CHAPTER VIII.

ENGINEERING AND TRANSPORTATION.

The Duties of a Civil Engineer.--Great Engineering of the Past.--The Divisions.--Steam.--Mining.--Hydraulic.-- Electrical.--Marine.--Bridge Making, Its Development.--First Arched Iron Bridge.--Darby.--Telford.--Leading Bridges of the Century.--Suspension.--Tubular.--Tubular Arch.--Truss.-- Cantilever.--Spider’s Web and Suspension.--Sir Samuel Brown.-- The Tweed.--Menai Straits and Telford.--M. Chaley and Fribourg.--J. K. Brunel and Isle of Bourbon.--British America and the United States united in 1855--Niagara.--John A. Roebling.--The Brooklyn Bridge.--Caissons and the Caisson Disease.--Tubular Bridge at Menai.--“The Grandest Lift in Engineering.”--Robert Stephenson.--The Tubular Arch at Washington.--Captain Meigs and Captain Eads.--St. Louis Bridge.--Truss System and Vast Modern Bridges.--Cantilever Succeeded the Suspension.--New Niagara and River Forth.--Schneider.--Hayes.--Fowler and Baker.--Milton’s Description.--Lighthouses.--Smeaton.--Douglass.--Bartholdi.-- Eiffel.--Excavating, Dredging, Draining.--Road-making.-- Railroads.--Canals.--Tunnels.--Excavating.--Desert Lands Reclaimed.--Holland and Florida Swamps.--The Tunnels of the Alps.--Suez Canal.--Engineering, as seen from a Pullman Car.--Cable Transportation.--Pneumatic Lock System.--Grain Elevators--Progress in Civilisation. 93