Part 9

Carruthers, on Gymnospermatous Fruits from the Secondary Rocks of Britain, Journ. Bot., Jan. 1867.

---- on the Structure of the Stems of the Arborescent Lycopodiaceæ of the Coal Measures, Nos. i. to iv., Month. Microsc. Journ., vols. i. ii. iv.

---- on the Cryptogamic Forests of the Coal Period, Paper read before the Royal Institution of Great Britain, 16th April 1869.

---- on the Structure and Affinities of Sigillaria and Allied Genera, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Aug. 1869.

---- on a Fossil Cone from the Coal Measures, Geol. Mag., 1865.

---- on Caulopteris punctata, _ibid._

---- on Araucaria Cones from the Secondary Beds of Britain, _ibid._ 1866.

---- on an Aroideous Fruit from the Stonesfield Slate, _ibid._ 1867.

---- on Cycadoidea Yatesii, _ibid._ 1867.

---- on the Structure of the Fruit of Calamites, Journal of Botany, 1867.

---- on British Fossil Pandanaceæ, _ibid._ 1868.

---- on British Fossil Coniferæ, _ibid._ 1869.

---- on the Petrified Forest near Cairo, Geol. Mag., vii. 306.

---- on the Structure of a Fern-Stem from the Lower Eocene, Journ. Geol. Soc., xxvi. 349.

---- on the Structure and Affinities of Lepidodendron and Calamites, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., viii. 495.

---- on some Fossil Coniferous Fruits, Geol. Mag., vols. iii. vi.

---- on Beania, a new genus of Cycadean Fruit, from the Yorkshire Oolites, Geol. Mag., vol. vi.

---- on Plant-remains from the Brazilian Coal-beds, with Remarks on the genus Flemingites, Geol. Mag., vol. vi.

---- on the Fossil Cycadaceous Stems from the Secondary Rocks of Britain, Linn. Trans., xxvi. 675.

---- on the History and Affinities of the British Coniferæ, Brit. Assoc. Reports, 40th Meeting, p. 71.

Carruthers, List of New Genera and Species of Fossil Plants, Nos. i. ii. and iii., Journal of Botany, vols. viii. ix. x.

Coalfields, by a Traveller under ground.

Corda, Beiträge zur Flora der Vorwelt, Prag. 1845.

Cotta, Dendrolithen, Leipzig, 1850.

Dawson, J. W., on Spore-Cases in Coal, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1871, p. 321.

---- on Vegetable Structures in Coal, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1860.

---- on the Pre-Carboniferous Flora of New Brunswick and Eastern Canada, Canadian Naturalist, May 1861.

---- on the Flora of the Devonian Period in North-Eastern America, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Nov. 1862.

---- on an Erect Sigillaria and a Carpolite from Nova Scotia, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond.

---- on Calamites, Ann. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. vol. iv. 272.

---- on the Varieties and Mode of Preservation of the Fossils known as Sternbergiæ, Canadian Naturalist; also in Edin. New Phil. Journal, N.S. vii. 140.

---- Acadian Geology, 1868.

---- the Fossil Plants of the Devonian and Upper Silurian Formations of Canada, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1871.

---- on the Pre-Carboniferous Floras of North-Eastern America, with special reference to that of the Erian (Devonian) Period, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond., May 5, 1870.

---- on the Graphite of the Laurentian Rocks of Canada, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xxvi. 112.

Dunker, Zettel, and Meyer, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt.

Ettingshausen, Beiträge zur Flora der Vorwelt in Abhandlungen der Geolog. Reichsanstalt, Vienna, 1851.

Forbes, on Tertiary Leaf-Beds in the Isle of Mull, discovered by the Duke of Argyll, F.G.S., with a note on the Vegetable Remains from Ardtun Head, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. vii.

Giebel, Palæontologie.

Goeppert, Beiträge zur Bernsteinflora; sur la Structure de la Houille.

---- Die Gattungen der Fossilen Pflanzen, Bonn, 1841.

---- Monographie des Fossilen Coniferen, 1850.

---- Systema Filicum Fossilium, Nova Acta, xvii.

---- Ueber die Fossilen Cycadeen, Breslau, 1844.

---- Erläuterung der Steinkohlen-Formation.

Goeppert, Die Fossile Flora der Permischen Formation, Palæontographica, Hermann von Meyer, Cassel, 1864.

---- Beiträge zur Kenntniss Fossilen Cycadeen, Breslau.

Grand d'Eury, on Calamites and Asterophyllites, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. iv. 124.

Harkness, on Coal, Edin. Phil. Journ., July 1854.

Heer, Flora Tertiaria Helvetiæ, 3 vols.

---- Flora Fossilis Arctica, 1868-1871.

---- on the Fossil Flora of Bovey Tracey, Phil. Trans. R.S.L., 152, p. 1039.

---- on the Fossil Flora of North Greenland, Phil. Trans., vol. 159, p. 445.

Hooker, on Some Minute Seed-Vessels (Carpolithes ovulum, Brongniart) from the Eocene beds of Lewisham, Proceed. Geol. Soc., 1855.

---- Vegetation of the Carboniferous Period, in Mem. of Geol. Survey, ii.

---- on a New Species of Volkmannia, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., May 1854.

King, on Sigillaria, etc., in Edin. New Phil. Journal, xxxvi.

Lesquereux, on the Coal Measures of America, Silliman's Journal, 1863.

Lindley and Hutton, Fossil Flora, 3 vols. A revision of the original work, with a supplementary volume containing the recent additions, and a Synopsis of the Fossil Plants of Britain by Mr. W. Carruthers, is announced as about to be published.

Lowry, Table of the Characteristic Fossils of Different Formations.

M'Nab, on the Structure of a Lignite (_Palæopitys_) from the Old Red Sandstone, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., x. 312.

Mueller and Smyth, on Some Vegetable Fossils from Victoria, Geol. Mag., vii. 390.

Meyer, Hermann Von, Palæontographica. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Vorwelt, 1864.

Nicholson, on the Occurrence of Plants in the Skiddaw Slates, Geol. Mag., vol. vi.

Paterson, Description of Pothocites Grantoni, a New Fossil Vegetable from the Coal Formation, Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin., vol. i.

Penny Cyclopædia, vol. vii., Coal Plants.

Pictet, Traité de Paléontologie.

Quekett, on the Minute Structure of Torbane Hill Mineral, Journ. Microsc. Sc., 1854.

Raulin, Flore de l'Europe pendant la Période Tertiaire, in Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3d ser. x. 193.

Redfern, on the Nature of the Torbane Hill and other Varieties of Coal, Brit. Assoc. Liverpool, 1854.

Roehl, A. von, Fossile Flore der Steinkohlen Formation Westphalens.

Saporta, Etudes sur la Végétation du Sud-Est de la France à l'Epoque Tertiaire, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, ser. 4, tome xvi. 309, xvii. 191, xix. 5; ser. 5, tome iii. 5, iv. 5.

Schenk, Professor, die Fossile Flore der Nordwest Deutschen Wealden Formation.

Schimper, Traité de Paléontologie Végétale, 1870-71.

Tate, on the Fossil Flora of the Mountain Limestone Formation of the Eastern Borders, in connection with the Natural History of Coal (in Johnstone's Eastern Borders).

Torbane Coal, as noticed in the Report of the Trial as to the substance called Torbane Mineral or Torbanite.

Unger, Genera et Species Plantarum Fossilium.

---- Chloris Protogæa.

---- Le Monde Primitive (a work which contains picturesque views of the supposed state of the earth at different geological epochs).

---- on the Flora of the Eocene Epoch, Journ. Bot., iii. 39.

Weber and Wersel, Die Tertiarflore der Nieder Sheinescher Braunkohlen Formation.

Williamson, W. C., on the Organisation of the Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1871, p. 134.

---- on the Structure and Affinities of the Plants hitherto known as Sternbergiæ, Mem. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., ix.

---- on a New Form of Calamitean Strobilus, from the Lancashire Coal Measures, Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. iv. 3d series.

---- on the Structure of the Woody Zone of an Undescribed Form of Calamite, Mem. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vols. iv. and viii. 3d series.

---- on Volkmannia Dawsoni, _ibid._ 1870-71.

---- on Zamia gigas (Williamsonia gigas), Linn. Trans., xxvi. 663.

---- on the Organisation of Fossil Plants of the Coal Measures, Part I., Calamites, Phil. Trans. R.S.L., vol. 161, p. 477.

Witham, on the Structure of Fossil Vegetables.

Yates, on Zamia gigas, Proceed. Yorkshire Phil. Soc., April 1847.

Young, J., and Armstrong, Jas., on the Carboniferous Fossils of the West of Scotland, Trans. Geol. Soc. Glas., vol. iii.

Besides geological treatises such as those of Ansted, Beudant, Jukes, Lyell, and others.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. Palæopteris Hibernica, Schimper (Cyclopteris Hibernica, Forbes). One-sixth the natural size.

Fig. 2. A pinnule somewhat magnified, showing the venation.

Fig. 3. A fertile pinna, natural size.

Fig. 4. Two cup-shaped indusia borne on the rachis.

Fig. 5. Sporangia enclosing spores. From the Coal-measures.

Fig. 6. Sporangia of Hymenophyllum Tunbridgense, Sm. (Fern of present epoch.)

Fig. 7. Sporangium of Polypodium vulgare, Linn. (Fern of present epoch.) Figs. 5, 6, and 7, magnified to the same extent.

Fig. 8. Transverse section of Osmundites Dowkeri, Carruthers.

Fig. 9. Two cells of Osmundites, filled, the one with starch granules, and the other with mycelium of a fungus.

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Cycadeostrobus ovatus, Carr. From the Wealden, Isle of Wight.

Fig. 2. Beania gracilis, Carr. From the Yorkshire Oolite.

Fig. 3. Bennettites Saxbyanus, Carr. From the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight.

Fig. 4. Pinites Leckenbyi, Carr. From the Lower Greensand of the Isle of Wight.

Fig. 5. Trigonocarpon olivæforme, Lindl. and Hutt. From the Coal-measures, Manchester.

Fig. 6. Trigonocarpon sulcatum, Carr. Coal-measures, Wardie, Edinburgh.

Fig. 7. Sequoiites Gardneri, Carr. From the Gault at Folkestone.

Figs. 8, 9. Cupressinites Thujoides, Bowerbank. From the Eocene at Sheppey.

Fig. 10. Scale of Araucarites Brodiei, Carr. From the Great Oolite at Stonesfield.

Fig. 11. Scale of Araucarites Phillipsii, Carr. From the Oolite of Yorkshire.

All the figures on this Plate (except Fig. 2, which is one-half of the natural size) are drawn the size of nature.

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Mass of coal from Fordel, Fifeshire, containing numerous sporangia of Flemingites. These sporangia occur in coal from different localities in England and Scotland. Binney has seen them in Wigan coal. Huxley has found them abounding in coal near Bradford (Balfour, R.S.E. Trans.)

Fig. 2. One of the Sporangia entire, and separated from the coal (Balfour).

Fig. 3. Sporangium with its valves separated, containing a quantity of black carbonaceous matter in its interior (Balfour). This matter is formed by the altered spores (microspores).

Fig. 4. Sporangium, showing the triradiate marking on the under surface, and a granulation produced probably by the spores in the interior.

Fig. 5. Punctated woody tissue (Coniferous). From the needle coal of Toplitz, Bohemia (Harkness).

Fig. 6. Scalariform vessels from coal (Balfour).

Fig. 7. Stigmaria, with markings of rootlets. One showing the papilla to which the rootlet was articulated (Hooker).

Fig. 8. Transverse section of Stigmaria, showing the vascular cylinder divided into wedges (Hooker).

Fig. 9. Tissues of Stigmaria, showing the inner portion of the vascular cylinder (Hooker).

Fig. 10. Transverse section of a Lepidostrobus, the fructification of Lepidodendron, showing scales and sporangia (Hooker).

Fig. 11. Ulodendron Taylori (Carruthers).

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Sigillaria Brownii, restored (Dawson).

Fig. 2. Sigillaria elegans, restored (Dawson).

Fig. 3. Lepidodendron, restored (Carruthers, Bot. Soc. Trans.)

Fig. 4. Calamites, restored (Carruthers, Bot. Soc. Trans.)

Fig. 5. Psilophyton, a fossil of the Devonian epoch (Dawson).

INDEX.

Abietites, 84, 85, 87.

Acacia, 90, 92.

Acanthocarpum, 72.

Acer, 92, 97.

Acerites, 87.

Acrogens of present day, 26.

Acrogens, fossil, reign of, 25, 26.

Adiantites, 41.

Æthophyllum, 79.

Alder, 94.

Alethopteris, 43, 72.

Algæ, 35.

Algæ of Cretaceous epoch, 87.

Alnites, 87, 94.

Alnus, 94, 97.

Alsophila, 29.

Amber, 90.

Amber flora, Goeppert on the, 91.

Amentiferæ, fossil, 92.

Ancestrophyllum, 48.

Andromeda, 96, 97.

Angiosperms, fossil, reign of, 25, 87.

Annularia, 61, 71.

Anomopteris, 79.

Anona, 97.

Anthodiopsis, 72.

Antholithes, 64.

Anthracite, 36.

Apocynaceæ, fossil, 92.

Araucaria, 5, 6, 7, 85, 90.

Araucarioxylon, structure of, 63.

Araucarites, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87.

Arctic fossil flora (Miocene), 97.

Arctic Regions, Palæozoic flora of, 40.

Arctic Regions, fossil wood of, 95.

Arthropitys, 72.

Artisia, 64.

Asplenium, 28.

Asterophyllites, 35, 61, 71.

Bambusium, 92.

Bauhinia, 90, 92.

Beania, 82.

Bear Island, fossil flora of, 40, 59.

Beeches, 97.

Bennettiteæ, 86.

Bennettites, 85, 87.

Betula, 94, 97.

Bothrodendron, 57.

Bovey Tracey flora, 96.

Bovey Tracey, Devonshire, lignite beds of, 96.

Brachyphyllum, 80, 86, 87.

Bryson's instrument for slitting, 14.

Bucklandia, 84, 86.

Cæsalpinia, 90.

Cainozoic period, fossil plants of, 87.

Calamites, 35, 41, 53.

Calamites, foliage and fruit (woodcut), 62.

Calamites, structure of, 57.

Calamites, structure of fruit, 60.

Calamodendron, 59, 72.

Callipteris, 72.

Callitris, 90.

Camptopteris, 79, 80.

Carboniferous epoch, 36.

Carboniferous vegetation, its general character, 69.

Carbonisation, 9.

Cardiocarpum, 41, 72, 78.

Cardiocarpum, structure of, 64.

Cardiopteris, 40.

Carpinites, 87.

Carpinus, 94.

Carpolithes, 78, 83, 92, 97.

Cassia, 90.

Casts of plants, 8.

Casuarina, 90.

Caulinites, 90.

Caulopteris, 43.

Centrolobium, 90.

Chalk flora, characteristics of, 87.

Chara, 92.

Characeæ, fossil, 91.

Chondrites, 87.

Cinchonaceæ, fossil, 92.

Cinnamomum, 96.

Classes to which fossil plants belong, 2.

Climate as determined by fossil plants, 19.

Climate of the Tertiary period, 100.

Club-mosses, 26, 30.

Coal-basins, 37.

Coal, brown, structure of, 100.

Coal, Fordel, 36, 56.

Coal-formation, extent of, 38.

Coal, household, 36.

Coal-measures, flora of, 39.

Coal, parrot, 36.

Coal-plants, _in situ_, or drifted, 67.

Coal, structure in, 36.

Coal, Wigan cannel, 36.

Coal of Oolitic epoch, 82.

Coal of Tertiary beds, 100.

Combretaceæ, fossil, 92.

Comptonia, 92, 94.

Comptonites, 87.

Cones, fossil, of Wealden, 85.

Confervites, 87.

Coniferæ, 87.

Coniferæ, modern, 72.

Coniferæ, number of Miocene species, 97.

Coniferæ, Oolitic, 80.

Coniferæ, structure of recent, 74.

Coniferæ of brown coal deposits, 100.

Coniferæ of Miocene Arctic fossil flora, 97.

Coniferæ of Secondary strata, 85.

Coniferæ of Tertiary period, 89.

Coniferous genera of Lias, 79.

Coniferous vegetation of Upper Cretaceous period, appearance of, 89.

Copaifera, 90.

Cordaites, 35, 72.

Cornus, 97.

Corylus, 96, 97.

Cratægus, 97.

Credneria, 87.

Crematopteris, 79.

Cretaceous system, fossil plants of, 87.

Crossozamia, 86.

Cryptogamia, number of Miocene species of, 97.

Cryptomeria, 87.

Cryptomerites, 86.

Ctenis, 78, 79.

Cucumites, 90.

Cunninghamites, 87.

Cupressineæ, 89.

Cupressoxylon, 93.

Cyathea, 29.

Cyatheites, 72.

Cycadaceæ, 87.

Cycadaceæ, fossil, Carruthers' arrangement of, 86.

Cycadaceæ, modern, 72, 75.

Cycadaceæ, Oolitic, 80.

Cycadaceæ in Mesozoic period, 77.

Cycadaceæ of Lias, 79.

Cycadaceæ of Tertiary period, 89.

Cycadaceæ of Wealden epoch, 84.

Cycadeostrobus, 85.

Cycadites, 44, 79, 84, 87.

Cycadoidea, 83.

Cycas, 76.

Cyclopteris, 32, 35, 43, 72.

Cyclostigma, 41.

Cyperites, 48.

Cystoseirites, 87.

Dadoxylon, 35, 63.

Dalbergia, 90.

Dammarites, 87.

Daphnogene, 92, 96, 97.

Dawson on Devonian fossils, 35.

Desmodophyllum, 92.

Dicotyledons of Pliocene epoch, 98.

Dictyothalamus, 72.

Didymophyllum, 48.

Didymosorus, 95.

Dioonopteris, 72.

Dirt-bed, Portland, 83.

Dolichites, 92.

Drepanocarpus, 90.

Dryandroides, 96.

Echitonium, 92, 96.

Encephalartos, 76.

Entada, 90.

Eocene epoch, Algæ of, 90.

Eocene epoch, characteristics of, 90.

Eocene epoch, Coniferæ of, 90, 91.

Eocene epoch, flora of, 89, 90.

Eocene epoch, fruits of, 90.

Eozoon Canadense, 31.

Equisetaceæ, 29, 59.

Equisetites, 71.

Equisetum, 31, 53, 79, 94, 95.

Equisetum spores, 32.

Equisetum, structure of fruit, 60.

Erian fossil plants, 35.

Erythrina, 92.

Exogenous trees of Carboniferous epoch, 62.

Fagus, 94, 97.

Favularia, 46.

Fern-flora in connection with climate, 41.

Ferns, 96.

Ferns, structure of, 29.

Ferns of Carboniferous strata, 41.

Ferns of present day, 26.

Ficus, 96.

Fig, evergreen, 96.

Filicites, 94.

Fittonia, 86, 87.

Flabellaria, 64, 87.

Flemingites, 51, 52, 57.

Floras of present day in connection with fossil plants, 19.

Folliculites, 92.

Fossil botany, recapitulation of chief points connected with, 103.

Fossil botany, list of works treating of, 105.

Fossil plants compared with modern plants, 3, 4.

Fossil plants, determination of, 3.

Fossil plants, mode of preservation of, 8.

Fossil plants, number of, 23.

Fossiliferous periods, according to Brongniart, 25.

Fossiliferous rocks, 20.

Fructification in ferns of Carboniferous epoch, 40.

Fruits, fossil, of Isle of Sheppey, 90.

Fungi, fossil, 91.

Gardenia, 97.

Gault, Coniferæ of, 80, 85.

Getonia, 92.

Glyptostrobus, 97.

Grès bigarré, 78.

Gymnosperms, fossil, reign of, 25.

Gyrogonites, 92.

Haidingera, 78.

Hakea, 97.

Halonia, 57.

Heer's list of plants from the Bovey Tracey Miocene formation, 96.

Heer on the migration of plants, 98.

Heer on the number of species in the Arctic fossil flora, 97.

Heer's remarks on the Polar flora, 98.

Hightea, 90.

Horse-tails, 29.

Huttonia, 71.

Hymenophylleæ, 34.

Hymenophyllites, 71.

Hymenophyllum, 35.

Ilex, 97.

Infiltration, 9.

Inga, 90.

Isoetes, 27, 49, 89.

Ivy, 97.

Juglandites, 87.

Jurassic period of Brongniart, 79.

Kaidacarpum, 84.

Keupric period, 79.

Kimmeridge Clay, Coniferæ of, 85.

Knorria, 41, 48, 57.

Knorria, phyllotaxis of, 55.

Lastrea, 29.

Lauraceæ, 97.

Lauraceæ, fossil, 92.

Laurel, 96.

Laurentian rocks, 31.

Laurus, 92, 96.

Leaf-beds of Ardtun, Mull, 93.

Leaf-beds of Bournemouth, 95.

Leaf-beds, genera of, 94.

Leguminosæ, fossil, 92.

Leguminosites, 90.

Lepidodendron, 35, 41, 49.

Lepidodendron, phyllotaxis of, 54.

Lepidophloios, 57.

Lepidophyllum, 41, 56.

Lepidostrobus, 35, 50, 52.

Lias, Coniferæ of, 80.

Lias, fossil plants of, 79.

Libocedrus, 90.

Lignite, 32.

Lignite beds of Bovey Tracey, 96.

Lignites, 9.

Lonchopteris, 43, 84.

Lough Neagh, Miocene formation of, 93.

Lower Greensand, cone of, 89.

Lower Greensand, Coniferæ of, 85.

Lycopodiaceæ, 49, 54.

Lycopodiaceæ, modern, 26.

Lycopodites, 56.

Lycopodium, 30, 53.

MacClintockia, 97.

Macrospores, 30.

Magnolia, 97.

Mantellia, 83, 84, 86.

Marsilea, 31, 33.

Marsileaceæ, 31.

Mesozoic period, flora of the, 72.

Microspores, 30.

Microzamia, 87.

Mimosa, 90.

Mimosites, 92.

Miocene epoch, flora of, 89, 92.

Miocene period, temperature of, 97.

Mull, leaf-beds of, 93.

Mull, Miocene formation of, 93.

Munsteria, 87.

Myrica, 94, 97.

Naiadaceæ, 87.

Natural orders to which fossil plants belong, 22.

Neuropterideæ, 41.

Neuropteris, 42, 71.

Nicolia, 11.

Nicol's mode of preparing sections, 13.

Nilssonia, 79.

Nipadites, 90.

Noeggerathia, 64, 71, 72.

Nymphæa, 97.

Odontopteris, 42, 72.

Oolitic epoch, flora of, 80.

Oolite, fruits of, 83.

Oolite, Inferior, Coniferæ of, 86.

Oolite, Lower, 82.

Oolite, Scottish, plants of, 81.

Oolite, Upper, 82.

Oolite, Yorkshire, 83.

Osmunda, 89.

Osmundites, 91.

Otopteryx, 97.

Otozamites, 79.

Oxford Clay, Coniferæ of, 86.

Palæophytology, 1.

Palæopitys, 32.

Palæopteris, 32, 34, 41.

Palæozamia, 79.

Palæozoic or Primary period, 26.

Palæozoology, 1.

Palissya, 80, 86.

Paliurus, 97.

Palm, 96.

Palmacites, 87, 90, 96.

Pandanaceæ, 84.

Pecopteris, 42, 96.

Pecopterideæ, 41.

Pepperworts, 31.

Permian flora, 71.

Permian period, fruits of, 72.

Petrifaction, 9.

Petrified forests, 11.

Pence, 64, 80, 82, 86, 89.

Phanerogamia, number of Miocene species of, 97.

Phaseolites, 92.

Phœnicites, 92.

Phyllotaxis, 54, 55.

Pilularia, 31.

Pinites, 78, 85, 86, 87, 89, 100.

Pinites, structure of, 63.

Pinus, 86, 94, 97.

Pissadendron, 63.

Pitus, structure of, 64.

Plane, 94.

Platanites, 94.

Platanus, 97.

Pliocene epoch, flora of the, 89, 98.

Plumiera, 92.

Podocarpus, 90.

Podocarya, 84.

Portland beds, 82.

Portland Crag, 82.

Portland stone, Coniferæ of, 85.

Pothocites, 66.

Proteaceæ, fossil, 92, 97.

Protopteris, 87.

Prototaxites, 35.

Prunus, 97.

Psaronius, 44, 71.

Psilophyton, 35.

Pterocarpus, 90.

Pterophyllum, 84, 79.

Purbeck, Coniferæ of, 85.

Purbeck period, 83.

Quercus, 94, 96, 97.

Raulin on the Tertiary flora of Central Europe, 99.

Raumeria, 86.

Recapitulation of chief points connected with fossil botany, 103.

Rhabdocarpum, 72, 77.

Rhamnites, 94, 95.

Rhamnus, 94, 97.

Rhizocarpeæ, 31.

Rings, number of annual, in fossil Exogens, 100.

Sagenopteris, 71, 79.

Salicites, 87.

Salix, 97.

Sargassites, 87.

Scalariform vessels, 30.

Schizopteris, 43.

Secondary period, flora of the, 72.

Sections of fossils for microscope, 12.

Selaginella, 27, 51, 53.

Selaginites, 35.

Senftenbergia, 40.

Sequoia, 87, 96, 97.

Sequoiites, 85, 89.

Shale, 37.

Sheppey, fruits of Isle of, 90.

Sigillaria, 45.

Silicified stems, 10.

Sphenophyllum, 35, 61.

Sphenopterideæ, 41.

Sphenopteris, 34, 41, 42.

Sporangia, 30, 56.

Stangeria, 78.

Steinhauera, 92.

Sternbergia, 64, 97.

Stigmaria, 41, 47, 48.

Stonesfield slate, 82.

Stratified rocks, 21.

Structure of fossil plants, 12.

Table of formations, 21.

Taxites, 86, 94, 95, 100.

Taxodieæ, 89.

Taxodites, 79, 80, 94, 95.

Taxodium, 97.

Terminalia, 92.

Tertiary flora of Europe, 99.

Tertiary period, characteristics of, 89, 100.

Tertiary period, fossil plants of, 87.

Tertiary vegetation, Brongniart's divisions of, 89.

Thaumatopteris, 80.

Thuites, 81, 85, 86.

Thujopsis, 97.

Tilia, 97.

Trap rocks, 20.

Tree-fern, 27.

Trees of Miocene Arctic fossil flora, 97.

Triassic fossils, 77.

Trigonocarpum, 64, 72.

Triplosporites, 50, 53.

Tuff-beds, 94.

Tulip tree, 97.

Ulmus, 92.

Ulodendron, 57.

Underclay, 37.

Unger's list of genera of Eocene epoch, 90.

Upper Chalk, 85.

Upper Greensand, Coniferæ of, 85.

Vaccinium, 96.

Vitis, 96.

Volkmannia, 60.

Voltzia, 78, 79.

Vosgesian period, Brongniart's, 78.

Walchia, 71.

Walnuts, 97.

Wealden, Coniferæ of, 85.

Wealden epoch, flora of, 84.

Widdringtonites, 87.

Williamsonia, 81.

Williamsonieæ, 86.

Willow, 97.

Works, list of, treating of fossil botany, 105.

Yatesia, 86.

Yew, 94.

Zamia, 78.

Zamieæ, 86.

Zamiostrobus, 78.

Zamites, 78, 79, 84, 87.

Zostera, 32.

Zosterites, 87.

THE END.

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Miller's Footprints of the Creator, 192-199. Doubts have been thrown on the antiquity of this specimen by those who support the erroneous progressive development theory; but the presence, in the same nodule, of a scale of a fish only found in the lower Old Red, puts the matter beyond doubt. Dr. M'Nab on the Structure of a Lignite (_Palæopitys_) from the Old Red Sandstone. (Trans. Bot. Soc. x. p. 312.)

[2] Specimens of these fossil plants, as well as numerous others, illustrating the fossil flora of Scotland, are to be seen in Mr. Miller's collection, now in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.

[3] Dawson, Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond. xv. Canadian Naturalist, v. Acadian Geology, 2d edit. Fossil plants of the Devonian and upper Silurian Formations of Canada, with 20 plates; in Report of Geological Survey of Canada.

[4] Maclaren, Geology of Fife and the Lothians, p. 116.

[5] Our Coal-fields, by a Traveller under Ground.

[6] See Hall's Coal-fields of Great Britain, 1861; Roscoe's Lectures on Coal, Manchester, 1866-67; Hunt's Mineral Statistics of Great Britain; Taylor's Statistics of Coal, 1855-56.

[7] Heer, Flora fossilis Arctica; Fossile Flora der Bären Insel., 1871.