feared that Dublin might be blockaded. George Paris was in France, declaring that the wild Irish were quite ready to transfer their allegiance, and Sidney had reason to believe that Kildare was playing his hereditary game. There can be no doubt that this great nobleman, whose estates lay between the capital and the disturbed midland districts, was a thorn in the side of each successive governor. It was thought he wanted to be Deputy himself, and all the principal lawyers in Dublin had a retaining fee from him. William Piers, Constable of Carrickfergus, the vigilant guardian of the North, was told by one of his men who was present, that Sorley Boy MacDonnell, in the careless after-supper hour, said plainly 'that Englishmen had no right to Ireland, and they would never trust Englishmen more, but would trust the Earl of Kildare, "who," quoth Sorley, "hath more right to the country...." The nature of these people is they will speak what is in their hearts when the drink is in their heads.' The love of claret, inherent both in Scottish and Irish chiefs, tended to keep up constant communication with France. The hereditary hatred of England might at any moment counterbalance the jealousy which Scotland felt for the French regent and king matrimonial, and an invasion of Ireland might seem less dangerous than that from which the caution of the Scots lords had just saved England. The recollection of Dundalk was not so fresh as that of Flodden.[416]

[Sidenote: Attempts at conciliation.]

Lady Tyrone had been closely imprisoned, apparently by Shane, for urging her husband to hold fast to his allegiance. 'I will not,' says Sidney's informant, 'you make this known to the Primate, or Kildare, or any Geraldine in Ireland.' To the Queen the Lord Justice wrote that the coast was infested by hostile cruisers, that he dreaded a French attack on castles which could not resist artillery, and that he could scarcely be answerable for the defence of the country. The effect of Sussex's advice while at Court may be gathered from the number of letters which Mary addressed to great men in Ireland. Tyrone and O'Reilly were thanked for past services, the former being charged to help the Deputy with a contingent, and the latter to dismiss the Scots in his pay. Calvagh O'Donnell was reminded of his duty, and encouraged to hope for a peerage and other rewards. Barnaby Fitzpatrick, whose courtly education was not forgotten by his friend's sister, was exhorted to behave like one who regards the service and weal of his natural country. His neighbour O'Carroll might look forward to a peerage for life if he would give help in season. Desmond and Clanricarde were directed to put Thomond in possession of his earldom and estates, the care of the coast being particularly recommended to the former. Desmond and Ormonde were thanked, and advised to refer all their differences to the arbitration of the Lord Deputy and Council.[417]

[Sidenote: A spirited policy.]

The Queen did not limit her care for Ireland to writing letters. She doubled the army; 800 men being sent over, and directions given for raising 200 more in Ireland. Every foot soldier was to receive twopence a day, and every horseman threepence a day, in addition to the old wages. The Deputy's salary was raised from 1,000_l._ to 1,500_l._, with the usual allowances, and he was directed to move constantly to and fro, residences being maintained for him at Roscommon, Athlone, Monasterevan, Maryborough, Philipstown, Ferns, Enniscorthy, and Carlow. The O'Mores and O'Connors were to be still further chastised, and as much as possible effected against the Scots. In most other matters the former instructions were to remain in force. The restored Deputy was not expected to make bricks without straw, more than 200_l._ having been spent on the carriage of munitions to Chester for the Irish service.[418]

[Sidenote: Sussex returns to Ireland, 1558.]

Sussex left London on March 21, and we are told that he travelled post; but he did not leave Holyhead till the 26th of the following month. The actual passage only occupied a few hours. Detraction, the usual lot of Irish governors, followed him on his journey, his accuser being no less a person than Primate Dowdall, who was summoned over to tell his own story, and who died in London some three months before the Queen. Sidney and his Council declared that the Archbishop was actuated by personal malice, and that there was no foundation for his statements. There was, however, some excuse for a prelate who saw his metropolis and three churches burned by the viceregal army. Sussex believed that Dowdall was in league with his predecessor. Were it not, he said, for his set purpose to serve the Queen, he might find occupation enough in avoiding the nets spread on all sides, the catch line whereof he could not prove but by looking into Mr. St. Leger's bosom.[419]

[Sidenote: The O'Connors still troublesome. Sussex goes to Munster.]

Sussex had left Leix and Offaly in confusion, and he returned to find them in the same state, his brother, Sir Henry Radecliffe, being actually besieged in Maryborough by the natives, under Donogh and another O'Connor, accompanied by Richard Oge, one of the bastard Geraldines who had so long been troublesome. The garrison beat off their assailants after a hard fight, Richard Oge falling by the hand of Francis Cosby; but Donough again escaped. The first matter which demanded the personal attention of Sussex after his return was the state of Thomond, where Sir Donnell More O'Brien--who had slain his brother, the second Earl, five years before--was now disputing the title of his young nephew Connor, whose principal castles he held. Ormonde, whose aunt was the young lord's mother, was of course interested in his favour, and the same reason was enough to make Desmond incline to Sir Donnell. It became necessary for Sussex himself to go in force and establish some kind of order. Taking the familiar line through Offaly and Ely, Leap Castle being abandoned at their approach, the Lord Deputy and his troops, strengthened on the route by the adhesion of Barnaby Fitzpatrick and a considerable force, marched across North Tipperary by Newport and Cahirconlish to Limerick, which was reached on the seventh day after leaving Dublin. At a point a few miles from the city Ormonde and his brother Edmund appeared with a large party. The young lord of Cahir, Gerald the heir of Desmond, with all the forces of his house, MacCarthy More, who received the honour of knighthood and a gold chain and gilded spurs, and William Burke, chief of the district, joined on the same day. At the gate of Limerick the mayor and aldermen in scarlet robes delivered to Sussex the keys and mace, which he returned to the mayor. With the civic insignia and sword of state borne before him, the Lord Deputy rode to the door of the cathedral, where the Marian bishop, Hugh Lacy, met him, and where he was censed and sprinkled with holy water. Sussex kissed the cross both here and at the rood, where the same ceremonies were repeated, and knelt devoutly at the high altar while the _Te Deum_ was sung. Salutes were fired after church.

[Sidenote: The Desmonds at Limerick.]

The Lord Deputy rested ten days at Limerick, during which time was performed the rite of 'bishoping' Desmond's youngest child, the old Earl being present himself. This was a first or second baptism, for the little Fitzgerald was not old enough to be confirmed, and the Lord Deputy stood sponsor and gave his god-child his own name, and presented him at the same time with a gold chain. The career of James Sussex Fitzgerald thus auspiciously begun was destined to end in a traitor's death on the scaffold.

[Sidenote: The O'Briens.]

Sir Donnell O'Brien failed to appear, and was thrice proclaimed traitor at Limerick. Sussex then issued forth into Thomond. Clare Castle and Ennis made no resistance, but a few cannon shot had to be fired at Bunratty before it surrendered. The Earl of Thomond, having been placed in possession of his country, was sworn upon the sacraments and on the relics of the Church with bell, book, and candle, to forsake the name of O'Brien, and to be true to the King and Queen. All the freeholders of the district swore in the same solemn way to obey him as their captain.

[Sidenote: O'Shaughnessy.]

On his journey westward from Limerick, Sussex spent a night with O'Shaughnessy at Gort, where he 'dined so worshipfully as divers wondered at it, for the like was not seen in an Irishman's house.' At Galway he was received with the same civic, military, and religious ceremonies as at Limerick, and, after staying four or five days, returned by Athenry and Meelick into Offaly, and thence to Dublin.[420]

[Sidenote: Expedition against the Hebridean Scots. It ends in failure.]

Sidney's apprehensions were partially realised, for James MacDonnell landed before Sussex with 600 islemen and two guns. But Carrickfergus had been reinforced, and the greater part of the Scots returned to their own country. Colla MacDonnell, one of the chief's five brothers and the resident guardian of his clan's Irish interests, died soon afterwards, and, his brother Angus having refused to take his place, Sorley Boy, the youngest and ablest of the family, filled the vacant post. It was decided to attack the Redshanks in their own islands, and a fleet assembled at Lambay from which great things were evidently expected. Sussex urged despatch; but the delays of the supply service were inveterate, and nothing was done for nearly three weeks. The Lord Deputy landed first in Cantire, and began operations by burning James MacDonnell's 'chief house called Sandell, a fair pile and a strong.'

[Sidenote: The fleet is in danger,]

He boasted that in three days he burned everything from sea to sea in a district twenty miles long, and this without meeting any opposition worth notice. Isla was the great object of the expedition; but the wind was unfavourable, and the incendiary's work could be carried on elsewhere. Arran was accordingly devastated, the army dividing into two, so as to make the damage more complete. Isla being still inaccessible, the same fate was intended for Bute, but just as the boats were about to be manned a sudden gale sprung up, 'and that being then the weather shore the wind wheeled suddenly and made it the lee shore, whereby we being very near the shore were forced to ride it out for life and death in such a place as if any tackle had slipped or broken the ship whose tackle had so slipped or broken must needs have perished.' The cable of a Dublin transport parted, and she foundered with a loss of twenty-eight men. Most of the small vessels got into harbour, 'but the masters of H.M.'s ships I think thought scorn thereof.' The fine gentlemen who commanded men-of-war in those days were unwilling to take advice from the old seamen who acted as their sailing masters or pilots. With loss of boats, running rigging, and anchors, the fleet escaped, and the captains, whose courage was 'somewhat cooled,' were content after this to be controlled by their professional associates.

[Sidenote: and is forced to retire.]

The poor little Cumbrays having been ravaged, the disabled vessels were just able to reach Carrickfergus after a dead beat against a stiff north-wester. Sussex landed, and was nearly lost in regaining his flag-ship, the 'Mary Willoughby.' A council of war was then held, and it was found that there were provisions for only three weeks more, and that damages could not be properly repaired in Ireland. Only three ships were at all fit for service; and, moreover, 'the new bark is a ship of such length and unwieldliness in steerage as she is not to be ventured among the isles in such stormy weather, where there be many deep and narrow channels and strong tides.' It was feared that the ships might be becalmed or otherwise delayed in the isles, there was now no spare tackle in case of future storms, and it was by no means impossible that the crews and troops might starve. The hope of visiting Isla was therefore abandoned, and Sussex landed the soldiers with the less ambitious intention of attacking the Scots in the Route. An English fleet and army carefully equipped and commanded by many gallant gentlemen had just succeeded in burning some barren islands, not without considerable loss to themselves, and had returned disabled without striking a blow. Sussex was conscious of his failure, and begged the Queen 'not to impute any lack in me, but to consider that whatever I wrote of was feasible, is feasible, and shall with grace of God be put in execution with a great deal more than I wrote of,' &c. The expedition is not even noticed in the Scots correspondence of the time, nor was anything done to retrieve matters on land. Out of 1,100 soldiers, but 400 were fit for service, the rest being prostrated by illness caused by the foul water on board ship.[421]

[Sidenote: Activity of Sussex. He leaves Ireland at Mary's death.]

Want of activity at least could not be charged against Sussex, who carried out strictly the spirit of the Queen's instructions, which desired him to be constantly on the move. He was at Leighlin a few days after his return from Scotland, and then returned to Dublin, where the affairs of Munster occupied his attention. The old Earl of Desmond was dead, and his son Gerald, destined to a disturbed life and a miserable death, succeeded to the splendid but troublesome inheritance of the Southern Geraldines. He promised fair, and was knighted by the Lord Deputy's hands, who went to Waterford to receive his homage and to admit him to the earldom. Sir Maurice Fitzgerald of Decies, who ruled about one half of the county of Waterford, also made his submission, promising to obey the law and make others obey it, to give his help to all judges, commissioners, and tax-gatherers, and to secure free admission for all to the markets at Waterford, Dungarvan, and elsewhere. The news of Mary's death reached Ireland soon after this, and Sussex, who had already obtained leave to go to England, hurried away to pay his court to the new sovereign. He left Ireland tolerably quiet.[422]

[Sidenote: Story as to an intended Marian persecution in Ireland.]

Mary did all she could to efface her father's anti-Roman policy; but no Irish persecution took place. This may have been less from the Queen's want of will than from the insignificance of the Protestants in Ireland. It is said that many people fled from the western parts of England in hope of sharing the comparative immunity enjoyed by the small Protestant congregation in Dublin. One story seems to show that this had attracted attention, and that Dublin would not have long escaped. It rests on the testimony of Henry Usher, one of the fathers of Trinity College and afterwards Archbishop of Armagh, and was repeated by his more famous nephew James Usher, and by other public men of repute. Henry Usher died at a great age in 1613, and was Treasurer of St. Patrick's as early as 1573. In the absence of anything to rebut it, such evidence can hardly be rejected. The story is that a Protestant citizen of Dublin named John Edmonds had a sister living at Chester married to one Mattershed, who kept an inn or lodging-house in which Cole, Dean of St. Paul's, slept when on his way to purge the Irish Church. 'Here,' said Cole, in the hearing of his hostess, 'is a commission that shall lash the heretics of Ireland.' The good woman watched her opportunity, possessed herself of the doctor's wallet, and substituted a pack of cards for the commission--a service for which she received a pension of 40_l._ from Queen Elizabeth. On reaching Dublin, Cole went straight to the Castle, where the Lord Deputy, who had just returned from his Scotch expedition, was sitting in council. Cole declared his business in a set speech; but when the secretary opened his wallet he found only the cards, with the knave of clubs uppermost. Sussex had conformed to the dominant creed, but had probably no wish to be a persecutor, and may have rejoiced at Cole's discomfiture. 'Let us have another commission,' he said, 'and we will shuffle the cards in the meanwhile.' A new scourge for the heretics was despatched, but before it came to hand Mary's unhappy career had closed.[423]

[Sidenote: Death of Mary and Reginald Pole.]

The weak enthusiast who, far more than Gardiner or Bonner, must share the responsibility for the persecution with which this Queen's name is inseparably connected, was not long divided from her in death. Reginald Pole survived his kinswoman some twenty-two hours, and almost the last sounds to reach his ears were the cheers with which a people that breathed freely once more greeted the accession of Queen Elizabeth.

FOOTNOTES:

[391] Morrin's _Patent Rolls_, p. 304.

[392] Instructions for Sir A. St. Leger, Oct. 1553; Morrin's _Patent Rolls_, pp. 300-304.

[393] Petition of Connor MacCarthy, 1553. The Queen to Sussex, July 6, 1558. Orders taken at Drogheda, Dec. 6, 1553, in _Carew_.

[394] Bale's select works, Parker Society; _King Johan_, a play, ed. J. Payne Collier, Camden Society; 'God's promises in all ages of the old law,' in Dodsley's _Old Plays_, vol. i.; a brief comedy or interlude of John Baptist in _Harl. Misc._ vol. i.

[395] Bale's _Vocation_; Cotton's _Fasti_, vol. i. p. 123.

[396] Bale's _Vocation_; Ware's _Annals_. Queen Elizabeth to the two St. Legers, calendared under 1559 (No. 85). Dr. Reid printed the following contemporary epigram:--

'Plurima Lutherus patefecit, Platina multa, Quædam Vergerius, cuncta Balæus habet.'

[397] Hook's _Life of Pole_, vol. iii. p. 359, note; Machyn's _Diary_, Jan. 27, 1554; _Life of Sir Peter Carew_, ed. by Macleane, and also printed in _Carew_, vol. i.

[398] Brady; Cotton. Dowling says of Thonory: 'Pro dolore amissionis thesauri sui per fures mortuus. Fures confitebantur et executi.'

[399] Indentures with the O'Briens, Sept. 1554, in _Carew_; _Four Masters_, 1554.

[400] Sarpi's _Council of Trent_, trans. by Courayer, lib. v. cap. 15, and the _notes_. Dr. Lingard, vol. v. end of chap. v., objects to Fra Paolo's account, but I cannot see that his own much differs.

[401] Brady; Hook's _Life of Pole_; Ware's _Life of Curwin_; Rymer, Feb. 22, and April 25, 1555; Morrin's _Patent Rolls_, p. 339.

[402] Hooker in Holinshed; St. Leger to Petre, Dec. 18, 1555; _Four Masters_, 1555. James MacDonnell's agents to Calvagh O'Donnell, calendared under 1554 (No. 7).

[403] Instructions to Lord Fitzwalter, April 28, 1556, in _Carew_. _Sidney Papers_, i. p. 85.

[404] Ware's _Annals_.

[405] Sussex's Journal, Aug. 8, 1556, in _Carew_; Sidney's Relation, in _Carew_; 1583; Lord Deputy Fitzwalter to the Queen, Jan. 2, 1557; _Calendar of Foreign State Papers_, Oct. 28, 1556.

[406] Opinions of Lord Fitzwalter, Jan. 2, 1557. He mentions hake as 'a kind of salt fish much eaten in Ireland.'

[407] Privy Council to Lord Deputy, Sept. 30, 1556; Orders for Leix, Dec.; Lord Deputy to the Queen, Jan. 2, 1557. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1557, entitling the Crown to Leix and Offaly, and authorising the Lord Deputy to make grants under the Great Seal.

[408] Proceedings of the Deputy and Council, Feb. 25, 1557, in _Carew_. _Four Masters_ for 1555 and 1556.

[409] _Four Masters_, 1555 and 1556. Proceedings of Deputy and Council, Feb. 25, 1557, in _Carew_. Dowling says Connel O'More was 'apud pontem Leighlin cruci affixus.' Ware's _Annals_.

[410] Thomas Alen to Cecil, Dec. 18, 1558; Letters of Queen Mary, calendared under 1557 (Nos. 63 and 64), and petitions (Nos. 65 and 66). For grants of abbey-lands, see Morrin's _Patent Rolls_, passim. Mary's only Irish Parliament (3 and 4 Phil. et Mar.), met June 1, 1557, in Dublin. There were adjournments to Limerick and Drogheda. See Stuart's _Armagh_, p. 244, and Rymer, Dec. 1, 1556.

[411] July 1557; Journal by Sussex of that date in Carew; _Four Masters_, 1557.

[412] October; _Four Masters_, 1557.

[413] _Four Masters._ This was towards the end of 1557.

[414] _Four Masters_, 1557.

[415] Lord Justice Sidney and Council to the Privy Council, Feb. 8, 1558; Desmond to the Queen, Feb. 5 and Feb. 23, and her answer, April 19; Sidney to Sussex, Feb. 26, and to the Queen, March 1.

[416] Piers to Curwin, Feb. 14, 1558; Sussex to Boxoll, June 8; Articles by an Irishman, 1558 (No. 15).

[417] The Queen's letters are all dated March 12.

[418] See instructions in _Carew_, March 20; Estimate for munitions, March 13.

[419] Machyn's _Diary_; Sussex to Privy Council, April 7, with inclosures; Dowdall to Heath, Nov. 17, 1557.

[420] This tour is in _Carew_, i. 274-277; the date in the end of July 1558.

[421] For the expedition to the isles, see Sussex to the Queen, Oct. 3, Oct. 6, and Oct. 31, 1558.

[422] Journeys by the Earl of Sussex, July and Nov. 1558, in _Carew_; oath of Gerald Earl of Desmond, Nov. 28.

[423] Ware's _Life of Browne_. In their instructions to the Lord Deputy and Council, Philip and Mary say:--'Lord Cardinal Poole, being sent unto us from the Pope's Holiness and the said See Apostolic Legate of our said realms, mindeth _in brief time_ to despatch into Ireland certain his commissioners and officials to visit the clergy _and other members_ of the said realm of Ireland,' &c., _Carew_, April 28, 1556.

INDEX

TO

THE FIRST VOLUME.

Abbeyleix, 399

Abertivy, 41, 42

Adamnan, St., 6, 15

Adare, 191, 218, 229, 267

Adrian IV., Pope (Nicholas Breakspeare), his bull, 37-39, 49, 260

Aedh, or Hugh, King, 29

Æneas Sylvius; _see_ Pius II.

Agard, Thomas, Vice-Treasurer and Treasurer of the Mint, 207, 208, 319, 320

Aghmacarte monastery, 314

Agricola, 1, 2

Aidan, St., 6

Alban's, St., 34

Alemand, L. A., his history of Irish monasticism, 314-316, 318

Alen, or Allen, John, Archbishop of Dublin (1529-1534), 163; murdered, 165, 166, 171, 172, 290-296

Alen, Sir John, Master of the Rolls (1533-1538), Lord Chancellor (1538-1546 and 1548-1550), 156, 158-160, 162, 164, 171, 193, 195, 208, 212, 233, 235-237, 244, 259, 267, 283-285, 304, 305, 313, 320, 335, 337-339, 345, 346, 348, 357, 358, 385

Alexander II., Pope, 33

-- III., Pope, 37, 49, 54

Aline, Strongbow's daughter, 50

Allen, Bog of, 176

All Saints', Dublin, 321

Ambrose, St., 366

Amlaf, 18, 19; and _see_ Olaf.

Andreas, Bernard, his works on Henry VII., 116, 117

Andrew's, St., in Scotland, 306

-- -- in Dublin, 302

Angareta, mother of Giraldus Cambrensis, 41

Angevins, 11

Annaghdown; _see_ Enaghdune.

Anne, Queen, 197

-- -- _see_ Boleyn.

-- St., 386

Anschar, St., 31

Anselm, St., 34, 35

Antrim, 66, 77, 237, 272

Aquitaine, 40, 45

Arabic coins in Ireland, 30

Ardagh, see of, 292-295

Ardee, 222, 240

Ardfert Abbey, 51

Ardfinnan, 47

Ardglass, 212

Ards, in Down, 263, 265, 376; priory of, 386

Ardscull, 66

Argyle, 67, 134, 272, 273, 280-282, 359

Arklow, 72, 146, 156

Armagh, 237, 263, 403

-- County, 56

-- church, abbacy, and see of, 14, 17, 18, 25, 34, 45, 104, 289, 367, 369, 386; for Archbishops (called by the Irish Successors of St. Patrick), _see_ Cellach, O'Toole, Octavian, Kite, Cromer, Dowdall, Wauchop, Goodacre.

Artane, 165

Aryan race, 11

Ascham, Roger, 337

Aslaby, John, 188

Assaroe, 239

Athassel Abbey, 70, 73, 99, 291, 319

Athboy, 115, 222

Ath-Cliath (the Celtic name for Dublin), 34

Athelstane, 21, 32

Athenry, 69, 78, 122, 228, 300, 321, 410

Athlone, 17, 60, 77, 84, 125, 334, 374, 402, 408

Athole, Earl of, 271

Athy, 54, 88, 130, 167, 200, 328

Audeley, Thomas Lord, Lord Chancellor of England, 178, 179, 196, 197, 253

Aughrim, 228

Augustine, St., Canons Regular of, 99, 314, 317

Augustinian Hermits or Austin Friars, 289, 300, 319, 320, 392

Aylmer, Sir Gerald, Chief Justice of the King's Bench (1535-1559), 215, 223, 233, 237, 303, 378, 384, 385

Aylmer, Richard, of Lyons in Kildare, 223

Bacon, Francis, 105, 111, 116

Bagenal, Sir Nicolas, Marshal of the Army (1546-1553, and 1565-1590), 332, 353, 364, 368, 373

-- Sir Ralph, 357, 361

Baldoyle, 19

Bale, John, Bishop of Ossory (1552-1553), 299, 368, 379, 380-383, 386-390

Balgriffin, 177

Ballibogan, 305

Ballinaclogh, 224

Ballinskelligs, 188

Ballinure, 251

Ballyboy, 402

Ballycastle, in Antrim, 272, 361

Ballydrohid, 317

Ballyhack, 372

Ballymore Eustace, 91, 129, 238, 326

Balrath, 119

Balrothery, 123

Baltimore, 88, 351

Baltinglass, 130, 251

-- Viscount, Sir Thomas Eustace, Baron of Kilcullen, 161, 163, 170, 178, 254, 344

Banagher, 228, 335

Bangor, in Down, 17

Bann River, 266, 351, 398

Bannockburn, 65

Bannow, 42, 372

Barbaro, a Venetian, 350

Barbarossa, 39

Barkley, Lord, 198

Barnesmore Gap, 140, 141

Barnewall, Sir Patrick, 249, 301, 312, 320

Barnewalls, the, 76

Baron, Milo, Bishop of Ossory, (1527-1551), 297, 305

Barretts, the, 71

Barrow River, 113, 130, 167, 264, 329, 340

Barry, David, Archdeacon of Cork, 118

-- Gerald; _see_ Giraldus.

-- William de, 41

Barrymore, Barons of, and Viscounts from 1405, 76

-- John, Viscount, 76, 118, 191, 242, 268, 332, 333

-- William, Viscount, murdered in 1499, 118

Barry Oge of Kinalea, 242, 268, 329

Barry Roe, 242, 268

Barrys, the, 41, 64, 76, 242, 268. In the 16th century they were all settled in the County of Cork.

Bartholomew's, St., in London, 291

Basel, 389

Basilia, Strongbow's sister, 50

Basilius, 308

Basnet, Edward, last Dean of St. Patrick's of the old foundation, 358, 368

Bath Abbey, 198

Bathe, James, Chief Baron, 385

Bearhaven, or Berehaven, 351

Beaton, Cardinal, 271, 273, 276, 285

Beaumanoir, 217

Beaumaris, 169

Becket, Thomas, 48, 86

Bective Abbey, 392

Bedell, William, Bishop of Kilmore, 350

Bedford, Jasper, Duke of, Lord-Lieutenant, 100, 102, 111

Belfast, 125, 360, 364, 376-378, 398

Belfast Lough, 143, 281

Belgard, near Dublin, 142

Bellahoe, battle of, 240

Bellingham, Sir Edward, Viceroy (1548-1549), 88, 286; sent to Ireland with troops, 326; Lord Deputy, 327; his ceaseless activity, 328; his treatment of the disloyal, 329, 330; he projects the town of Maryborough, 331; his dealings with Galway, Limerick, and Drogheda, 331; with Dublin, 332; he routs the O'Connors, 332; his dissatisfaction with Desmond, 333; establishes a garrison at Athlone, 334; frees the Pale from rebels, 335; his dealings with the currency, 336; his impolitic self-assertion, 337; his treatment of the Irish, 338; he cannot agree with his council, 338; his jealousy of the Ormondes, 337, 339; he seizes Desmond, 339; he establishes a garrison at Leighlin Bridge, 340; a Protestant, 341; well informed, 342; his dealings with Primate Dowdall in furtherance of the royal supremacy, 343; the darling of the Protestant party, 343-344; recalled, 344; his death and character, 344-345, 348, 349, 350; his fort at Athlone, 374

Benbulben, 141

Benedictines, 314

Berehaven, 351

Berengaria, Queen, 58

Berengarius, 33

Bergagni, Francis de, 181

Bermingham, Baron of Athenry, 228

-- John de, Earl of Louth, 67

-- Patrick, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 150, 155, 199

-- Richard de, 69

-- William, created Baron of Carbury in Kildare, 226, 258, 320

Berminghams, the, 69, 71, 213

Bermingham's Tower, 233

Bernard, St., 15, 314, 315

Berners, William, 208, 230

Berwick, 373

Betagh, Robert, 241

Bicknor, Alexander de, Archbishop of Dublin, 322

Bicton, James, 358

Bigot, Hugh, 63

Birr, 157, 224, 226, 227

Biscayans, 188

Bissett, or Missett family, 71, 271

Blackwater River in Ulster, 237

-- -- -- Munster, 242

Blessington, 326

Blois, 252

Blore Heath, 90

Bobbio, 6

Bodkin, Christopher, Archbishop of Tuam (1537-1562), 228, 292, 294, 305, 334

Body, William, 200, 202, 203

Boleyn family, how related to the Butlers, 126, 142

-- Mary, 149

-- Queen Anne, proposed as a wife for Ormonde, 149, 156, 190, 195, 196, 394, 395

-- Sir Thomas, 125, 126, 149, 156

-- Sir William, 126

Bolger, Barnaby, 389

Bonner, Edmund, Bishop of London, 306, 395, 413

Boulogne, 277, 335

Bourbon, the Constable, 181

Boyle, 125, 317

Boyne River, 85, 213

Boys, James, 175

Brabazon, Sir William, Vice-Treasurer (1534-1553), Lord Justice (1543, 1545, and 1549), 176-178, 193, 194, 196, 197, 199, 205-207, 209, 213, 218, 232-233, 235-237, 244, 254, 268, 275, 304, 305, 320, 346, 377

Brackland, 206, 213

Braose, William de, 60, 63

Brasier, Richard, first auditor of the Irish Exchequer (1547-1550), 344

Bray Head, 130

Breakspeare, Nicholas; _see_ Adrian IV.

Brefny, 39; _see_ O'Rourke and O'Reilly.

Brehons, 3-5, 7, 12, 143, 186, 221, 273, 277, 291

Brereton, Andrew, 353

-- John, 328, 332

-- Sir William, Lord Justice in 1540, 169-171, 173, 174, 243, 244, 247, 352

Brian Borumha, King of Ireland, 22-31, 33

Brictius, 36

Brigid, or Bride, St., 13, 294

Bristol, 147, 170, 359

Bristol Abbey, 198

Brito, 186

Brode, a pirate, 166, 169, 170, 173

Brodir, 26

Broet, Paschal, 308-310

Broke, Roger, 353

Brosna, River, 334

Broughton, Sir Thomas, 105

Browne, George, Archbishop of Dublin (1553-1555), 200, 207, 208; his tour in the South, 235-237, 255, 299; his quarrels with Staples and others, 301-305, 311; his hatred of the Franciscans, 320; account of him, 322-324, 341; his conference with Dowdall, 354-357; his relations with St. Leger, 357-358; with Croft, 360, 378; with Dowdall, 367, 379; with Bale, 379 and 381; story of him told by Harpsfield, 383

Browne, Mabel, Countess of Kildare, 375

-- Sir Anthony, 216

Bruce, Edward, 66-68

-- Robert, 66-68, 272

Brunanburgh, 21

Brussels, 219, 390

Bryan, Sir Francis, Viceroy, Lord Marshal of Ireland, 337; married to Lady Ormonde, 337; disliked by Bellingham, 337; in practical command of the Butler influence, 339; Lord Justice after Bellingham's departure, 345; his death under suspicious circumstances, 346

Bulmer, Sir John, 137, 138

Bunamargy, 300

Bunratty, 77, 300

Burgo, Hubert de, 6, 61

Burgundy, Margaret, Duchess of, 103, 104

Burkes, Bourkes, De Burghs, or De Burgos; _see_ MacWilliam, MacDavid, MacPhilbin, MacRaymond, MacShoneen, MacWalter, and FitzAdelm.

-- of Clanricarde, 75, 93, 120-122, 173, 227, 241, 256, 289, 300, 331; _see_ MacWilliam Uachtar and Clanricarde.

-- or De Burghs, Earls of Clanricarde; _see_ Clanricarde.

Burke, or De Burgo, Rowland, Bishop of Clonfert, 289, 294, 370

-- of Clanwilliam in Limerick, 227, 409

-- of Mayo; _see_ MacWilliam Iochtar.

-- -- -- Sir William, 69

-- -- Richard, 61, 74

-- -- -- Earl of Ulster, 27

-- Ulick, of Clanricarde, son of the first earl and captain during the minority of the second, 333, 374

Burnell, John, 166, 177

Burnet, Bishop, 380

Burntchurch, 155

Bush River, 266, 398

Bute, 411

Butler, Edmund, Archbishop of Cashel (1524-1561), natural son of the eighth Earl of Ormonde, 183, 241, 255, 261; account of him, 291; his oppressive conduct, 296; state of his monastery, 298; takes the oath of supremacy, 305; not a zealous reformer, 343

-- Earls of Ormonde; _see_ Ormonde.

-- Lady Helen, daughter of the eighth Earl of Ormonde, married to Donogh O'Brien, second Earl of Thomond, 191

-- Richard, son of the eighth Earl of Ormonde, created Viscount of Mountgarret; _see_ Mountgarret.

-- Sir Edmund, first Baron of Dunboyne; _see_ Dunboyne.

-- Sir Edmund, Viceroy in 1312 and 1314, 66, 70

-- Sir Thomas, first Baron of Cahir; _see_ Cahir.

-- Thomas, Prior of Kilmainham, 89

-- Thomas, son of the eighth Earl of Ormonde, 160, 225

Butleraboo, the Ormonde war cry, 112

Butlers, the, 64; origin of name, 72, 93, 125-127; and _see_ Ormonde, Ossory, Carrick, Mountgarret, Dunboyne, and Cahir.

Butside, a pirate, 330

Cadamstown, 334, 335

Cade, Jack, 90

Cæsar, 301

Cahir, 182, 227, 258, 317

-- Sir Thomas Butler, first Baron of, 189, 227, 236, 255, 276, 320, 393, 409

Cahirconlish, 409

Calais, 83, 335

Caledon, 154

Callan, 74, 189, 388

Cambridge, 384

Campbell, Lady Agnes, married to James MacDonnell of Cantire and Antrim, 273, 281

Campbells, the, 280, 282; _see_ Argyle.

Campeggio, Cardinal, 290

Camus, 182

Candolle, Francis de, 181

Canice's, St., 388, 389; _see_ Kilkenny.

Cannon, Thomas, 163

Canterbury, its connection with Ireland, 32-36; the Prior had lands in Ireland, 198, 389

Cantire, 410

Cantoke, name of, 64

Cantuarian succession, 35

Cantwell, William, 284, 285

Canute, 21, 32

Capel, Henry Lord, Lord Lieutenant in 1695, 101

Cappys, or Kate, a merchant, 239

Carbery, in Cork, 36, 124, 191, 218

Carbury, in Kildare, Baron of; _see_ Bermingham.

Carew, Sir Peter, 390, 391

Carews, the, 41

Carlingford, 241, 398

Carlisle, 289

Carlow, 63, 65, 83, 167, 231, 235, 327, 340, 375, 408

-- Castle, 111

-- County, 158

Carmelites, 114, 300, 319, 320, 340, 368, 380

Carrickbradagh, 237, 247

Carrick, Edmund Butler, Earl of, 72

-- on Suir, 72, 201

Carrickfergus, or Knockfergus, 59, 60, 66, 70, 122, 142, 143, 273, 281, 351, 361, 362, 378, 395, 398, 410, 411

Carrigogunnel, 60, 186, 192, 200, 203

Carrol, Lord of Ossory, 19

Cartier, Jacques, 219

Cartmel, 198

Casey, William, Protestant Bishop of Limerick (1551-1556 and 1571-1591), 354, 392

Cashel, 47; synod, 48 and 314, 50, 66, 81, 193, 214, 242, 254, 265

-- see of, 16, 291, 367, 369; _see_ Butler, Archbishop.

Castle Connell, 124

-- Dermot, 54, 84, 120, 155, 156, 167

-- Island, 78

-- Jordan, 177, 251

-- Kevin, 253

-- Martyr, 76

Castleknock, 66

Castlemaine, 124

Castlereagh, 376

Castletown Roche, 76

Cavan, 262

Cavendish, William, 250

Cecil, William, afterwards Lord Burghley, 326

Celestinus, Pope, 366

Cellach, or Celsus, Bishop or Archbishop of Armagh (1106-1129), 34, 35

Cerberus, 303

Challoner, John, Mayor of Dublin in 1556, 397

Chamberlayne, name of, 222

Charlemagne, 172

Charles I., 209, 279

Charles V., Emperor and King of Spain, 7, 136, 172, 173, 175; negotiates with Desmond, 184-186, 192, 219, 274

Charles VIII., King of France, 110

Chateaubriand, Governor of Brittany, 212

Cheeke, Sir John, 390, 391

Chepstow, 41

Chester, 54, 128, 161, 408, 413

Christ Church, Dublin, 32, 385

Ciaran, St., 13, 296, 374

Cistercians, 16, 99, 267, 293, 314, 317, 318, 392

Citeaux, 315

Clairvaux, 314

Clandeboye (Clan Hugh Boy), 76, 77, 129, 142, 198, 258, 266, 376

Clandonnell, gallowglasses, 140

Clane, 175

Clangibbon, 76

Clanricarde (the south-eastern portion of Galway), 218, 335, 402

-- Earldom of, 71, 271

-- Ulick Burke, or De Burgh, first Earl of, 120, 140, 227, 228, 238, 256-258, 270, 271, 275, 335

-- Richard Burke, or De Burgh, second Earl of, called 'Sassenagh,' son of the last named, 333, 349, 353, 374

Clanwilliam, the Burke district in Limerick, 227, 409

Clare Castle, 227, 411

-- Richard de; _see_ Strongbow.

-- a later Richard de, and others, 65, 70

Clare, or Thomond, 124, 172, 203, 204, 219, 271; _see_ Thomond.

Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, 70, 80, 100, 197

-- George, Duke of, 90, 92

Clement V., Pope, 321

-- VII., Pope, 153, 289, 292

Clifford; _see_ Rosamond.

Clinton, Lord, 216, 271

Clogher, 154, 405

-- see of, 293

-- Bishop of; _see_ Courcy.

Clonfert, see of, 289, 370

Clonlisk, 262

Clonmacnoise, church of, 13, 18; sacked by the troops, 374

-- see of, 292; its forlorn condition, 295

Clonmel, 73, 105, 127, 133, 189, 193, 204, 236, 237, 242, 305, 321, 346

Clonmore, 254

Clontarf, place and battle, 15, 27-32, 165, 169

-- Viscount; _see_ Rawson.

Cloyne, Bishop of, in 1367; _see_ Swaffham.

-- see of, 288

Clyde, the, 281

Clyn, John, the Franciscan annalist of Ireland, 67, 70, 77, 84

Cobham, Lord, 308

Codure, John, 308

Cogan, Milo and Richard de, 45, 46, 56

Cogans, the, 41, 72

Cole, a pirate, 330

-- Dean of St. Paul's, 413

Coleraine, 85, 266

Colley, a pirate, 329

-- Anthony, 195

Colman, St., of Lindisfarne, 15

Columba, or Columkille, St., 6, 12-15, 53, 86

Columbanus, St., 6

Comyn, Nicholas, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore (1519-1551), 305, 306

Conal Abbey, 317

Cong, 58

Connaught, 61, 175, 262, 294, 374

Constantine, forged donation of, 39

Conway, Sir Hugh, 111

Coolock, 123

Coonagh in Limerick, 265, 266

Cooper, Mr., 389

Copeland Islands, 30

Cork, 17, 47, 74, 85, 110, 118, 181, 187, 190, 241, 242, 273, 329, 330, 351, 359, 371

-- County, 278, 359

-- Richard Boyle, Earl of, 286

-- see of, 36, 288, 294

Cormac Cas, 22

Cornelius Agrippa, 216

Corrib, Lough, 296

Cosby, Francis, 328, 329, 332, 340, 408

Courcy, Edmond, Bishop of Clogher (1484-1494), 104, 293

-- John de, 53, 55-59, 64

-- Lord, 106

Courcies, the, 338

Cowley, Robert, Clerk of the Crown (1535), and Master of the Rolls (1539-1542), an adherent of the house of Ormonde, 145, 152, 208, 236, 284, 285, 293, 299, 319

-- Walter, son of Robert, joint Clerk of the Crown (1535), Solicitor-General (1529-1546), 208, 245, 284, 285, 340

Coyne, Bishop of Limerick; _see_ Quin.

Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 253, 322, 350, 369

Creçy, 83

Croagh Patrick, 305

Croft, Sir James, Viceroy, a Herefordshire man, sent over to fortify in Munster, 351; Lord Deputy, 359; proposes to plant colonies in Munster, 360; attacks Rathlin unsuccessfully, 360-361; persuades Tyrone to tolerate a garrison at Armagh, 363; his doctrinal conference with Dowdall, 365-366; his ideas about ecclesiastical patronage, 367; desires a warlike Primate, 368; has enlightened ideas about the currency, 370-372; visits Connaught, 374; gives a lamentable account of Leinster, 375; makes another unsuccessful raid into Ulster, 377; recalled, 378; character of his government, 378-379; implicated in Wyatt's rebellion, 390-391

Cromer, George, Archbishop of Armagh (1522-1543), Lord Chancellor (1532-1534), 156, 163, 289, 291, 301, 306

Cromwell, Thomas, created Earl of Essex, 155, 158, 161, 189, 194, 196, 202, 209, 211, 215, 234, 241, 336

-- Oliver, 44, 47, 319, 332

Cromwellians, 381

Cromwellian war, 320

Crook, 47

Croom, 218, 229, 267

Crovan, Godred, King of Man, 33, 46

Cuffe, Captain, 361

Curlew Mountains, 125, 141

Cumbray Islands, 411

Cummian, St., 15

Curraghmore, 75

Curwen, or Curwin, Hugh, Archbishop of Dublin (1555), translated to Oxford (1567), Lord Chancellor (1555-1567), 394, 401, 405

Cusack, Sir Thomas, Master of the Rolls (1542-1550), Lord Keeper (1546), Lord Chancellor (1550-1555), 258, 278, 279, 320, 348, 357, 361, 373-379, 384, 385, 393

Dacre of the North, Thomas, and others of his name, 176, 194

Dalcassians, or Dal Cais, 22

Dalgetty, 351

Dalkey, 108, 129, 327, 385

Danes in Ireland, Chapter II. _passim_

-- of Dublin, Cork, Waterford, and Wexford after the Anglo-Norman invasion, 44-47, 50

Dangan, 206

Daniel, Danyel, or O'Donnell, Terence, Dean of Armagh, 364

Darcy of Platten, called 'Great Darcy,' 104, 108, 121

-- John, 226

Darcies, the, 144

David's, St., 42

Davies, Sir John, Attorney-General (1606-1618), 8-10, 65, 83, 84, 89

Dean, Henry, Bishop of Bangor, and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Justice in 1495, 111, 113, 115

Dearg, or Derg, Lough, 17

Decies, 76, 186, 236, 412

Delahide, Sir Walter, married to Janet Eustace, 161

-- James, son of Sir Walter, 161, 163, 172, 175, 218, 239, 273, 333

Delvin, granted to the Nugents, 54, 76

-- Richard Nugent, seventh Baron of, Vice-Deputy in 1528, 120, 150, 178, 206; one of his sons mentioned, 226

-- -- -- eighth Baron of, grandson of the seventh Baron, 255, 334, 393

Denton, James, Dean of Lichfield, a Royal Commissioner in Ireland in 1524, 145

Dermod, King of Leinster; _see_ MacMurrough.

Dermod Duff, 291

Derry, church and see of, 12, 14, 237, 293

Derrick, or Dethyke, John, 158

Dervorgil, 39

Desmond, Earls of, 7, 65, 72; their burial place, 300

-- Maurice Fitzgerald, first Earl of, 76, 78

-- James Fitzgerald, seventh Earl of, 90

-- Thomas Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, executed, 92

-- Maurice Fitzgerald, tenth Earl of, 110, 120, 121, 131

-- James Fitz-John Fitzgerald, eleventh Earl of, his treatment of the MacCarthies, 133, 144, 147, 148, 151-153; defeated by the MacCarthies, 180; intrigues with France, 181; besieged in Dungarvan, 182; his partisans in South Wales, his intrigues with Charles V., 184-188; calls the emperor his sovereign lord, 185; his death, 190

-- Thomas Moyle Fitzgerald, twelfth Earl of, 163, 180, 190

-- James Fitz-Maurice Fitzgerald, thirteenth Earl of, 190, 191, 192; Henry VIII. acknowledges him, 204; at Court, 241; returns to Ireland and attempts to seize the estates, 241-242; murdered, 248

-- John Fitz-Thomas Fitzgerald, sometimes called fourteenth Earl of, 190, 191; his speech at Adare, 192

-- James Fitz-John Fitzgerald, fifteenth Earl of, 218; called Earl by Lord L. Grey, 227; seizes Croom and Adare, 229; refuses to come to Clonmel, 236; in alliance with O'Neill and O'Donnell, 237; expected to attack the Pale, 238; expected to rebel, 240; threatens Tipperary, 241; defies Grey, 242; pardoned and acknowledged as Earl, 248; acknowledges the royal supremacy, 255; a Privy Councillor, 256; wears English clothes, 257; attends Parliament, 258; Commissioner for Munster, 261, 264; puts down brigandage, 265; at Court, 267; represents the Crown, 268; gives St. Leger a character, 283; Edward VI. offers to make a companion of his son, 325; appealed to in a dispute at Cork, 332; Bellingham suspects his loyalty, 333; Bellingham carries him off to Dublin, 339; his love for Bellingham, 340, 346; to be encouraged, 349; an umpire between the O'Briens, 393, 407, 409; his death, 419

Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, sixteenth Earl of, to be educated in England, 255; Edward VI. proposes to make a companion of him, 325; Lady Ormonde has designs on his hand, 325; she marries him, 346, 409, 412

-- Lady, 345; _see_ Honora MacCarthy.

-- -- Lady Joan Fitzgerald, widow of the ninth Earl of Ormonde, and of Sir Francis Bryan, first wife of the sixteenth Earl of Desmond, 346; _see_ Lady Joan Fitzgerald.

Devonshire, 189

Dexter, name of, 71; _see_ De Exeter.

Diarmid, sons of, 280; _see_ Campbell.

Dieppe, 310

Digby, Francis, 336

Dillon, Edward, Dean of Kildare, 293

-- Thomas, Bishop of Kildare (1523-1529), 293

-- Robert, Attorney-General (1535-1553), Justice of the King's Bench (1554-1559), made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1559, 320, 334

Disert O'Dea, 70

Dominicans, 300, 319

Donat, or Dunan, an Ostman, first Bishop of Dublin, 32, 33

Donegal, 212, 300

-- County, 12, 218, 239; _see_ Tyrconnel.

Donncadh, or Donough, 31

Donnell, King of Leinster, 21

-- Dhu, Lord of the Isles, 279-281

Donore, 217

Doran, Maurice, Bishop of Leighlin (1523-1525), 146, 293, 298

Dorset, Grey, Marquis of, 142, 202

Dover, 359

Dowdall, Edward, 114

-- George, Archbishop of Armagh (with an interval, 1543-1548) 307, 343; his conference with St. Leger, 355; his relations with Browne and other Protestants, 343, 355-359; his conference with Croft and Staples, 365-367; leaves Ireland, 367; restored, 386, 391, 397, 408

Dowling, Thady, Chancellor of Leighlin (1591-1628), author of 'Annals,' _passim_

Down or Downpatrick, church and see of, 53, 293; cathedral burned by Lord L. Grey, 304, 386

-- County, 66, 199

Doyne, Hugh, 317

Drax monastery, 291

Drogheda, origin of, 73, 92, 108; Parliament of, 123, 154, 161, 170, 222, 240, 263, 281, 321; University of, 322, 331; Parliament of, 335, 371, 386, 397

Dromana, 76, 268

Dromaneen, 242

Dromore, see of, 293

Drumcliff, church of, 12

Dublin, Danish Kingdom of, Chapter II., _passim_

-- called Ath Cliath by the Irish, 34, 59, 73, 81, 108; the Mayor at Knocktoe, 120; the O'Byrnes break into the castle, 158; siege of, 166-168, 170, 187, 198, 223; the Mayor dubbed knight at Bellahoe, 240, 259, 331, 371, 385

-- church and see of, 32-36, 289, 290; primacy removed to, 367; for Archbishops, _see_ Donat, Gillapatrick or Patrick, O'Haingly, Gregory, O'Toole, Lech, Bicknor, Minot, Talbot, FitzSimons, Rokeby, Inge, Alen, Browne, and Curwin.

-- Robert de Vere, Marquis of, 85

Dufferin, 364

Duleek, 50

Dumbarton, 281

Dunamase, 77

Dunan; _see_ Donat.

Dunboyne, Sir Edmund Butler, first Baron of, 258, 277, 329, 393

Dunbrody Abbey, 130, 315

Duncadh, Abbot of Iona, 15

Dundalk, 13, 67, 129, 199, 222, 231, 237, 247, 263, 363, 397, 403

Dundrum, in Down, 127, 232, 353

Dungannon, 63, 119, 120, 127, 243, 264

Dungannon, Matthew O'Neill, or Kelly, first Baron of, 269, 363, 364, 368, 376, 377

Dungarvan, 182, 183, 187, 189, 193, 331, 379, 412

Dunkellin, Barony of, created, 271

Dunlavin, 23

Dunmore, in Kilkenny, 117, 167

-- in Galway, 320

Dunsany, the Plunkets of, 76

-- Edward Plunket, first Baron of, 120

Durrow, 12, 13, 56

Eagle, a pirate, 329

Ebric, a Norman at Clontarf, 27

Echingham, Sir Osborne, Marshal of the army, 268

Edenderry, 135

Edgar, John, 272

Edgcombe, Sir Richard, 106-108

Edinburgh, 247

Edmonds, John, 413

Edward I., 62

-- II., 65

-- IV., 71, 116

-- Prince of Wales, 100

Eglish, 226

Elbric, or Eric, 36

Elizabeth Woodville, Queen, 92

-- of York, Queen, 108

Elphin, see of, 294, 370

Ely O'Carroll, in King's County, 125, 127, 136, 210, 223, 226, 262, 409

Elyans, the, _i.e._ the O'Carrolls, 157

Ely House, Holborn, 285

Emly, church and see of, 18, 255

Empire, the, 47, 86, 187, 192, 349

Empson, Richard, 194

Enaghdune, now Annaghdown, at one time a bishopric, 296, 388

Ennis, 300, 410

Enniscorthy, 408

Eoghanachts, or Eugenians, 22, 31

Erasmus, 366

Erigena, 15, 33

Eugenius III., Pope, his constitution for the Irish Church, 16, 35, 52

Eures, Ralph de, Archbishop of Canterbury, 33, 34

Eustace, Alison, first wife of the eighth Earl of Kildare, 115

-- family of, 53; _see_ Baltinglass.

-- Janet, sister of the last named, married to Sir Walter Delahide, 164

Eva Mac Murrough, wife of Strongbow, 41, 44

Exeter, de; _see_ Dexter.

-- Duke of, 316

Fagan, Nicholas, 317

Farney, or Ferney, 133, 222, 240, 245

Farquharson, Bishop of the Isles, 309

Faughard, 67

Fay, Edmond, 334

Faye, Melour, 152

Fercullen, 252

Ferdinand, Emperor, 7

Ferdinand the Catholic, 188

Fergraidh, King of Munster, 22

Fermanagh, 162, 211, 263

Fermoy, 76, 248

Fernandez, Gonzalo, 184-188, 190

Ferns, church and see of, 40, 42, 293, 297, 408

Fethard, in Tipperary, 74, 297

-- in Wexford, 297

Field, James, 166, 167

Fieldston, 249

Finbar, St., 36

Fingal, 17, 29

Finglas, Patrick, Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1535, 130, 164

Fisher, John, Cardinal and Bishop of Rochester, 322

Fishmoyne, 329

FitzAdelm de Burgo, William, Viceroy in 1177, 47, 51-53, 58

FitzAnthony, 72

-- Margery, ancestress of the Desmonds, 76

FitzEustace, Rowland, Baron of, Portlester, 109

Fitzgerald, Maurice, son of Nesta and ancestor of all the Fitzgeralds, 41, 65, 71, 76; _see_ Geraldines.

-- Raymond le Gros; _see_ Le Gros.

-- John FitzThomas, first Earl of Kildare, 72

-- Maurice FitzThomas, first Earl of Desmond, 72, 78

-- Sir Thomas, brother of the eighth Earl of Kildare, Lord Chancellor in 1487, 102; killed at Stoke, 105

-- Thomas, half-brother of the ninth Earl of Kildare, 133, 151, 160

-- Sir James, brother of the ninth Earl of Kildare: Vice Deputy in 1526, 142, 150, 158, 161, 176, 215

-- Oliver, half-brother of the ninth Earl of Kildare, 171, 215

-- Richard, half-brother of the ninth Earl of Kildare, 215

-- Sir John, half-brother of the ninth Earl of Kildare, 156, 171, 215

-- Walter, half-brother of the ninth Earl of Kildare, 215

-- Lady Eleanor, sister of the ninth Earl of Kildare, married first to Donnell MacCarthy Reagh, and afterwards to Manus O'Donnell, 218, 219, 238, 239, 247, 278

-- Lady Margaret, called 'Magheen,' sister of the ninth Earl of Kildare, and married to the eighth Earl of Ormonde, 103, 117, 126

-- Lady Alice or Alison, sister of the ninth Earl of Kildare, married to Con More O'Neill, 118, 119

-- Lady Eustacia, sister of the ninth Earl of Kildare, married to MacWilliam Burke of Clanricarde, 120

-- Edward, son of the ninth Earl of Kildare, half-brother of the tenth, and brother of the eleventh, 217

-- Lady Alice, half-sister to the last named, married to James Fleming, Lord Slane, 152, 153

-- Lady Mary, sister to the last named, married to Brian O'Connor of Offaly, 215, 217, 218, 219

-- Lady Elizabeth, the 'fair Geraldine,' half-sister to the last named, married to Sir Anthony Browne, and afterwards to Edward, Earl of Lincoln, 216, 217, 375

-- Bartholomew, 165

-- James, of Osbertstown, 240, 328

-- Joan, daughter of the White Knight, and mother of James Fitzmaurice, 190

-- Lady Alice, daughter of the twelfth Earl of Desmond, married to Connor O'Brien, chief of Thomond, 227

-- Lady Joan, daughter and heiress general of the eleventh Earl of Desmond, married successively to the ninth Earl of Ormonde, to Sir Francis Bryan, and to the sixteenth Earl of Desmond, 325, 337, 339, 340, 345, 346

Fitzgerald, Maurice, of Lackagh, 128

-- of Decies, Sir John, Lord of, 182

-- -- Sir Gerald MacShane, Lord of, son of Sir John, 152, 160, 189, 236, 237, 242, 268

-- -- Sir Maurice, Lord of, son of Sir Gerald, 412

-- -- Sir Thomas, brother of Sir John, 182, 183

-- Thomas, Prior of Kilmainham, 316

Fitzgeralds, Earls of Desmond; _see_ Desmond.

-- Earls of Kildare; _see_ Kildare.

-- Knight of Kerry; _see_ Kerry.

-- or Fitzgibbons, White Knights; _see_ White Knight.

Fitzgibbon, or MacGibbon; _see_ White Knight.

FitzGilbert; _see_ Strongbow.

FitzGriffith, Rice, 42

FitzHenry, Robert and Meiler, 41

Fitzmaurice, Lord of Lixnaw in Kerry, 163

-- James, Bishop of Ardfert, 306

Fitzmaurices, the, 56

Fitzpatrick, or MacGillapatrick, chief of Upper Ossory in Queen's County, 151, 211, 226, 257

-- Dermot, 160

Fitzpatricks, Barons of Upper Ossory; _see_ Upper Ossory.

FitzSimons, Walter, Archbishop of Dublin (1484-1511), Lord Chancellor in 1496, 1501, and 1509, 109, 115, 120

-- John, 166

FitzStephen, Robert, 41, 43, 47, 56, 57, 64

FitzThomas, name of, 64

Fitzwalter; _see_ Butler.

-- Lord; _see_ Sussex.

Fitzwilliam, Nicholas, 343

-- Sir William, Revenue Commissioner in 1554, afterwards Vice Treasurer and Lord Deputy, 396

-- Lord, 286

Flanders, 186, 351

Flemings, 27, 54, 76, 163, 186

Florence, 220

Flosi, 29

Folan, John, Bishop of Limerick, 288

Fore; _see_ Fower.

Formorian race, 67

Fountains Abbey, 315

Fower, or Fore Abbey, 317

Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, 194

Foyle, Lough, 17, 395, 398

France, 186, 274, 347, 349, 351

Francis I., 136, 181, 187, 219

-- St., of Assisi, 212

French, name of, 75

-- the, 27, 89, 127, 181, 273, 276, 333, 340, 345, 347, 351, 352

Furness Abbey, 198, 315

Gaddi, Cardinal, 310

Gaedhill, the, _i.e._ the Irish, 34, 36

Gaill, the, _i.e._ the Scandinavians, and by later usage the Anglo-Normans and English, 36

Gall, St., 6

Galway, 65, 74; tribes of, 75, 85, 120, 122, 228; rectory of, 267, 321, 331, 333, 335, 371, 402, 410

Galway, Bishop of, 388; _see_ Moore.

-- County, 211

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 306

Garrett, Walter, 373

Garrold, a form of the name Fitzgerald, 178

Garth, Captain, 160

Gascony, 64

Geashill, 213

Gentiles, Black and White, 18

George, St., 93, 174, 254

Geraldine, 'the Fair;' _see_ Lady Elizabeth Fitzgerald.

Geraldines, a generic name given to the descendants of Maurice Fitzgerald, Nesta's son, including all the Fitzgeralds of Ireland, and sometimes extended to collaterals, 71, and _passim_

Gerbert, Lieutenant, 203

Germain-en-Laye, St., 187

Germans at Stoke, 104-105; miners, 372

Germany, 119

Gillapatrick, or Patrick, Bishop of Dublin, 33

Gillebert, 15, 35

Giraldus Cambrensis, 41, 55, 57

Glenarm, 361, 398

Glencairne, Lord, 281

Glendalough in Wicklow, ancient see of, 35, 223, 251

Glenmalure, 238

Glennama, 23

Glin, 76

Gloucester, Earl of, 87

Godred; _see_ Crovan.

Gonzago, Duke of Milan, 219

Goodacre, Hugh, Protestant Archbishop of Armagh in 1553, 369, 379, 380, 386

Gordon, Lady Catherine, wife of Perkin Warbeck, 113

Gordons, the, 282

Gorm; _see_ Horm.

Gormanston, the Prestons Viscounts of, 76

-- Sir William Preston, second Viscount of, 120, 121

-- Jenico Preston, third Viscount of, 384

Gormflaith; _see_ Kormlada.

Gort, 410

Governor, Fort; _see_ Maryborough.

-- Alan, 218

Gowran, 282, 285

Grace, called 'Graceless,' 389

Gracedieu nunnery, 300, 312

Granard, 60

Grandison, Otho de, 74

Grane, 213

Greencastle in Donegal, 395

Greenwich, 269

Gregory the Great, Pope, 34

-- VII., Pope; _see_ Hildebrand.

-- Archbishop of Dublin, 34

Grey, Marquis of Dorset; _see_ Dorset.

-- Lord Leonard, son of Thomas, Marquis of Dorset, and brother-in-law to ninth Earl of Kildare, Lord Deputy, 1536-1540; complains to Henry VIII., 145; Marshal of the army, 177, 178, 179; Kildare his prisoner, 189; Viscount Grane, 193, 194; Viceroy, 195; his harshness to Lady Skeffington, 196; his Parliament, 196-198; in want of money, 199; his campaign in Western Munster, 200-204; the King reproves him unjustly; his activity, 206-207; his enemies, 208; active against the Irish, 210-211; goes towards Ulster, 212; baffled by the O'Connors, 213-214; seizes the five Geraldine brethren, 215; his raid in Ulster, 222; falls out with the Butlers, 223; his treatment of the O'Mores, 225; his rash expedition to Connaught, 226-229; the Council reconcile him with the Butlers, 231; goes into Ulster, 232, 235; in Ulster, 237; in Wicklow, 238, 239; his victory at Bellahoe, 240, 241; in Munster, 242; in Ulster, 243; recalled, 243; executed, 245, 247, 248; confusion after his recall, 243, 251, 275, 286, 336

Grey, Lady Elizabeth, sister of Lord Leonard, second wife of the ninth Earl of Kildare, 142, 161, 216

-- Lady Jane, 300, 391

-- John de, Bishop of Norwich, 59, 60

Griffin, Maurice, Bishop of Rochester, 395

Griffiths, Edward, 243

Guienne, 40

Gundelfinger, Joachim, 372

Gur, Lough, 200, 204

Gwyn, name of, 188

Halidon Hill, 83

Halpin, or Halfpenny, Robert, 240

Halsey, Thomas, Bishop of Leighlin, 293

Hamerton, Captain, 169

Harding, Stephen, 315

Harman, Gerard, 273

Harold, Bishop of Limerick, 36

Harold Harfager, 19

Hasculph, 45

Hattecliffe, William, 114

Hebrideans, or Redshanks, 271, 272

Hebrides, 32, 67; West isles, 279; South isles, 280

Henry, I., 41

-- II., 11, 37, 45, 46, 51

-- III., 62

-- IV., 87

-- V., 86

-- II., King of France, 345, 353, 357

Herbert, Francis, 166-168, 213

Hertford, Edward, Earl of; _see_ Somerset.

Hervey de Montmorency, 42, 44, 49, 64, 315

Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII., 33

Hoby, Sir Philip, 330

Holbein, Hans, 217

Holland, Captain, 174, 389

Holy Cross Abbey, 304, 315

Holyhead, 210, 273, 351, 408

Honorius I., Pope, 14

Hooker, John, the chronicler, 47

Horm, or Gorm, 18

Hospitallers; _see_ St. John.

Howth, 273, 330

-- family (St. Lawrence), 53

-- Nicholas St. Lawrence, sixteenth Baron of, 104, 108, 120, 121

-- Christopher St. Lawrence, seventeenth Baron of, 169

-- Justice, 382, 386; perhaps the same person as Thomas St. Lawrence, _q.v._

-- Sir Richard, 388

Hrafn the Red, 28

Hubert, 61; _see_ De Burgo.

Humfrey, James, 302, 303

Huntley, Gordon, Earl of, 280

Hurley, Thomas, Bishop of Emly, 305, 306

Hy Neill, the O'Neills and their correlatives, 33

Iar-Connaught, 75

Ibracken or Ibrickan, in Clare, 271

Iceland, 11

Icelanders, 32

Idrone, 250, 340

Ikerrin in Tipperary, 211

Imaile, 251

Imokilly 76, 242, 248

Inchiquin, Barony of, 270

Inge, Hugh, Bishop of Meath (1512-1521), Archbishop of Dublin (1521-1528), 150, 290, 291

Ingulf, 32

Innishowen, 211, 274

Innislonagh Abbey, 296, 298, 317

Innocent III., Pope, 59

-- IV., Pope, 62

-- VIII., Pope, 107

Iona, 13, 15, 17, 21, 280

Ireland, Duke of, 85

Irishtown, origin of name, 73

Irrelagh or Muckross, 300

Isla, 273, 411

Isles, Lord of the; _see_ Donnell Dhu.

Issam, John, 342

Italy, 219, 290

Ivar, 19, 22, 23

Ives, St., 389

James I. of England and VI. of Scotland, 318

James IV. of Scotland, 113

-- V. of Scotland, 247, 271, 309

James's Park, St., 277

Jerpoint Abbey, 99, 300

Jesuits in Ireland, 259, 287; their first mission, 307-310, 318, 320, 350

Jocelin, 53

John, King, 54, 55, 58, 65, 314, 387

-- XXII., Pope, 68, 70

-- of Salisbury, 37

-- the Mad (by some chroniclers called John 'Wood'), 45, 46

-- St., of Jerusalem, Order of, 254, 314-316

John's, St., at Wexford, 298

Joinville, 95

Joys, Sir James, 388

Julius II., Pope, 188, 292

-- III., Pope, 394

Karl, a Norman, 27

Kate, or Cappys, a merchant, 239

Kaupmannaeyjar, or Copeland Islands, 30

Kavanagh, Cahir MacEncross, the MacMurrough, called the last King of Leinster, 175, 199, 200, 221; _see_ MacMurrough.

-- Cahir MacArt, the MacMurrough, created in 1553 Baron of Balian for life, 210, 231, 258, 298, 327

-- Donnell MacCahir, 250

-- Maurice, Archdeacon of Leighlin, 146, 298

-- Moryt Oge, 327

Kavanagh, origin of the name, 42; _see_ MacMurrough.

Kavanaghs, the, 86, 87, 167, 210, 221, 231, 235, 250, 375, 397; _see_ MacMurrough.

Keating, James, Prior of Kilmainham, 108, 316

-- William, Captain of Kerne, 177, 375

Kells, or Kenlis, in Meath, 12, 66, 129

-- in Kilkenny, 319

Kelway, John, 222, 223, 226, 238

Kent, Ormonde in, 391

Kerry, 56, 163, 186, 188

-- Fitzgerald, Knight of, 76

Kerrycurrihy, in Cork, 242, 248

Kerthialfad, 28

Keynsham, 198

Kilbrittain, 218, 242

Kilclogan Priory, Wexford, 298

Kilcooley Abbey, 296

Kilcullen Bridge, 129, 163

-- Lord; _see_ Baltinglass.

Kildare, 13, 244

-- County, 97, 122, 128, 130, 167, 177, 332; _see_ Pale.

-- family (Fitzgeralds), 72, 76, 93

-- John Fitzthomas Fitzgerald, first Earl of, 72

-- Thomas Fitzgerald, seventh Earl of, 91, 92, 93, 254

-- Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, Deputy, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111; attainted, 112; Deputy, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125; his son chosen Lord Justice at his death, 125; his widow, 128

-- -- -- ninth Earl of, marries Elizabeth Zouche, 120; present at Knocktoe, 121; Deputy, 125; his sister, 126, 127; superseded, 128, 130, 132, 134, 139, 140; marries Lady Elizabeth Grey, 142, 143; Deputy, 144, 145, 146; goes to England, 147; in the Tower, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153; returns to Ireland, 154; in England again, 155; Deputy, 156, 157, 158, 159; forced to go to England, 160; makes his son Deputy, 161; in the Tower, 162, 163; dies in the Tower, 172; seeks preferment for Dean Dillon, 293, 297

-- Thomas Fitzgerald, tenth Earl of, called 'Silken Thomas,' Deputy, 161, 162; rebels, 163, 164; his people murder an Archbishop, 165; besieges Dublin, 166, 167, 168, 169; proclaimed traitor, 170, 171; seeks foreign aid, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176; surrenders, 177, 178; in the Tower, 179; attainted and executed, 180

-- Gerald Fitzgerald, eleventh Earl of, 216, 217; escapes to France, 218, 219, 220, 230, 231, 237, 240, 242, 243, 245, 247, 248, 273, 278, 333; his estates restored, 375; serves against Wyatt, 391; returns to Ireland, 392, 393, 400, 407

-- see of, 288, 293; for Bishops, _see_ Lane, Dillon, Wellesley, Lancaster, Leverous.

Kilfenora, see of, 293, 306

Kilkea Castle, 125, 167, 170

Kilkenny, 59, 73; a mock Parliament there, 78; Parliament and statute of, 80-83, 93, 97, 105, 111, 155; Parliament adjourned to, 200, 235, 261, 300, 321, 340, 359, 380-383

-- County, 61, 63, 65, 72, 97, 145, 146, 150, 155, 156, 165, 167, 221, 266, 297, 300, 321, 339

Killaloe, see of, 81, 293

Killarney, 124

Killeen, Plunkets, Barons of, 76, 120, 206

Killeigh friary, 304, 402

Killybegs, 127

Kilmacduagh, 292, 294

Kilmacrenan, 212

Kilmainham, the chief house of the Hospitallers in Ireland, 89, 99, 155, 166, 169, 178; a viceregal residence, 215, 229, 258; the church, 301, 341; the priory restored, 401

Kilmallock, 191, 193, 256

Kilmore, see of, 292

Kinard, 120

Kincora, 25, 334

King, Matthew, 383

Kinnafad, 213

Kinnegad, 251

Kinsale, 74, 106, 181, 242, 329, 335

Kite, John, Archbishop of Armagh (1513-1521), 128, 251, 289

Knights of Kerry and White Knights, Fitzgeralds, _q.v._

Knockinlossy, 141

Knockmoy Abbey, 267

Knocktoe, 120-122, 144

Knocktopher Monastery, 381

Knollys, Sir Henry, 378

Kormlada, or Gormflaith, 24-26

Lacy, Hugh, Bishop of Limerick (1556-1571), 409

-- Hugo de, 47, 49, 52-54, 55-57

-- -- the younger, 58, 59, 61

-- Maude, wife of the first Earl of Clanricarde, 275

-- Walter de, 59, 61

Lady Abbey, near Clonmel, 296

Laggan, or Lagan River, 398

Lambay Island, 17, 170, 273, 410

Lancaster, Thomas, Bishop of Kildare (1549-1554), and afterwards Archbishop of Armagh, 365, 382, 392

Lancastrians, 91-93, 103

Lane, Edward, Bishop of Kildare in 1487, 104

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 313, 314

Lansdowne family, 76

Lanthony, 198

Larne, 66, 351

Lateran Council, 35, 36

Lawrence O'Toole, St.; _see_ O'Toole.

Lawrence, St., Sir Almaric, ancestor of the Howth family, 53

Lea Castle, 328

Leap Castle in King's County, 127, 146, 409

Leath Mhoga, the southern half of Ireland, 392

Lecale, 129, 232, 352, 370

Lech, John, Archbishop of Dublin (1311-1313), 321

Ledred, Richard, Bishop of Ossory (1318-1360), 381

Le Gros, Raymond, 44, 45, 49, 56, 64, 76

Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 286

Leighlin, 54

-- see of, 293, 358; for Bishops, _see_ Tatenhall, Northalis, Halsey, Travers, O'Fihely.

-- Bridge, or New Leighlin, 189, 339; the suppressed Carmelites there, 340, 375, 401, 412

Leinster, Dukes of, 72, 217

Leix, the modern Queen's Co., without Upper Woods, Tinnahinch, or Portnahinch, 224, 313, 349, 350, 373, 385, 399, 400

Lennox, Earl of, 279-282, 330

Leo X., Pope, 293, 295, 299

Leverous, Thomas, Bishop of Kildare (1554-1559), and in the Papal succession till 1577, 217-219, 239, 367, 368, 379, 391, 392, 394

Liège, 219

Liffey River, 160, 170

Limehouse, 219

Limerick, 17, 18, 47, 50, 51, 56, 58, 66, 73, 85, 187, 191; Parliament adjourned to, 200-202, 204, 228, 256; Parliament prorogued to, 260, 265, 304, 321, 331, 333, 346, 378, 409

-- County, 201

-- see of, 35, 255, 288, 354, 392; for Bishops, _see_ Gillebert, Patrick, Harold, Turgeis, Brictius, Folan, Quin, Casey, Lacy.

Lindisfarne, 15, 17

Lisle, Viscount, 270

Lismore, 47

-- see of, 35, 81; for Bishops, _see_ Malchus, O'Conarchy.

Lixnaw, 76

Lockwood, Thomas, Dean of Christ Church, Dublin (1543-1565), 358, 379, 391

Logan, a pirate, 330

Lomond, Loch, 17

Londonderry, 167

Longsword, William, 59

Louth, 67, 156, 170, 222, 240; _see_ Pale.

-- John de Bermingham, Earl of, 67

-- Barony of (Plunket), 76

-- Oliver Plunket, first Baron of, 258, 263

Lovel, Lord, 103, 105

Loyola, Ignatius, 307, 308

Lucius III., Pope, 54

Ludlow Castle, 171

Lumley, Marmaduke, 316

Lusk, Co. Dublin, 29, 166

Luttrell, Sir Thomas, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas (1534-1554), 169, 223, 320, 384, 385

Luxueil, 6

Lynch, John, 239

-- name of, 75

Lyons in France, 310

-- in Kildare, Richard Aylmer of, 310

MacAlister, Rory, Bishop of the Isles, 280

MacAndrew, or Barrett, 71

MacArtane, or MacCartane, chief of Kinelarty, in Down, 78, 90, 353, 362

MacAveely, or Staunton, 71

MacBaron, or Fitzgerald, 71

MacBrien, chief of Arra, in Tipperary, 227, 242, 393

-- chief of Coonagh, in Limerick, 265

MacBriens, the, 120

MacCarthies, the, 50, 72, 124, 220, 300

MacCarthy, Dermod, chief of Desmond and Cork, 47, 55, 56

-- More, chief of Desmond, 268, 359, 360, 409

-- Cormac Oge, chief of Muskerry, 133, 134, 180, 188, 190-192

-- Teig MacCormac, son of Cormac Oge, chief of Muskerry, 268

-- Reagh, chief of Carbery, 133, 180, 191, 218, 242, 268

-- MacDonough, chief of Duhallow, 268

-- Lady Eleanor; _see_ Fitzgerald.

-- Mary, wife of the thirteenth Earl of Desmond, 242

-- Honora, wife of the fifteenth Earl of Desmond, 345

-- Connor, a priest, 386

MacCostello, or Nangle, 71

MacCragh, a rhymer, 218

MacDavid, or Burke, 71

MacDermot, chief of Moylurg (the northern half of Roscommon), 60, 69, 120, 140, 239, 374

MacDonnells, the, of Western Scotland and Antrim, 67, 147, 266, 271-274, 300, 360, 393, 410

MacDonnell, Alaster, chief of the Irish branch, 272

-- James, chief of Antrim and Cantire, son of Alaster, 361, 398, 410

-- Colla, brother of James, 410

-- Angus, brother of James, 410

-- Sorley Boy (yellow-haired Charles), 361, 410

MacEdmond, or Fitzgerald, 71

MacEgan, a chief in North Tipperary, 266

MacFabrene, or Wellesley, 71

MacFeoris, or Bermingham, 71

MacGeohegan, chief of Moycashel, in Westmeath, 90, 206, 211, 226, 326

MacGibbon, or Burke, 71

-- _see_ Fitzgibbon and White Knight.

MacGillapatrick; _see_ Fitzpatrick.

MacJordan, or Dexter, 71

Maclean, Patrick, 280

MacMahon, chief of Irish Oriel or Monaghan, 63, 69, 90, 120, 133, 140, 263, 376

MacMaurice, or Prendergast, 71

MacMorris, David, 181

MacMurrough, Dermod, King of Leinster, 39-48

-- Art, considered as King by the Leinster Irish, 85-87

-- Cahir MacEncross, and Cahir MacArt, chiefs of their name; _see_ Kavanagh.

MacMurroughs, the, 57; _see_ Kavanaghs.

Macnamaras of Clare, the, 115, 271, 300, 306

MacOwney, Murtagh (an O'More), 155

MacPaddin, or Barrett, 71

MacPhilbin, or Burke, 71

Macquillin (of Welsh origin), chief of the Route, in Antrim, 77, 154, 266, 349, 353, 376

MacRaymond, or Burke, 71

MacRobert, or Burke, 71

MacRory, King of the Hebrides, 67

MacShane, Sir Gerald; _see_ Fitzgerald.

MacShoneen, or Burke, 71

MacSwiney, Edmond, captain of gallowglasses, 221, 230

MacSwineys, three septs in Donegal, 140, 393

MacThomaisin, or Fitzgerald, 71

MacThomas, or Fitzgerald, 71

MacThomin, or Barrett, 71

MacWalter, or Burke, 71

MacWilliam Uachtar, of Clanricarde, 71, 75, 85, 120, 140, 238, 256-258; _see_ Burke and Clanricarde.

-- Iochtar, or Burke, of Mayo, 71, 140, 349, 375

Maelmordha, King of Leinster, 24-26

Magennis, chief of Iveagh, in Down, 90, 120, 127, 136, 232, 239, 240, 247, 263, 376

-- Arthur and Donnell, knighted by Henry VIII., 270

-- Arthur, Bishop of Dromore, 364

-- Connor, Prior or Dean of Down, 353, 364

Magnus, King of Norway, 29

Maguire, chief of Fermanagh, 119

-- Cuconnacht, chief of Fermanagh, 154, 162, 187

-- Shane, chief of Fermanagh, 239, 377

Mahon, King of Munster, 22-23

Makeon, or Bisset, 71

Malachi, St., Archbishop of Armagh, 15, 35, 314

-- King of Meath in 845, 18

-- King of Meath and of Ireland, 21, 23; deposed by Brian from the chief sovereignty, 24; restored after Clontarf, 31

Malahide, 107

Malchus, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, 35

Mallow, 180, 191

Malo, St., 218

Malta, Knights of, 278

Mandeville family, 70

Man, Isle of, 28, 30, 33, 46

Mantua, 240, 241

Mape, name of, 240, 241

March, Edmond Mortimer, Earl of, 84

-- Roger Mortimer, Earl of, 86

Marshal, William Earl, and Earl of Pembroke, 61, 63, 315

Maryborough, 331, 340, 399, 409

Mary of Lorraine, Queen Dowager of Scotland, 352

Mary's Abbey, St., 163, 317, 320

Massingberd, Oswald, 401

Mattershed, name of, 413

Maude, Empress, 37

Maunsell, Sir Rice, 171, 173, 178

Maur Abbey, 293

Maynooth, 107, 169, 173-175, 177, 195, 225, 229, 238, 284, 347

Mayo, 24, 71, 218

Max, John, Bishop of Elphin, 294

Meath, kingdom and county (including Westmeath before the sixteenth century), 3, 24, 49, 65, 170, 239; _see_ Pale.

-- see of, 289, 290; for Bishops, _see_ Payne, Rokeby, Inge, Wilson, Staples.

Medici, Catherine de', 219, 279

Meelick, 402, 410

Mellifont Abbey, 40, 314, 316

Melville, Sir James, 345

Melvin, Lough, 141

Messanger, Philip, 114

Midleton, 190

Milan, Gonzago, Duke of, 219

Milford Haven, 42, 46, 55, 59

Minot, Thomas, Archbishop of Dublin in 1367, 81

Missett; _see_ Bissett.

Modreeny, 208, 227, 231, 242

Moira, 397

Monaghan, 154

Monaghan County, 56, 240

Monasterevan, 408

Monastermore, 314

Monasteroris, 226

Monluc, Bishop of Valence, 345, 348

Montmorenci, Hervey de; _see_ Hervey.

Moore, John, Bishop of Enaghdune, called Bishop of Galway, 388

Morlaix, 219

Morris, Sir John, Deputy in 1341, 78

Mortimer, Roger, 63, 66, 77, 86

Mothel, 320

Mountgarret, Richard Butler, created Viscount, second son of the eighth Earl of Ormonde, 207, 213, 221, 327, 386, 389, 393

Mountjoy, 271

Mount Norris, Lord, 286

Mourne Abbey, 133, 180

Mourne Mountains, 247

Moycashel, 206

Moylagh nunnery in Tipperary, 374

Moyle, Thomas, 208

Moyrie Pass, 78

Muckross, 300

Mull, Island of, 273

Munster Bishops, 293

-- nobles, 267-268

-- President proposed for, 378

-- regulations for, 261

Murrough, Brian Borumha's son, 25, 28

Musgraves in Ireland, 169, 176

Muskerry, 124, 180

Mynne, John, 250

Naas, 59

Nangle, or MacCostello, 71

-- Richard, Bishop of Clonfert, 238, 289, 294, 306

Narragh, Castle and Barony of, 54, 87

Narrowater, 247

Navan, 240, 341

Neagh, Lough, 18, 164

Nenagh, 224, 335

Nesta Tudor, 41, 50, 71, 76

Newark, 105

Newcastle, in Wicklow, 83

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 373

Newport, in Tipperary, 409

Newry, 247, 297

Newtown Barry, 54, 210, 372

Nial Glundubh, 19

-- of the nine hostages, 3, 19, 270

Nore River, 44

Norfolk, Hugh Bigot, Earl of, 63

-- Thomas Howard, Duke of; _see_ Surrey.

Northalis, Richard, Bishop of Leighlin in 1290, 85

Northampton, 91

Northmen, Chapter II. _passim_

Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of, and Earl of Warwick, 286, 337, 358, 373, 384, 385

Northumbrians, 37

Norwegians, Chapter II. _passim_

Nugent, William, grantee of Delvin, 54

Nugents, the, 76, 144, 393, 397

-- Barons of Delvin; _see_ Delvin.

O'Bogan, Laurence, 91

O'Boyle, chief of Boylagh in Donegal, 140

O'Brien, Donald or Donnell More, King of Limerick and North Munster, 50, 55, 315

-- Donough Carbreach, son of Donnell More, 60

-- William Carragh, 77

-- Brian, chief of Thomond, 86

-- Tirlogh Don, chief of Thomond, 181

-- Connor, chief of Thomond, son of Tirlogh Don, 162, 173, 179, 191, 192, 200, 218, 227, 228, 249

-- Tirlogh, son of Connor, 227

-- Murrough, Donough, and Connor, first, second, and third Earls of Thomond; _see_ Thomond.

-- Teig, 142, 182

-- Matthew, 200

-- Sir Donnell More, son of Connor and brother of the second Earl of Thomond, 393, 409, 410

-- Tirlogh, Bishop of Killaloe in 1522, 140

O'Brien's Bridge, 201-203

O'Briens, the, of Thomond or Clare, 70, 77, 115, 141, 151, 172, 181, 182, 239, 257, 258, 265, 300, 346

O'Byrne, Owen MacHugh, captain of Kerne, 328

O'Byrnes, the, of Wicklow, 57, 80, 90, 158, 160, 167, 200, 221, 244, 266, 375, 397

O'Cahan or O'Kane, in Londonderry County, 62, 239, 272, 349, 376

O'Caharney; _see_ O'Kearney.

O'Callaghan, of Duhallow in Cork, 242, 268

O'Carroll, Donough, Prince of Oriel in 1142, 314

-- Mulrony, chief of Ely, 132, 135, 146, 151, 156, 157

-- Fergananim, son of Mulrony, chief of Ely, 157, 200, 207, 223, 224, 226, 231, 242, 262

-- Donough, brother of Mulrony and claiming the succession, 157, 207, 262

-- John, 262

-- Teig, son of Fergananim, 262

-- Teig, son of Donough, 262

-- Calvagh, chief of Ely, 262, 338, 345, 393, 402, 403, 407

O'Carrolls, the, of Ely in King's County, 69, 86, 120, 127, 157, 207, 329, 334, 335, 393, 403

O'Conarchy, Christian, Bishop of Lismore and papal legate, 314

O'Connor, Tirlogh, King of Connaught and Ireland, 40

-- Roderic, King of Connaught and Ireland, son of Tirlogh, 40, 43, 45, 47, 52, 54, 55, 58, 68

-- Cathal Crovdearg, chief of the Connaught O'Connors, brother of Roderic, 58-61

-- Honora, ancestress of the White Knights, 76

-- Brian, chief of Offaly, 135, 136, 150-153, 163, 177, 207, 210, 211, 213, 214, 221, 222, 224, 226, 227, 229, 251, 256, 326, 328, 335, 373, 392, 400, 401

-- Cahir Roe, brother of Brian, 151, 177, 207, 211, 213, 214, 251, 332

-- Donogh, son of Brian, 400, 402, 403, 408

-- Lady Mary, wife of Brian; _see_ Lady Mary Fitzgerald.

-- Margaret, daughter of Brian, 392

-- Roe, in Roscommon, 140, 228, 374

-- Don, in Roscommon, 140, 374

O'Connors, the, 56, 57, 61, 62, 69, 86

-- of Offaly, the, 86, 120, 121, 129, 130, 175, 177, 213, 348, 385, 401-403

O'Corrin, James, Bishop of Killaloe, 305

Octavian de Palatio, Archbishop of Armagh (1480-1513), 104, 108

O'Dempseys, the, of Clanmalier (Portnahinch in Queen's Co. and Upper Philipstown in King's Co.), 251

O'Dogherty, chief of Innishowen in Donegal, 140, 274, 345

O'Donlevy, chief of Uladh, 53

O'Donnell, chief of Tyrconnel, 62

-- Donnell Oge, chief of Tyrconnel, 63

-- Hugh Roe, chief of Tyrconnel, 111, 113, 119, 120

-- Hugh Oge (called also Hugh Dhu), son of Hugh Roe, chief of Tyrconnel, 124, 125, 132, 136, 140, 141, 147, 154, 211, 212, 253

O'Donnell, Manus, grandson of Hugh Roe, chief of Tyrconnel, 140, 147, 212, 218-220, 237, 239, 247, 262, 263, 345, 347, 373, 395

-- Roderic, Bishop of Derry, 237

-- Lady Eleanor, wife of Manus; _see_ Lady Eleanor Fitzgerald.

-- Calvagh, son of Manus, chief of Tyrconnel, 377, 393, 395, 405, 407

-- Con, son of Calvagh, 405

-- the, 120, 257, 272, 300, 349, 399

O'Doyne, of Iregan or Portnahinch in Queen's Co., 213, 218, 251

O'Driscoll, of Baltimore in West Cork, 88

O'Duffy, Keyly, Archbishop of Tuam, 51

O'Dwyer, of Kilnemanagh in Tipperary, 242, 266

Offaly (greater part of King's Co. and part of Queen's Co.), 206, 211, 213, 218, 349, 350, 373, 392, 399, 400, 401, 408, 409

-- Barony of, in Kildare, 251

O'Fihely, Maurice, Archbishop of Tuam, 292

O'Gallagher, Edmund, Bishop of Raphoe, 293

-- Raymond, Bishop of Killala (Papal), and afterwards of Derry, 293, 307

O'Gallaghers, the, of Donegal, 140

O'Grady, chief of a district near Killaloe in Clare and Galway, 271

O'Gunnell, _i.e._ Carrigogunnell in Limerick, 186

O'Haingly, Donat and Samuel, Archbishops of Dublin, 34

O'Hanlon, chief of Orior in Armagh, 111, 112, 115, 120, 263, 353, 376, 397, 398

O'Hanmire, Maelisa, Bishop of Waterford, 35

O'Hara, of Leyny in Sligo, 60, 69

Oisy; _see_ De Candolle.

O'Kane; _see_ O'Cahan.

O'Kearney, or O'Caharney, called 'the Fox,' of Kilcoursey in King's County, 56, 69

O'Kellies, the, of the tribe of Hy-Maine, much scattered, but in this work chiefly between Tuam and Roscommon, 69, 75, 172, 334, 374

O'Kelly, Hugh, 266

O'Kennedy, of Ormonde in Tipperary, 120, 224, 227, 242, 266

Olaf Cuaran, 21, 24, 25, 32

-- Sitricson, 29

-- Trygvesson, 32

Oldcastle, Sir John, 388

Olderfleet (Larne), 351

Olfin, 18

Olioll Olum, 22

O'Lonergan, Edmund, 317

O'Madden, of Longford in Galway, 69, 228, 402

Omagh, 119, 122

O'Meagher, of Ikerrin in Tipperary, 211, 242, 321, 329

O'Melaghlin (commonly corrupted into MacLoughlin), of Clonlonan in Westmeath, 39, 52, 228, 334

O'Molloy, of Fercall (including Ballyboy and Ballycowan) in King's County, 206, 211, 226, 262, 338, 402, 403

O'More, Lysaght, 77

-- Connell, chief of Leix, 132, 175-177, 224

-- Peter, brother of Connell, 224, 225

-- Lysaght, son of Connell, 224, 225

-- Kedagh, son of Connell, 224-226, 266

-- Rory, son of Connell, 224-226, 266, 275, 329, 335, 341

-- Connell Oge, 400, 401

O'Mores, the, of Leix, 88, 125, 127, 130, 135, 140, 146, 167, 176, 177, 211, 258, 348, 399, 403, 408

O'Mullally, Thomas, Archbishop of Tuam, 292

O'Mulrian, or Ryan, of Owney in Tipperary and Limerick, 227, 266, 393

O'Murrilly, John, Bishop of Ross, 293

O'Neill, Donnell, 68

O'Neill, Con More, chief of Tyrone, 118

-- Henry and Donnell, brothers to Con More, 118-120

-- Art Oge, son of Con More, chief of Tyrone, 121

-- Con Bacagh, son of Con More, by Lady Alice O'Neill, and half-brother to Art Oge, whom he succeeded as chief (he was created Earl of Tyrone), 119, 132, 134, 136, 137, 140, 142, 147, 163, 167, 176, 199, 221, 222, 231, 232, 237-240, 243, 247, 259, 263, 264, 268; _see_ Tyrone, Earl of.

O'Neill, Tirlogh, brother to Con Bacagh, 119, 120

-- Shane, son of Con Bacagh, 270, 376, 377, 403-405, 407

-- Matthew Ferdoragh, reputed son of Con Bacagh; _see_ Dungannon, first Baron of.

-- Tirlogh Luineach (so-called from having been fostered with the O'Loonies), nephew of Con Bacagh, and afterwards chief of Tyrone, 377

-- Phelim Roe and Neill Connelagh, nephews of Con Bacagh, 263

-- Hugh Boy, founder of the Clandeboye branch, 62, 76

-- Phelim Bacagh, chief of Clandeboye, 198

-- of Clandeboye, Phelim Roe, 258

O'Neills, the, of Clandeboye, 129, 142, 239, 362

-- the, 40, 120, 211, 212, 239, 385, 399

-- of Tyrone, 62, 66, 86, 90

O'Nolans, the, of Forth in Carlow, 57, 86, 210

Oransay, 13

O'Reilly, Farrell, chief of Brefny-O'Reilly (this consisted of Cavan, except Tullyhaw and Tullyhunco), 154

-- Malachias, brother and successor to Farrell, 221, 222, 238, 349, 375, 376

O'Reillys of Cavan, the, 90, 120, 127

Oriel, 32

Orkney, 32

Ormonde, James Butler, first Earl of, 72

-- -- -- second Earl of, 79

-- -- -- third Earl of, 84

-- -- -- fourth Earl of (the 'White Earl'), 89, 90, 316

-- -- -- fifth Earl of, 91

-- John Butler, sixth Earl of, 102

-- Thomas Butler, seventh Earl of, 102

-- Sir Thomas Boleyn, sometimes called Earl of; _see_ Boleyn.

-- Piers Butler, eighth Earl of, and first Earl of Ossory (called Roe, 'The Red'), 102; marries Lady Margaret Fitzgerald, 103; kills Sir James Ormonde, 117; claims the earldom of Ormonde, 126; co-operates with Surrey, 132, 133, 136; Deputy, 139, 140, 141, 142; superseded, 143; sends his son to London, 145; his disputes with Kildare, 146; in England, 147; created Earl of Ossory, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 164, 165, 167, 170, 173, 182, 183, 187, 189, 190, 193, 200; on good terms with Cromwell, 202, 207, 210; Earl of Ormonde after Boleyn's death, 218; his attempts at civilisation, 221; he quarrels with Grey, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229; hollow reconciliation with Grey, 231; entertains the Council at Kilkenny, 235; his death, 241, 245; supposed falsification of records in his time, 279; in opposition to his son, the Archbishop of Cashel, 291

Ormonde, James Butler, ninth Earl of, and second Earl of Ossory, called 'The Lame,' 139; at Court, 145; escapes marrying Anne Boleyn, 149; his influence among the Irish, 151, 152; made Lord Treasurer, 156; his loyalty, 164, 165; wounded, 167, 177, 178; at the siege of Dungarvan, 182; at the second siege, 189; his journey in Munster, 190-193, 199, 200, 201, 202; at the siege of Carrigogunnell, 203, 204, 218; falls out with Grey, 223, 229, 231; his head in danger, 234; entertains the Council at Carlow, 235; becomes Earl, 241, 242, 248; risks his person in the Desmond country, 249; attacks the Kavanaghs, 250, 254; attends St. Leger in Munster, 255; his claims on the Desmond estates, 256; addresses Parliament in Irish, 258; at Court, 271; furnishes a large contingent for Scotch war, 276; his quarrel with St. Leger, 278-286; proposed for Deputy, 279; chosen to command the contingent in Scotland, 280; sails to the Clyde, 281, 282; he is poisoned, 285, 331, 341; his chaplain Bicton, 359

-- Thomas Butler, tenth Earl of, called 'Black Thomas,' succeeds his father at the age of fourteen, 286, 325, 326; in England, 339, 346; receives part of his rents, 375; his death reported, 382; his uncle, 386; returns to Ireland, 392, 393, 400, 409

Ormonde, James Butler, Duke of, 316

-- Sir James, 102, 103, 109, 114, 117, 118

-- the northern part of Tipperary, 266

-- Joan, Countess of; _see_ Lady Joan Fitzgerald.

O'Rourke, Tiernan, prince of Brefny, 39, 46, 47, 49

O'Rourkes, the, of Brefny (Brefny-O'Rourke was Leitrim with Tullyhaw and Tullyhunco in Cavan), 63, 140, 239, 266

Osbertstown, 240

O'Sealbhaigh, Augustine, Bishop of Waterford, 35, 52

O'Shaughnessy, seated at Gort in Galway, 271, 410

-- Sir Dermot, 333

Osney, 198

Ospak, 26-28

Ossory, Ossorians, 43, 47, 81

-- Earldom; _see_ Piers, eighth Earl of Ormonde.

-- see of, 293, 358, 367

-- Upper; _see_ Upper Ossory.

O'Sullivan, Beare or Bere (in West Cork), 268

O'Toole, St. Lawrence, Archbishop of Dublin, 35, 45, 51, 251

-- Tirlogh, chief of Imaile, 222, 238, 252, 253, 265, 287

-- Art Oge, brother to Tirlogh, 253

O'Tooles, the, of Imaile (Upper Talbotstown) in Wicklow, 57, 70, 80, 86, 154, 166, 221, 223, 238, 244, 251-253, 326, 397

Overy, William, 91

Owel, Lough, 18

Owney, in Tipperary, 99, 227

-- Beg, in Limerick, 99

Oxford, 284, 293, 322, 359

-- Earls of, 85, 150, 270

Oxmantown, 109, 160, 164, 173

Paget, Sir William, afterwards Lord, 335, 390, 398

Pale, the, 71, 76, 80, 123, 129-132, 171, 200, 203, 209, 254, 335

Palestine, 271

Paparo, Cardinal, 35

Paris, 310, 373

-- Christopher, 173-175

-- George, 345, 347, 348, 352, 359, 373

Parry, Stephen ap, 189-193, 203, 224, 395

Patrick, St., 4, 12, 14, 17, 18, 32, 33, 35, 305

-- Bishop of Dublin; _see_ Gillapatrick.

-- -- -- Limerick, 36

Patrick's day, St., 282

-- Cathedral, St., 109, 158, 173, 281, 322, 341, 394

-- purgatory, St., 127

Paul, St., 308, 381, 388, 389

-- III., Pope, 307

-- IV., Pope, 394

Paulet, William, Marquis of Winchester, 208

-- George, brother to the Marquis, 208, 229, 234

Payne, John, Bishop of Meath (1483-1506), 104

Paynswick, Robert, Prior and first Dean of Christ Church, Dublin, 303

Payntenye, Richard, 114

Pembroke, Earl of; _see_ Marshal.

Pembrokeshire, 183

Peter, St., 28

-- the Pope called Coarb of St., 14

Peto the Franciscan, 394

Philip II., 7, 394, 395

Philippa, Countess of Ulster, 84

Philipstown, 206, 340, 400-403, 408

Pirry, Martin, 351

Pius II. (Æneas Sylvius), Pope, 92

Plantagenets, 11, 70, 78, 84

Plunkets, 76, 397

Poer, Le Poer, De Poer, De Poher, Power, 53, 64, 70, 75, 85, 88, 258; _see_ Power.

Pole, Reginald, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury, 181, 219, 401, 413, 414

-- John de la, 100

Portuguese, 201, 330

Powell, an officer, 203

-- Watkin, 327

Power, a pirate, 330

-- of Curraghmore, Richard, first Baron by creation, 236

-- Peter, second Baron, son of the last named, 276, 277

-- Edward, bastard brother of Peter, 276

-- Dominick, 172, 175

Powerscourt, 200, 238, 251, 252, 397

Poynet, John, Bishop of Winchester, 368

Poynings, Sir Edward, Lord Deputy (1494-1496), 110-115; first Parliament held under his 'Act,' 118, 160, 198, 279

Prendergast, Maurice de, 42

-- name of, 71

Prestons, family of, 76

Protector, Fort; _see_ Maryborough.

Puebla, Rodrigo de la, 188

Purcell, a pirate, 166, 169, 173

-- John, Bishop of Ferns, 297, 298

-- name of, 64

Queen's County; _see_ Leix.

Quentin, St., battle of, 391

Quin or Coyne, John, Bishop of Limerick (1521-1551), 300, 305, 306, 354

Radclyffe; _see_ Sussex.

-- Sir Henry, brother to Sussex, 408

Ragnal, name, 29

-- son of Ivar, 19

Ragnar Lodbrok, 17, 19

Ralph, Archbishop of Canterbury; _see_ Eures.

Randon Castle, 65, 77

Raphoe, church and see of, 12, 211, 293

Rathangan, 176, 177, 326, 329

Rathbreasil, 15, 34

Rathlin Island, 271, 272, 360, 361, 377

Rathmore, 222

Rathvilly, 326

Ratisbon, 306

Rawson, Sir John, created Viscount of Clontarf, 155, 160, 178, 258, 316

Raymond, Le Gros Fitzgerald; _see_ Le Gros.

-- Oge, 328

Rede, Sir Richard, Lord Chancellor in 1546, 284

Redman, Robert, 89

Redshanks, 272, 273

Ree, Lough, 17, 65

Reginald's Tower, 47, 113

Rennes, 219

Renteria, 184

Reyley, Robert, 165

Rice; _see_ Tudor.

Richard, Earl; _see_ Strongbow.

-- I., 58

-- II., 42, 272

-- III., 93

-- Duke of York; _see_ York.

Richmond, Henry, Duke of, natural son of Henry VIII., Lord Lieutenant (1529-1536), 153, 204

Riddlesford, Walter de, 251

Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, 216

Rinuccini, Giovan Battista, 318, 402

Robert II., King of Scotland, 272

Roche, Lord, 200, 268

Rocheford, name of, 64

Roderic, King; _see_ O'Connor.

Rokeby, Sir Thomas, 84

-- William, Bishop of Meath, (1507-1511), Archbishop of Dublin (1512-1521), 131, 290, 291

Romans, King of, 4, 7, 39

Rome, 35, 211, 220, 238, 288

Rookes, a pirate, 166, 169, 172, 173

Rosamond Clifford (Fair Rosamond), 59

Roscommon, 77, 125, 408

-- County, 95, 211

Roscrea, 18, 224, 242, 374

Rosen, General, 167

Ross, or New Ross, in Wexford, 59, 74, 85, 235, 285, 373

-- Old, in Wexford, 198

-- in Carbery (West Cork), church and see of, 293, 295, 306

-- Earl of, in Scotland, 279

Rouen, 89

Route, the, 77, 266

Russell, John, first Earl of Bedford, 282

Rutland, Thomas Manners, first Earl of, 150

Ryans, the, of Idrone in Carlow, 340

-- the, of Tipperary; _see_ O'Mulrian.

Sadleir, Sir Ralph, 253

St. John, Elizabeth, wife of the eighth Earl of Kildare, 115

St. Lawrence, Thomas, a Judge of the King's Bench, 231; _see_ Howth.

St. Leger, Sir Anthony, of Ulcombe, Lord Deputy (1540-1547, 1550-1551, and 1553-1556); Royal Commissioner in Ireland, 208; detained by weather at Holyhead, 210, 212; correctly appreciates the Irish question, 213; arrives in Ireland, 232; labours of his Commission, 232-3; his opinion of Cromwell, 234; Viceroy, 249; Revenue Commissioners associated with him, 250; determines to begin with Leinster, 250; proposes to ennoble O'Connor, 251; befriends O'Toole, 252, 253; his caution, 254; Desmond submits to him, 255, 256; goes to Munster, 257; holds a Parliament, 258; makes Henry VIII. King of Ireland, 259; meets O'Donnell at Cavan, 262; chastises the O'Neills, 263; invents winter campaigns, 264; his success as a governor, 265; treats the Irish mildly, 266; regulates the Desmond country, 267; Munster chiefs flock to him at Cork, 268; procures the submission of O'Neill, 269; his successes in Ulster, 273; sick of Ireland, 275; in England, 276; returns to Ireland, 278; his negotiations with Scotch malcontents, 280; raises Irish troops for foreign service, 281; on bad terms with Ormonde, 282-286; in England, 283; restored to his Irish government, 285, 286; recommends Dowdall for the primacy, 307; profits by the dissolution of the monasteries, 320; his dealings with the Irish, 326; recalled, 327; a conciliatory man, 336, 340; considered inventor of the cess, 344; reappointed Deputy, 348; adopts a conciliatory policy, 349; finds the garrisons utterly demoralised, 350; cannot get the necessary funds, 351; welcomed by Tyrone, 353; has the communion service translated into Latin, 354; his conference with Dowdall, 355; is compared by Browne to Gallio, 356; has ideas of toleration, 357; repudiates the name of Papist, 358; recalled, 359, 365; his mining projects, 372; O'Donnell quiet in his time, 373; reappointed Deputy, 378; lands, 385; conforms to Mary's religious plans, 386; hated chiefly for his good deeds, 396; superseded, 397; Sussex is jealous of his influence, 408

St. Leger, Sir James, 126

St. Leger, Robert, 255

Saintloo, Sir John, Marshal of the Army (1535), 170, 178, 189, 193

-- Captain William, seneschal of Wexford, 199, 201, 203, 206, 221, 231, 232, 235

Salisbury, John of, 37

-- Robert of, 54

-- Captain John, 169-171, 178

Sall, Dr., 320

Salmeron, Alphonso, 308-310

Sanda Island, 282

Sandal Hill, 91

Sandell, in Scotland, 410

Sanders, Matthew, Bishop of Leighlin, 1527-1549, 305, 306

Sandford, John, Archbishop of Dublin and Viceroy in 1290, 95

Sarpi, Fra Paolo, 394

Savages, a family settled in Ards, Co. Down, 77, 129, 199, 232, 263

Scandinavians, 15

Scattery Island, 23, 27

Scotland, Scots, Scotch, 64, 66, 199, 230, 232, 237, 239, 241, 247, 271-274, 282, 309, 310, 333, 341, 345, 347, 352, 360-362, 364, 365, 376, 377, 385, 395, 398, 408, 410; _see_ MacDonnell.

Sebastian, St., 184, 188

Senanus, St., 23, 27

Seymour, Queen Jane, 196

-- Thomas Lord, Lord Admiral, 331, 337

Seymours, the, 286; _see_ Somerset.

Sexton, Edmund, 228, 320

Shakespeare, 89, 217, 387

Shannon River, 47, 124, 182, 200, 203, 228, 256, 265, 334, 402

Shaxton, Nicholas, Bishop of Salisbury, 322

Shee, Robert, 389

Sheehy, Clan, 140

Shetland, 32

Sidney, Sir Henry, several times Lord Deputy, 88, 122, 243, 286, 315, 397; his first service in Ulster, 398, 403; Lord Justice, 405-407; sides with Sussex against Dowdall, 408

Sigurd, Earl of Orkney, 26, 28

Simnel, Lambert, 90, 103, 108

Sitric, 19, 24, 32, 33

Skeffington, Sir William, called 'The Gunner'; Viceroy, 153, 154, 155; recalled, 156, 158; hostile to Kildare, 160, 161, 162, 163; Viceroy, 165; arrives in Ireland, 169, 170; his inactivity, 171; takes Maynooth, 173-175; relapses into inactivity, 176-177; thanked by Henry VIII., 178-179; takes Dungarvan, 189; his jealousy of Lord Butler, 190, 191; cannot agree with Lord Leonard Grey, 193-194; death and character, 194; his widow, 195-196, 200, 247

Slane, 114, 115

-- Christopher Fleming, Baron of, Lord Treasurer, 152

-- Flemings, Barons of, 54, 76, 107, 163, 276

-- James Fleming, Baron of, 240

Slievebloom, 334

Slieve Margy, 341

-- Phelim, 265

Sligo, 24, 127, 218, 263

Smith, a pirate, 330

Smithfield, 316

Solloghead, 22

Somerset, Edward, Duke of, Protector, 270, 281, 286, 327, 337

Somersetshire, 290

Sorley Boy; _see_ MacDonnell.

Spain, 175, 289, 357

Spaniards, 187, 273

Spires, 306

Stanihurst, Richard, the Chronicler, 103, 175, 240

Stanley, Sir George, 397

Staples, Edward, Bishop of Meath (1530-1554), 153, 259, 303, 311, 322-324, 341, 350, 365, 366, 384, 391, 392

Staunton, name of, 71

-- John, 114

-- Richard, 168

Stephen, King, 37

-- castellan of Abertivy, 41

Stephenson, a pirate, 330

Stile, Sir John, 194

Stirling, 280

Stoke-on-Trent, 105

Stradbally, 399

Strafford, Earl of, 286

Strangford Lough, 127, 365

Strangwych, a pirate, 330

Strongbow, 41 _sqq._, 51, 61, 63, 64

Stuart, Queen Mary, 271

Stuarts, the, 70

Suck River, 228

Suffolk, 202

Suir River, 44, 47, 130, 182

Sullivan, Dr. W. K., notes to Chapter I.

Sumercote, Laurence, 62

Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, Viceroy, 128; lands at Dublin, 131; wars with the Irish, 132; O'Donnell visits him in Dublin, 132; more wars, 133; his difficulties, 135; his activity, 136; his Parliament, 137; recalled, 138; character, 139; his opinion as to Butlers and Geraldines, 152; his tenants in Carlow, 158; recommended for the Viceroyalty, 160; his advice, 179; affected by the Act of Absentees, 198; befriends the O'Tooles, 252; recommends a scholar for a bishopric, 288

-- Henry Howard, Earl of, 216

Sussex, Thomas Radclyffe, Earl of, Viceroy; _see_ Fitzwalter. Lord Deputy, 396; installed with the old religious ceremonies, 397; goes into Ulster, 397; his failure, 398; his attempts to settle the King's and Queen's Counties, 399; imperfect success, 400; holds a Parliament in 1557 which restores the old Church, 401; makes an abortive journey into Connaught, 402; and another into Ulster, 403; harries the central plain, 403; takes a holiday, 405; returns to Ireland, 408; is jealous of St. Leger, 408; makes a progress in Munster, 408-409; and in Connaught, 410; undertakes an invasion of the Hebrides, 410; but returns without effecting anything, 411; his activity, 412; leaves Ireland at Mary's death, 412

Swaffham, John de, Bishop of Cloyne (1363-1376), 81

Swart, Martin, 104, 105

Swedes, 31

Swift, Jonathan, 31

Swilly, Lough, 398

Swords, 12

Talbot, George, 198

-- Richard, Archbishop of Dublin (1417-1449), 316

-- Robert, 142

-- Sir John, 88, 89

-- Thomas, 240

Tallaght, 123, 129

Tanderagee, 398

Tara, 1, 21, 114, 238, 239

Tassagard, 123

Tatenhall, John of, Bishop of Ossory in 1376, 81

Teeling, John, 165, 166, 172

Templars, 65, 99, 315

Tenby, 183

Teviotdale, 281

Thady Roe, 335

Thames River, 173

Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, 36

Thierri, 6

Thirlby, Thomas, Bishop of Norwich, 395

Thomas, son of Henry IV., viceroy, 87

-- St., of Dublin (Thomascourt), 317

-- St., of Acon, 198

Thomastown, 59, 167, 388

Thomond, or Clare, 63, 65, 124, 172, 175, 203, 204, 218, 219, 227, 261, 271

-- Murrough O'Brien, first Earl of, son of Tirlogh Don, 227, 256-258, 270, 271, 338, 345, 346, 349, 353

-- Donough O'Brien, second Earl of, son of Connor, 173, 191, 192, 200, 201, 204, 227, 228, 256, 258, 270, 271, 393

-- Connor O'Brien, third Earl of, son of Donogh, 393, 402, 409, 410

Thorstein, 28

Thurles, 50, 59, 242

Tibraghny, 47

Tichfield Abbey, 294

Timahoe, 54

Tinnahinch, 213

Tintern Abbey, 296, 315, 317

Tipperary Castle, 22

-- County, 144, 146, 150, 165, 167, 182, 186, 201, 218, 221, 224, 227, 236, 261, 265, 266, 278, 297, 305

Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, 92

Tirlogh, King of Ireland, 33

Tirrey, Dominick, Bishop of Cork and Cloyne (1536-1556), 306

Toem, 321

Toledo, 184

Tomson, a pirate, 329, 330

Tory Island, 12

Tosti, 35

Tournon, Cardinal, 310

Townsend, Lord, 286

Towton, battle of, 91

Tralee, 300

Travers, Sir John, first Master of the Ordnance (1539-1558), 242-244, 255, 266, 268, 273, 332

-- Robert, Bishop of Leighlin (1550-1555), 359

-- Doctor John, 173

Treherne, Philip, 316

Trent, Council of, 307

Trim, 50, 108, 171, 176, 304, 305, 348

Trimleston, Barnewalls, Barons of, 76

Tuam, see of, 81, 292; for Archbishops, _see_ O'Fihely, O'Duffy, O'Mullally, Bodkin.

Tudor, Rice ap, 41

Tuke, Sir Brian, 194

Tullahogue, 141

Tullow, 156, 167, 210, 225

Tunstal, Cuthbert, Bishop of Durham, 306

Turgeis, or Turgesius, 17, 18, 36

Turkey, 297

Turks and French compared, 347

Turner, Richard, 369

Tynemoor, battle, 19

Tyrconnel, or Donegal, 12, 136, 218, 220, 239, 263, 347

Tyrone (sometimes held to include part of Armagh), 62, 119, 154, 176, 263

-- Con Bacagh O'Neill, first Earl of, 268-270, 274, 307, 340, 345, 353, 362, 363, 373, 374, 376, 379, 386, 395; _see_ under Con Bacagh O'Neill.

Tyrry, Edmund, 332

Ufford, Robert de, Viceroy in 1276, 64

-- Ralph de, Viceroy in 1344, 78

Uladh (ancient name for Antrim and Down), 53

Ulcombe, 208

Ulster, Earldom and Earls of, 61, 62, 64, 66, 71, 76, 78, 81, 83, 86, 135, 271

-- princes of, 269; _see_ O'Neill.

Upper Ossory, Barnaby Fitzpatrick first Baron of, 257, 258, 275, 279, 283

-- -- Sir Barnaby Fitzpatrick, second Baron of, son of the above, 326, 383, 393, 409

Valenciennes, 219

Valladolid, 184

Valley, Knight of the, 76

Verdon, de, 66

Vere, de, 85

Verona, 219

Vesci, de, 72

Wafer, Nicholas, 165, 166, 172

Wales and the Welsh, 10, 27, 57, 283, 352

Wallop, Sir John, 219

Walsh, or Walshe, Henry, 321

-- -- Patrick, Bishop of Waterford (1551-1578), 388

-- Robert, 175, 218-220

-- -- Thomas, Baron of the Exchequer in England, 250

-- -- William, Papal Bishop of Meath (1554-1557), 391, 392

-- -- William, 317

Walters, John, 110, 118

Warbeck, Perkin, 90, 109-118

Ward, Hill of, 49

Warwick, Edward, Earl of (Clarence's son), 103

-- Dudley, Earl of; _see_ Northumberland.

Waterford, 19, 21; its position in Danish times, 29-30; taken by the Normans, 44, 47, 74; its private wars, 87-88, 104; its siege by Warbeck, 113, 116, 119, 170, 187, 235, 236, 291, 297, 321, 329, 330, 351, 371, 378, 380, 412

-- County, 47, 60, 81, 144, 236, 237, 412

Wauchop, Papal Archbishop of Armagh (1543-1541), 306, 307, 347

Welch, Nicholas, 278

Wellesley, or Wesley, name of, 71

-- Walter, Bishop of Kildare (1529), 15, 288

Wentworth, Lord, 368

Wessex, 32

Westmeath, 49, 66, 173, 206, 213, 334, 374

-- Nugents, Earls of, 54

Weston, Sir William, 316

Wexford, 42, 43, 46, 49, 235, 237

Wexford, County and Liberty, 63, 88, 65, 95, 97, 198, 206, 231, 236, 298, 328, 342, 372

Whitby, synod of, 15

White, John, 166, 168

-- another John, 364, 376

-- Knights (Fitzgerald), 76, 190, 236

Wicklow, 130, 397

Wilfred, St., of York, 15

William the Conqueror, 37

-- III., 85

Wilson, Richard, Bishop of Meath (1523-1529), 29

Wiltshire, Earl of, Butler, 89

-- Earl of, Boleyn, 149

Winchester, 35

-- William Paulet, Marquis of, 208

Windsor, 54, 83

-- Gerald de, 41

Wogan, Sir John, several times Chief Governor under Edward I. and Edward II., 64, 95, 96

Wolsey, Cardinal, 126, 142, 145, 148-150, 152, 153, 158, 184, 187, 188, 194, 209, 289, 290, 293

Wolstan's, St., Monastery, 313

Woodstock, 200

Woodward, George, 200

Worcester, Tiptoft, Earl of, 92

Worms, 306

Wriothesley, Thomas, created Earl of Southampton, 286

Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 389-391

Wyse, Andrew, Vice-Treasurer (1550-1553), 396

Youghal, 66, 74, 181, 183, 190, 192, 241, 248, 300, 330

York, Richard, Duke of, 90, 335

Yorkists, in Ireland, 90 _sqq._

Zapata, Francesco, 308-310

Zouche, Elizabeth, married to the ninth Earl of Kildare, 120, 128

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME.

PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON

TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES

Page iii: Two volumes as in original; number of volumes may have been revised after original publication

Page xxii: Errata have been applied to the text and index

Page 10: Hyphenation of re-conquered standardised to reconquered

Page 13: Text has Oronsay, index has Oransay, as in original text

Page 20: Inconsistent hyphenation of earth-works as in the original. Left as in the original as part of a quotation

Page 23: Text has Glenmama, index has Glennama, as in original text

Page 26: Machnordha's corrected to Maelmordha's

Page 31: Text has Donnchadh, index has Donncadh, as in original text

Page 34: Text has St. Albans, index has St. Alban's, as in original text

Pages 34, 416, 422: Inconsistent hyphenation of Ath-Cliath/Ath Cliath as in original index

Page 44: siezed corrected to seized

Page 48: Hyphenation of handmills standardised to hand-mills

Page 59: Text has Long-sword, index has Longsword as in original text

Page 73: Text has Irish town, index has Irishtown, as in original text

Pages 89, 118: Hyphenation of cross-bows standardised to crossbows

Page 90: Hyphenation of re-conquest standardised to reconquest

Page 114: Text has Paynteneye, index has Payntenye, as in original text

Page 140: Text has Clan-Donnell, index has Clandonnell, as in original text

Page 144: Text has Darcys, index has Darcies, as in original text

Page 148: he corrected to be in "than could be bought"

Page 188: Text has Ballinskellig, index has Ballinskelligs, as in original text

Page 190: gallowglasess corrected to gallowglasses

Page 210: Duplicate in removed from sidenote "The Commissioners arrive in in Ireland ..."

Page 212: gallies corrected to galleys

Page 218: Text has M'Cragh, index has MacCragh, as in original text

Page 218: Text has Allen Governor, index has Alan Governor, as in original text

Page 224: Text has Ballynacloch, index has Ballinaclogh, as in original text

Pages 237, 247: Text has Carrick Bradagh, index has Carrickbradagh, as in original text

Pages 250, 255: Hyphenation of vice-regal standardised to viceregal

Page 257: viscounty as in the original

Page 267: Hyphenation of good-will standardised to goodwill

Page 268 [Footnote]: signataries corrected to signatories

Page 271: Text has Bissets/Missets, index has Bissett/Missett, as in original

Page 286: collison as in the original. "collision" may be intended

Page 290 [Footnote]: Speakers as in the original. Other copies of this work have Watkin's speech ending at "... own person visit?" and Jeffrey responding from "No, another for him doth it ..." onwards.

Page 292: Text has O'Fiehely, index has O'Fihely, as in original text

Page 333: Bnt corrected to But

Page 341: Text has Slievemargy, index has Slieve Margy, as in original text

Page 351 [Sidenote]: Appehensions corrected to Apprehensions

Page 365: Dowdale corrected to Dowdall after "fittest intermediary."

Page 373: Hyphenation of sea-ports standardised to seaports

Page 392: Text has Leath-Mhogha, index has Leath Mhoga, as in original text

Page 408: Text has Radecliffe, index has Radclyffe, as in original text

Page 421: Reference for Daniel, Terence, Dean of Armagh corrected from page 361 to 364

Page 422: In entry for Dublin, Archbishops of, Leck corrected to Lech as elsewhere in index and text

Page 439: Tony Island corrected to Tory Island

Various: Variable spelling of recognisance/recognizance as in the original text

Various: Text has MacQuillin, index has Macquillin, as in original text

Various: Erratic capitalisation and hyphenation of Fitz names as in the original