CHAPTER XX.

HISTORY OF SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY FROM 1600 TO 1650.

Subjects of this Chapter 458 Aristotelians and Ramists 458 No improvement till near the End of the Century 459 Methods of the Universities 459 Scholastic Writers 459 Treatises on Logic 460 Campanella 460 His Theory taken from Telesio 460 Notion of Universal Sensibility 461 His Imagination and Eloquence 461 His Works Published by Admai 462 Basson 463 Berigard 463 Magnen 463 Paracelsists 463 And Theosophists 463 Fludd 464 Jacob Behmen 464 Lord Herbert de Veritate 464 His Axioms 465 Conditions of Truth 465 Instinctive Truths 466 Internal Perceptions 466 Five Notions of Natural Religion 466 Remarks of Gassendi on Herbert 467 Gassendi’s Defence of Epicurus 468 His chief Works after 1650 468 Preparation for the Philosophy of Lord Bacon 468 His Plan of Philosophy 468 Time of its Conception 469 Instauratio Magna 470 First Part--Partitiones Scientiarum 470 Second Part--Novum Organum 470 Third Part--Natural History 470 Fourth Part--Scala Intellectûs 471 Fifth Part--Anticipationes Philosophiæ 471 Sixth Part--Philosophia Secunda 471 Course of studying Lord Bacon 472 Nature of the Baconian Induction 472 His Dislike of Aristotle 474 His Method much required 474 Its Objects 474 Sketch of the Treatise De Augmentis 474 History 474 Poetry 475 Fine Passage on Poetry 475 Natural Theology and Metaphysics 475 Form of Bodies might sometimes be inquired into 475 Final Causes too much slighted 476 Man not included by him in Physics 476 Man--in Body and Mind 476 Logic 476 Extent given it by Bacon 476 Grammar and Rhetoric 477 Ethics 477 Politics 477 Theology 478 Desiderata enumerated by him 478 Novum Organum--First Book 478 Fallacies--Idola 478 Confounded with Idols 478 Second Book of Novum Organum 479 Confidence of Bacon 479 Almost justified of late 480 But should be kept within Bounds 481 Limits to our Knowledge by Sense 481 Inductive Logic--whether confined to Physics 481 Baconian Philosophy built on Observation and Experiment 482 Advantages of the latter 482 Sometimes applicable to Philosophy of Human Mind 483 Less so to Politics and Morals 483 Induction less conclusive on these Subjects 483 Reasons for this Difference 484 Considerations on the other Side 484 Result of the whole 485 Bacon’s Aptitude for Moral Subjects 486 Comparison of Bacon and Galileo 487 His Prejudice against Mathematics 488 Bacon’s Excess of Wit 488 Fame of Bacon on the Continent 489 Early Life of Descartes 491 His beginning to philosophise 491 He retires to Holland 491 His Publications 492 He begins by doubting all 492 His First Step in Knowledge 492 His Mind not Sceptical 493 He arrives at more Certainty 493 His Proof of a Deity 493 Another Proof of it 494 His Deductions from this 494 Primary and Secondary Qualities 495 Objections made to his Meditations 495 Theory of Memory and Imagination 496 Seat of Soul in Pineal Gland 497 Gassendi’s Attacks on the Meditations 497 Superiority of Descartes 497 Stewart’s Remarks on Descartes 498 Paradoxes of Descartes 499 His Just Notions and Definitions 500 His Notion of Substances 501 Not Quite Correct 501 His Notions of Intuitive Truth 501 Treatise on Art of Logic 502 Merits of his Writings 502 His Notions of Free will 502 Fame of his System, and Attacks upon it 503 Controversy with Voet 503 Charges of Plagiarism 504 Recent Increase of his Fame 505 Metaphysical Treatises of Hobbes 505 His Theory of Sensation 506 Coincident with Descartes 506 Imagination and Memory 506 Discourse or Train of Imagination 507 Experience 507 Unconceivableness of Infinity 507 Origin of Language 508 His Political Theory interferes 508 Necessity of Speech exaggerated 509 Use of Names 509 Names Universal not Realities 509 How imposed 510 The Subject continued 510 Names differently imposed 511 Knowledge 511 Reasoning 512 False Reasoning 512 Its frequency 513 Knowledge of Fact not derived from Reasoning 514 Belief 514 Chart of Science 515 Analysis of Passions 515 Good and Evil relative Terms 515 His Paradoxes 515 His Notion of Love 516 Curiosity 516 Difference of Intellectual Capacities 516 Wit and Fancy 517 Differences in the Passions 517 Madness 517 Unmeaning Language 517 Manners 517 Ignorances and Prejudice 518 His Theory of Religion 518 Its supposed Sources 518