CHAPTER XII
PROFITABLE INFORMATION
~Design Patents.--~Should you invent, or devise a new and original design for an object, be it a work of art, a fabric, a piece of jewelry or even a machine, you can obtain a design patent if it has artistic merit.
Design patents run for a term of 3½, or for 7, or for 14 years as you wish and care to pay for. The patent attorney’s fees for writing the specification, making the drawing and seeing the patent application through the patent office is usually $20 regardless of the term it is to run; the government fee is $10 for 3½ years, $15 for 7 years and $30 for 14 years, making the total cost of such patents $30, $35 and $50 respectively.
~Assignments.--~If you want to you may sell or assign a part or the whole of your invention before you file an application for a patent, or you may do the same thing while your application is pending in the patent office.
Such an interest in your invention and patent rights may be disposed of by a complete assignment, by granting territorial rights, by mortgage, or by shop or other licenses. In whatever way the assignment, grant or conveyance is made it must be recorded in the patent office or it will not be valid.
~Caveats.--~A _Caveat_ can no longer be filed in the patent office, the law relating to them having been repealed July 1, 1910. Before this time an inventor who had not completed his invention could file a _Caveat_ in the archives of the patent office where it was kept a secret for one year, and the time could be renewed from year to year.
The purpose of a _Caveat_ was to give the inventor more time to work out his invention and to be notified should any other inventor apply for a patent on the same thing. He could then immediately file his own patent application when an _interference_ would be declared between them.
~Patent Office Fees.--~The following schedule of fees for patents and prices for the various publications of the patent office are taken from the _Rules of Practice_. These fees are required to be paid in advance. All orders and moneys for the following fees should be sent to the Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D. C.; except for _The Official Gazette_ which should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
RULES OF PRACTICE IN THE U. S. PATENT OFFICE
_Free on Request._
On filing each original application for a patent, except in design cases $15.00 On issuing each original patent, except in design cases 20.00 In design cases: For 3 years and 6 months 10.00 For 7 years 15.00 For 14 years 30.00 On every application for the reissue of a patent 30.00 On filing each disclaimer 10.00 On an appeal for the first time from the primary examiner to the examiners in chief 10.00 On every appeal from the examiners in chief to the Commissioner 20.00 For certified copies of patents if in print: For specification and drawing, per copy .05 For the certificate .25 For the grant .50 For certifying to a duplicate of a model .50 For manuscript copies of records, for every 100 words or fraction thereof .10 If certified, for the certificate additional .25 For 20-coupon orders, each coupon good for one copy of a printed specification and drawing, and receivable in payment for photographic prints 1.00
For 100 coupons in stub book 5.00
For uncertified copies of the specifications and accompanying drawings of patents, if in print, each .05
For the drawings, if in print .05
For copies of drawings not in print, the reasonable cost of making them.
For photo prints of drawings, for each sheet of drawings: Size 10 by 15 inches, per copy .25 Size 8 by 12½ inches, per copy .15
For recording every assignment, agreement, power of attorney, or other paper, of 300 words or under 1.00 Of over 300 and under 1,000 words 2.00 For each additional 1,000 words or fraction thereof 1.00
For abstracts of title to patents or inventions: For the search, one hour or less, and certificate 1.00 Each additional hour or fraction thereof .50 For each brief from the digest of assignments, of 200 words or less .20 Each additional 100 words or fraction thereof .10
For searching titles or records, one hour or less .50 Each additional hour or fraction thereof .50
For assistance to attorneys in the examination of publications in the Scientific Library, one hour or less 1.00 Each additional hour or fraction thereof 1.00
For copies of matter in any foreign language, for every 100 words or a fraction thereof .10
For translation, for every 100 words or fraction thereof .50
The Official Gazette: Annual subscriptions 5.00 For postage upon foreign subscriptions, except those from Canada and Mexico, $5 or more as required. Moneys received from foreign subscribers in excess of the subscription price of $5 will be deposited to the credit of the subscriber and applied to postage upon the subscription as incurred.
~Trade Marks.--~A _trade mark_ is any kind of a mark, sign, name or picture, or a combination of these, by which a manufacturer, or a dealer can mark the goods he makes or sells so that a consumer can always know that the brand he is buying is genuine.
A registered trade mark gives the owner the sole right to use it and any one else who uses or imitates it can be restrained from its further use by injunction and sued for damages. After you have decided on the trade mark you want to use to show that the product is of your manufacture you should file an application to register the trade mark just as you would for a patent.
There are some kinds of words which you cannot have registered as a trade mark and you may have other words in mind which have already been registered in the patent office; nor can you register a trade mark unless you have sold your goods outside of your own State. Patent attorneys do not as a rule charge for a search of the trade mark records where an application for registration is filed through them.
The patent office fee for registering a trade mark is $10; a patent attorney generally charges $15 for preparing the specification and $5 additional for making the drawing which makes a total cost of $30 for a trade mark. A registered trade mark remains in force for 20 years and it may be renewed for another 20 years.
~Copyrights.--~A copyright is the sole right granted by law to authors and artists to publish and dispose of their works for a term of 28 years when it may be renewed for 14 years more making 42 years in all.
A copyright may be had on written articles, books, lectures or other oral addresses, on dramatic and musical compositions, photographs, paintings, drawings, sculpture, plastic work, moving picture photo-plays, moving pictures other than photo-plays, maps, prints and pictorial illustrations.
A copyright cannot be had on trade marks, the names of companies, newspapers, manufactured articles or on prints or labels which are to be used for any kind of manufactured articles. Trade marks and patents are granted for the above classes of work.
The general procedure for obtaining a copyright on the first named subjects is the same but the _application forms_ issued by the Copyright Office differ a little from each other in wording and you should have the right one.
When you are ready to file an application for a copyright in the United States send to the _Register of Copyrights_, Copyright Office, Washington, D. C., for a copy of _Steps Necessary to Secure Copyright Registration_ and also a copy of _Explanatory Circular_ No. 12, entitled _Application Forms_, for which no charge is made. A reading of these leaflets will tell you exactly how to obtain a copyright and also the _application form_ to use.
When you have found from these the application form you need send again to the Register of Copyrights for one or more of the application forms, fill it in and send it and $1 by money order or bank-draft made payable to the Register of Copyrights, together with a 10 cent revenue stamp--for these are war times--and you will receive in turn a certificate of copyright.
By copyrighting the thing yourself you will save just $9 for this is the amount a patent attorney will charge you for filing it, and if this isn’t driving screws with a hammer I’d like to know what it is.
The following is an application form for copyrighting a book:--
~Government Fees for Patents and Least Charges of Patent Attorneys.--~The United States patent office fees for patents of whatever nature and however simple or complicated, except for design patents, are always the same, namely $15 for filing the application and $20 which is payable when the patent is granted making a total cost of $35. The patent attorneys’ fees may vary greatly but the following table shows about what their least charges are:
UNITED STATES PATENTS
_Attorney’s _Patent _Total Fees_ _Drawings_ Office Cost of Fees_ Patent_ A simple mechanical } } } patent $30 } } } A simple electrical } $5 } } patent $30 } } } A simple chemical } } } patent } } $35 } $70 A simple electro-chemical } } } patent } $35 } } A simple composition } } } patent } } } A simple process patent } } }
DESIGN PATENTS, ETC.
Design Patent 3½ year term } } 7 year term } $15 } $5 $15 $35 14 year term } } $30 $50 Trade Mark Registration $15 $5 $10 $30 Print and Label Registration $14 $6 $20 Copyright $9 $1 $10 Assignment of Patents and Trade Marks $5
~Foreign Patents.--~After you have applied for a patent on your invention in the United States you should take out patents in foreign countries. Sometimes indeed you will find a more ready sale abroad for your invention, or the product of your invention, than you will right here at home. In many of these countries a yearly tax is also charged by the government. The costs given below for each country include both the government and the attorney’s fees.
_Dominion of Canada._--In Canada a preliminary protection may be secured for one year. A patent is issued for 6 years and at the expiration of that time the patent may be extended for 6 years more and then for another 6 years, making 18 years in all.
Preliminary protection $ 5 Patent for 6-year term 45
_Great Britain._--A British patent includes England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. A _provisional patent_ which secures priority of invention may be obtained for a term of 6 months. The complete British patent is then issued for 14 years.
Provisional specification $30 Patent for 14 years 70
_France and Colonies._--The term of a French patent is 15 years. If the invention it covers is not worked within 2 years after it is issued it becomes public property.
Patent for 15 years $60
_Germany and Colonies._--A German patent includes Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria and other kingdoms of the Empire. There are two classes of patents issued and these are 1, the _technical patent_, which is issued for 15 years, and 2, the _model patent_, which is issued for 6 years, the first corresponding to the U. S. ordinary patent and the second to the U. S. design patent.
Technical patent, for 15 years $60 Model patent, for 6 years 35
_Austria and Hungary._--
Patent in either country for 15 years. Fee is $70
_Belgium._--Patent for 20 years. Fee is $40.
_Spain._--Patent for 20 years. Fee is $65.
_Italy._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $65.
_Russia._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $90.
_Denmark._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $70.
_Norway and Sweden._--Patent for 15 years in each country. Fee is $70.
_Switzerland._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $60.
_Portugal and Turkey._--Patent for 15 years. Fee is $100.
_Holland._--Has no patent laws.
_India._--Patent for 14 years. Fee is $80.
_Australian Commonwealth._--Includes Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and West Australia. One patent covers them all.
Patent for 14 years $100
_Japan and China._--Fee is $100.
_Africa._--Egypt, Natal and Transvaal, each $100. Cape Colony, $125. Congo Free State, $130.
_Central America._--Costa Rica, $150. Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, each $225.
_West Indies._--Cuba, $90. Barbados, $100. Jamaica, $125. Trinidad, $140. Bahama Islands, $150.
_South America._--United States of Colombia, $120. Brazil, $125. Peru and Panama, $200. Venezuela, $220; and Chili, $230.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS
π = 3.14159 (π is a Greek letter pronounced Pi)
_d_ = _diameter_ of a circle
_r_ = _radius_ of a circle
_p_ = _periphery_, or circumference of a circle
The _area_ of a circle = πr²
The _circumference_ of a circle = πd
p p The _diameter_ of a circle = --- = ---- π 3.14
p p The _radius_ of a circle = ---- = ---- 2π 6.28
The _surface_ of a sphere = 4πr² = πd²
4 1 The _volume_ of a sphere = --- πr³ = --- πd³ 3 6
APPENDIX B
THE METRIC OR DECIMAL SYSTEM
The _metric system_ is a French system of weights and measures much used in the arts and sciences in every civilized country and as each unit is multiplied or divided by 10 to obtain ascending or descending values it is much more convenient to use than the older English system of arbitrary measures.
The metric system is based on the _meter_, which is one-ten millionth of the distance from the Earth’s equator to the North Pole. There are five units, the four latter being derived from the meter and these are:
1. The _meter_ which is the unit of length and is about 3.280 feet in length.
2. The _are_ which is the unit of surface and is 100 square meters in area.
3. The _liter_ which is the unit of capacity and is 1 cubic decimeter, which is equal to 1.0567 United States quarts.
4. The _stere_ which is the unit of solidity and is equal to 1 cubic meter.
5. The _gram_ is the unit of weight and is the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of distilled water at its maxim density.
APPENDIX C
METRIC MEASURES OF LENGTH AND VALUES IN INCHES
{ Millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m. = 0.03937 inch Divisions { Centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m. = 0.3937 inch { Decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m. = 3.937 inches Unit Meter (m) = 1. m. = 39.37 inches { Dekameter (Dm) = 10. m. = 393.7 inches Multiples { Hektometer (Hm) = 100. m. = 328. feet and 1 inch { Kilometer (Km) = 1,000. m. = 0.62326 mile { Myriameter (Mm) = 10,000. m. = 6.2326 miles
APPENDIX D
METRIC MEASURES OF WEIGHT AND VALUES IN ENGLISH WEIGHT
{ Milligram (mg) = 0.001 g = 0.0154 grain avoirdupois Divisions { Centigram (cg) = 0.01 g = 0.1543 grain “ { Decigram (dg) = 0.1 g = 1.5432 grain “ Unit Gram (g) = 1 g = 15.432 grains “ { Dekagram (Dg) = 10 g = 0.3527 ounce “ Multiples { Hektogram (Hg) = 100 g = 3.5274 ounces “ { Kilogram (Kg) = 1,000 g = 2.2046 pounds “ { Myriagram (Mg) = 10,000 g = 22.046 pounds “
APPENDIX E
TO CHANGE METRIC TO ENGLISH MEASURE AND VICE VERSA
_To Change_ _To_ _Multiply by_ Inches Centimeters 2.54 Feet Meters 0.3048 Miles Kilometers 1.6093 Square Inches Square Centimeters 6.4516 Square Feet Square Meters 0.0929 Square Yards Square Meters 0.8361 Cubic Inches Cubic Centimeters 16.3872 Cubic yards Cubic Meters 0.7646 Fluid ounces Cubic Centimeters 29.574 Quarts Liters 0.9464 Ounces (avoirdupois) Grams 28.3495 Grains Milligrams 64.789 Pounds (avoirdupois) Kilograms 0.4536 Meters Inches 39.37 Meters Feet 3.2808 Kilometers Miles 0.6213 Square Centimeters Square Inches 0.155 Square Meters Square Yards 1.196 Cubic Centimeters Cubic Inches 0.0610 Cubic Meters Cubic Yards 1.308 Cubic Centimeters Fluid Ounces 0.0344 Liters Quarts 1.0567 Grams Grains 15.4324 Kilograms Pounds 2.204
APPENDIX F
SIZES OF TWIST DRILLS FOR TAPS OR SCREWS
_No. of Drill_ _No. of Tap _No. of Threads or Screw_ to the Inch_
Use 38 for 4--36 “ 32 “ 6--32 “ 28 “ 8--32 “ 22 “ 10--24 “ 13 “ 12--24
APPENDIX G
SIZES OF TAPS AND DIES
_No. of Tap or Die_ _Threads to Inch_ 4 36 6 32 8 32 10 24 12 24
APPENDIX H
SIZES OF MACHINE SCREWS AND NUTS
Machine screws and nuts are numbered the same as dies and taps.
APPENDIX I
REDUCING FRICTION
When two bodies are rubbed together the motion is opposed by a force called _friction_. When two surfaces slide against each other the friction between them is proportional to the force pressing them together. The _amount_ of friction depends upon the pressure of the bodies, the roughness of their surfaces and also slightly on their _adhesion_. The friction is the same regardless of the speed with which the surfaces slide over each other.
The _co-efficient of friction_ is the measure of friction and this is found by dividing the _force of friction_ by the _force pressing the surfaces together_. Here are a few co-efficients of sliding friction:
_Per cent._ Oak on Oak with Fibers parallel without lubricant 0.42 Oak on Oak with Fibers parallel rubbed with soap 0.16 Cast Iron on Oak 0.42 Cast Iron on Cast Iron, not lubricated 0.15 Cast Iron on Cast Iron, lubricated 0.10 Iron on Brass 0.16 Brass on Brass 0.20 Iron on Bronze, without lubricant 0.25 Iron on Bronze, thoroughly lubricated 0.06 Cast Iron Wheels on Rails (Rolling Friction) 0.004 Ball Bearings (Rolling Friction) 0.001
APPENDIX J
WEIGHT OF CASTINGS COMPARED WITH WOOD PATTERNS
The following table shows what the weight of a casting will be compared with the weight of the wood pattern from which it was made, less the weight of the _core point_, or piece projecting from the pattern to support it.
===============+=============================================== A Wood Pattern | Weighing | Will Make a Casting Weighing One Pound | ---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Pattern of | Cast Iron | Brass | Copper | Bronze | Zinc | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds | Pounds ---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-------- Pine | 14 | 15.8 | 16.7 | 16.3 | 13.5 Beech | 9.7 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 9.1 Oak | 9 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 12.9 Birch | 10.6 | 11.9 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 10.2 Mahogany | 11.7 | 13.2 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 11.2 Brass | 0.84 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.81 ---------------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------
APPENDIX K
GEARS AND GEARINGS
A _spur-gear_ is a gear with teeth cut on its _periphery_, that is an ordinary cog-wheel. _Miter gears_ are two _bevel gears_ of the same diameter which run together. A large miter gear will not mesh with a small miter gear nor with another bevel gear in the proper manner. Miter and bevel gears cannot be interchanged with other sets like spur gears.
All miter gears that you buy ready cut are made so that their shafts run at right angles to each other as shown in Fig. 129, but you can have them cut to order to run at any angle you want.
To find the _pitch_, _pitch diameter_, _circular pitch_, etc., of both spur and bevel gears use these rules:
π = 3.14159 _p_ = pitch _n_ = number of teeth _pd_ = pitch diameter _od_ = outside diameter _cp_ = circular pitch
_To Find the Pitch_:
n p = ---- pd
_To Find the Number of Teeth_:
n = p × pd
_To Find the Pitch Diameter_:
n pd = --- p
_To Find the Outside Diameter of Spur Wheels_:
(2 + n) od = ------- p
_To Find the Circular Pitch_:
π cp = ---- pd
_To Find the Distance Between the Centers of Two Spur Gears_:
(n¹ + n²) --------- 2 --------- p
Where n¹ + n² = the sum of the teeth of both gears.
APPENDIX L
SOME USEFUL ALLOYS
Name of Alloy Parts Parts Parts Parts Parts of of of of of Copper Tin Zinc Lead Other Metals --------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------------- Gun Metal | 91 | 9 | | | Bell Metal | 75 | 25 | | | Phosphor | | | | | Bronze | 92½ | 7 | | | ½ phosphorus Aluminum | | | | | Bronze | 90 | | | | 10 aluminum Common | | | | | Brass | 66⅔ | | 33⅓ | | Brazing Metal | | | | | (soft) | 50 | 12½ | 37½ | | German | | | | | Silver | 60 | | 20 | | 20 nickel Common | | | | | Solder | | 50 | | 50 | Fine Solder | | 66⅔ | | 33⅓ | Babbitt Metal | 3 | 89 | | | 8 antimony Pewter | | 80 | | 20 | Type Metal | | | | 80 | 20 antimony Aluminum | | | | | Solder | 95 | | | | 5 bismuth --------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------------
Magnetic Alloy.--An alloy that has strong magnetic properties is made of 25 parts of manganese, 14 parts of aluminum and 61 parts of copper, yet none of these metals are even slightly magnetic.
APPENDIX M
SOME HARD SOLDERS
Hard solders melt only at red heat and are used for soldering gold, silver, brass and other metals where a good strong joint is needed.
-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------ Metal to be|Parts of|Parts of|Parts of|Parts of| Parts of Soldered | Gold | Brass |Silver | Zinc |Other Metals -----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------ Gold | 66.67 | | 22.22 | |11.11 copper Silver | | 43.75 | 50 | 6.25 | Brass | | 87.5 | | 12.5 | -----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------------
APPENDIX N
HIGH SPEED STEEL
A special steel alloy which is largely used for turning tools in _engine lathes_ and which will cut ordinary steel when the latter is revolved at a high surface velocity is called _high speed steel_. A tool made of high speed steel will not lose its _temper_ and will keep its cutting edge hour after hour if they are kept cool by a stream of water running on them. A good high speed steel for machine tools is known by the trade name of _blue-chip_ and is manufactured by the Firth-Sterling Steel Company of Pittsburg, Pa.
APPENDIX O
SOME ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS, TERMS AND FORMULAS
Symbols Terms
E or EMF = Electromotive Force I = Intensity of Current R = Resistance C = Capacity Q = Quantity of Current [F] = Magneto-Motive Force [R] = Reluctance (magnetic resistance) µ = Magnetic Permeability W = Electric Energy P = Electric Power
SOME DEFINITIONS
E or EMF, or _electromotive force_, is the force that moves a current through a conductor.
I, or _intensity of current_, or _current_ as it is called for short, is the flow of electricity through a conductor.
R, or _resistance_ is that property of a conductor which opposes the flow of the current.
SOME ELECTRICAL UNITS
_Practical Units._ _Electrical Quantity_
Volt is the practical unit of EMF Ampere is the practical unit of I Ohm is the practical unit of R Watt is the practical unit of P
OHM’S LAW
Since the intensity of an electric current varies _directly_ as the electromotive force and _inversely_ as the resistance, if you know the value of any two of the above units you can easily find the third.
Volts E Amperes = -------, or I = --- Ohms R
Current I Electromotive Force = ------------, or E = --- Resistance R
Electromotive Force E Resistance = ---------------------, or R = --- Current I
_To Find Power of an Electric Current in Terms of Horse Power_
One Watt = 1 volt × 1 ampere 746 Watts = 1 horse power.
To find the power of an electric current in terms of horse-power, find the number of watts by multiplying the volts by the amperes and divide the watts by 746 and the result will give you the horse-power of the current.
APPENDIX P
NUMBER, DIAMETER, CAPACITY, WEIGHT, AND RESISTANCE OF PURE COPPER WIRE
=========+==========+===========+==========+======================= Gage, | Diameter | Sectional | Capacity | OHMS B. & S. | in | Area in | in +-----------+----------- No. | 1000ths. | Circular | Amperes | Per 1,000 | Per Mile | | Mils. | | Feet | ---------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- 0000 | .460 | 211600. | 312. | .0490 | .2590 000 | .40964 | 167805. | 262. | .0618 | .3266 00 | .3648 | 133079. | 220. | .0780 | .4118 0 | .32486 | 105534. | 185. | .0983 | .5190 1 | .2893 | 83694. | 156. | .1240 | .6549 2 | .25763 | 66373. | 131. | .1564 | .8258 3 | .22942 | 52634. | 110. | .1972 | 1.0414 4 | .20431 | 41473. | 92.3 | .2486 | 1.313 5 | .18194 | 33102. | 77.6 | .3136 | 1.655 6 | .16202 | 26251. | 65.2 | .3954 | 2.088 7 | .14428 | 20817. | 54.8 | .4987 | 2.633 8 | .12849 | 16510. | 46.1 | .6529 | 3.3 9 | .11443 | 13094. | 38.7 | .7892 | 4.1 10 | .10189 | 10382. | 32.5 | .8441 | 4.4 11 | .09074 | 8234. | 27.3 | 1.254 | 6.4 12 | .08080 | 6530. | 23. | 1.580 | 8.3 13 | .07196 | 5178. | 19.3 | 1.995 | 10.4 14 | .06408 | 4107. | 16.2 | 2.504 | 13.2 15 | .05706 | 3257. | 13.6 | 3.172 | 16.7 16 | .05082 | 2583. | 11.5 | 4.001 | 23. 17 | .04525 | 2048. | 9.6 | 5.04 | 26. 18 | .04030 | 1624. | 8.1 | 6.36 | 33. 19 | .03589 | 1288. | | 8.25 | 43. 20 | .03196 | 1021. | | 10.12 | 53. 21 | .02846 | 810. | | 12.76 | 68. 22 | .02534 | 642. | | 16.25 | 85. 23 | .02257 | 509. | | 20.30 | 108. 24 | .0201 | 404. | | 25.60 | 135. 25 | .0179 | 320. | | 32.2 | 170. 26 | .01594 | 254. | | 40.7 | 214. 27 | .01419 | 201. | | 51.3 | 270. 28 | .01264 | 159.8 | | 64.8 | 343. 29 | .01125 | 126.7 | | 81.6 | 432. 30 | .01002 | 100.5 | | 103. | 538. 31 | .00892 | 79.7 | | 130. | 685. 32 | .00795 | 63. | | 164. | 865. 33 | .00708 | 50.1 | | 206. | 1033. 34 | .00630 | 39.74 | | 260. | 1389. 35 | .00561 | 31.5 | | 328. | 1820. 36 | .005 | 25. | | 414. | 2200. 37 | .00445 | 19.8 | | 523. | 2765. 38 | .00396 | 15.72 | | 660. | 3486. 39 | .00353 | 12.47 | | 832. | 4395. 40 | .00314 | 9.88 | | 1049. | 5542. ---------+----------+-----------+----------+-----------+-----------
APPENDIX P, continued
NUMBER, DIAMETER, CAPACITY, WEIGHT, AND RESISTANCE OF PURE COPPER WIRE
=======+============+=========================+======================= Gage, | OHMS | FEET | POUNDS B. & S.+------------+------------+------------+----------+------------ No. | Per Pound | Per Pound | Per Ohm | Per 1,000| Per Ohm | | | | Feet | -------+------------+------------+------------+----------+------------ 0000 | .00007 | 1.5612 | 20497.7 | 640.59 | 12987. 000 | .00012 | 1.9687 | 16255.27 | 507.85 | 8333. 00 | .00019 | 2.4824 | 12891.37 | 402.83 | 5263. 0 | .00031 | 3.1303 | 10223.08 | 319.45 | 3225. 1 | .00049 | 3.9471 | 8107.49 | 253.34 | 2041. 2 | .00078 | 4.9772 | 6429.58 | 200.91 | 1228. 3 | .00125 | 6.2765 | 5098.61 | 159.32 | 800. 4 | .00198 | 7.9141 | 4043.6 | 126.35 | 505. 5 | .00314 | 9.9798 | 3206.61 | 100.20 | 318. 6 | .00499 | 12.5847 | 2542.89 | 79.462 | 200. 7 | .00792 | 15.8696 | 2015.51 | 63.013 | 126. 8 | .0125 | 20.0097 | 1599.3 | 49.976 | 80. 9 | .0197 | 25.229 | 1268.44 | 39.636 | 50. 10 | .0270 | 31.8212 | 1055.66 | 31.426 | 37. 11 | .0501 | 40.1202 | 797.649 | 24.924 | 20. 12 | .079 | 50.5906 | 632.555 | 19.766 | 12.65 13 | .127 | 63.7948 | 501.63 | 15.674 | 7.87 14 | .200 | 80.4415 | 397.822 | 12.435 | 5.00 15 | .320 | 101.4365 | 315.482 | 9.859 | 3.12 16 | .512 | 127.12 | 250.184 | 7.819 | 1.95 17 | .811 | 161.29 | 198.409 | 6.199 | 1.23 18 | 1.29 | 203.374 | 157.35 | 4.916 | .775 19 | 2.11 | 256.468 | 124.777 | 3.899 | .473 20 | 3.27 | 323.399 | 98.9533 | 3.094 | .305 21 | 5.20 | 407.815 | 78.473 | 2.452 | .192 22 | 8.35 | 514.193 | 62.236 | 1.945 | .119 23 | 13.3 | 648.452 | 49.3504 | 1.542 | .075 24 | 20.9 | 817.688 | 39.1365 | 1.223 | .047 25 | 32.2 | 1031.038 | 31.0381 | .9699 | .030 26 | 52.9 | 1300.180 | 24.6131 | .7692 | .0187 27 | 84.2 | 1639.49 | 19.5191 | .6099 | .0118 28 | 134. | 2067.364 | 15.4793 | .4807 | .0074 29 | 213. | 2606.959 | 12.2854 | .3835 | .0047 30 | 338. | 3287.084 | 9.7355 | .3002 | .0029 31 | 539. | 4414.49 | 7.7214 | .2413 | .0018 32 | 856. | 5226.915 | 6.1224 | .1913 | .0011 33 | 1357. | 6590.41 | 4.8557 | .1517 | .00076 34 | 2166. | 8312.8 | 3.8496 | .1204 | .00046 35 | 3521. | 10481.77 | 3.0530 | .0956 | .00028 36 | 5469. | 13214.16 | 2.4217 | .0757 | .00018 37 | 8742. | 16659.97 | 1.9208 | .0600 | .00011 38 |13722. | 21013.25 | 1.5229 | .0475 | .00007 39 |21896. | 26496.237 | 1.2077 | .0375 | .00004 40 |34823. | 33420.63 | 0.9798 | .0299 | .00002 -------+------------+------------+------------+----------+------------
APPENDIX Q
NUMBER OF TURNS OF WIRE THAT CAN BE WOUND IN A GIVEN SPACE
======+===============================+=============================== | COTTON | SILK +---------------+---------------+---------------+--------------- | SINGLE | DOUBLE | SINGLE | DOUBLE No. B +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- & S. | | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | | Ameri-| Per | Per | Per | Per | Per | Per | Per | Per can | Square| Square| Square| Square| Square| Square| Square| Square Gage | Inch.| Qu. | Inch.| Qu. | Inch.| Qu. | Inch.| Qu. | | Inch | | Inch | | Inch | | Inch ------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- 20 | 676| 42 | 576 | 36 | 841| 52 | 676| 42 21 | 842| 53 | 625 | 39 | 961| 60 | 842| 53 22 | 1.024| 64 | 729 | 45 | 1.225| 76 | 1.024| 64 23 | 1.024| 81 | 900 | 56 | 1.521| 95 | 1.296| 81 24 | 1.600| 100 | 1.089 | 68 | 1.936| 121 | 1.600| 100 25 | 1.849| 115 | 1.296 | 81 | 2.304| 144 | 1.849| 115 26 | 2.209| 138 | 1.440 | 90 | 2.916| 182 | 2.209| 138 27 | 2.500| 156 | 1.600 | 100 | 3.249| 206 | 2.500| 156 28 | 3.025| 189 | 1.849 | 115 | 4.096| 254 | 3.025| 189 29 | 3.481| 218 | 2.025 | 126 | 4.761| 297 | 3.481| 218 30 | 4.356| 272 | 2.500 | 156 | 6.400| 400 | 4.356| 272 31 | 5.001| 315 | 2.704 | 169 | 7.769| 485 | 5.041| 315 32 | 5.929| 370 | 3.025 | 189 | 9.025| 564 | 5.929| 370 33 | 7.089| 443 | 3.481 | 218 | 11.025| 689 | 7.089| 443 34 | 7.769| 485 | 3.600 | 225 | 12.321| 770 | 7.769| 485 35 | 8.100| 506 | 3.844 | 240 | 13.689| 855 | 8.100| 506 36 | 10.000| 625 | 4.356 | 272 | 17.689| 1.105 | 10.000| 625 37 | 11.025| 689 | 4.761 | 297 | 20.164| 1.240 | 11.025| 689 38 | 12.321| 770 | 5.041 | 315 | 23.716| 1.482 | 12.321| 770 39 | 13.689| 855 | 5.476 | 342 | 27.556| 1.722 | 13.689| 855 40 | 15.625| 976 | 5.929 | 370 | 32.761| 2.047 | 15.625| 976 ------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------- (W. J. Clarke.)
APPENDIX R
PRICES OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE SILK AND COTTON COVERED MAGNET WIRE
PRICE PER POUND
--------+----------------+---------------- Size by | Single | Double B. & S. | Covered. | Covered. Gage +--------+-------+--------+------- | Cotton | Silk | Cotton | Silk --------+--------+-------+--------+------- 16 | | $0.80 | | $1.02 17 | | .82 | | 1.04 18 | | .84 | | 1.06 19 | | .86 | | 1.08 20 | $0.58 | .88 | $0.64 | 1.12 21 | .60 | .90 | .70 | 1.15 22 | .62 | .92 | .74 | 1.22 23 | .65 | .96 | .78 | 1.28 24 | .68 | 1.02 | .84 | 1.38 25 | .73 | 1.10 | .92 | 1.48 26 | .80 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.65 27 | .86 | 1.30 | 1.10 | 1.85 28 | .92 | 1.40 | 1.20 | 2.00 29 | .98 | 1.53 | 1.30 | 2.22 30 | 1.08 | 1.70 | 1.42 | 2.56 31 | 1.19 | 1.92 | 1.54 | 3.08 32 | 1.27 | 2.16 | 1.64 | 3.40 33 | 1.44 | 2.46 | 1.88 | 4.00 34 | 1.73 | 2.90 | 2.20 | 4.60 35 | 1.86 | 3.38 | 2.67 | 5.28 36 | 2.12 | 3.93 | 3.00 | 5.98 37 | 2.70 | 4.66 | 4.30 | 7.37 38 | 3.60 | 5.58 | 5.70 | 8.43 39 | 4.70 | 6.76 | 7.20 | 9.75 40 | 6.00 | 8.14 | 9.00 | 11.53 --------+--------+-------+--------+-------
There is a discount of about 50 per cent. on the above prices though this is subject to change.
APPENDIX S
A LIST OF SOME CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND THEIR SYMBOLS
Element Symbol Aluminum Al Antimony Sb Argon A Arsenic As Barium Bi Boron B Bromine Br Cadmium Cd Calcium Ca Carbon C Chlorine Cl Chromium Cr Cobalt Co Copper Cu Fluorine F Gold Au Helium He Hydrogen H Iodine I Iron Fe Lead Pb Lithium Li Magnesium Mg Manganese Mn Mercury Hg Nickel Ni Nitrogen N Oxygen O Phosphorus P Potassium K Platinum Pt Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulphur S Tin Sn Zinc Zn
APPENDIX T
THE COMMON NAMES OF SOME CHEMICALS
Common Name Chemical Name
Alum Sulphate of ammonium, or potassium, etc. Aqua fortis Nitric acid Aqua regia Concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acid mixed. Baking soda Sodium carbonate Calomel Mercurious chloride Carbolic acid Phenol Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide Chalk Calcium carbonate Copperas Ferrous sulphate Corrosive sublimate Mercuric chloride Cream of tartar Potassium bitartrate Epsom salts Magnesium sulphate Fire damp Methane Fool’s gold Iron pyrites Glauber’s salt Sodium sulphate Grape sugar Glucose; a carbohydrate Hartshorn Aqueous solution of ammonia Jeweler’s putty Tin oxide Laughing gas Nitrous oxide Lime Calcium oxide Lunar caustic Silver nitrate Mosaic gold Tin bisulphide Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid Monsel’s salts Basic ferric sulphate Plaster of Paris Calcium sulphate Realgar Red arsenic sulphide Red lead Lead oxide Rochelle salt Sodium potassium tartrate Royal water See Aqua regia Sal ammoniac Ammonium chloride Salt (common) Sodium chloride Sal soda Sodium carbonate Salt of tartar Potassium carbonate Saltpeter Potassium nitrate Salts of lemon Oxalic acid Slacked lime Calcium hydrate Soda Sodium carbonate Spirits of salt Hydrochloric acid Sugar of lead Lead acetate Sugar of milk Lactose Tartar emetic Potassium antimonious tartrate Verdigris Copper acetate Vermilion Mercuric sulphide Vinegar Dilute acetic acid Vitriol, blue Copper sulphate Vitriol, green Ferrous sulphate Vitriol, oil of Sulphuric acid Vitriol, white Zinc sulphate Volatile alkali Ammonia Washing soda Sodium carbonate White lead Lead carbonate Zinc white Zinc sulfid
APPENDIX U
THE FOUR CHIEF THERMOMETRIC SCALES
There are four different thermometer scales used for measuring temperature and these are (1) the _Fahrenheit_ scale which is widely used for all ordinary purposes; (2) the _Centigrade_ which is the standard scale used for scientific work since it is based on the decimal system; (3) the _Réaumur_ scale which is largely used in Germany, and (4) the _absolute_ scale which is reckoned from _absolute zero_, that is the point at which there is absolutely no heat. It is about 461 degrees Fahr., 274 degrees centigrade, and 219 degrees Réaumur below the zero of these scales.
SOME WORDS AND TERMS USED IN THIS BOOK
_Accelerate._--To hurry or speed up the usual slow state of events.
_Actuate._--(1) To put into action. (2) Means by which anything is started to move. (See Operate).
_Adhesion._--A force which makes certain bodies stick together.
_Aërial Wire._--An elevated wire used to send out and to receive electric waves for wireless telegraphy and wireless telephony.
_Affidavit._--A sworn statement made before a notary public or other legal authority.
_Agent._--(1) A canvasser. (2) One who acts as a salesman or in any capacity for another.
_Amend._--To change or correct, as to _amend_ a claim in a patent.
_Analysis._--See Chemical decomposition.
_Arbor._--An axle, spindle, shaft or mandrel.
_Archives._--A place in which official papers are kept and held secret.
_Arlington wireless station._--A high powered wireless station at Arlington, Va., across the river from Washington, D. C.
_Assignment._--To transfer to another a right or interest.
_Attest._--To witness or to sign an oath that a thing is true.
_Automatic._--A machine which performs certain operations of its own accord.
_Aviation._--The art of flying.
_Axis._--An imaginary line on or around which a body turns. (Plural Axes.)
_Basic principle._--The first source or cause of a thing.
_Biologist._--One who knows something about the science of life and living things.
_Broker._--One who acts as an agent to negotiate purchases and make sales on a commission, as a _stock-broker_, _coffee-broker_, etc.
_Capital._--Wealth that is used in or can be had for business.
_Capital Stock._--The shares of a company that are sold to furnish funds with which to transact business.
_Capitalize._--To fix a value on the stock of a company.
_Case._--An application pending in the patent office.
_Cause._--A suit or action over patent rights which is conducted in a court.
_Certified copy._--A paper or a copy of a paper that has been sworn to before a notary to prove it to be the original or an exact copy of the original.
_Chemical Combination._--(1) The atomic union of chemicals. (2) A compound of chemical elements.
_Chemical Decomposition._--The separation of a compound with its original elements.
_Circularize._--To send out circulars to a list of names.
_Cite._--To quote a reference to an authority.
_Citation._--An article or patent quoted by a patent examiner as a basis for the rejection of a patent application or of a claim.
_Claim._--The last part of a patent specification in which the inventor clearly and specifically sets forth what his invention consists of and what he demands to have protected by a patent.
_Claim, Broad._--(1) A _broad claim_ is one in which the inventor claims everything in sight and usually more than he is entitled to. (2) It is easy to write a broad claim but hard to get it allowed.
_Claim, Narrow._--(1) A _narrow_, or _limited claim_ is one in which a patent attorney puts in so many elements or parts that the combination is bound to be patentable. (2) Such a claim has no value because it is easy for another to change an element or a part when the combination no longer infringes. (3) The hardest thing that an inventor has to contend with is to get a claim written so that it will stand in court.
_Coincide._--Exactly corresponding to or meeting.
_Conceive._--To get an idea.
_Commission Merchant._--A man who stands between the manufacturer and the wholesaler and who gets a percentage on the amount of goods that change hands.
_Commissioner of Patents._--The head, front and center of the patent office.
_Concentric Circles._--Circles drawn within circles and all of them having the same center.
_Corporation._--(1) A company. (2) An imaginary person invented by law and formed of one or more real persons banded together to transact business.
_Correspondent._--(1) An associate. (2) A lawyer that carries on his business with another lawyer at a distance.
_Consumer._--The last buyer and the user of an article or a device.
_Cross-section._--See Drawing, Cross-section.
_Counsel._--A patent attorney who is qualified to prosecute patent cases in court.
_Data._--Information that is known or may be had.
_Deductive Proof._--That form of thought by which an idea used as a starting point is brought to a conclusion by known principles and facts. (See Inductive Discovery.) Inductive discovery is the raw idea and does not lead up to certainty, whereas deductive proof does.
_Degree._--(1) One three hundred and sixtieth part of a circle. (2) The unit of angular measurement.
_Detailed Drawing._--See Drawing, Detailed.
_Device._--(1) An apparatus or an instrument, or a machine or any part of any of them. (2) Any scheme for producing a desired result.
_Die._--A steel tool having a sharp edge for cutting out special designs in paper, metals, etc.
_Directors._--Members of a company chosen to direct its business.
_Disclose._--(1) To make known. (2) To give up the secret of your invention.
_Display ad._--An advertisement in which larger type is used than for the reading matter of the paper.
_Dividends._--Money resulting from profits and which are distributed among the shareholders.
_Drawing, Free Hand._--Pictures drawn without measurements or the aid of instruments.
_Drawing, Working._--A drawing of a part, device or machine made to scale so that a mechanic can work from it.
_Drawing, Cross Section._--A drawing of an object as though it had been cut in two in order to show its inside construction.
_Drawing, Detail._--A drawing of any part of a device or a machine made large enough to show everything no matter how small.
_Drawing, Perspective._--A drawing of a solid object on a flat surface so that it seems to stand out in space like the object itself.
_Drawing, Isometric perspective._--See Isometric Perspective.
_Du Ponts._--A firm at Wilmington, Delaware, who manufactures gun-powder and other explosives.
_Efficient._--That which works the best with the greatest economy.
_Element._--(1) A _chemical element_ is a form of matter which cannot be decomposed. (2) A _mechanical element_ is a single part of a device or a machine.
_Electrolytic._--The decomposition of a chemical compound by an electric current.
_Electroplating._--Depositing one metal on another metal by an electric current.
_Electrotype._--A duplicate of type or cuts for printing, the body of which is of type-metal and the face of copper which has been deposited by an electric current.
_Electrolytic._--Decomposition of a substance, or a solution by means of an electric current.
_Electrolysis._--About the same as _electrolytic_.
_Elementary._--Simple; primary.
_Electro-Chemistry._--Chemistry in which electricity is used.
_Engine lathe._--A large and accurate screw cutting lathe fitted with all known attachments.
_Entering Edge._--The front edge of the main plane of an aeroplane.
_Ether._--A substance filling all space and in, by and through which light, electricity and magnetism acts and travels.
_Evidence of conception._--A signed and sealed statement made at the time or shortly after you get the big idea which will serve as proof of the earliest time you thought of it.
_Excerpt._--A part, or an extract of an article.
_Expert._--One who is trained or is skilful, due to learning and practice.
_Experiment._--(1) To find out an effect, or the cause of it by trials and tests. (2) To work out a process for the purpose of developing an idea. (3) To show the effect of some previous discovery or invention.
_Files._--Patents that are arranged systematically for easy reference.
_Fixture._--See Jig.
_Free-hand Drawing._--See Drawing, Free-hand.
_Full paid._--Stock that has been paid for either in cash or by a patented invention.
_High Frequency Oscillations._--(1) Electric oscillations. (2) Electric currents which alternate in direction 100,000 or more a second.
_Idea, Raw._--The first idea that comes into the mind as a basis for an invention.
_Improvement._--(1) Adding a new element or part to a composition, device or a machine. (2) An improvement constitutes an invention and can be patented.
_Impulse._--A turbine wheel turned by steam forced against its blades.
_Initiative._--The first step or action.
_Indicate._--To point out. To show how a thing is done.
_Inductive Discovery._--(1) The _raw_, or original idea that results from the mind process. It precedes _deductive proof_.
_Inherent stability._--A natural tendency of a body to remain balanced, or when upset to right itself.
_Isometric._--Of equal measure or scale.
_Isometric Perspective._--Three sets of lines of equal measure, that is 120 degrees apart which represent the three dimensions of space.
_Isometric Cross-section paper._--Paper ruled with lines of equal measure for making isometric perspective drawings.
_Jig._--A tool, or _fixture_ used as a guide for cutting tools where duplicate parts are made by a machine.
_Jobber._--A man who buys in large quantities for the manufacturer and sells them to wholesalers or retailers.
_Key._--A tapering wedge for fastening the collar of a wheel on a part of a shaft.
_Litigation._--Law suits.
_Low Voltage Currents._--(1) Currents having a pressure up to 500 volts. (2) Ordinary battery and lighting currents are low voltage.
_Machine Design._--The scientific designing of machines.
_Math._--Abbreviation for mathematics.
_Maxims_, Hiram and Hudson.--Inventors of high explosives, machine guns and other things that make for peace in times of war, and make for war in times of peace.
_Mechanical Movement._--(1) The simplest form of a machine. (2) A combination of two or more of the mechanical powers.
_Memorandum._--A written outline of an agreement, or a contract.
_Micawber._--A character in Dickens’ _David Copperfield_. He was never able to get down to anything but was always waiting for something to turn up.
_Model._--(1) An object or a device made to represent an apparatus or a machine. (2) A device made to show how an apparatus or a machine works. (3) Scale models are smaller than the machines they represent and may be built either to show how the finished apparatus will appear or they may be actual working models.
_Monopoly._--The sole right to make, use and sell an invention or the product of an invention.
_Notary Public._--A commissioned official who holds a seal of his office and who certifies papers, etc.
_Oath._--A sworn statement of the truth.
_Operate._--(1) To put into motion. (2) To do mechanical work. (See Actuate.)
_Ozone._--A colorless gas formed by discharging electricity through the air or oxygen.
_Paper patent._--A patent granted by the patent office for an idea that has never been worked out in practice.
_Part._--A small portion of a device or a machine.
_Par value._--The full, or face value.
_Patent attorney._--A lawyer who makes patent law his business or ought to.
_Patent Expert._--One who is specially trained in an art or a science which enables him to give expert testimony in patent causes.
_Patent Office._--(1) The building in which the patent business of the government is transacted. (2) The office conducted by the government for handling of its patent business. (3) The patent office of the U. S. is one of the bureaus of the Department of the Interior and it is under the direction of a commissioner of patents.
_Patent Examiner._--One who examines and passes on patents in the patent office.
_Patentee._--The one to whom a patent is granted.
_Periphery._--(1) The circumference of a circle. (2) The outer surface of a wheel.
_Perspective Drawing._--See Drawing, Perspective.
_Perspective, Isometric._--See Isometric Perspective.
_Philosophy._--(1) The science of all natural laws. (2) The laws, causes and principles on which facts can be explained. (See Psychology.)
_Precision._--(1) The state of being very accurate. (2) Said of any instrument or machine which works with exactness.
_Principle._--A truth or cause.
_Priority._--Being first.
_Protractor._--An instrument for laying off and measuring angles by degrees.
_Prosecute._--To follow up until a conclusion is reached.
_Pro Rata._--In proportion.
_Psychological moment._--The exact time to impress the mind in the best way.
_Psychology._--(1) A branch of philosophy. (2) The science of the mind and its operations.
_Ramifications._--Subdivisions of a subject or branches of a thing.
_Reaction._--A turbine wheel turned by steam forced from it against the air.
_Rectify._--(1) To make right whatever is wrong. (2) To make a direct current of an alternating current.
_Rectangle._--A four sided plane with right angle corners.
_Reject._--To refuse to accept, as to reject a claim in a patent.
_Retainer._--The advance fee paid to an attorney.
_Retailer._--A man who buys in small quantities and sells piecemeal to consumers.
_Royalty._--A share of the profits paid to the owner of a patented article or a device by those whom he allows to make or use it.
_Scale._--A piece of wood, metal or other material with graduated lines on it and used for measuring.
_Securities._--Property of any kind which has enough value to keep the credit good.
_Semi-circle._--(1) Half of a circle. (2) A segment of a circle equal to 180 degrees.
_Shares._--(1) The equal parts of the capital stock of a company. (2) The shares are represented by _certificates_.
_Shareholder._--An owner of the shares of stock of a company.
_Shop-right license._--A legal permit given to the owner of a shop to make and sell a patented article or device.
_Sketch._--A crude picture.
_Standardize._--To make a device or a machine to conform to a certain type.
_Stockholder._--An owner of the shares of the stock in a company.
_Stock._--(1) The shares of a company which represent its capital. (2) Goods traded in for a profit. (3) The raw materials used for manufacturing purposes. (4) The manufactured goods that are held in reserve.
_St. Elmo’s Fire._--An electric glow which is often seen at the end of a spar of a ship at night.
_Synthesis._--To combine chemical elements to form a compound.
_Synthetic._--A chemically prepared substance which is exactly like that found in nature, as _synthetic camphor_, _synthetic sapphires_, etc.
_Technical Expert._--See Patent expert.
_Transfer of Energy._--Changing the energy of one body to another body.
_Transformation of Energy._--Changing the form of energy, as from electricity to magnetism, or from heat to light.
_Transactions, or Proceedings._--The published reports of scientific and other societies.
_Treasury stock._--The shares that belong to the company and which are used to provide it with working capital.
_Trustees._--About the same thing as _directors_.
_Tungsten._--A steel gray metallic element.
_Tyro._--A beginner.
_Useful art._--Anything which requires ingenuity to fashion, and which can be used for some good purpose.
_Valid._--(1) That which holds good. (2) A patent that is founded on fact and in law.
_Who’s Who._--A red book of noted men and women living in the United States.
_Wholesaler._--One who buys and sells in large quantities.
_Wing._--The main or supporting plane of an aeroplane.
_Working Drawing._--See Drawing, Working.
INDEX
Acetylene gas, 16, 89
Action of patent office, 125
Advertising for agents, 167
Advertising campaign, 173 How to start an, 179
Advertising, classified, 169 Displayed, 177 Stereotyped copy, 178
Advertising an inventor’s job, 178
Advertising patent attorneys, 48, 113
Advertising versus publicity, 175
Aeroplane, 43 Inventing, 215 State of the art of, 52
Agent, manufacturer’s, 170
Agents, advertising for, 167 Selling through sales, 171
Agreement, form of an invention, 133
Air brake, invention of the, 205
Alternating current generator, 77
Alloys, some useful, 240
Aluminum, 16, 89
Amending the specification and claims, 118, 125
Ammeter, 83
Appendices, 229
Applying for a patent, 117
Archives of patent office, 126
Arc lamps, 79
Assignment, patent, 134, 217
Atoms and molecules, 61
Attorneys, advertising patent, 48
Automobile, invention of the, 209
Ball bearings, 61
Band saw, 158
Battery, 76
Bell, Alexander, telephone inventor, 206
Bell telephone, 56, 206
Bentley and Knight, trolley line inventors, 211
Berliner, Emile, graphophone inventor, 207
Bessemer, Henry, inventor of cheap steel process, 204
Board of examiners-in-chief, 127
Book, of account, 140 on electro-chemistry, 90 of mechanical movements, 69 Minute, 141 on modern views of electricity, 75 on Physics, 69 Stock certificate, 141 Stock ledger, 142 Stock transfer, 141 on Chemistry, 88 on Wireless, 82
Bourseul, Charles, telephone inventor, 205
Branca, steam turbine inventor, 209
Brokers who advertise, 136
Brush, dynamo inventor, 46
Buffing machine, 156
Bullock, printing press inventor, 203
Business ability in inventing, 131
Buying machine tools, 150
Calcium carbide, 16, 89
Carborundum, 16, 89
Carré, Ferdinand, ice machine inventor, 204
Capital, how to enlist, 135 Stock, 139 of a stock company, 138
Cardboard models, uses of, 42
Casting in brass and iron, 110
Castings compared with wood, 237
Caveats, 217
Certificate of incorporation, 139
Chemical apparatus, 87
Chemicals and their common names, 249
Chemical compounds, inventing, 14
Chemical elements and their symbols, 248
Chemical equipment for experimenting, 86
Chemical inventions, ideas for, 14
Chemistry, how to experiment, 84 First book on, 7 Inventions in, 59
Circularizing, 169
Claims, amending patent, 118, 125 Patent, 49, 117, 122
Coal tar colors, 89
Collins, A. Frederick, wireless telephone inventor, 215
Commissioner of Patents, 49, 116, 125, 127, 218
Company, see stock company, 138
Conferences of associates, 167
Contracts, about signing, 137
Copyrights, 221
Corporation, outfit needed by, 141
Corporate seal, 142
Corporation, see stock company, 138
Correspondent, 47
Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia, 127
Cross-sectional drawings, 21
Current electricity, 74-76
Daft, Leo, trolley line inventor, 211
Davenport, Thomas, electric railway inventor, 211
Davy, safety lamp inventor, 5
Deductive proof, 6
De Laval, steam turbine inventor, 209
Depreciation of machinery, 164
Design patents, 216
Diagrams, how to make electrical, 39
Discoveries, accidental, 4
Discovery of vulcanized rubber, 4
Direct current, 76
Drawing a box, 22
Drawing, free hand, 19 Isometric ellipse, 32 Mechanical, 19
Drawing paper, isometric, 26 How to make isometric, 27
Drawing in perspective, simple way, 26
Drawing a steam engine, 22
Drawing tools needed, 29
Drawings, cross-sectional, 21 Detailed, 21 How to letter them, 36 How to make simple working, 20 How to shade them, 36 Isometric, 122 in perspective, isometric, 20, 25, 26 Rules for patent, 117 Scale, 19-21 Some aids to, 40 Tools for making simple, 19 Working, 19
Drill press, hand, 103 Pillar type, 153
Dynamo electric machine, 45
Dynamo and motor, invention of the, 205
Eastman, Charles, kodak inventor, 131, 208
Edison, 5, 46, 131, 180, 206, 207, 210, 213
Efficiency in manufacture, 147
Electric, Alternating current, 77 Battery, 88 Bell, 13 Block signal system, 58 Condenser, 75 Current, 76 Direct current, 76 Furnace, 88 Induction, 75 Interrupted direct current, 76 Locomotive, invention of the, 212 Motors, individual, 157 Power, 148 Pulsating direct current, 76 Railway, invention of the, 211 Smelting, 89 Waves, 75
Electrical, Diagrams, how to make, 39 Equipment for experimenting, 82 Invention ideas, for, 11 Symbols, how to make, 36 Symbols, terms and formulas, 242 Units, 242
Electricity, current, 74 Forms of, 74 How to experiment with, 74 Static, 74-75
Electro-chemical inventions, ideas for, 15
Electro-chemistry, how to experiment with, 88 Inventions in, 59, 89
Electrolysis, 89
Electromagnet, 13, 78 Plunger, 79 Waves, 79
Electro-mechanical devices, 80
Electro-mechanical inventions, ideas for, 13
Electroplating, 88
Electrotyping, 88
Electrolytic repairing of copper, 16, 89
Ellipse, drawing an, 32-34
Employee’s patent agreement, 99
Energy, 59
Energy, Forms of, 61 of motion, 60 of position, 60
Ether, 75 Energy of, 62
Evidence of conception, 18, 113
Examiner of interferences, 126
Examiner, patent office, 50
Experiment, how to, 58 With machines, how to, 59 Working out ideas by, 7 With electro-chemistry, how to, 88
Experimenting, value of, 7
Experts, technical patent, 128
Faraday, dynamo inventor, 3, 45
Flying machine, helicopter, 94
Follow-up letters, 170
Foreign patents, Dominion of Canada, Great Britain, 224 France and Colonies, Germany and Colonies, Austria and Hungary, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Russia, Denmark, 225 Norway and Sweden, Switzerland, Portugal and Turkey, 226 Holland, India, Australian Commonwealth, Japan and China, Africa, Central America, West Indies, South America, 226
Fulton, Robert, steamboat inventor, 202
Ford, Henry, greatest automobile manufacturer in the world, 210
Free-hand drawing, 19
Friction, reducing, 236 Work against, 61
Finishing your product, 162
Gas engine, invention of the, 204
Gas furnace, 150
Gears and gearing, 238
Genius versus college professors, 5
Government monopoly, 112, 127
Gramme, dynamo inventor, 205
Graphophone, invention of the, 207
Grinder, 151
Gyro-compass, 13, 18
Gyro-motor for aeroplane, 43
Hall of Fame, New York University, 203 Progress and civilization, 203
Heat, 61
Helicopter, flying machine, 94
Hero, steam turbine inventor, 208
High frequency, Alternators, 78 Currents, 12, 75 Machine, 162
Hiring and firing men, 161
Hoe Brothers, printing press inventors, 203
Howe, Elias, sewing machine inventor, 56, 203
Hydro-electric power, 149
Ice machine, invention of the, 204
Idea, The big, 181 Factory, 180 First raw, 3, 6 Getting an, 1 How to get an, 1 of an inventive genius, 2 Protecting your, 97 What it is, 2 Where it originates, 3
Ideas, For chemical inventions, 14 For electrical inventions, 11 For electro-chemical inventions, 15 For electro-mechanical inventions, 13 For inventions in general, 9 Kinds of, 3 For mechanical inventions, 9 Protecting raw ideas, 16 Thought out, 6 Working out on paper, 19
Incandescent light, invention of the, 210
Inclined plane, 63
Index of the patent office, 53
Individual electric motors, 157
Induction coil, 76
Inductive discovery, 3
Infra-red waves, 75, 79
Infringement suit, 18
Infringers of patents, 127
Initial funds, how to raise, 132
Interferences, 126
Interruptor, 76
Improvements needed, 181
Iron ore, reduction of, 90
Invent, What to, 180 What not to, 197
Inventing, Chemical compounds, 14 Secret of, 180 As a vocation, 131
Invention, Agreement, form of an, 133 Guardian angel of, 7 Heroes of, 200 How to patent your, 112 Keeping an interest in, 133 Manufacturing an, 146 Pay, making your, 131 Protecting your, 97, 119 Record of your, 18 Of the sewing machine, 56 Of the wardrobe trunk, 4 What it consists of, 118
Inventions, In chemistry, 59 In electro-chemistry, 59, 89 In general, ideas for, 9 Great, and what they paid, 203 That have paid big, little, 201 Ideas for chemical, 14 Ideas for electrical, 11 Ideas for electro-chemical, 15 Ideas for electro-mechanical, 13 Ideas for mechanical, 9 Some big, needed, Safety first, automobiles, 187 Aviation, 188 Chemistry, 190 Electricity, 191 Electro-chemistry, 192 Building, mining and metallurgy, 193 Printing, moving pictures, 195 Other field of endeavor, 196 Needed, For the farm, some little, 183 For fun, 185 For the house, 182 For the office, 184 For the person, 182 Protection against theft, 100 Real, and what they paid, 202 Selling small, 167 Simple, and what they paid, 202 What some have paid, 200
Inventive ability, 131
Inventive world, tour of, 200
Inventors, 5 Self-taught, 5
Inventor’s salary contract, 144
Isometric, Drawing paper, 26 Ellipse, how to draw, 32 Paper, how to make, 27 Perspective drawings, 20, 26, 122
Jig saw, 157
Kinetograph, invention of the, 213
Kinetoscope, invention of the, 213
Kodak camera, invention of the, 208
Lathe, engine, 152 Foot power, screw cutting, 103 Plain, 151 Screw cutting, power, 152
Lawyer, retaining a, 144
Lever, 63 Bent, 64 Compound, 64-65
Leyden jar, 75
Light waves, 75
Light, 79
Linotype, invention of the, 212
Lists of consumers, where to buy, 169
Locomotive, invention of the, 202
Lodge, Sir Oliver, 181
Machine design, 58
Machine screws and nuts, sizes of, 235
Machine tools, buying, 150
Machines, commercial uses of, 62 Compound, 69 How to experiment with, 59 Principles of, 62
Magnet, electro-, 78 Permanent steel, 78
Magnetism, 74, 78
Magneto-electric machine, 76
Mail order business, 168
Marconi, William, wireless telegraph inventor, 6, 214
Manikin for drawing, 40
Marketing your product, 166
Mathematical formulas, some useful, 231
Manual of classification, patent office, 57
Manufacture, problem of, 146
Manufactured product, finished, 162
Manufacturer’s agent, 170
Manufactory, locating a, 149 Starting your own, 148
Manufacturing your invention, 146
Material, buying the raw, 159
Materials, automatic machine made, 107, 159 Buying, 108 Raw, 149
Mechanics, principles of, 58
Mechanical, Drawings, 19 Inventions, ideas for, 9 Movements, 58, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 Powers, 59, 63
Mergenthaler, Ottmar, 212
Micrometer, 103 How to read a, 105
Metric, Changed to English measure, 234 or decimal system, 232 Measures of length, 233 Measures of weight, 233
Milling machine, universal, 156
Minute book, 140
Model, of a British express locomotive, 95 Building a, 96 How to make, 91 Makers, 97 Ways to make, 97
Models, How to make cardboard, 42 in Patent Office, 91 Rough, 91-92 Scale, 91-92, 95 Working, 91-92
Molecules and atoms, 61
Monopoly, Government, 112, 127
Morse, Samuel F. B., telegraph inventor, 203
Moving pictures, invention of the, 212
Muybridge, Eadweard, 213
Nitric acid of the air, 16, 89
Oath, patent, 120 Form of, 124
Official Gazette of the Patent Office, 53, 218
Ohm’s Law, 243
Organizing a shop force, 160
Oscillating current, 78
Otto, N. A., gas engine inventor, 204
Overhead charges, 164 How to figure, 165
Oxy-Hydrogen furnace, 85
Ozone of the air, 89
Page, C. T., electric railway inventor, 211
Parsons, steam turbine inventor, 209
Partner, how to secure, 135-136
Partnership, forming a, 135
Patent, About an interest in a, 134 Agreement, Employee’s, 99 Amending claims, 125 Application, 116 Application, filing fee for, 114 Applying for a, 117 Applying for your own, 115 Assignment, 134 Causes, 128 Claims, 49, 117, 120, 122 Claims, Amending, 117 Claims, narrow, 113 Copy of a, 125 Counsel, 128 Design, 216 Drawings, 120, 122 Drawings, rules for, 117 Final Government fee for, 114 Getting a, 51 is granted, after your, 127 is granted, when your, 127 Interferences, 55, 126 that pended for seven years, 126 is pending, while your, 125 Petition, 120 Specifications, 49, 53, 117, 120, 122 Suits, 128 System bubbles, 115 What it consists of, 112, 120 What you may, 118
Patentee, 127
Patenting your invention, 112
Patent attorneys, Catching your, 115 Flat-rate fee for, 114 Judgment of, 118 Retaining a, 47 Temptation of, 115
Patent attorneys, 54, 126, 127 Advertising, 48, 113 Choosing a, 112 High-grade, 114 Least charges of, 224 Watching, 117
Patent examiner, 50, 91, 114, 115 Versus inventors discontent, 126 and sewing machine needle, 56 Sub-cellar, 51 Methods, 125
Patent experts, technical, 128
Patent oath, 120, 124
Patent office, Action, 125 Archives, 126 Citing references, 117 Citations, 125 Fees, 217 Index, 53 Manual of classification, 57 Official Gazette, 53 Red tape, 126 Rejection of claims, 117 Rules of practice of, 116
Patent office search, a desk, 48 a free, 48 a special, 48 Preliminary, 49
Patents, Foreign, 224 See foreign patents Paper, 130 Number granted each year, 118
Patterns, complicated, 110 Making, 108
Perpetual motion, 62, 77, 199
Perspective drawings, 25 Isometric, 20, 26
Perspective, simple way to draw in, 26
Petition, patent, 120
Philosophy, 3, 6
Phonograph, invention of the, 207
Physics, first book on, 7
Planer, 154
Planté, Gaston, storage battery inventor, 208
Power, 59, 65
Protractor, how to use it, 31
Protecting raw ideas, 16
Preliminary search, 47
Printing press, perfecting, invention of the, 203
Priority, 16
Profits, how to figure, 165
Promoter, ordinary, 137 Professional, 100 Real, 137 Tin-horn, 137 Where he comes in, 136
Pseudotriakis microdon, 113
Publicity, how to get it, 175
Pulley, 63
Radiation, 74, 79
Reading helps, 6
References, Patent Office citing, 117
Register of copyrights, 221
Reis, Johanne Phillip, telephone inventor, 205
Resistance bridge, 83
Rights, selling invention, 135
Ro, a universal language, 50
Roosevelt, 115
Royalties on inventions, 135
Rubber, discovery of, 4
Rules of practice, 120, 135, 218
Saving the watchword, 194
Scale drawings, 19, 21
Screw, 63 Theory of the, 68
Seal, corporate, 142
Seal Press, 142
Search, a desk patent office, 48 Free patent, 48, 113 Preliminary Patent Office, 49 Special Patent Office, 49
Selden, George B., daddy of the automobile, 209
Selling direct to the consumer, 172
Selling goods, basic principles of, 166
Selling through sales agents, 171
Selling the stock issue of a company, 147
Selling through the trade, 174
Sewing machine, invention of the, 203
Sewing machine needle, 56
Shaper, 155
Shop force, organizing a, 160
Shop foreman, hiring a, 160
Shop rights, selling, 135
Shop, starting your own, 148
Shrinkage of castings, 111
Siemens, dynamo inventor, 204
Snap-shot camera, invention of the, 208
Solders, hard, 241
Solenoid, 13, 79
Spark-coil, 76
Specifications, patent, 53
Starr, J. W., incandescent lamp inventor, 210
Standardizing your product, 159
Static electricity, 74-75
Specification, amending the, 118 Patent, 49, 117
State of the art, 45 Having a patent attorney look it up, 47 How to learn the, 46 How to look it up, 47, 51 Use of the, 46 What it means, 45
Steam boat, invention of the, 202
Steam engine, drawing of a, 22 Invention of the, 202
Steam turbine, invention of the, 208
Steel, high speed, 244
Steel process, invention of the, 204
Stephenson, locomotive inventor, 202
Stock certificate, 141
Stock certificate book, 141
Stock company, fees for incorporating, 140 How it is operated, 142 How to organize a, 139
Stock ledger, 142
Stock full paid, 143
Stock room, 161
Stock of a company, selling the, 144
Stock transfer book, 11
Stock, treasury, 143
Stock company, what it is, 138
Storage battery, invention of the, 208
Supreme Court, U. S., 112
Symbols, how to make electrical, 36
Synthetic gems, 85
Taps and dies, sizes of, 235
Telautograph, 13, 17
Telegraph, invention of the, 203
Telegraph sounder, 13
Telephone, Bell, 56 Invention of the, 205
Telephone transmitter, 76
Territorial rights, 135
Tesla, dynamo inventor, 46
Thermometer scales, four chief, 251
Things are money, 201
Thompson, dynamo inventor, 46
Thoughts are things, 201
Thurber, Charles, typewriter inventor, 207
Time stamp, Thompson, 161
Tools, useful jewelers and machinists, 101
Tour of the inventive world, 200
Trade marks, 220
Transfer tax law, 141
Treasury stocks, 143
Trolley car and line invention of the, 211
Twining, ice machine inventor, 204
Twist drills, sizes of, 235
Typewriter, invention of the, 207
Ultra violet waves, 75, 79
United States patent, 127
United States Patent Office, 47, 135
United States Supreme Court, 112
Unit of work, 60
Universal milling machine, 156
Van Depoele, C. J., trolley line inventor, 211
Velocity, 60
Vernier, 103
Vernier, how to read a, 103
Violet ray machine, 162
Vibrator, 76
Voltmeter, 83
Watt, James, steam engine inventor, 202
Wedge, 63
What not to invent, 197
Wheatstone, Charles, telephone inventor, 206
Wheel and axle, 63
Weston, dynamo inventor, 46
Westinghouse, air brake inventor, 131, 205
Wilde, dynamo inventor, 204
Winding machine, 83
Wire Gage, how to use a, 106 Number, length, weight and resistance of pure copper, 244, 245 Prices of insulated magnet, 247 Number of turns that can be wound in a given space, 246
Wiring diagrams, how to make, 39
Wireless telegraph, invention of the, 214
Wireless telephone, 12
Wireless telephone, invention of the, 215
Wireless waves, 75
Words and terms used in this book, 253
Work, 59 Energy and power, 60 Farming it out, 147 Unit of, 60
Working drawings, 19
Wright brothers, aeroplane inventors, 215
FOOTNOTES
[1] Ro is a universal language invented by the Rev. Edward P. Foster of Marietta, Ohio. According to the _New York Times_ the frogs have talked _ro_ from the first and any child ought to be able to learn it in less than twice the lifetime of Old Parr.
[2] For a further explanation of these very interesting phenomena, read _Modern Views of Electricity_, by Sir Oliver Lodge.
[3] The _pseudotriakis microdon_ is one of the rarest species of sharks. It is a small toothed nurse shark and is known from only two specimens, one of which turned up on the coast of Portugal and the other on Long Island.
[4] “Fear God and take your own part,”--_Roosevelt._
[5] See Chapter XII on Design Patents.
[6] The italics are not mine.
* * * * *
Transcriber’s Notes:
Italic text is denoted by _underscores_ and bold text by ~tildes~.
“[F]” and “[R]” were used to represent blackletter in the table of Appendix O.
The half-title page has been removed.
Variations in spelling, hyphenation, and accents remain as in the original unless noted below.
Page 34, “AB” changed to “A B” (“as shown at A B”). Page 140, “incoporation” changed to “incorporation” (“the subscribers to the certificate of incorporation”). Page 140, period changed to semicolon after “the amount of cash must be stated.” Page 144, comma added after “(a) by personal solicitation.” Page 178, “sensative” changed to “sensitive” (“and impress the sensitive area of his brain”). Page 182, period added after “Fig” (“see Fig. 103”). Page 203, “webb” changed to “web” (“The first web printing press”). Page 233, “1000” changed to “1,000.” Page 234, “1,6093” changed to “1.6093.” Page 248, “Florine” changed to “Fluorine.” Page 253, “operate” changed to “Operate” (“See Operate”). Page 261, period changed to comma after “of mechanical movements.” Page 263, “Ellipose” changed to “Ellipse.” Page 264, “individual” changed to “Individual” (“Individual electric motors”). Page 266, comma added after “Metric.” Page 266, comma added after “Model.” Page 266, comma added after “Models.” Page 267, comma added after “Partnership.” Page 267, comma added after “Patent.” Page 267, comma added after “Patents.” Page 268, superfluous comma removed in “Pseudotriakis microdon.”
End of Project Gutenberg's Inventing for Boys, by A. Frederick Collins