CHAPTER XXVI.

MUSIC, ACOUSTICS, OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHY, FINE ARTS.

Musical Instruments Old as Religion.--Abounded before the Lyre of Apollo or the Harp of Orpheus.--Their Evolution.--To Meet Wants and Growing Tastes.--Nineteenth Century and the Laws of Helmholtz.--The Story of the Piano, the Queen, Involves whole History of the Art of Music.--Ancient Harp and Growth.-- Psaltery and Dulcimer of Assyrians and Hebrews.--No Inventions by Greeks and Romans in this Art.--Fifteenth Century and the Clavicitherium.--Sixteenth Century, the Virginal and the Spinet.--Seventeenth Century, the Clavichord and Harpsichord.-- Italian Cembello.--Bach, Mozart, Handel, Haydn.--Cristofori of Florence, Schreiber of Germany and Modern Piano.--Eighteenth Century, Pianos of Broadwood and Clementi of London, Erard of Strasburg, Petzold of Paris and Others.--Two Thousand Years Taken to Ripen the Modern Piano.--Description of Piano Parts.-- Helmholtz’s Great Work, 1862.--Effect on System of Music and Musical Instruments.--The Organ, King in the Realm of Music.-- History of, from Earliest Times.--Improvements of the Nineteenth Century.--The Auto-harp.--Self-playing Instruments.--The Science of Acoustics and Practical Applications.--Auricular Tubes.-- Telephone, Phonograph, Graphophone, Gramophone.--Their Evolution and their Inventors.--Optical Instruments.--Their Growth.--Lippersheim, Galileo, Lieberkulm, John Dolland.--The Improvements and Inventors of the Nineteenth Century.--Brewster and the Kaleidoscope, Stereoscope.--Lenticular Lenses.-- Lighthouse Illumination.--Faraday and Tyndall.--Abbé Moigno’s Troubles.--Ophthalmoscope.--Spectroscope.--Making of Great Lenses.--Solarmeter.--Measuring the Position and Distances of Unseen Objects.--Light Converted into Music.--Daguerre and Photography.--History and Development.--Colour Reproduction.-- Pencils.--Painting.--Air Brushes.--Telegraphic Photographs. 400