CHAPTER XVII.

PAPER AND PRINTING, TYPEWRITING AND THE LINOTYPE.

Paper-making Preceded the Art of Printing.--The Wasp Preceded Man.--The Chinese, the Hindoos, Egyptians, and other Orientals had Invented Both Arts.--History of Papyrus.--Parchment.-- Twelfth Century Documents Written on Linen Paper still Extant.--Water Marks.--Wall Paper, Substitute for Tapestry, 1640.--Holland in Advance, Seventeenth Century.--Rittenhouse of Holland Introduces Paper-Making in America, Eighteenth Century.--Paper a Dear Commodity.--The Revolution of the Nineteenth Century.--400 Different Materials now Used.-- Nineteenth Century Opens with Robert’s Paper-Making Machine.-- Messrs. Fourdrinier.--Immense Growth of their System.--Modern Discoveries of Chemists.--Soda Pulp and Sulphite Processes.-- Paper Mills.--Paper Bag Machines, etc.--Printing.--Chinese Invented Both Block and Movable Types.--European Inventors.-- The Claims of Different Nations.--From Southern Italy to Sweden.--Spread of the Art.--Printing Press and the Reformation.--First Printing Press in New World Set up in Mexico, 1536.--Then in Brazil.--Then in 1639 in Massachusetts.--Types and Presses.--English and American.-- Ramage and Franklin.--Blaew of Amsterdam.--Nineteenth Century Opens with Earl of Stanhope’s Hand Press.--Clymer of Philadelphia, 1817.--The First Machine Presses.--Nicholson in Eighteenth.--Konig and Bauer in Nineteenth Century, 1813.-- London Times, 1814.--1815, Cowper’s Electrotype plates.--1822, First Power Press in United States.--Treadwell.--Bruce’s Type Casting Machines.--Hoe’s Presses.--John Walter’s.--German and American Presses.--Capacities of Modern Presses.--Mail Marking.--Typewriting.--Suggested in Eighteenth Century.-- Revived by French in 1840.--Leading Features Invented in U. S., 1857.--Electro-Magnet Typewriters.--Cahill.-- Book-binding.--Review of the Art.--Linotype “Most Remarkable Machine of Century.”--Merganthaler.--Rogers.--Progress and Triumphs of the Art. 273