CHAPTER XXIII. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF

TEACHERS 308

Increasing demand for professional training. American normal schools. American demands on secondary-school teachers. German training of secondary-school teachers. New courses in colleges and universities for secondary-school teachers. The requirements of a standardizing association. The California requirements the most advanced in the United States. Continuation training of school officers. Specialized training for administration. Contributions to the science of education. Exercises and readings.

APPENDIX 321

INDEX 327

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

1. Average number of high-school units in the approved schools of the various states of the North Central Association 6

2A. Pauses made in silent reading 8

2B. Pauses made in oral reading 9

3. Diagram showing the organization of German schools and American schools 18

4. Proportion of public money spent for public schools and other items 50

5. Distribution in the various grades of each thousand dollars expended for instruction 59

6. Floor plan of a typical school building of the old style 79

7. Floor plan of a well-arranged one-teacher rural school of minimum cost 80

8. An old and a new rural school 81

9A. Ground plan of Alabama School 83

9B. Exterior of Alabama School 83

10A. Ground plan of Empire School 84

10B. Exterior of Empire School 84

11. Record of nonpromotions and failures in Cleveland, 1914 103

12. Enrollment in private vocational schools and in public high schools of Chicago 133

13. Individual differences in the number of lines read in a minute by pupils in the fifth grades of two schools 181

14. Average quality and average speed of handwriting of pupils of the four upper grades in ten schools 218

15. Speed and quality of handwriting 223

16. Distribution of grades in various Harvard classes 263

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE

I. Expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools compared for a period of years, including also a comparison of population for the same periods 48

II. Per cent of total governmental cost payments devoted to various city departments 51

III. Cost per pupil in elementary schools and high schools in selected cities 55

IV. Cost, per thousand student hours, of instruction in high schools in the various subjects of the curriculum 57

V. The portion of each thousand dollars spent for instruction in each subject in each of the first six elementary grades 58

VI. Percentages of failures in the chief subjects of instruction in the five high schools of Denver in June, 1915 107

THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF EDUCATION