Chapter ix.

[1413] But a certain substratum is usually assumed, no attempt being made to account for its existence.

[1414] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, chaps. viii-x; Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, Index, s.vv. _Myth_, _Mythology_; Lang, _Custom and Myth_, and _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_; articles "Mythologie" in _La Grande Encyclopédie_, and "Mythology" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th ed.

[1415] Belief in miracles, which is found in some higher religions, may here be left out of the account as belonging in a separate category.

[1416] Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, chaps. ii-iv.

[1417] So with the theory of universal borrowing from one center advocated by Stucken (_Astralmythen_), Winckler (_Himmels- und Weltensbild der Babylonier als Grundlage der Weltanschauung und Mythologle aller Völker_), Jeremias (_Das Alte Testament im Lichte des Alten Orients_), Jensen (_Das Gilgamesch Epos_), and others.

[1418] Cf. article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1419] § 225 ff.

[1420] _Çatapatha Brahmana_, xi, 1, 6, 1.

[1421] R. B. Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 335 f.

[1422] Spiegel (_Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 144) ascribes to the Eranians the conception of creation out of nothing. See also the Hawaiian representation of the origin of all things from the primeval void, and the orderly sequence of the various forms of life.

[1423] A. Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_ chap. vi ff.

[1424] See, for example, the two accounts of creation in the Book of Genesis. In the earlier account (chap. ii) the procedure of Yahweh is mechanical, and things do not turn out as he intended; in the later account (chap. i) there is no mention of a process--it is the divine word that calls the world into being.

[1425] Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 263.

[1426] See R. Andree, _Die Flutsagen_; article "Flood" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_.

[1427] Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 37; cf. Dorsey, _The Skidi Pawnee_, p. 14 ff.

[1428] Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, p. 57 f.; cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 335.

[1429] Callaway, _The Amazulu_, pp. 3, 4, 100, 138.

[1430] Gen. v; vi, 4; Herodotus, iii, 23; Roscher, _Lexikon_, s.v. _Giganten_; cf. Tylor, op. cit., i, 385 ff.; Brinton, _American Hero-Myths_, p. 88.

[1431] Brinton, _Religions of Primitive Peoples_, p. 126 f.; Maspero, _Dawn_, p. 158; Gen. ii, iii; _Avesta, Vendidad_, Fargard ii; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, i, 463 ff.; Windischmann, _Zoroastrische Studien_, p. 19 ff.; Hopkins, in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (September, 1910), pp. 362, 366; article "Hesperiden" in Roscher's _Lexikon_; commentaries of Kalisch, Dillmann, Driver, Skinner, and others on Gen. ii, iii; _Jewish Encyclopædia_, s.v. _Paradise_; Delitzsch, _Wo lag das Paradies?_ On the character of the abode of the Babylonian Parnapishtim see Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, pp. 488, 496.

[1432] 2 Pet. iii, 7, contrast with the old destruction by water; Hindu eschatology.

[1433] The Norse myth of "the twilight of the gods" has perhaps been colored, in its latest form, by Christian eschatology.

[1434] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 421; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 161; H. Warren, _Buddhism in Translations_, p. 315 ff.

[1435] Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 63 ff.

[1436] Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, chap. i.

[1437] Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, chap. i.

[1438] Maspero, _Dawn_, p. 128 f.

[1439] _Aitareya Brahmana_, iv, 27.

[1440] Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 279; cf. Turner, _Samoa_, p. 198.

[1441] Gruppe, _Griechische Culte und Mythen_. Cf. the birth-myth in Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 71.

[1442] So Heracles, Achilles, Æneas, and the heroes mentioned in Gen. vi, 4.

[1443] Gen. ii, 7.

[1444] So in Polynesia, North America, China, ancient Greece, and among the Hebrews.

[1445] As, for example, the Hebrews (Deut. xxxii, 8 f.)

[1446] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 119 ff.; Taylor, _New Zealand_, chap. xiv and p. 325; Turner, _Samoa_, p. 3 ff.; J. G. Müller, _Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen_, pp. 33 ff., 179 ff., § 61.

[1447] So the Hindu Manu (man), or Father Manu (_Rig-Veda_, ii, 33, 13), is the progenitor of the human race. Cf. the "first man," Yama. For the Old-Persian genealogical scheme see Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, i, 473, 500 ff.

[1448] Deut. xxxii.

[1449] Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 156 ff.; Réville, _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_, p. 64; Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, p. 264, and _American Hero-Myths_, pp. 186 f., 195 ff.; cf. R. B. Brehm, _Das Inka-Reich_, p. 24 ff.

[1450] Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 89.

[1451] Gen. iv, 16 ff.

[1452] Gen. vi, 1, 2, 4 (verse 3 is an interpolation).

[1453] Herodotus, v, 57 f.; Roscher, _Lexikon_, s.v. _Kadmos_.

[1454] _Rig-Veda_, i, 93, 6.

[1455] Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 49 ff.

[1456] In the story in Genesis (ii, 17; iii, 5, 22-24) there is a trace of such jealousy; and it is by violation of the command of the deity that man attains the knowledge of good and evil.

[1457] L. Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, chap. xxv (and cf. chap. xxvi).

[1458] Chapter iii.

[1459] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 394 ff.

[1460] See above, § 153 ff.

[1461] Gen. xvii.

[1462] Ex. iv, 24-26; Josh. v, 2 ff.

[1463] W. Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 40 ff.; J. W. Fewkes, _The Winter Solstice Ceremony at Walpi_.

[1464] Réville, _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_ (Hibbert Lectures), pp. 94 f., 110 (cf. ib., p. 224 f., on Peruvian dances). See above, § 109, note 6.

[1465] Gen. xxxii, 24 ff.

[1466] Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, p. 38.

[1467] Fowler, op. cit., p. 99 ff.; for another view see Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Maia II"; cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 185.

[1468] Augustine, _De Civitate Dei_, 18, 9.

[1469] Judg. xi, 30 ff.

[1470] Plutarch, _Theseus_, 27.

[1471] F. B. Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, chap. xxiii f.; Miss J. E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. x; K. H. E. de Jong, _Das antike Mysterienwesen_, pp. 14, 16, 18; Preller, "Eleusinia" in Pauly's _Realencyclopädie_; Reitzenstein, _Hellenistische Mysterienreligion_.

[1472] In Babylonia such rôles are ascribed to Ea and Marduk (Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, pp. 137, 139, 276).

[1473] See above, § 844 f.; W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., pp. 18, 173 ff., _Records of the Past_, vi, 108.

[1474] The myths connected with Quetzalcoatl (see Brinton, _American Hero-Myths_, and L. Spence, _Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru_) do not relate mostly to the movements and deeds of the sun or the winds, but arose from his character as local deity with universal powers. Social and political events were woven into them. His contest with Tezcatlipoca seems to reflect the struggle between two tribes; his defeat signifies the victory of the conquering tribe, and the expectation of his return (by which the invading Spaniards, it is said, profited) was based on the political hope of his people. Cf. similar expectations among other peoples.

[1475] Gen. xxii.

[1476] B. Beer, _Leben Abraham's nach Auffassung der jüdischen Sage_, p. 5 and note 34; p. 102, note 30.

[1477] Turner, _Samoa_, Index.

[1478] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, chap. xviii.

[1479] Pausanias, _Description of Greece_, passim.

[1480] Semitic and other examples are given in W. R. Smith's _Religion of the Semites_, p. 173 ff.

[1481] On the complicated myth of Phaëthon see the article in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1482] Isa. xxiv, 21; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 356 ff.

[1483] The Babylonians were the great astronomers and astrologers of antiquity, but their eminence in this regard belongs to their later period. After the fall of the later Babylonian empire (B.C. 539) the term 'Chaldean' became a synonym of 'astrologer' (so in the Book of Daniel, B.C. 165-164); cf. Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 259 f.

[1484] Brinton, _Myths of the New World_, passim; Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, i, 149 f.; Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, p. 1 ff.; Hickson, _Northern Celebes_; Lane, _Arabian Nights_, i, 30 ff.; Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, p. 216 f.; _Iliad_, xxiii, 198 ff.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 360 ff.; Ratzel, _History of Mankind_ (Eng. tr.), passim.

[1485] _Iliad_, xxiii, 200 f. For some wind-myths see Roscher, _Lexikon_, articles "Boreaden," "Boreas," "Harpyia." Cf. the Maori myths given in R. Taylor's _New Zealand_, chap. vi, and for Navaho winds see Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 226, note 75.

[1486] As in Goldziher's _Hebrew Mythology_ (Eng. tr.), a view later abandoned by the author.

[1487] By Mannhardt, in _Mythologische Forschungen_, p. 224 ff.; Frazer, in _Golden Bough_, 2d ed. (see Index, s.v. _Corn_); and others.

[1488] Cf. Frazer, op. cit., chap. iii, § 16 f.; Roscher, _Lexikon_, articles "Kybele," "Attis," "Persephone," "Ceres"; and Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_.

[1489] See above, § 678.

[1490] Gen. i, 2 f.

[1491] Dan. ii, 22; Rev. xxi, 23.

[1492] This is true even in the case of abstract deities; see above, §§ 696, 702 ff.

[1493] A myth is a purely imaginative explanation of phenomena; a legend rests on facts, but the facts are distorted. The two terms are often confused the one with the other.

[1494] Some peculiar combinations appear in the figures of Semiramis and the Kuretes and the Korybantes; see the articles in Roscher's _Lexikon_ under these headings.

[1495] Cf. Gomme, _Folklore as an Historical Science_; Van Gennep, _La formation des légendes_.

[1496] See the various folk-lore journals; W. W. Newell, article "Folk-lore" in Johnson's _Universal Cyclopædia_; cf. Gomme, op. cit., and § 881 below.

[1497] So in the cases of the Australian ancestors, the Polynesian, Teutonic, Finnic, Slavic, Greek, Phrygian, and other heroes and gods, the Hebrew patriarchs, and many other such figures.

[1498] See above, § 859.

[1499] See above, § 649.

[1500] Such were the Greek rhapsodists (Müller and Donaldson, _History of the Literature of Ancient Greece_, i, 33 ff.), and probably the Hebrew mashalists (Numb. xxi, 27, Eng. tr., "they that speak in proverbs"). Such reciters are found in India at the present day.

[1501] On the value of myths for religious instruction cf. Schultz, _Old Testament Theology_, Eng. tr. (of 4th German ed.), i, chap. ii.

[1502] Geffcken, article "Allegory" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1503] _Phædrus_, 229; _Cratylus_, 406 f.; _Republic_ 378.

[1504] Cf. Müller and Donaldson, _History of the Literature of Ancient Greece_, chap. xxvi.

[1505] 1 Cor. ix, 9 f.; x, 1-4; Gal. iv, 24 ff.; Heb. vii, 2; Origen, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and commentators generally up to the sixteenth century and later.

[1506] _Origine de tous les cultes ou religion universelle_ (1794).

[1507] _Science of Language_, 2d series; cf. his Hibbert and Gifford lectures.

[1508] It is elaborated in G. W. Cox's _Mythology of the Aryan Nations_.

[1509] Op. cit. § 864. Cf. article "Panbabylonianism" in _Harvard Theological Review_ for January, 1910.

[1510] _Astralmythen der Hebräer, Babylonier und Aegypter_ (1896-1907).

[1511] So in folk-tales the same motif appears in a hundred different settings; but this is not necessarily a sign of borrowing.

[1512] Op. cit., p. 190.

[1513] See above, § 826, note.

[1514] No well-defined Arabian myths are known.

[1515] Most of the Old Testament mythical material has been worked over by Hebrew monotheistic editors.

[1516] P. Jensen, _Das Gilgamesch Epos in der Weltliteratur_.

[1517] Cf. article "Panbabylonianism" cited in § 866, note.

[1518] As, for example, those of New Zealand, Babylonia, and Greece.

[1519] Cf. Keightley, _Fairy Mythology_, 2d ed., p. 14 f.

[1520] Bacon, _Wisdom of the Ancients_; in Biblical exposition many recent writers.

[1521] See above, § 864 ff.; cf. Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, p. 28 ff.

[1522] _Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker_ (1810-1812).

[1523] _Antisymbolik_ (1824-1826).

[1524] Buttmann, Welcker, Lobeck, and others.

[1525] _Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie_ (1825).

[1526] See above, § 865.

[1527] See above, § 359. Cf. Grant Allen, _The Evolution of the Idea of God_.

[1528] Darwin and Spencer (evolution), Bastian (ethnology), and others.

[1529] In his _Early History of Mankind_ and _Primitive Culture_. Cf. C. de Brosses (_Du culte des dieux fétiches_, 1760), who expressed a similar view.

[1530] A. Lang, _Custom and Myth_ and _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, and other works; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d and 3d edd.; W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_; and others.

[1531] Mannhardt, _Wald- und Feldkulte_ and _Mythologische Forschungen_.

[1532] See the bibliography at the end of this book.

[1533] Beginnings for such a survey have been made in the Teutonic, American, and some other areas.

[1534] Confucianism, if it can be called a religion, is an exception.

[1535] See the bibliographies in Johnson's _Universal Cyclopædia_, article "Fairy-lore," and _La Grande Encyclopédie_, article "Fée"; Maury, _Croyances et légendes du moyen âge_, new ed.; Hartland, _The Science of Fairy-tales_.

[1536] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Index, s.v. _Magic_; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., Index, do.; id., _Early History of the Kingship_, Index, do.; Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, Index, do.; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, do.; S. Reinach, _Orpheus_, Index, do.; Hubert and Mauss, in _Année sociologique_, vii; Marett, _Threshold of Religion_; articles "Magie" in _La Grande Encyclopédie_ and "Magic" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th ed.; article "Magia" in Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_.

[1537] Examples are cited in the works mentioned above.

[1538] On the view that many quasi-magical acts are spontaneous reactions of the man to his environment see I. King, _Development of Religion_, chap. vii. According to this view the thought suggests the act. The warrior, thinking of his enemy, instinctively makes the motion of hurling something at him (as a modern man shakes his fist at an absent foe), and such an act, a part of the excitation to combat, is believed to be efficacious.

[1539] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, s.v. _The Evil Eye_.

[1540] On mana see above, § 231 ff. Though the theory of mana was necessarily vague, the thing itself was quite definite.

[1541] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 85.

[1542] _Isis and Osiris_, 73.

[1543] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 154 ff.

[1544] § 6 f.

[1545] Cf. Lord Avebury, _Marriage, Totemism, and Religion_, p. 135.

[1546] Alexander, _Short History of the Hawaiian People_.

[1547] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 263.

[1548] Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 36.

[1549] Cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, lecture iii.

[1550] Teit, _Thompson River Indians_, p. 53 f.

[1551] 1 Cor. x, 20 f.

[1552] Certain ceremonies of the higher religions produce effects that must be regarded as magical.

[1553] Lubbock, _Origin of Civilization_, p. 188. Similar logic appears in the story of the origin of Goodwin Sands, told by Bishop Latimer (in a sermon preached before Edward VI). An old man, being asked what he thought was the cause of the Sands, replied that he had lived near there, man and boy, fourscore years, and before the neighboring steeple was built there was no Sands, and therefore his opinion was that the steeple was the cause of the Sands.

[1554] So among the old Hebrews, according to 1 Sam. xxviii, 9. For Rome cf. Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, lecture iii.

[1555] Cf. above, § 889.

[1556] In some cases the priest is a magician (Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, p. 114 ff.)--he acts as the mouthpiece of a god, and in sympathy with the god. Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 658. On a connection between the magician and the poet see Goldziher, in _Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Orientalists_.

[1557] Cf. above, § 889.

[1558] Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_, p. 267 f.; id., _The Shasta_, 471 ff.

[1559] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 120.

[1560] Dixon, _The Shasta_, loc. cit.; Miss Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_, p. 280.

[1561] M. Kingsley, _Studies_, p. 136.

[1562] Grey, _Polynesian Mythology_, p. 278.

[1563] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 267 f.

[1564] 1 Sam. xxviii.

[1565] Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, bk. ii f.

[1566] Sura cxiii.

[1567] Women, however, are sometimes shamans in such tribes, as in the California Shasta (while in the neighboring Maidu they are commonly men). See Dixon, _The Shasta_, p. 471; _The Northern Maidu_, p. 267 f.

[1568] Tiele, _Elements of the Science of Religion_, ii, 140; cf. Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, iii, 564 f., 587 f.; Jackson, in Geiger and Kuhn's _Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_, ii, 630, 671, 692.

[1569] Sophocles, _OEdipus Tyrannus_, 387; Euripides, _Orestes_, 1498. Hence the term 'magic' as the designation of a certain form of procedure.

[1570] So in the _Thousand and One Nights_, passim.

[1571] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 113 ff.; Castrén, _Finnische Mythologie_, pp. 186 ff., 229; Skeat, _Malay Magic_, p. 162; Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 263; Crooke, _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_, ii, 283 ff. For modern usages see Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart_, 2d ed., pp. 131, 241.

[1572] A magician, as a man of special social prominence and of extraordinary power over the forces of the world, becomes, in some cases, the political head of his community (as a priest sometimes has a like position). Where the divinization of men is practiced, the magician may be recognized as a god. But no general rule can be laid down. The office of king had its own political development, and a god was the natural product of the reflection of a community. The elevation of the magician to high political or ecclesiastical position was dependent on peculiar circumstances and may be called sporadic. Cf. Frazer, _Early History of the Kingship_, p. 107 ff. and lecture v.

[1573] Cf. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., Index, s.v. _Kings_.

[1574] See Lord Avebury, _Marriage, Totemism, and Religion_, chap. iv.

[1575] The plant or animal may be a totem, but its magical power is not derived from its totemic character. Magical potency may dwell in nontotemic objects; in magical ceremonies connected with totems (as in Australia) it is the ceremony rather than the totem that is efficacious. Cf. Marett, _Threshold of Religion_, p. 22 f.

[1576] Cf. Marett, "From spell to prayer," in his _Threshold of Religion_, p. 33 ff.

[1577] Cf. J. H. King, _The Supernatural_, Index, s.v. _Charm_; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 148; article "Charms and Amulets" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1578] Eng. tr. by Bloomfield, in _Sacred Books of the East_.

[1579] L. W. King, _Babylonian Magic and Sorcery_.

[1580] _Records of the Past_, first series, vols. ii, vi; Griffith, article "Egyptian Literature" in _Library of the World's Best Literature_; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 212 ff.; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, Index, s.v. _Magic_.

[1581] Cf. Macdonald, _Religious Attitude and Life in Islam_, Index, s.v. _Magic_.

[1582] Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_, article "Magia"; cf. articles "Medeia" and "Kirke" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1583] Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_; Gibbon, _Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, ii, 535 ff.; Friedländer, _Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire_ (Eng. tr.), i, 260 f.; Fowler, _The Religious Experience of the Roman People_, p. 57 ff.; cf. Cumont, _Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_, Index, s.v. _Magic_.

[1584] 1 Sam. xxviii; Isa. viii, 19.

[1585] In the later Judaism Solomon is the great master of magic; see the story of the Queen of Sheba in the Second Esther Targum; Baring-Gould, _Legends of Old Testament Characters_. For the Arabian legends of Solomon (borrowed from the Jews) see _Koran_, sura xxxviii; _History of Bilkis, Queen of Sheba_, compiled from various Arabic sources, in Socin's _Arabic Grammar_ (Eng. tr., 1885).

[1586] Lecky, _History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rationalism in Europe_; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.vv. _Magic_ and _Witches_.

[1587] These Powers, including mana, may all be called "divine" as distinguished from the purely "human."

[1588] A superhuman phenomenon, if produced by a deity, is called a "miracle," and is held to be beneficent; if produced by a nontheistic process, it is called "magical," and is looked at doubtfully.

[1589] Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 696; Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, Index, s.v. _Magic and Morals_.

[1590] Ultimately, in early religious theory, all objects are divine or abodes or incarnations of divine beings and capable of independent action; sometimes, doubtless, the recognition of the natural character of a thing (as of courage and other qualities in animals) coalesces with the belief in its guiding power.

[1591] Cf. article "Magia" in Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_, p. 1496.

[1592] Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 254.

[1593] Cf. article "Bantu" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, p. 358.

[1594] 1 Sam. x, 5; xix, 24.

[1595] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 513 f. The envoy not only failed to procure cedar for the sacred barge of Amon but was ordered by the prince to leave the city; the youth intervened successfully (ca. 1100 B.C.).

[1596] So Teiresias (_Odyssey_, x, 492 ff.; _OEdipus Tyrannus_, 92) and Samuel (1 Sam. ix).

[1597] Mic. i, 8; cf. 2 Kings iii, 15 (music as a preliminary condition of inspiration).

[1598] As among the Hebrews, the Greeks, and other ancient peoples.

[1599] Formerly, says Cicero (_De Divinatione_, i, 16), almost nothing of moment, or even in private affairs, was undertaken without an augury.

[1600] For a tabulation of omens and other signs and of forms of divinatory procedure see article "Divination" in _La Grande Encyclopédie_.

[1601] Cicero, _De Divinatione_, i, 1-4; Diodorus Siculus, i, 70, 81; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 216 ff.; Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 113 ff. (cf. Gen. xliv, 5, 15, which may point to an Egyptian custom of divination by cup); Jastrow, _Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens_, and _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria_; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 256, 328; De Groot, _Religious System of China_, i, 103 ff.; iii, chap. xii; Buckley, in Saussaye's _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed. (China); articles "Divination" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_, Hastings's _Dictionary of the Bible_, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_; Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_; articles "Divinatio" and "Haruspices" in Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, chap. vii; Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die griechischen Sakralaltertümer_; Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 450 ff.; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, lecture xiii; Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, pp. 126 ff., 148 ff.; article "Celts" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_; Hastings, op. cit., ii, 54 ff.; Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, Index, s.v. _Divination_.

[1602] Turner, _Samoa_, Index, s.v. _Omens_.

[1603] These animals were originally themselves divine, and therefore, by their own knowledge, capable of indicating the course of events; cf. § 905, note.

[1604] Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 323 f.; id., _The Nandi_, p. 79.

[1605] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 203.

[1606] Conolly, _Journey to the North of India_, 2d ed., 1838, ii, 137 ff.

[1607] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 78, etc. For South Africa cf. Callaway, _The Amasulu_, Index, s.vv. _Omens_, _Divination_, _Diviners_; Kidd, _The Essential Kafir_, Index, s.v. _Divining_; article "Bantu" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, p. 362.

[1608] 2 Sam. v, 24.

[1609] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_ (Eng. and Ger. edd.), in which references to the original documents are given.

[1610] [Greek: ornis, oiônos]. _Iliad_, ii, 859; xii, 237; xxiv, 219; Hesiod, _Works and Days_, 826; cf. Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, i, 127 ff.

[1611] _Birds_, 715 ff.

[1612] _Iliad_, xii, 243.

[1613] In Borneo, which has an elaborate scheme of omens from birds, prayer is sometimes addressed to them. Furness, _Home life of the Borneo Head-hunters_, Index, s.v. _Omen_; Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 344.

[1614] The sacrificial animal was regarded as divine, and its movements had the significance of divine counsels.

[1615] Terence, _Phormio_, IV, iv, 25 ff.

[1616] Frazer, _Totemism and Exogamy_, ii, 137; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 119 f.; Miss Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_, p. 278 ff.

[1617] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 384 ff.

[1618] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 319; Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 593; Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 100, and _The Masai_, p. 275 ff.

[1619] On the exaggerated range and importance ascribed by some modern writers to early conceptions of the divinatory function of heavenly bodies see above, §§ 826, 866 ff.

[1620] Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, pp. 163, 180.

[1621] Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 240 ff.; R. F. Harper, _Assyrian and Babylonian Literature_, p. 451 ff.

[1622] Persius, vi, 18.

[1623] Cicero, _De Divinatione_, ii, 42 ff.

[1624] The largest planet was brought into connection with the chief god of Babylon, Marduk; the bright star of morning and evening with Ishtar; the red planet with Nergal, god of war, and the others with Ninib and Nebo respectively. The Romans changed these names into those of their corresponding deities, Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Saturn, and Mercury.

[1625] Cumont, _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_, chap. vii, and Eng. tr., _The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_; id., _Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_; Bouché-Leclercq, _L'astrologie grecque_ and _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_.

[1626] Medieval belief in astral power is embodied in the English word 'influence,' properly the inflow from the stars (so in Milton's _L'Allegro_, 121 f., "ladies whose bright eyes rain influence"). An astrologer was often attached to a royal court or to the household of some great person, his duty being to keep his patron informed as to the future.

[1627] _Odyssey_, xvii, 541 ff. The fear of a sneeze (which must be followed by some form of 'God bless you!') belongs in a different category; the danger is that a hurtful spirit may enter the sneezer's body, or that his soul may depart.

[1628] Muir, _The Caliphate_, p. 112.

[1629] Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 362; Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 202; id., _Yoruba_, p. 97; cf. Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 324.

[1630] 1 Sam. xxiii, 2.

[1631] 1 Sam. xiv, 38-42 (see the Septuagint text).

[1632] Ezek. xxi, 21 [26].

[1633] _Moallakat of Imru'l-Kais_, ver. 22.

[1634] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, i, 195 ff.; iv, 153, 159; Augustine, _Confessions_, iv, 5: de paginis poetae cujuspiam longe allud canentis atque intendentis; if, says Augustine's friend, an apposite verse so appears, it is not wonderful that something bearing on one's affairs should issue from the human soul by some higher instinct, though the soul does not know what goes on within it.

[1635] Cf. Comparetti, _Virgilio nel medio evo_, i, 64 f. (Eng. tr., p. 47 f.).

[1636] As the Masai (Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 324).

[1637] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_; Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_, s.v. _Haruspices_; Fowler, _The Religious Experience of the Roman People_, Index, s.v. _Haruspices_.

[1638] M. Jastrow, "The Liver in Antiquity" (_University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, 1908) and _Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens_.

[1639] _Primitive Culture_, i, 124.

[1640] See above, § 28. The skull is employed as a means of divination (Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 91 ff.).

[1641] See above, § 24.

[1642] Cf. Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Oneiros," col. 904.

[1643] J. H. King, _The Supernatural_, i, 168 ff.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 121 ff., 440 f.; Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_ p. 436; Mrs. K. Langloh Parker, _The Euahlayi Tribe_, pp. 28, 83 f.

[1644] Dorsey, _The Skidi Pawnee_, Index, s.v. _Dreams_.

[1645] Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 90

[1646] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 468, and see p. 558.

[1647] Gen. xi f.

[1648] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 349 f.

[1649] Gen. xx, 3; xxviii, 12; xxxi, 11; xxxvii, 5.

[1650] Dan. ii, iv.

[1651] _Iliad_, ii, 1 ff. So Yahweh, by a lying spirit, sends Ahab to his death (1 Kings, xxii, 19 ff.) and deceives the prophet, who misleads the people (Ezek. xiv, 9). The theory of these ancient writers was that a deity, like an earthly king, had a right to use any means to gain his ends.

[1652] Cf. article "Oneiros" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1653] 1 Sam. xxviii, 6. The other means used, it is said, were the urim (urim and thummim) and prophets. These all failing, the king had recourse to necromancy.

[1654] See article "Asklepios" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1655] See the description in Pater's _Marius the Epicurean_.

[1656] A god might send a dream to a seer for the benefit of some other person. So Ishtar spoke to Assurbanipal through the dream of a seer (George Smith, _History of Assurbanipal_, p. 123 f.).

[1657] Jastrow, _Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens_; Dan. ii, 2 ff.; Deut. xiii, 1; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 258; Aust, _Religion der Römer_, Index, s.v. _Traum_, _Traumdeutung_; Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Oneiros."

[1658] So it was in the case of magicians and prophets generally; cf. Ezek. xxxix, 21; Isa. xiiii, 9.

[1659] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 404, and German ed., ii, Index.

[1660] Dream-books exist at the present day. Those who believe in the predictive power of dreams regard them as messages from God or as products of telepathy.

[1661] The Nandi invoke a skull as divine witness (Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 76 f.).

[1662] Ellis, _Tshi_ chap. xviii.

[1663] Apparently because he is thus shown to be unsupported by any evil spirit.

[1664] Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, p. 190 ff.

[1665] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 184.

[1666] Purchas, _Pilgrimage_, ed. Ravenstein, pp. 56 f., 59 f.

[1667] "Code of Hammurabi" (§§ 2, 132), by C. H. W. Johns, in Hastings's _Dictionary of the Bible_, extra volume.

[1668] Numb. v.

[1669] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 275 ff.

[1670] She was rejected by the sacred water; cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 179; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 140. Cf. Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 190 f.; id., _Tshi_, pp. 198, 201.

[1671] Turner, _Samoa_, p. 184.

[1672] Similarly, a blessing once uttered remains effective and cannot be recalled; so in the story of Isaac blessing Jacob and Esau, Gen. xxvii.

[1673] Westermarck, "L'âr" in _Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor_; cf. his _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Curses_.

[1674] Hence the opposition (now disappearing) to lines of railway and telegraph, which were supposed to interfere with the happy influences of rivers and hills and other natural features.

[1675] De Groot, _Religious System of China_ and _Development of Religion in China_; and his article "Die Chinesen" in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_. See above, § 747 ff.

[1676] Haddon, _Head-hunters_, pp. 42, 182 f.; on the sacredness of the head see Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 362 ff.; Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, chap. xiii.

[1677] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 532.

[1678] So when Rebecca wished to obtain information about her children, soon to be born, it is said simply that she went to inquire of Yahweh (Gen. xxv, 22), as if there was, as a matter of course, a shrine in the neighborhood.

[1679] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, ii, 250 ff.; iii.

[1680] Cumont, _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_, Eng. tr., _The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, pp. 105, 124 f., 168.

[1681] Cf. Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 113 f.

[1682] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 126 ff.

[1683] 1 Sam. xiv, 36 ff.; xxiii, 2; xxx, 7 f.; Isa. lxv, 1; Ezek. xxxiii, 30 ff.

[1684] 2 Kings, i, 2. The prophet Elijah, who was a zealous Yahwist, was very angry with the king for applying to a foreign deity; but evidently the Philistine shrine enjoyed a greater reputation than any in Israel.

[1685] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, Index, s.v. _Oracles_.

[1686] Cf. Aust, _Religion der Römer_, Index, s.v. _Orakel_; see below, § 933 ff.

[1687] Friedländer, _Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire_ (Eng. tr.), p. 3, 129 ff.; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, p. 339.

[1688] Cicero, _De Divinatione_, i, 34, 37 f.; Plutarch, _De Pythiae Oraculis_ and _De Defectu Oraculorum_; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, Index, s.v. _Oracles_; Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, Index, and Stengel and Oehmichen, _Die greichischen Sakralaltertümer_, Index; _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th ed., article "Oracle."

[1689] On the position of women in ancient religion cf. Farnell's article in _Archiv für Relgionswissenschaft_, 1904.

[1690] Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, pp. 102, 105; Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, iv, 187 ff.

[1691] See above, §§ 362, 366.

[1692] See article "Ancestor-worship" and articles on lower tribes in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1693] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 511.

[1694] 1 Sam. xxviii; Isa. viii, 19.

[1695] Ezek. xxi, 26 [21] (King Nebuchadrezzar divines by teraphim).

[1696] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, iii, 363 ff.; Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_, article "Divination," p. 308.

[1697] 1 Cor. xv, 49; 2 Cor. v, 8; Cumont, _Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_, lecture vi.

[1698] Cranz, _Greenland_, i, 192 ff.; Rink, _Danish Greenland_, p. 142 f.

[1699] Brinton, _Cakchiquels_, p. 47.

[1700] Cf. Nöldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, i, 667, 671.

[1701] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 56 ff.; id., _Tshi_, p. 124 ff.

[1702] P. R. Gurden, article "Ahoms" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1703] Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 249 ff.

[1704] A. Bertrand, _La religion des Gaulois_, pp. 257, 259, 263.

[1705] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 341.

[1706] On Hebrew divination see articles "Divination" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, and in the _Encyclopædia Biblica_.

[1707] Deut. xiii, 1; xviii, 10.

[1708] The Hebrew text is doubtful, and its meaning is not clear; cf. Gray, "The Book Of Isaiah," in _The International Critical Commentary_.

[1709] Gen. xliv, 5.

[1710] Cf. Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, ii, 1 ff., 62 ff.

[1711] _Timæus_, 72.

[1712] Xenophon, _Memorabilia_, i, 3, 4: [Greek: ta hypo tôn theôn sêmainomena].

[1713] Originally diviners from the flight of birds, but the area of their divinatory functions was gradually extended. See Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 450 ff.; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, lecture xiii.

[1714] Charged with the interpretation of the entrails of sacrificed animals, and also of lightning and portents.

[1715] Wissowa, op. cit., p. 474.

[1716] Cf. above, § 895 f.

[1717] This story (connected with Thebes) appears to represent some sort of protest against the Dionysiac cult when it was first brought to Greece; cf. Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Pentheus."

[1718] Cf. above, § 927.

[1719] 1 Sam. xix, 24; cf. Mic. i, 8 ff.

[1720] Their "visions" sometimes show literary art (Ezek. xl ff.; Zech. i-viii).

[1721] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Sibylla."

[1722] That is, she was not to be tolerated as a rival of the great oracular god.

[1723] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, pp. 239, 462 ff.

[1724] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, ii, Index, s.v. _Cumes_.

[1725] Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 463; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, p. 339.

[1726] Augustine, _De Civitate Dei_, x, 27 (in connection with Vergil's verses, _Eclogues_, iv, 13 f.); xxviii, 23 (the initial letters in _Sibylline Oracles_, viii, 268-309, giving a title of Christ). So Eusebius, in his report of the Oration of Constantine, xviii; cf. Lactantius, _Divinae Institutiones_, lib. i, cap. vi.

[1727] _Oracula Sibyllina_, ed. Alexandre (Greek text, with Latin tr.); ed. Friedlieb (Greek text, with German tr. and additions by Volkmann); ed. Rzack (critical Greek text); Terry, _The Sibylline Oracles_ (Eng. tr., blank verse).

[1728] On the attitude of early Greek philosophers (Pythagoras, Democritus, Empedocles, Thales, Xenophanes) toward divination, and the relation of the latter to the idea of divine providence, see Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité_, i, 29 ff.

[1729] See Chapter iii.

[1730] Cf. Barton, _Semitic Origins_, chap. i.

[1731] Cf. Breasted, _Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_.

[1732] Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, chaps. i, xvi.

[1733] Bertrand, _La religion des Gaulois_; Rhys, _Celtic Heathendom_; Usener, _Götternamen_; articles "Celts" and "Aryan Religion" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1734] Cf. the sketch given above, Chapter vii; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., passim.

[1735] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, and _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_; Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_; Quatrefages, _The Pygmies_; Hyades and Deniker, _Mission scientifique du cap Horn_; Seligmann, _The Melanesians of British New Guinea_.

[1736] Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's_; article "Bantu" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1737] Callaway, _The Amazulu_.

[1738] See above, § 837.

[1739] Rivers, _The Todas_.

[1740] Codrington, _The Melanesians_; W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_; Williams and Calvert, _Fiji_; Turner, _Samoa_; Krämer, _Die Samoa-Inseln_; Taylor, _New Zealand_; H. Ling Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_.

[1741] Brinton, _The Lenâpé_; Matthews, _Navaho Legends_; Dorsey, _Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee_; Teit, _Thompson River Indians_; Boas, _The Kwakiutl_; Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_ and _The Shasta_; _Journal of American Folklore_, passim.

[1742] Van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_; A.B. Ellis, _E[´w]e_, _Tshi_, _Yoruba_; Skeat, _Malay Magic_; Skeat and Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_; Hopkins, _Religions of India_.

[1743] Aston, _Shinto_; Knox, _Development of Religion in Japan_.

[1744] _The Kalevala_; Castrén, _Finnische Mythologie_.

[1745] Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_ and _Conquest of Peru_; Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History of America_; Brinton, _American Hero-Myths_, Index; Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, Index, s.vv. _Mexican Divine Myths_ and _Peruvian Myths_.

[1746] Ehrenreich, _Mythen und Legenden der südamericanischen Urvölker_.

[1747] De Groot, _Religious System of China_.

[1748] The _Avesta_; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, vol. ii, bk. iv, chaps. i, ii; De Harlez, _Avesta_, Introduction, p. lxxxiv ff.; _The Shahnameh_.

[1749] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 155 ff.; Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 106 ff.

[1750] Plutarch, _Isis and Osiris_; Steindorff, op. cit., Index, s.vv. _Isis_ and _Osiris_; Roscher, _Lexikon_, articles "Isis," "Usire."

[1751] R. F. Harper, _Assyrian and Babylonian Literature_; Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria_, Index, s.v. _Myths_.

[1752] Job xxvi, 12; Ps. lxxxix, 11 [10]; Isa. li, 9.

[1753] Deut. xxxii, 8 f.

[1754] Gen. iv, 17 ff.; v, vi, 4; Ezek. xxxii, 27 (revised text).

[1755] Gen. iii, 14 ff. On the loss of immortality see above, § 834.

[1756] On the ceremony of mourning for Tammuz (Ezek. viii, 14) see Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 574 ff.; Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_. In Babylonia the ceremony appears to have been an official lament for the loss of vegetation (the women mourners being attached to the temple); in Syria (Hierapolis) it took on orgiastic elements (perhaps an importation from Asia Minor). The women of Ezek. viii were attached, probably, to the service of the temple.

[1757] Barth, _Religions of India_; Hopkins, _Religions of India_; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_; Lang, _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, Index.

[1758] This is true of all mythical and legendary creations of the thought of communities, but in an especial degree of the Greek.

[1759] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, Index, s.v. _Myths_; he distinguishes between the earlier and the later stories; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte_, chaps. iii, iv.

[1760] Folk-lore and legend mingle with the myths.

[1761] See R. M. Meyer, op. cit., p. 444 ff.

[1762] Even in great modern religions nominally monotheistic a virtual polytheism continues to exist.

[1763] See above, § 683 ff.

[1764] This conception survives in the great polytheistic cults, and may be recognized in the later religions of redemption.

[1765] Compare the Brazilian Tapuyas (Botocudos); see article "Brazil" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1766] For West Africa cf. A. B. Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 87; _Tshi_, chaps. iii-viii; _E[´w]e_, chaps. iii-v.

[1767] § 365 ff. On this attitude see the reports of the religions of particular peoples and the summaries of such reports in dictionaries and encyclopedias, and in such works as Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_; also articles in the _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, the reports of the American Bureau of Ethnology, and similar publications.

[1768] Theoph. Hahn, _Tsuni-Goam_, p. 38.

[1769] Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 264 f.

[1770] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 93 ff., 320 ff.

[1771] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, pp. 193 f., 200.

[1772] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 135 ff.; W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, Index, s.v. _Jinn_.

[1773] R. C. Temple, article "Andamans" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1774] For example, by Waitz, _Anthropologie_, iii, pp. 182 f., 330, 334 f.; Waitz expresses doubt (p. 345) as to the correctness of certain accounts of the religious ideas of the Oregon tribes.

[1775] Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 215 f., Brinton, _The Lenâpé_, p. 67 f.; Dorsey, _The Skidi Pawnee_, p. xviii f.; Dixon, _The Shasta_, p. 491 ff.

[1776] On methods of accounting for the existence of death in the world see above, § 834.

[1777] Brébeuf's account is given in _Relation des Jésuites dans la nouvelle France_, 1635, p. 34; 1636, p. 100; cf. the edition of the _Relation_ by R. G. Thwaites, viii, 116 ff.; x, 126 f. Brébeuf appears to have followed Sagard, _Canada_ (see Troas ed., p. 452 ff.). The story is discussed by Brinton, in _Myths of the New World_, 3d ed., p. 79 ff., and his criticism is adopted by Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 3d ed., ii, 322.

[1778] Brinton, op. cit., p. 77.

[1779] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 334 ff.; article "Algonquins" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, pp. 320, 323.

[1780] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, and his article in Hastings, op. cit.

[1781] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 528 ff. The influence of Brahmanism is possible here; but cf. Hopkins, op. cit., p. 530, note 3.

[1782] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, pp. 172, 202; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 571; Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 67 ff.

[1783] This myth may have trickled down to them (through the Canaanites or in some other way) in subdued form--it appears, perhaps, in the serpent of Gen. iii; but it seems to have been adopted in full form at a later time, apparently in or after the sixth century B.C.

[1784] Rohde, _Psyche_, Index, s.v. _Erinyen_; articles "Ate," "Erinys," in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[1785] On the diverse elements in Loki's character, and on his diabolification, see Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, p. 259 ff.; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte_, p. 335 ff. (Loki as fire-god developed out of a fire-demon).

[1786] Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, article "Celts," p. 289. On the anthropinizing or the distinctly euhemerizing treatment of these two personages see Rhys, _Celtic Folklore_, Index, s.vv.

[1787] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 367, 377, 414.

[1788] See above, § 857.

[1789] It has been suggested that climatic conditions (sharp contrasts of storm and calm, with consequent strain and peace in life) led to this dual arrangement. But we do not know that there were specially strong contrasts of weather in the Iranian home, and there is no mention of such a situation in the early documents, in which the complaint is of inroads of predatory bands from the steppe.

[1790] See above, § 742 ff.

[1791] According to Diogenes Laertius, Proem, viii.

[1792] To designate the unfriendly supernatural Powers two terms meaning 'divine beings' were available, 'asuras' and 'divas' (daevas); the Hindus chose the former, the Iranians the latter. Cf. Darmesteter, _Ormazd et Ahriman_, p. 268 ff.; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, p. 156 ff.

[1793] Zech. iii; Job i, ii; 1 Chron. xxi, 1, contrasted with 2 Sam. xxiv, 1; Enoch xl, 7; liii, 3, etc.; Secrets of Enoch (Slavonic Enoch), xxix, 4, 5; xxxi, 3, 4. The word Satan means 'adversary,' and, as legal adversary, 'accuser.' The germ of the conception is to be sought in the apparatus of spirits controlled by Yahweh, and sometimes employed by him as agents to harm men (1 Kings xxii, 19-23). The idea of an accusing spirit seems to have arisen from the necessity of explaining the misfortunes of the nation (Zech. iii); it was expanded under native and foreign influences.

[1794] 2 Cor. iv, 4.

[1795] _Koran_, vii, 10 ff.

[1796] So in the ceremonies of the pilgrimage to Mecca and in common life. The "satans" have in part coalesced with the jinn; see Lane's _Arabian Nights_, "Notes to the Introduction," note 21.

[1797] Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_, s.v. "Mani u. Manichäismus."

[1798] On a lack of unity in the world see W. James, _A Pluralistic Universe_.

[1799] § 643.

[1800] So the Zulu Unkulunkulu, the Fiji Ndengei, the Virginia Ahone, and others.

[1801] Compare Lang's sketch of the gods of the lower races in _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, chap. xii f., and _Making of Religion_, preface and chaps. xii-xiv.

[1802] Strachey, _Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannica_ (1612), p. 98 f. and chap. vii; Winslow, _Relation_ (1624), printed in Young's _Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers_, see chap. xxiii.

[1803] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 324, 339.

[1804] Callaway, _The Amazulu_, p. 1 ff.

[1805] Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, Index (cf. Spencer and Gülen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 492); cf. Thomas, _Natives of Australia_, chap. xiii, and article "Australia" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1806] Temple, article "Andamans" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1807] Williams and Calvert, _Fiji_, chap. vii.

[1808] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, chap. xvii; Taylor, _New Zealand_, chaps. v-vii; Rink, _Danish Greenland_, p. 204 ff.; Boas, _The Kwakiutl_, chap. vi.

[1809] The confusion incident to savage theogonic reflection is illustrated by Zulu attempts to explain Unkulunkulu (Callaway, loc. cit.).

[1810] Lang, in the works cited in the preceding paragraph, is right in his contention that the clan god is not always derived from a spirit; but the coloring he gives to the character of this sort of god is not in accordance with known facts.

[1811] See above, § 746 ff.

[1812] It is not probable that the recent abolition of the office of emperor (supposing the present revolutionary movement to maintain itself) will affect the essence of the existing cult.

[1813] In place of the emperor some high official personage will doubtless be deputed to conduct the national sacrifices.

[1814] De Groot, _Religious System of China_, _Religion of the Chinese_, and _Development of Religion in China_.

[1815] Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_; Spence, _Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru_.

[1816] An approach to such a system appears in the later cult of Confucius.

[1817] See § 977.

[1818] So later, for example, in Plato, necessity appears as something limiting the deity. See below, § 1001. Cf. Cicero, _De Fato_.

[1819] Cf. the Chinese conception of the supreme order of the world. Possibly this goes back to the general savage conception of mana.

[1820] _Metaphysics_, ix, 8; xii, 6 f.

[1821] _Timæus_, 47 f.

[1822] Stobæus, _Elogæ_, ed. Wachsmuth, lib. i, cap. i, no. 12; Pearson, _Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes_; Eng. tr. in Arnold, _Roman Stoicism_, p. 85 ff. The quotation in Acts xvii, 28, may be from Cleanthes or from Aratus. On the Græco-Roman Stoicism and the relation between it and Christianity see Arnold, op. cit.

[1823] Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, bk. xi; Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Isis"; Cumont, _Mysteries of Mithra_; id., _Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_, Index, s.vv. _Isis and Serapis_ and _Mithra_.

[1824] _Metaphysics_, i, 5: "The one is god."

[1825] So in Goethe, Wordsworth, and other modern poets.

[1826] In certain regions, especially in Tibet and Japan, Buddhism coalesces with popular nature-cults and shamanistic systems, and loses its nontheistic character.

[1827] Cf. Satayana, "Lucretius," in his _Three Philosophical Poets_.

[1828] The great exception is the resurrection of Jesus, regarded in the New Testament and by the mass of orthodox Christians as an historical fact, and one of infinite significance for the salvation of the world.

[1829] An emotional element possessing moral force may exist in any religion; cf. below, §§ 1167, 1192, 1199.

[1830] § 13 ff.

[1831] See above, Chapter iii.

[1832] See above, §§ 128, 131, 231 ff.

[1833] Cf. article "Charms and Amulets" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1834] Cf. Marett, _Threshold of Religion_, p. 77 ff.

[1835] Examples are found in J. H. King, _The Supernatural_, Index, s.v.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Index, s.v.; L. T. Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, Index, s.v.; and see the references in these works.

[1836] See above, § 3.

[1837] Spencer, _Principles Of Sociology_, i, 280 ff.; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 550 al.

[1838] Dorsey, _Skidi Pawnee_, p. 341; article "Bantu" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 359; Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 393; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 392; Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 518 al.

[1839] Tylor, op. cit., ii, 385, 395 al.; Gen. viii, 21.

[1840] Batchelor, _The Ainu_; Miss Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_; Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 12; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 449 ff. 528; Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, pp. 373, 383; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische Religionsgeschte_, pp. 416, 419 ff.; N. W. Thomas, article "Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_. Cf., for the Hebrews, W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 217 ff.; for the Greeks, Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 245 f.; Miss Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. x.

[1841] Batchelor, _The Ainu_.

[1842] A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 353 ff.

[1843] F. H. Cushing, "My Adventures in Zuñi" in _The Century Magazine_ for May, 1883.

[1844] Cf. Hubert and Mauss, "Essai sur le sacrifice" in _Année sociologique_, ii (1898).

[1845] A more socially refined conception appears in the lectisternium, in which the gods sit at table with their human friends. Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 355 ff.; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, Index, s.v.

[1846] § 23.

[1847] For the worshiper the blood had strengthening power.

[1848] 1 Kings, xvi, 34; article "Bridge" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1849] Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Human Sacrifice_.

[1850] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, pp. 325, 411, 478.

[1851] Pietschmann, _Phönizier_, p. 167; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 403; 2 Kings, iii, 27; Exod. xiii; i, 13; Nöldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1852] 2 Kings, xvii, 31.

[1853] _Rig-Veda_, x, 18, 8; viii, 51, 2.

[1854] _Sánkhayan Srauta Sutra_, xvi, 10-14; Weber, _Indische Streifen_, i, 65; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 196, 198.

[1855] Hopkins, op. cit., p. 326 ff. Cf. also the practice of the thugs, which has now been put a stop to by the British Government.

[1856] De Groot, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed., p. 77 f.

[1857] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, Index, s.v.

[1858] Williams, _Fiji_; Turner, _Samoa_; Codrington, _The Melanesians_.

[1859] Waitz-Gerland, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_, Index; J. G. Müller, _Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen_, Index; Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 36.

[1860] Payne, _The New World, Called America_. In Mexico the victim was surrounded with luxuries (including wives) and treated as a god for one year and then sacrificed (Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 1st ed., ii, 218 ff.; 2d ed., ii, 342 f.).

[1861] A. B. Ellis, _Tshi_, _E[´w]e_, and _Yoruba_.

[1862] For such substitutions in Greece see Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 243 f.

[1863] Ellis, _Yoruba_.

[1864] § 106 ff.

[1865] Alice Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_; _Journal of American Folklore_, vol. iv (1891), no. 15, and vol. xvii (1904), no. 64; _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, vol xiv, p. 701.

[1866] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Index, s.v. _Sacrifice_, and Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Sacrifice_.

[1867] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 338 f.

[1868] _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 455.

[1869] Lev. i-iv, viii, xvi, xxi; Numb. xix; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 197 ff.; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, Index, s.v. _Priests and Sacrifices_; Lippert, _Geschichte des Priesterthums_.

[1870] Heb. x, 3.

[1871] _De Abstinentia_ ii, 24.

[1872] See below, § 1045 ff.

[1873] Gen. iv, 3, 4; Lev. ii, al.

[1874] _Primitive Culture_, ii, 375 ff.; cf. Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i, 280 ff.

[1875] So often in ascetic practices.

[1876] So, for example, in the _Imitatio Christi_.

[1877] Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, 1581 ff. (Iphigeneia); Gen. xxii (Isaac); and similar procedures in Hesiod, _Theogony_, 535 ff.; Ovid, _Fasti_, iii, 339 ff.; _Aitareya Brahmana_, ii, 8; _Çatapatha Brahmana_, i, 2, 3, 5.

[1878] The expulsion of sin or evil in the person of a beast or a human being is a totally different conception. See above, § 143.

[1879] Isa. liii.

[1880] Isa. xl, 2.

[1881] Cf. §§ 128, 217 ff., 1023.

[1882] Other examples are given in Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, pp. 81 (shepherd sacrifice), 96 (Feriæ Latinæ), 194 (at the temple of Hercules), and cf. his _Religious Experience of the Roman People_, Index, s.v. _Meals, Sacrificial_.

[1883] Foucart, _Des associations religieuses chez les Grecs_. For the Isis ceremony cf. Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, xi, 24 f.

[1884] Cumont, _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 160. On the magical element in mysteries cf. De Jong, _Das antike Mysterienwesen_, chap. vi.

[1885] See above, § 1024.

[1886] _Iliad_, i, 66 f.; _Odyssey_, x, 518 ff.; Gen. viii, 21.

[1887] So Wellhausen, _Prolegomena to the History of Israel_ (Eng. tr.), p. 62. In the Roman _sacra gentilicia_ it was rather the divinized ancestors who were the guests--they were entertained by the living.

[1888] In his article "Sacrifice" in _Encyclopædia Brittanica_ (1886) and his _Religion of the Semites_ (new ed., 1894).

[1889] The assumption that the victim is a totem is not necessary to his argument, which rests on the sacredness (that is, the divinity) of the victim--a fact universally admitted.

[1890] Isa. lxv, lxvi.

[1891] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_; id., _Native Tribes of Northern Australia_.

[1892] On this point and on Smith's theory in general see the exposition of the theory by Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, chap. xii.

[1893] _The Dying God_ (part iii of 3d ed. of _The Golden Bough_).

[1894] _Wald- und Feldkulte_, 2d ed., ii, 273 ff.

[1895] _L'année sociologique_, ii, 115 ff.

[1896] Frazer, _The Dying God_, chap. ii, § 2.

[1897] Cf. Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_ (part iv of 3d ed. of _The Golden Bough_); 2d ed. of _The Golden Bough_, ii, 365 f.

[1898] Article "Dido" in Roscher's _Lexikon_; Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, p. 231.

[1899] For the view that Odin's self-sacrifice is merely an imitation of the reception into the Odin-cult see Meyer, _Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte_, p. 241.

[1900] _L'année sociologique_, ii.

[1901] _Yajur-Veda_, passim; _Çatapatha Brahmana_, i, 3, 6, 8; ii, 6, 2; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 188 al.; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, pp. 31 ff., 215.

[1902] _Elements of the Science of Religion_ (Gifford Lectures), ii, 144 ff.

[1903] Plato (_Laws_, iii, 716) says that a bad man gets no benefit from sacrifice.

[1904] _Laws_, i, 631, 642.

[1905] Ps. xix, 7 ff.; cxix.

[1906] Ps. xl, 7; l, 8-15; li, 18 f., al.

[1907] Amos, v, 21 ff.; Isa. i, 11 ff.; Mic. vi, 6 ff.; Jer. vii, 21 ff.

[1908] See Ellis, _E[´w]e_ (Dahomi), _Tshi_ (Ashanti), _Yoruba_; Miss Kingsley, _Travels_; Codrington, _The Melanesians_; Turner, _Samoa_; articles "Andeans," "Bantu," "Bengal," "Brazil," al., in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1909] Rivers, _The Todas_, chaps. vi, xi, xiii.

[1910] Cf. also Crooke's _Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India_, in which similar customs are mentioned.

[1911] Chapter iii.

[1912] Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_ and _The Shasta_. For Korea see H. G. Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_.

[1913] _L'année sociologique_, ii; see above, § 1049.

[1914] Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers. A single early detail is mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 13 ff. For the later Jewish ceremonial see article "Sacrifice" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_.

[1915] Mariette, _Abydos_; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_ (Eng. tr.), p. 121 ff.; Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, pp. 46-49, 122, 179 f. (reports of Herodotus).

[1916] For Babylonia see Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, Index, s.v. _Rituals_; for Mazdean, De Harles, _Avesta_, Introduction, pp. clxvi, clxx.

[1917] _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xx, 58 ff.; cf. De Groot, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, p. 60 ff.

[1918] Foucart, _Associations religieuses chez les Grecs_; Jevons, _Introduction to History of Religion_, chap. xxiii; De Jong, _Das antike Mysterienwesen_, p. 18 ff.

[1919] Cumont, _Mysteries of Mithra_.

[1920] Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, chap. xi.

[1921] 1 Cor. xi, 20 ff.; xiv (cf. Acts ii, 46); _Teaching of the Twelve Apostles_, chap. ix f.

[1922] So, for instance, postures in prayer, such as kneeling, bowing, standing.

[1923] The _Amarna Letters; Records of Ancient Egypt_, ed. Breasted; cuneiform inscriptions. The Egyptian king, however, was regarded as divine.

[1924] Gibbon, chaps. xiii (Diocletian), xl, year 532; cf. descriptions in Scott's _Count Robert of Paris_.

[1925] Daniel, _Codex Liturgicus_; articles "Liturgie" and "Messe" in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_; articles "Liturgy" and "Liturgical Books" in Smith and Cheatham, _Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_.

[1926] Cf. J. Lippert, _Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums_; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Priests_.

[1927] On priestly taboos see Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., Index, s.v.; these are often of the same sort as royal taboos. See above, § 595 ff. For Hebrew priestly taboos see Ezek. xliv, Lev. xxi f.

[1928] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, i, 348, 381.

[1929] Not all these conditions were to be found in any one community.

[1930] Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 406 ff.

[1931] Pausanias, ii, 33, 3.

[1932] For a possible case see Wilkinson, _The Ancient Egyptians_, 1st ed., i, 317.

[1933] Ellis, _E[´w]e_, p. 141; Ward, _History, Literature and Religion of the Hindoos_, ii, 134; Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 660; Hos. iv, 14; Deut. xxiii, 17 f. (prohibition); Gen. xxxviii, 14 ff.

[1934] Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, pp. 72, 221, is disposed to reject the statement of Strabo (xvii, i, 46) that there was libertinage at Thebes. Cf. Wilkinson, _The Ancient Egyptians_, Index, s.v. _Priestesses_.

[1935] C. H. W. Johns, article "Code of Hammurabi" in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, extra volume; D. G. Lyon, "The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code" in _Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy_.

[1936] Strabo, p. 378.

[1937] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Aphrodite," col. 401. Cf. the practice mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 22.

[1938] Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_.

[1939] See, for example, 1 Sam. ii, 22.

[1940] For a description of their privileges and power in Ashanti see Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 121 ff.

[1941] License in festivals and mystical or symbolic marriages are excluded as not being official consecration of a class of persons.

[1942] Examples are given in Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 443 ff.; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, chap. iv; Seligmann, _Der böse Blick und Verwandies_, ii, 190 ff.; and see above, § 384 ff.

[1943] Inscription of Tralles; see Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_, i, 94 ff.; Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, ii, 636.

[1944] Herodotus, i, 199. The correctness of Herodotus's statement has been doubted; but, though the procedure is singular, it is not wholly out of keeping with known Babylonian customs. It must be remembered, however, that Herodotus wrote long after the fall of the Babylonian empire, when foreign influence was possible. See also _Epistle of Jeremias_, v, 43.

[1945] Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_, chap. vi.

[1946] Homosexual practices do not belong here (Westermarck, op. cit., chap. xliii). The intercourse of priests with sacred and other women is likewise excluded.

[1947] Deut. xxiii, 18 [17] f., "sodomite."

[1948] 1 Kings, xiv, 24 (tenth century), where the _kedeshim_ seem to be described as a Canaanite institution. Cf. Deut. xxii, 3.

[1949] _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, part i, i, 86, B 10.

[1950] With allusion, perhaps, to the dog's faithfulness to his master. In the _Amarna Letters_ a Canaanite governor calls himself the "dog" (_kalbu_) of his Egyptian overlord. Cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 292, n. 2. For examples of the sanctity of the dog see article "Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, p. 512.

[1951] Cf. Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 71 f., and the curious story told in Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, 3.

[1952] The Lydian method by which girls earned their dowries (Herodotus, i, 93) is economic, and had, apparently, no connection with religion.

[1953] See above, § 180. Cf. Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia_, 1, 94 ff.

[1954] Westermarck, _History of Human Marriage_, chap. iii ff.

[1955] At Byblos the prostitution of the woman was required only in case she refused to offer her hair to the goddess. This offering was probably originally a substitute for the offering of her virginity, but there is no evidence that the latter was of the nature of a sacrifice.

[1956] Farnell, in _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_, vii, 88 (see above, §§ 182, 594, and cf. Crawley, _Mystic Rose_, p. 322). Farnell does not mention this suggestion in his _Greece and Babylon_, p. 269 ff.

[1957] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 446; cf. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., Index, s.vv. _Stranger_, _Strangers_.

[1958] Cumont, _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain_ (Eng. tr., _Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, p. 247 f.); cf. Hartland, in _Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor_, p. 201 f.

[1959] On this cult see Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_ and _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_.

[1960] Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, ii, 284; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 33 ff.

[1961] Cf. Hartland, op. cit., p. 199.

[1962] Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, chap. ii.

[1963] Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 50 ff.

[1964] Cf. Nilsson, _Griechische Feste_.

[1965] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_; Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, Index, s.v.; Breasted, _History of Egypt_, Index, s.v.

[1966] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, Index, s.v.

[1967] Barth, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v.

[1968] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, vol. III, bk. vi.

[1969] O. Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.v. _Priester_; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, Index, s.v.; Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, passim.

[1970] This remark applies to the oracles as well as to the ordinary temple-service.

[1971] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, Index, s.v. _Pontifex_, _Pontifices_; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, s.v. _Pontifices_; Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed. (Roman religion).

[1972] On the other hand, the Romans have given us such fundamental terms as 'religion,' 'superstition,' 'cult,' 'piety,' 'devotion,' all theocratic and individual.

[1973] De Groot, _Religious System of China_; Legge, _Religion of China_; Doolittle, _Social Life of the Chinese_.

[1974] Some high official will, doubtless, now take the emperor's place.

[1975] This seems to remain true notwithstanding the present movement in China toward the adoption of Western methods of education. De Groot's estimate of Chinese religion (in op. cit.) is less favorable.

[1976] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Royal Commentaries of the Yncas_, ed. C. R. Markham, part i, bk. ii, chap. ix; Prescott, _Peru_, vol. 1, chap. iii; Payne, _New World, called America_, Index; A. Réville, _Native Religions of Mexico and Peru_, Index.

[1977] Sahagun, _Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España_, Eng. tr. by Markham; Payne, op. cit.; Réville, op. cit.

[1978] In the political and social disorders in Judea in the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. the priesthood was, probably, influential in maintaining and transmitting the purer worship of Yahweh, and thus establishing a starting-point for the later development.

[1979] Cf. Breasted, _Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt_, lecture x.

[1980] So Ezekiel's altar (probably a copy of that in the Jerusalem temple-court), over 16 feet high, with a base 27 feet square (Ezek. xliii, 13 ff.). The Olympian altar was 22 feet high and 125 feet in circumference. Cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 3d ed., pp. 202, 341, 377 ff. On the general subject see article "Altar" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1981] So in Australia (Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, Index, and _Native Tribes of Northern Australia_, Index), Samoa (Turner), Canaan (Genesis, Judges, passim), Greece (Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 173), etc.

[1982] Gardner and Jevons, op. cit., Index, s.v. [Greek: temenos], _Temple_; Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, Index; W. R. Smith, op. cit., Index, s.v. _Temples_. There is perhaps a hint of such a place in Ex. iii, 5.

[1983] K. F. Hermann, _Gottesdienstliche Alterthümer der Griechen_, § 18; Jevons, _Introduction to the History of Religion_, 1st ed., p. 137.

[1984] Cf. article "Architecture" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[1985] Ps. xiii, 3 [2]; lxxxiv, 3 [2].

[1986] So in Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and probably in Babylonia and Assyria.

[1987] In Herod's temple: the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of Women, the Court of Israel (Nowack, _Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie_, ii, 76 ff.).

[1988] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft_; article "Asylum" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_. The right of asylum goes back to very early forms of society in all parts of the world; many examples are cited by Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Asylums_.

[1989] Cf. above, § 121.

[1990] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, chap. xxvi.

[1991] On the supposed difference of symbolism between Greek and Gothic temples (churches) see Ruskin, _Seven Lamps of Architecture_.

[1992] §§ 15, 120, note 3.

[1993] For details see Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, p. 45 f.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 658 ff.; articles "Ritual" and "Sacrifice" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 213 f.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 124; _L'Année sociologique_, ii.

[1994] § 1199.

[1995] Some hymns to Tammuz are lamentations for dying vegetation and petitions for its resuscitation.

[1996] 1 Chron. xvi; commentaries on the Psalms; works on Hebrew archæology (Nowack, Benzinger); articles in Biblical dictionaries and encyclopedias.

[1997] _Revue des études grecques_, 1894. On savage songs and music see above, § 106.

[1998] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft_; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_.

[1999] Passover with the departure from Egypt; Sukkot (Tabernacles) with the march through the wilderness; later, Weeks (Pentecost) with the revelation of the law at Sinai.

[2000] Book of Esther.

[2001] 1 Macc. v, 47 ff.

[2002] 1 Macc. vii, 49.

[2003] H. H. Wilson, _Religious Sects of the Hindus_; Monier-Williams, _Hinduism_, Index.

[2004] Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 289.

[2005] They sometimes degenerate into coarseness or immorality.

[2006] Christmas, New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer, All Souls, and others.

[2007] The protest in Prov. xxvi, 2, against this whole conception shows that it existed among the Jews down to a late time.

[2008] Totemic poles, with carved figures of animals, are found in Northwest America (Boas, _The Kwakiutl_; Swanton, in _Journal of American Folklore_, xviii, 108 ff.) and in South Nigeria (Partridge, _Cross River Natives_, p. 219); but these figures are rather tribal or clan symbols than idols.

[2009] The situation in Egypt was exceptional; after the idolatrous stage had been reached the old worship of the living animal survived.

[2010] Aniconic representations of deities in civilized communities (like the stone representing the Ephesian great goddess) are survivals from the old cult of natural objects.

[2011] Teraphim, 1 Sam. xix, 13 al.

[2012] In the literature they are guardians of sacred places (Gen. iii, 24) and throne-bearers of the deity (Ezek. i, 26; Ps. xviii, 11 [10]).

[2013] The numerous images mentioned in the Old Testament as worshiped by the Israelites appear to have been borrowed from neighboring peoples. The origin of the bull figures worshiped at Bethel and Dan is obscure, but they appear to represent the amalgamation of an old bull-cult with the cult of Yahweh.

[2014] Possibly the civilization of China was in earliest times identical with or similar to that Central Asiatic civilization out of which Mazdaism seems to have sprung. Cf. R. Pumpelly, in _Explorations in Turkestan_ (expedition of 1904), i, pp. xxiv, 7, chap. iv f.

[2015] The same feeling appears in the treatment of images of saints by some European peasants.

[2016] For Egyptian forms see Rawlinson, _History of Ancient Egypt_, vol. i; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_; for Semitic, Ohnefalsch-Richter, _Kypros, the Bible, and Homer_; for Indian, Lefmann, "Geschichte des alten Indiens" in Oncken's _Allgemeine Geschichte_.

[2017] Even the Hindu women's linga-cult is said to be sometimes morally innocent.

[2018] A church is here taken to be a voluntary religious body that holds out to its members the hope of redemption and salvation through association with a divine person or a cosmic power.

[2019] § 530 f.

[2020] W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, vol. i, chap. ix.

[2021] H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_, chap. vii.

[2022] For a large definition of the term see S. Reinach, _Orpheus_ (Eng. tr.), p.v.

[2023] For a possible influence see below, § 1101.

[2024] See the histories of philosophy of Ueberweg, Windelband, Meyer, Zeller.

[2025] See the reference in the _Republic_ (ii, 364 f.) to the mendicant prophets with their formulas for expiation of sin and salvation from future punishment, and Demosthenes's derisive description of Æschines as mystagogue (_De Corona_, 313).

[2026] It is not clear that the peculiar cults described in Isa. lxv, 3-5; lxvi, 3 f., are of Semitic origin. Their history, however, is obscure--they are not referred to elsewhere in Jewish literature. In part they are, like the cults mentioned in Ezek. viii, 10, the adoption of the sacred animals of neighboring peoples; Isa. lxv, 5 seems to point to a close voluntary association with a ceremony of initiation, but nothing proves that the association was of Semitic origin. For a different view see W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 357 ff.

[2027] _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 29.

[2028] 1 Cor. ii, 7; Mk. iv, 11 al.

[2029] Barth, _Religions of India_, p. 76 ff.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 216 ff.; cf. Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 282 ff.

[2030] "Die Chinesen," in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_; R. K. Douglas, _Confucianism and Taouism_; De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_; cf. H. G. Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_.

[2031] Stobæus, _Eclogues_, i, 30.

[2032] Porphyry, _Vita Plotini_, cap. 3.

[2033] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xii f.; Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_; Barth, _Religions of India_; Oldenberg, _Buddha_.

[2034] The problem of life is stated to be how to get rid of desire, which is the source of all suffering; the Buddhist answer is that desire is eliminated by moral living, for which knowledge is necessary. So the Socratic school based virtue and happiness on knowledge. Cf. also the Biblical book of Proverbs.

[2035] It does not follow that every founder of a religion will establish a church; other things than the person of the founder, such as the nature of his teaching and the character of his social milieu, enter into the problem.

[2036] On current proposed reforms of Buddhism in Japan see Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_, p. 222 ff.

[2037] The two last of these functions ceased on the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.), the first remained.

[2038] Proselytes arose mostly from the general liberal tendency of the times (from about the second century B.C. and on), sometimes from lower impulses, sometimes they were made by force. See articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopædia Biblica_; Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_; and _Jewish Encyclopedia_.

[2039] They were virtually identified with the Jewish people. On the early form of voluntary devotion to a foreign deity see W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 75 ff.

[2040] § 1115.

[2041] On attempts to discover forms of Christianity before Jesus see W. R. Smith, _Der vorchristliche Jesus_, and _Ecce Deus_; M. Friedländer, _Synagoge und Kirche_.

[2042] The two passages in the Gospels (Matt. xvi, 18; xviii, 17) in which the word "church" occurs appear clearly, on exegetical grounds, to be scribal insertions of the later period.

[2043] "Elder" and "apostle" are Jewish titles, and the reading of the Scriptures, prayer, and exhortation formed part of the synagogal service; see Schürer, _The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 52 ff., and article "Apostle" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_. Other offices arose in the church out of the peculiar conditions; the eucharistic meal appears to have been developed under non-Jewish influence.

[2044] So far has the idea of the civil character of the Church been carried that in some places the keeper of a licensed brothel has been required to be a member of the State Church.

[2045] Harnack, _Dogmengeschichte_; articles in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_; Mansel, _The Gnostic Heresies_.

[2046] Cumont, _Textes et monuments_ and _The Mysteries of Mithra_.

[2047] _Metamorphoses_, chap. xi.

[2048] Cf. article "Isis" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.

[2049] Cf. A. G. Leonard, _Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value_.

[2050] A. Müller, _Islam_, ii, 614 ff.; Coppée, _Conquest of Spain_; Dozy, _Histoire des musulmans en Espagne_; Stanley Lane-Poole, _Story of the Moors in Spain_.

[2051] Of these fraternities the largest and most powerful is the Senussi of North Africa, a splendidly organized body with a central administration clothed with absolute authority; see Depont and Coppolani, _Les confréries religieuses musulmanes_.

[2052] S. de Sacy, _Exposé de la religion des Druses_; J. Wortabet, _Researches into the Religions of Syria_; C. H. Churchill, _Ten Years' Residence in Mt. Lebanon_.

[2053] Cf. Dr. Thomas Arnold's ideal, the identification of Church and State (A. P. Stanley, _Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold_).

[2054] Payne, _History of the New World called America_; Markham, _Rites and Laws of the Incas_; Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_, bk. i, chap. iii.

[2055] On India's fertility in the production of religions cf. Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 2 ff.

[2056] This organization was first called the "Brahma-Samaj" (the Church of Brahma), later the "Adi-Samaj" (the First Church).

[2057] The Brahma-Samaj.

[2058] There are other theistic bodies in India. The Arya-Samaj (Aryan Church) derives its doctrines (monotheism and other) from the Veda (necessarily by a forced interpretation); it is a sort of protest against foreign (Christian) influence. See articles "Arya Samaj" and "Brahma Samaj" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.

[2059] Gobineau, _Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale_; R. G. Browne, _The Episode of the Bab_ and _The New History of the Bab_; article "Bab, Babis" in Hastings, op. cit.; article "Bahaism" in the _Nouveau Larousse, Supplément_; _Some Answered Questions_, translated by Laura C. Burney (exposition of the doctrine by the son of the Bahaist founder).

[2060] Babism is fairly well represented in Persia at the present day; see R. G. Browne.

[2061] Cf. articles in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_; McClintock and Strong, _Biblical Cyclopædia_; _New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge_.

[2062] On the community founded by Pythagoras see the histories of philosophy; it appears to have embodied a suggestion of monastic life, but its origin is uncertain.

[2063] The Hebrew Nazirite vow, for example, was merely a consecration of a part of the body to the deity with the observance of old nomadic customs of food and dwellings.

[2064] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v. _Monks_.

[2065] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_, chap. vi.

[2066] Cf. H. Weingarten, _Ursprung des Mönchthums_, cited with approval by Meyer, _Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens_, p. 401; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, in Roscher's _Lexikon_, article "Sarapis," col. 362 ff.

[2067] Cf. Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xix; J. Estlin Carpenter, "Buddhist and Christian Parallels" in _Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy_.

[2068] Against this view see Breastad, _History of Egypt_, p. 578 ff.

[2069] _De Vita Contemplativa_; see the edition of F. C. Conybeare. The work is probably to be considered genuine.

[2070] Philo, _Quod omnis probus liber_; Pliny, _Historia Naturalis_, v, 17; Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, 1, and _War_, ii, 8; Schürer, _The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 188 ff. (and the bibliography there given); articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopædia Biblica_, and Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_.

[2071] From the geographical and historical conditions a Pythagorean origin (perhaps indirect) seems the more probable.

[2072] The earliest appearance of an Essene is in the latter part of the second century B.C. (Josephus, _Antiquities_, xiii, 11, § 2).

[2073] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Sarapis," col. 362 f.

[2074] See references given above in § 1121, note.

[2075] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_; R. S. Copleston, _Buddhism_.

[2076] Ezekiel, early in the sixth century, and Haggai and Zechariah in the latter part of the century, show no consciousness of the existence of authoritative writings.

[2077] Cf. G. F. Moore, "The Definition of the Jewish Canon and the Repudiation of Christian Scriptures" in _Essays in Modern Theology and Related Subjects ... Testimonial to C. A. Briggs_.

[2078] G. Wildeboer, _Het Onstaan van den Kanon des Ouden Verbonds_; H. E. Ryle, _Canon of the Old Testament_; articles "Canon" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_, "Bible Canon" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_, "Kanon des Alten Testaments" in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_.

[2079] See the _Longer Catechism of Philaret_, 1839.

[2080] T. Zahn, _Gesichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons_, E. C. Moore, _The New Testament in the Christian Church_; article "Canon" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_.

[2081] _Historia Naturalis_, xxx, chap. i, § 2.

[2082] The question whether any of this material went back to Zoroaster must here be left undecided.

[2083] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, iii, 778 ff.

[2084] Nöldeke, _Sketches from Eastern History_ (Eng. tr.), p. 25 ff.

[2085] A creed usually contains also an affirmation of the authority of the book on which it is based. Some religious bodies do not regard any book as absolutely authoritative, and their creeds are merely expressions of their independent religious beliefs.

[2086] So among the Egyptians, Hebrews, Hindus, Greeks, Romans, and others.

[2087] Cf. Sabatier, _Authority in Religion_ (Eng. tr.), and the bibliography therein given.

[2088] The contention that a given religion must triumph because it is divine and its triumph is divinely predicted introduces a discussion that cannot be gone into here, where the object is to consider existing facts.

[2089] Babism (or Bahaism) also claims to be universal, but its origin is so recent that this claim cannot be tested.

[2090] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_.

[2091] It has been professed by a few persons in Europe and America, but the so-called "theosophy" is not Buddhism. On supposed points of contact between the New Testament and Buddhism cf. C. F. Aiken, _The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ_.

[2092] T. W. Arnold, _The Preaching of Islam_.

[2093] See Tiele, article "Religion" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 9th ed., and cf. his _Elements of the Science of Religion_, i, 28 ff.; R. de la Grasserie, _Des religions comparées au point de vue sociologique_; M. Jastrow, _The Study of Religion_, pp. 58 ff.; article "Religion" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th ed.

[2094] Cases of adoption of alien cults bodily are here of course excluded; in such cases the cults are to be referred to the creators and not to the borrowers.

[2095] In some forms of Brahmanism, in Buddhism, and in some modern systems this Power is impersonal or undefined.

[2096] On Gautama's attitude toward divine beings cf. Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_, p. 87 f.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 333 f.

[2097] W. D. Whitney, _Princeton Review_, May, 1881.

[2098] Kuenen, _National Religions and Universal Religions_ (Hibbert Lectures, 1882); Tiele, _Elements of the Science of Religion_, i, 43 ff.; Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, p. 89 ff.

[2099] Confucian China and Shintoist Japan are excluded; but in both these countries Buddhism is widespread. Pure Confucianism is not a religion, and the old Shinto is no longer believed in by educated Japanese.

[2100] Cf. Tiele, _Elements of the Science of Religion_, Index, s.v.

[2101] Myths, it may be remarked, are not confined to the uncivilised and the old national cults; they are found in all great religious systems.

[2102] See, in this connection, the account of the faith of the philosopher Sallustius, the Emperor Julian's friend, by Professor Gilbert Murray, "A Pagan Creed," in the _English Review_ for December, 1909. The term 'pagan' now has a connotation that is singularly out of accord with the character of a man like Sallustius.

[2103] § 14 f.

[2104] Examples are the Copernican and Newtonian theories; the magnitude of the stellar universe; Biblical criticism; the theories of evolution and the conservation of energy.

[2105] The general religious attitude may be the same whether the world be regarded as monistic or as pluralistic.

[2106] See above, § 172.

[2107] Cf. L. T. Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, part ii, chaps. v-vii.

[2108] An example is the Old-Hebrew usage respecting marriage with a half-sister or with a wife (not one's mother) of a father. Up to about the seventh century B.C. such marriages were lawful (Gen. xx, 12; 2 Sam. xiii, 13; xvi, 22); later they were forbidden (Ezek. xxii, 10 f.; Lev. xviii, 11). Maspero (in the _Annuaire de l'école des hautes études_, 1896) points out that in Egypt marriage between uterine brothers and sisters in the royal family was not only legal but a sacred duty, its object being to maintain the purity of the divine blood.

[2109] See above, §§ 107, 180, 219.

[2110] Amos ii, 7; Hos. iv, 14.

[2111] The Old Testament command to exterminate the Canaanites (Deut. vii, 2; xxv, 19; Josh. vi-xi) is not historical, that is, was not given at the time stated or at any other time. The Israelites, in fact, settled down among the Canaanites and intermarried with them, and at the time when the passages just cited were written (seventh century and later) there were no such alien tribes in Canaan. But these passages show how a current barbarous custom of war could be regarded by religious leaders as pleasing to God.

[2112] See § 630 ff.

[2113] So, for example, Butler's _Analogy_.

[2114] It is an exaggeration to say (as has been said) that the sentiment of the sacred obligation of opinion was first formulated or created in the world by the early Christian martyrs--before their time Socrates, Jews in the Antiochian persecution, and probably others, had embodied this sentiment--but the Christian devotion helped to make it a generally recognized ethical principle.

[2115] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v. _Yoga_; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, Index, s.v. _Baksheesh_; article "Saint and Saintliness" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_; Christian hagiologies; Goldziher, _Muhammedanische Studien_; C. Trumelet, _Les saints de l'Islam_.

[2116] See above, § 1163.

[2117] Ezek. xiv, 9.

[2118] It is this sort of insensate optimism that Voltaire ridicules in _Candide_--a just and useful protest against a superficial view of life.

SELECTED LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE

ENCYCLOPÆDIAS AND DICTIONARIES

Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed., Edinburgh; 11th ed., Cambridge, England, and New York).

La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris, 1886-1902).

Le Nouveau Larousse (Paris, 1898-1904).

Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia (New York, 1893-1895).

The New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).

Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh, 1908- ).

LICHTENBERGER. Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses (Paris, 1877-1882).

ROSCHER. Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie (Leipzig, 1884- ).

DAREMBERG ET SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines (Paris, 1873-1884).

PAULY-WISSOWA. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (new ed., Stuttgart, 1904).

GEIGER AND KUHN. Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (Strassburg, 1895-1904).

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1901-1906).

Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York, 1899-1903).

HASTINGS. Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1900-1904).

HUGHES. Dictionary of Islam (London, 1896).

Encyclopædia of Islam (Leiden) (in course of publication).

HERZOG-HAUCK. Real-Encyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (Leipzig, 1895-1909).

HAMBURGER. Realencyclopädie des Judenthums (2d ed., Leipzig, 1896).

The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1907-1911).

SMITH AND CHEETHAM. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (London, 1875).

MCCLINTOCK AND STRONG. Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York, 1868-1881).

MEUSEL. Kirchliches Handlexikon (Leipzig, 1887-1902).

WETZER AND WELTE. Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1882-1903).

PERIODICALS

Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris). Archiv für Religionswissenschaft (Leipzig). Le Muséon et La Revue des religions (Louvain, 1882- ). Journal asiatique (Paris). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London). Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Colombo). Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hongkong). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta). Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore). De indische Gids (Amsterdam). The Indian Antiquary (Bombay). Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig). Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Mitteillungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft and Der alte Orient (Leipzig). Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama), Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven). Zeitschrift für die Mythologie (Göttingen). Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London). Transactions of the Ethnological Society (London). Man (anthropological monthly) (London). Annals of Archæology and Anthropology (Liverpool Institute of Archæology). Archæological Review (London). Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa, Montreal, and London). Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology (London). L'Anthropologie (Paris). Revue internationale de sociologie (Paris). Annales du Musée Guimet (Paris). L'Année sociologique (Paris). Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Berlin). Archiv für Anthropologie (Braunschweig). Archäologische Gesellschaft (Berlin). Archiv für slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ). Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archäologischen Instituts (Vienna). Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Anthropos, Ephemeris internationalis ethnologica et linguistica (Salzburg, 1906- ). Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia (Florence). Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie (Leiden). '[Greek: Ephêmeris' Archaiologikê] (Athens). American Journal of Archæology (New York and London). Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (New York). The Anthropologist (Washington). American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.). Reports of the National Museum (Washington). Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington). Reports of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington). University of California Publications in American Archæology and Ethnology (Berkeley). Revue des questions historiques (Paris). Revue égyptologique (Paris). Zeitschrift für aegyptische Sprache und Altertumswissenschaft (Leipzig). Revue sémitique (Paris). Revue du monde musulman (Paris). American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago). Revue d'Assyriologie (Paris). Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (Leipzig). Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft (Leipzig). Revue des études grecques (Paris, 1888- ). Journal of Hellenic Studies (London). Revue des études juives (Paris). Folklore (London). Folklore Journal (London). Revue des traditions populaires (Paris). Mélusine (mythology and popular traditions) (Paris). Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde (Berlin). Ons Volksleven (Tijdschrift voor Taal-Volks-en Oudheidkunde) (Brecht). Revue Celtique (Paris). Celtic Review (Edinburgh). Mittheilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde (Breslau). Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari (Palermo). International Journal of Ethics (Philadelphia and London). Hibbert Journal (London).

WORKS ON THE NATURE OF RELIGION

PLATO. Phædo; Phædrus; Republic.

HUME, DAVID. Natural History of Religion (vol. ii of Green and Grose's ed. of Hume's Essays, London, 1882); Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (ibid.).

KANT, IMMANUEL. Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Königsberg, 1793; in new ed. of his Works, Berlin, 1912).

HEGEL, G. W. F. Philosophie der Religion (Berlin, 1832; new ed., Leiden, 1890; Eng. tr., London, 1895) (cf. John Caird's Philosophy of Religion, London, 1876).

BURNOUF, E. La science des religions (3d ed., Paris, 1876; Eng. tr., London, 1888).

ARNOLD, MATTHEW. Literature and Dogma (London and New York, 1873).

PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d ed., Berlin, 1896); Eng. tr., The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis of its History (London, 1886); Philosophy and Development of Religion (Edinburgh, 1899); Evolution and Theology, and Other Essays (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1900); Religion und Religionen (Munich, 1906); Eng. tr., Religion and Historic Faiths (New York, 1907).

GHEYN, J. VAN DEN. La science des religions (Lyon, 1886).

HARTMANN, E. VON. Religionsphilosophie (Leipzig, 1888).

MARTINEAU, J. A Study of Religion (London, 1888).

BENDER, W. Das Wesen der Religion (4th ed., Bonn, 1888).

DEUSSEN, P. Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Religionen (Leipzig, 1894; new ed., 1899-1911).

JASTROW, MORRIS, JR. The Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).

EVERETT, C. C. The Psychological Elements of Religion (New York and London, 1902); Theism and the Christian Faith (New York and London, 1909).

JAMES, WILLIAM. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays (London and New York, 1897); Varieties of Religious Experience (London and New York, 1902); Pragmatism (London and New York, 1907); A Pluralistic Universe (New York, 1909).

ROYCE, JOSIAH. Religious Aspects of Philosophy (Boston, 1886); The World and the Individual (London and New York, 1900-1901); The Sources of Religious Insight (New York, 1912).

CAIRD, E. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1893).

LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. De la psychologie des religions (Paris, 1899).

BOUSSET, W. What is Religion? (Eng. tr., New York and London, 1907).

HÖFFDING, H. Philosophy of Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1906).

PERRY, R. B. The Approach to Philosophy, chaps. iii, iv, vii (New York, 1905).

SANTAYANA, G. Reason in Religion (vol. iii of his Life of Reason) (New York, 1905).

KING, IRVING. Development of Religion (New York, 1910).

LEUBA, J. H. A Psychological Study of Religion (New York, 1912).

KANT, IMMANUEL. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (4th ed., Riga, 1797), and see his Collected Works (Berlin, 1912- ).

MARTINEAU, JAMES. The Relations between Ethics and Religion (London, 1881).

GUYAU, J. M. Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction (Paris, 1885; 4th ed., 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1898); L'irreligion de l'avenir (Paris, 1887).

PALMER, G. H. The Field of Ethics (Boston, 1901).

OTTO, R. Naturalism and Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).

GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE WORKS

CICERO. De Fato and De Natura Deorum.

BROSSES, C. de. Du culte des dieux fétiches (Paris or Geneva, 1760).

DUPUIS, C. F. Origine de tous les cultes, ou religion universelle (Paris, 1794; new ed., 1870).

MEINERS, C. Allgemeine kritische Geschichte der Religion (Hannover, 1806-1807).

WALTZ, T. Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).

BASTIAN, A. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Psychologie (Berlin, 1868).

MÜLLER, FR. MAX. Introduction to the Science of Religion (2d ed., London, 1880); Natural Religion (London, 1890); Physical Religion (London, 1891); Anthropological Religion (London, 1892); Theosophy, or Psychological Religion (London, 1893).

SPENCER, H. Descriptive Sociology (London, 1873-1881); Principles of Sociology (London, 1879-1896); vol. i (on religious phenomena) (New York, 1882).

LIPPERT, J. Religionen der europäischen Culturvölker (Berlin, 1881); Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums (Berlin, 1883).

RÉVILLE, A. Prolégomènes de l'histoire des religions (Paris, 1881; Eng. tr., London, 1884); Les religions des peuples non-civilisés (Paris, 1883).

KUENEN, A. National Religions and Universal Religions (London, 1882).

CLARKE, J. F. Ten Great Religions (Boston, 1883; popular ed., 1899).

D'ALVIELLA, GOBLET. Introduction à l'histoire générale des religions (Brussels, 1887); Origin and Growth of the Conception of God (London, 1892); Croyances, rites, institutions (Paris, 1911).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. Chantepie de. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (Freiburg, 1887-1888; Eng. tr. of vol. i, London, 1892; 2d ed., 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind (London, 1878); Primitive Culture (3d ed., London, 1891 and 1903).

The Hibbert Lectures (London and New York, 1878-1894).

The Gifford Lectures (London and New York, 1890-).

USENER, H. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Bonn, 1889); Götternamen (Bonn, 1896).

FRAZER, J. G. The Golden Bough (London, 1890; 3d ed., 1906-1911); Early History of the Kingship (London, 1905).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).

Article "Fetishism" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

TRUMBULL, H. C. The Blood-Covenant (New York, 1893); The Threshold-Covenant (New York, 1896).

MARILLIER, L. La survivance de l'lâme et l'idée de justice chez les peuples non-civilisés (Paris, 1894); L'origine des dieux [criticism of Grant Allen's Evolution of the Idea of God] (Paris, 1899).

STEINMETZ, S. R. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe (Leiden and Leipzig, 1894).

TIELE, C. P. Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum bis auf Alexander den Grossen (Germ. tr., Gotha, 1895; ed. Gehrich, Gotha, 1896-1903).

MENZIES, A. History of Religion (London and New York, 1895; New York, 1906).

Religious Systems of the World (London, 1896; new ed., 1902).

CARPENTER, J. E. Place of Christianity among the Religions of the World (London, 1904).

Orientalische Religionen (in Die Kultur der Gegenwart) (Berlin and Leipzig, 1906).

BLOOMFIELD, M. The Symbolic Gods (in Studies in Honor of B. L. Gildersleeve) (Baltimore, 1902).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (London, 1896; 2d ed., 1902); Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion (New York, 1908); The Idea of God in Early Religions (Cambridge, England, 1910).

JOHNSON, SAMUEL. Oriental Religions and their Relation to Universal Religion (1872-1885; Boston, 1897).

WHITE, A. D. Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York, 1897).

DURKHEIM, E. Définition des phénomènes religieux (in _L'Année sociologique_, ii) (Paris, 1897-1898).

ALLEN, GRANT. Evolution of the Idea of God (London and New York, 1897).

TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion (Edinburgh and London, 1897-1899).

BRINTON, D. G. Religions of Primitive Peoples (New York and London, 1897).

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1898).

LANG, A. Custom and Myth (London, 1884); Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d ed., 1899); The Making of Religion (2d ed., London, 1900).

ANDREE, R. Die Flutsagen (Braunschweig, 1891).

USENER, H. Die Sintfluthsagen (Bonn, 1899).

WOODS, F. H. Article "Flood" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible) (Edinburgh and New York, 1900).

SUTHERLAND, A. The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct (London and New York, 1898).

LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. Des religions comparées au point de vue sociologique (Paris, 1899).

INGRAM, J. K. Outline of the History of Religion (London, 1900).

LORD AVEBURY (Sir John Lubbock). Prehistoric Times (6th ed., London, 1900).

HIRN, Y. Origins of Art (London, 1900).

ELLIS, HAVELOCK. Studies in the Psychology of Sex (London, 1900; and Philadelphia, 1904-1910).

MORRIS, MISS M. The Economic Study of Religion (in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xxiv) (New Haven, 1903).

REINACH, S. Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1905-1908).

HOPKINS, E. W. The Universality of Religion (in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xxv) (New Haven, 1904).

JORDAN, L. H. Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth (Edinburgh, 1905).

DIETERICH, A. Mutter Erde, ein Versuch über Volksreligion (Leipzig and Berlin, 1905).

FARNELL, L. R. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1905).

DULAURE, J. A. Des divinités génératrices (2d ed., Paris, 1905).

REITZENSTEIN, R. Hellenistische Wundererzählungen (Leipzig, 1906).

CUMONT, F. Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Paris, 1907; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1911).

HAMILTON, MARY. Incubation (London, 1906).

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution (London and New York, 1906).

Article "Art" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New York, 1908).

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité (Paris, 1882-1911; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1883-1890).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums (2d ed., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1907-1909).

WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (London, 1908).

PREUSS, K. T. Ursprung der Religion und Kunst.

WEBSTER, H. Primitive Secret Societies (New York, 1908); Rest-Days: a Sociological Study (reprinted from _University Studies_) (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).

CONDER, C. R. The Rise of Man (London and New York, 1908).

PLOSS, H. H. Das Kind (Stuttgart, 1876); Das Weib, ed. M. Bartels (Leipzig, 1902).

HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity (London, 1909).

FRAZER, J. G. Psyche's Task [influence of superstition on the growth of institutions] (London, 1909).

REINACH, S. Orpheus (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author, London and New York, 1909).

FROBENIUS, L. Childhood of Man (Eng. tr., London and Philadelphia, 1909).

THOMAS, W. I. Source-Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London. 1909).

MARETT, R. R. The Threshold of Religion (London [1909]).

SELIGMANN, S. Der böse Blick und Verwandtes (Berlin, 1910).

ELWORTHY, F. T. Article "Evil Eye" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

BOEHMER, J. Religions-Urkunden der Völker (Leipzig).

Article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Oxford, 1912).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Articles "Cursing and Blessing," "Dress," and "Eating the God," ibid.

Articles "Dwarfs and Pygmies," "Dualism," "Fate," "Calendar," "Feasting," "Fasting," "Festivals and Fasts," ibid.

SCHNEIDER, H. Religion und Philosophie (Leipzig, 1912).

CARPENTER, J. Estlin. Comparative Religion (London and New York, 1913(?)).

WORKS ON TOTEMISM AND EXOGAMY

MORGAN, L. H. Ancient Society (London, 1877).

SPENCER, H. Principles of Sociology, i, § 171 ff. (London and New York, 1882).

HAHN, ED. Die Haustiere (Leipzig, 1896); Demeter und Baubo (Lübeck, 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Remarks on Totemism, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_ (1899).

PIKLER AND SOMLÓ. Ursprung des Totemismus (Berlin, 1900).

HARTLAND, E. S. Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries, _Folklore_ (1900).

DURKHEIM, E. La prohibition de l'inceste et ses origines, _L'Année sociologique_, i (Paris, 1896-1897); Sur le totémisme, _L'Année sociologique_, v (1900-1901).

ZAPLETAL, V. Totemismus und die Religion Israels (Freiburg (Swiss), 1901).

HILL-TOUT, C. Origin of Totemism among the Aborigines of British Columbia, _Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_ (2d Series, 1901-1902 and 1903-1904).

SMITH, W. R. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903) (criticized by Nöldeke in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, 1886).

LANG, A. Social Origins (London, 1903); Secret of the Totem (London, 1905); Australian Problems (in Anthropological Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London, 1902).

MARILLIER, L. La place du totémisme dans l'évolution religieuse [criticism of Jevons], _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xxxvi, xxxvii (Paris, 1897-1898); article "Totem" (in La Grande Encyclopédie) (Paris, 1886-1902).

WUNDT, W. Mythus und Religion (in his Völkerpsychologie, Leipzig, 1908-1910).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

RIVERS, W. H. H. On the Origin of the Classificatory System of Relationships (in Essays presented to Tylor, 1907).

THOMAS, N. W. La survivance du culte totémique ... dans le pays de Galles, _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xxxviii (Paris); Origin of Exogamy (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

GOMME, G. L. Totemism in Britain, _Archæological Review_ (London, 1889).

GOLDENWEISER, A. A. Totemism, an Analytical Study, _Journal of American Folklore_ (Boston and New York, 1910).

FRAZER, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy (London, 1910).

WORKS ON TABOO

FRAZER, J. G. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.).

CRAWLEY, A. E. Mystic Rose (London, 1902); Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).

GENNEP, A. VAN. Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904).

HODSON, T. C. The Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi (London, 1906).

MARILLIER, L. Article "Tabou" (in La Grande Encyclopédie) (Paris).

TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind, p. 129 ff. (3d ed., London, 1878).

FRAZER, J. G. Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship [holds that taboo is a negative magic] (London, 1905); Taboo and the Perils of the Soul (part ii of 3d ed. of the Golden Bough) (London, 1911).

MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907) [reply to Frazer].

THOMAS, N. W. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

GAIT, E. A. Article "Caste" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics) (Edinburgh and New York, 1911).

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).

_The Hebrew Sabbath as a Taboo Day_

TOY, C. H. The Earliest Form of the Hebrew Sabbath, _Journal of Biblical Literature_ (Boston, 1899).

DRIVER, S. R. Article "Sabbath" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible) (Edinburgh and New York, 1902).

PINCHES, T. G. Sapattu, the Babylonian Sabbath, _Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology_ (London, 1904).

ZIMMERN, H. Comments on Pinches's article, _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft_ (Leipzig, 1904).

MEINHOLD, J. Sabbat und Woche in Alten Testament (Göttingen, 1905).

WEBSTER, H. Rest Days: a Sociological Study, _University Studies_ (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).

ON MAGIC

Articles in La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris); Encyclopædia Britannica (London, 11th ed.); Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines (Paris).

TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind, p. 129 (3d ed., London, 1878); Primitive Culture, Index, s.v. (3d ed., London, 1891).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural, bk. ii, chap. iii f. (London, 1892).

DAVIES, T. WITTON. Magic, Divination, and Demonology (London, 1898).

TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh and London, 1899).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion, Index, s.v. (London, 1896; 2d. ed., 1902).

LANO, A. Magic and Religion (London, 1901).

HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution, Index, s.v. (London and New York, 1906).

HADDON, A. C. Magic and Fetishism (London, 1906).

WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v. (London, 1908).

HUBERT AND MAUSS. In _L'Année sociologique_, vii (Paris, 1902-1903).

REINACH, S. Orpheus, Index, s.v. (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).

FRAZER, J. G. Early History of the Kingship, Index, s.v. (London, 1905).

MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Chap. iv of her Themis (Cambridge, England, 1912).

_Egypt_

ERMAN, A. Life in Ancient Egypt (Eng. tr., London, 1894).

BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS. Egyptian Magic (London, 1899).

WIEDEMANN, A. Magie und Zauberei im alten Aegypten (Leipzig, 1905).

BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt, Index, s.v. (New York, 1905).

_Babylonia and Assyria_

KING, L. W. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (London, 1896).

JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898); Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 1906- ).

FOSSEY, CH. La magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902).

_Jewish_

Articles in Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York); Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and London); Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London).

SCHÜRER, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3d ed., Leipzig, 1901); Eng. tr., History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ, Index. s.v. (New York, 1891).

BLAU, L. Das alt-jüdische Zauberwesen (Strassburg, 1898).

_Arabia and Modern Egypt_

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index, s.v. (Berlin, 1897).

LANE, E. W. The Thousand and One Nights, Index (London, 1883).

_Finnish_

CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

_India_

BLOOMFIELD, M. Eng. tr. of the Atharva-Veda (in Sacred Books of the East) (Oxford).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, Index, s.v. (Boston and London, 1895).

_Greek_

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).

_Roman_

APULEIUS. Metamorphoses.

FRIEDLÄNDER, L. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed., Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr., Roman Life and Manners under the Early Empire, Index (London and New York, ca. 1903).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index (London, 1911).

_Teutonic_

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v. (Boston and London, 1902).

_Noncivilized Peoples_

ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887); E[´w]e (London, 1890); Yoruba (London, 1894).

CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians, Index, s.v. (Oxford, 1891).

SPENCER AND GILLEN. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899); Northern Tribes of Central Australia [the Intichiuma ceremonies] (London, 1904).

HOWITT, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford, 1909).

WESTERMARCK, E. L'âr, or the Transference of Conditional Curses in Morocco (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

SELIGMANN, C. G. Melanesians of British New Guinea, Index (Cambridge, England, 1910).

BROWN, G. Melanesians and Polynesians, Index (London, 1910).

DIXON, R. B. The Northern Maidu (New York, 1905); The Shasta (New York, 1907).

SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London. 1906).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Index

(London, 1896).

TEIT, J. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia, Index (Boston and New York, 1898).

BELL, H. H. J. Obeah: Witchcraft in the West Indies (2d ed., London, 1893).

ON DIVINATION

La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris), article "Divination."

Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), articles "Divination" and "Oracle."

Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York), article "Divination."

Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and New York), articles "Divination" and "Soothsaying."

Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London), articles "Divination," "Astrology," "Necromancy."

CICERO. De Divinatione.

PLUTARCH. De Pythiae Oraculis; De Defectu Oraculorum.

MANILIUS. Astronomica (ed. Theod. Breiter, Leipzig, 1907-1908).

FIRMICUS MATERNUS. Matheseos Libri viii (ed. Pruckner, Basel, 1551); bks. i-iv and bk. v, proem (ed. Kroll and Skutch, Leipzig, 1897).

TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index (London, 1891).

KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).

ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London, 1898; and the German ed., Giessen, 1906- ); Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York and London, 1911).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, pp. 256, 328 (Boston and London, 1895).

STENGEL AND OEMICHEN. Die griechischen Sakralaltertümer (Munich, 1890).

BOUCHÉ-LECLERCQ. Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (Paris, 1879-1882); L'astrologie grecque (Paris, 1899).

DAREMBERG AND SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, articles "Divinatio" and "Haruspices" (Paris, 1873-1884).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States, iv, 179 ff. (Oxford, 1896-1909) (Oracles); Greece and Babylon, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh, 1911).

GARDNER AND JEVONS. Greek Antiquities (London, 1895).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).

Article "Sibylla" (by Buchholz in Roscher's Lexikon).

CUMONT, FR. Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York and London, 1912).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).

Article "Celts" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New York, 1911).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston and London, 1902).

GROOT, J. J. M. DE. Religious System of China (Leiden, 1892-1907).

Articles "Ancestor-worship," "Ahoms," "Bantu" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

TURNER, G. Samoa, Index (London, 1884).

FURNESS, W. H. 3d. Home Life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia, 1902).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index (London, 1906).

THURSTON, E. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London, 1912).

ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887).

CALLAWAY, H. Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-1870).

Article "Dreams and Sleep" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

ON FOLKLORE

See periodicals mentioned above, p. 587.

FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough (3d ed., London, 1911).

KEIGHTLY, T. Fairy Mythology (2d ed., London, 1850).

MACCULLOCH, J. A. Article "Fairy" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

MANNHARDT, J. W. E. Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877).

History of the Æsopic Fable (in Caxton's Æsop, ed. Jos. Jacob) (London, 1889).

JACOBS, J. Migration of Fables (Introduction to his Fables of Pilpay) (London, 1888); Fables of Æsop (London, 1894).

HARTLAND, E. S. Science of Fairy Tales (London, 1891); Folk-lore, what is it? (London, 1897); Mythology and Folktales (London, 1900).

GOMME, G. L. Ethnology in Folklore (London, 1892); Folklore as an Historical Science (London, 1908).

GENNEP, A. VAN. La formation des légendes (Paris, 1910).

Bibliotheca Diabolica (New York, 1874).

CARUS, P. History of the Devil and of the Idea of Evil (Chicago, 1900).

_Oceania_

BATCHELOR, J. The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901).

SEIDENAGEL, C. W. Language spoken by the Bontoc-Igorot [of Luzon] (Chicago, 1909).

EMERSON, N. B. Unwritten Literature of Hawaii (Washington, 1909).

_America_

BOAS, F. Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America, _Journal of American Folklore_, iv (Boston, 1891); Indianische Sagen von der nordpacifischen Küste Nord-Amerikas (Berlin, 1895).

DORSEY, G. A. The Dwamish Indian Spirit Boat, _Bulletin of Philadelphia Free Museum of Science and Art_ (1902).

_Egypt_

MASPERO, G. Les contes populaires de l'Égypte ancienne (Paris, 1882).

WIEDEMANN, A. Altägyptische Sagen und Märchen (Leipzig, 1906).

_Asia_

BENFEY, TH. The Pantschatantra (Leipzig, 1859); Introduction to Bickell's ed. of the Kalilag and Damnag (Leipzig, 1876).

KEITH-FALCONER, F. G. N. Eng. tr. of Wright's ed. of the Late Syriac Kalilah and Dimnah (Cambridge, England, 1885).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Westminster (London, 1896).

THURSTON, EDGAR. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London, 1912).

The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (New York and Leiden, 1900- ).

BOGORAS, W. The Folklore of North-Eastern Asia as compared with that of North-Western America, _American Anthropologist_ (Washington, 1902).

COSQUIN, E. Origine et propagation des contes populaires européens (in his Contes populaires de la Lorraine) (Paris, 1886); Le lait de la mère et le coffre flottant (reprint from _Revue de questions historiques_) (Paris, 1908); Le prologue-cadre des Mille et Une Nuits, les légendes perses et le livre d'Esther (Paris, 1909).

_Africa_

THEAL, G. M. Kaffir Folklore (London [1872]).

BLEEK, W. H. I. Specimens of Bushman Folklore (Eng. tr., London, 1911).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index, s.vv. _Folklore, Mythology_ (London and New York, 1906).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford, 1909).

_Europe_

GRIMM, W. Die deutsche Heldensage (1829; 3d ed., Göttingen, 1889).

WUTTKE, A. Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart (3d ed., Berlin, 1900).

RHYS, J. Celtic Folklore (Oxford, 1901).

CAMPBELL, J. F. Popular Tales of the West Highlands and Heroic Gaelic Ballads (1872; new ed., Edinburgh, 1890-1893).

BRAND, J. Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (new ed., London, 1905).

SÉBILLOT, P. Le folklore de France (Paris, 1904-1907).

MAURY, L. F. A. Croyances et légendes du moyen âge (new ed., Paris, 1896).

GELDART, E. M. Folklore of Modern Greece (London, 1884).

KRAUSS, F. S. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven (Vienna, 1885; Münster, 1890).

KNOWLSON, T. S. Origin of Popular Superstitions (London, 1910).

WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner (Münster i. W., 1891); Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Magyaren (Münster i. W., 1893).

ON MYTHOLOGY

_General_

Articles in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) and La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris).

MÜLLER, K. O. Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie (Göttingen, 1825).

MÜLLER, F. Max. Comparative Mythology (1856; in vol. ii of Chips from a German Workshop, London, 1858; New York, 1869).

BRÉAL, M. Mélanges de mythologie et de linguistique (Paris, 1877).

PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d ed., Berlin, 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1886).

TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind (London, 1878); Primitive Culture (3d. ed., London, 1891).

VIGNIOLI, T. Myth and Science (London, 1882).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (1st ed., Freiburg, 1887-1889); Eng. tr. of vol. i (London and New York 1891).

LANG, A. Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d ed., London, 1899); Custom and Myth (London, 1901).

GARDENER, P. Origins of Myth (Oxford, 1896).

TIELE, C. P. De Oorsprong van myth en godsdienst, _Theologisch Tijdschrift_, iv (Amsterdam and Leiden); Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.vv. _Mythology_, _Myths_ (Edinburgh and London, 1897-1899).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London, 1902).

RÉVILLE, J. De la complexité des mythes et des légendes, _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xiii (Paris).

JASTROW, M. Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).

SCHULTZ, H. Old Testament Theology, Introduction (Eng. tr. of 4th Germ. ed., Edinburgh, 1892).

Articles "Demons and Spirits," "Earth, Earth-gods" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

_Special_

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).

BÜLOW, W. Die samoansche Schöpfungssaga, _Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie_ xii (Leiden).

BASTIAN, A. Die samoanische Schöpfungssage (Berlin, 1894).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).

TURNER, G. Samoa (London, 1884).

BRINTON, D. G. American Hero-Myths (Philadelphia, 1882); Myths of the New World (New York, 1896).

EHRENREICH, P. Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker (Berlin, 1905).

CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

COX, G. W. Mythology of Aryan Nations (London, 1887).

MEYER, E. H. Germanische Mythologie (Berlin, 1891).

GRUPPE, O. Griechische Mythologie (München, 1897-1906).

JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London, 1898).

MUIR, JOHN. Original Sanskrit Texts (London and Edinburgh, 1858-1870).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895).

MACDONNEL, A. A. Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States (Oxford, 1896-1909).

GRIMM, J. Deutsche Mythologie (4th ed., Berlin, 1875-1878); Eng. tr., Teutonic Mythology (London, 1888).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston and London, 1902).

CAMPBELL, J. F. The Celtic Dragon-Myth (Edinburgh, 1911).

Articles "Celts," "Cuchulainn Cycle," "Feinn Cycle" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

COLLIGNON, M. Manual of Mythology in Relation to Greek Art (translated and enlarged by Jane E. Harrison) (London, 1899).

Article "Female Principle" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

CURTIN, J. Myths of the Modocs (Boston, 1912).

Article "Animal" [on cults of animals, plants, stones, waters] in La Grande Encyclopédie, section iv, "Mythology" (Paris).

THOMAS, N. W. Article "Animals" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics); Article "Animal-Worship" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index, s.vv. _Stock-and Stone-Worship_, _Mountain, River-Worship_ (London, 1891).

COOKE, S. A. Article "Tree-Worship" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

American Bureau of Ethnology, _16th Annual Report_ (Washington).

SMITH, W. R. Religion of the Semites, lecture v (new ed., London, 1894).

ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion, Index (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York and London, 1905).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 662 f., 688 f. (Boston, 1898).

GARSTANG, J. Land of the Hittites, Index (London, 1910).

HOPKINS, E. W. Mythological Aspects of Trees and Mountains in the Great Epic, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (September, 1910); The Sacred Rivers of India (in Studies presented to C. H. Toy) (New York, 1912).

GUBERNATIS, A. DE. Zoological Mythology (London, 1872); La mythologie des plantes (Paris, 1878-1882).

FERGUSSON, JAMES. Tree- and Serpent-Worship (2d ed., London, 1873).

CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (London, 1896).

HOS AND MCDOUGALL. Relation between Man and Animals in Sarawak, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi (London).

ELLIS, A. B. E[´w]e, pp. 49 f., 98 (London, 1890).

BOETTICHER, K. Baumkultus der Hellenen und Römer (Berlin, 1856).

GRUPPE, O. Die griechischen Culte und Mythen (Leipzig, 1887).

OVERBECK, J. Das Cultusobject bei den Griechen in seinen ältesten Gestaltungen, _Berichte der sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften_, p. 121 ff. (1864).

OHNEFALSCH-RICHTER, M. Kypros, the Bible and Homer (London, 1893).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index (Berlin, 1897).

HUGHES, T. P. Dictionary of Islam, Index, s.v. _Kaaba_ (2d ed., London, 1896).

LA SAUSSAYE, P.D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v. _Tree-Worship_ (Boston and London, 1902).

MANNHARDT, W. Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin, 1875).

FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough, Index, s.v. _Tree-Worship_ (London, 1907); Adonis Attis Osiris, Index, s.vv. _Animals_, _Water_, and p. 158 (London, 1907).

Articles "Asherah" and "Pillar" in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible.

Articles "Asherah" and "Massebah" in Encyclopædia Biblica.

TRUMBULL, H. C. Threshold Covenant, p. 228 (New York, 1896).

HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity, Index, s.v. _Trees_ (London, 1910).

PHILPOT, MRS. J. H. The Sacred Tree, or the Tree in Religion and Myth (London, 1897).

WORKS ON PARTICULAR RELIGIONS

_Egyptian_

PLUTARCH, Isis and Osiris.

RAWLINSON, G. History of Ancient Egypt (London and New York, 1881).

TIELE, C. P. History of the Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., Boston, 1882).

LE PAGE RENOUF, P. Religion of Ancient Egypt (London, 1884).

BRUGSCH, H. Religion und Mythologie der alten Aegypter (1884).

MEYER, ED. Geschichte des alten Aegyptens (Berlin, 1887).

MASPERO, G. Études de mythologie et d'archéologie égyptiennes (Paris, 1893); The Dawn of Civilization (Eng. tr., London, 1896).

MÜLLER, W. MAX. Asien und Europa (Leipzig, 1893); Article "Egypt" (in Encyclopædia Biblica).

WIEDEMANN, K. A. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (London, 1897); Egyptian Doctrine of Immortality (London, 1895); Religion of Egypt (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (1904).

PETRIE, W. M. F. Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt (London, 1898); Article "Egyptian Religion" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York and London, 1905).

ERMAN, A. Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum (1887); Eng. tr., Life in Ancient Egypt (London, 1894); Handbook of Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest (New York, 1905); Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt (New York, 1912).

CUMONT, F. The Religion of Egypt (Eng. tr., in _The Open Court_, Chicago, September, 1910).

REITZENSTEIN, R. Poimandres (Leipzig, 1904).

FOUCART, G. Article "Dualism (Egyptian)" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_General Semitic_

BAUDISSIN, W. W. Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1876-1878).

HALÉVY, J. Mélanges de critique et d'histoire relatifs aux peuples sémitiques (Paris, 1883).

BAETHGEN, FR. Beiträge zur semitichen Religionsgeschichte (Berlin, 1888).

NÖLDEKE, TH. Sketches from Eastern History (Eng. tr., London and Edinburgh, 1892).

MÜLLER, W. MAX. Asien und Europa (Leipzig, 1893).

SMITH, W. R. Religion of the Semites (2d ed., London, 1894); Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903).

BARTON, G. A. A Sketch of Semitic Origins (New York and London, 1902).

CURTISS, S. I. Primitive Semitic Religion To-day (London, 1902).

LAGRANGE, M. J. Études sur les religions sémitiques (2d ed., Paris, 1905).

_Arabian_

SALE, G. Preliminary Discourse to Translation of the Koran (1734; new ed., London, 1857) (and in Wherry's Commentary on the Quran, London, 1882).

SPRENGER, A. Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammeds (Berlin, 1861-1865).

SYED, AHMED. Essays on the Life of Mohammed and Subjects Subsidiary thereto (London, 1870).

AMEER, ALI. Life and Teachings of Mohammed, or the Spirit of Islam (London, 1873); Islam (London, 1897).

TASSY, GARCIN DE. L'Islamisme d'après le Coran (Paris, 1874).

KREMER, A. VON. Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen (Vienna, 1875-1877).

SMITH, R. B. Mohammed and Mohammedanism (New York, 1875).

GOLDZIHER, I. Muhammedanische Studien (Halle, 1889-1890).

MUIR, SIR WILLIAM. Mahomet and Islam (London, Religious Tract Society; New York, ca. 1894).

CASTRIES, LE COMTE HENRY DE. L'Islam (Paris, 1896).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).

SMITH, H. P. The Bible and Islam (New York, 1897).

KLEIN, F. A. The Religion of Islam (London, 1906).

LEONARD, A. G. Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value (London, 1909).

MACDONALD, D. B. Religious Attitude and Life in Islam (Chicago, 1909); Aspects of Islam (New York, 1911).

MARGOLIOUTH, D. S. Article "Mahomet" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

THATCHER, G. W. Article "Mahommedan Religion," ibid.

NÖLDEKE, TH. Article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

REES, J. D. The Muhammadans (in Epochs of Indian History) (London and New York, 1894).

LANE, E. W. Notes to his Thousand and One Nights (ed E. S. Poole, London, 1883).

HARTMANN, M. Article "Islam in China" (announced to appear in Encyclopædia of Islam).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Der Ursprung des Islams und die ersten Offenbarungen Mohammeds (excursus in his Ursprung und Geschichte der Mormonen, p. 62 _ff._) (Halle a. S., 1912).

TOY, C. H. Mohammed and the Islam of the Koran, _Harvard Theological Review_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1912).

GARNETT, LUCY M. J. Mysticism and Magic in Turkey (London, 1912).

_Babylonian-Assyrian_

JENSEN, P. Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (Strassburg, 1890).

TIELE, C. P. Babylonisch-assyrische Geschichte (Gotha, 1886); Die Religion in Babylonien und Assyrien (in his Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum) (new ed., Gotha, 1896-1903).

JEREMIAS, FRIEDR. Die Babylonier und Assyrier (in Saussaye's Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte) (2d ed., Freiburg, 1897).

KING, L. W. Babylonian Religion and Mythology (London, 1899).

JEREMIAS, ALFRED. Die babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben nach dem Tode (Leipzig, 1897); Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten Orients (2d ed., Leipzig, 1906; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1911).

JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898; Germ. ed., Giessen, 1904- ); Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (Edinburgh and New York, 1904); Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York and London, 1911).

HARPER, R. F. Assyrian and Babylonian Literature (New York, 1901).

DELITZSCH, FRIEDR. Babel und Bibel (Leipzig, 1902; and Stuttgart, 1903; new ed., Stuttgart, 1905); Eng. tr., ed. C. H. W. Johns (London, 1903); Eng. tr. by McCormack and Carruth [with German criticisms and the author's replies] (Chicago, 1903).

ROGERS, R. W. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its Relations to Israel (New York, 1908).

DHORME, P. La religion assyro-babylonienne (Paris, 1910).

ZIMMERN, H. Article "Babylonians and Assyrians" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

LANGDON, S. H. Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms (New York and Paris, 1909); Babylonian Eschatology (in Essays offered to C. A. Briggs, New York, 1911).

TOY, C. H. Panbabylonianism, _Harvard Theological Review_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1910).

Articles on Marduk, Nebo, Oannes, etc., in Roscher's Lexikon.

_Mandean_

NÖLDEKE, TH. Mandäische Grammatik, Einleitung (Halle, 1875).

BRANDT, A. J. H. W. Die mandäische Religion (Leipzig, 1889).

KESSLER, K. Article "Mandäer" (in Herzog-Hauck's Real-Encyklopädie).

GOTTHEIL, R. J. H. Article "Mandæans" (in Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia).

_Yesidi_

IBN HALLIKAN. Wafayât al-Áyân (Biographical Dictionary) (ed. F. Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1835-1840); Eng. tr. by MacGuckin de Slane (Paris and London, 1842-1871).

LAYARD, SIR A. H. Nineveh and its Remains (2d ed., London, 1849; new ed., New York, 1853); Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (London, 1853).

BADGER, G. P. Nestorians and their Rituals (London, 1852).

SIOUFFI, N. In _Journal asiatique_ (Paris, 1882 and 1885).

MENANT, J. Les Yezidiz, _Annales du Musée Guimet_ (Paris, 1892).

PARRY, O. H. Six Months in a Syrian Monastery (London, 1895).

HUART, CLÉMENT. History of Arabic Literature, p. 272 f. (London and New York, 1903).

JACKSON, A. V. W. In _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vol. xxv, p. 178 ff. (1904); Sketch in his Persia, Past and Present (New York, 1906).

Article "Yesidis" in New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).

LIDZBARSKI, M. In _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft_, vol. li (Leipzig).

JOSEPH, ISYA. Yezidi Texts (reprinted from _American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures_) (Chicago, 1909).

_Hebrew, Edomite, Phoenician, Aramean, etc._

KUENEN, A. Religion of Israel to the Fall of the Jewish State (Leipzig, 1873-1874; Eng. tr., London, 1874); The Prophets and Prophecy in Israel (Eng. tr., London, 1877).

SCHULTZ, H. Old Testament Theology (Eng. tr. of 4th Germ. ed., Edinburgh, 1892).

SCHWALLY, F. Das Leben nach dem Tode nach den Vorstellungen des alten Israel und Judentums (Giessen, 1892).

MONTEFIORE, C. G. Religion of the Ancient Hebrews (London, 1892).

DILLON, E. J. The Sceptics of the Old Testament (London, 1895).

GUNKEL, H. Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen, 1895).

MARTI, K. Geschichte der israelitischen Religion (3d ed., Strassburg, 1897); Religion des Alten Testaments (Tübingen, 1906; Eng. tr., London, 1907).

CHEYNE, T. K. Jewish Religious Life after the Exile (New York and London, 1898).

BUDDE, K. Religion of Israel to the Exile (New York and London, 1899).

SMEND, R. Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1899).

KAUTZSCH, E. Religion of Israel (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (Edinburgh and New York, 1904).

KENT, C. F. History of the Hebrew People (New York, 1896-1899).

MANN, NEWTON. The Evolution of a Great Literature (2d ed., Boston, 1906).

ADDIS, W. E. Hebrew Religion to the Establishment of Judaism under Ezra (London and New York, 1906).

WELLHAUSEN, J. Israelitisch-jüdische Religion (in Kultur der Gegenwart) (Berlin and Leipzig, 1909).

LOISY, A. La religion d'Israël (2d ed., revised and enlarged, Ceffonds, chez l'auteur, 1908); Eng. tr., The Religion of Israel (London and New York, 190?).

WALLIS, LOUIS. The Sociological Study of the Bible (Chicago, 1912).

MITCHELL, H. G. Ethics of the Old Testament (Chicago, 1912).

BENZIGER, I. Hebräische Archäologie (2d ed., Tübingen, 1907).

NOWACK, W. Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894).

WACE, W. The Apocrypha (Eng. tr., in Speaker's Commentary) (London, 1888).

SCHÜRER, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (3d and 4th edd., Leipzig, 1898-1907); Eng. tr. of 2d. ed., History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (New York, 1891).

BÜCHLER, A. Die Priester und der Cultus im letzten Jahrzehnt des jerusalemischen Tempels (Vienna, 1895).

BOUSSET, W. Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (Berlin, 1903).

RIGGS, J. S. History of the Jewish People during the Maccabean and Roman Periods (New York, 1910).

HOLLMANN, G. The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (Eng. tr., London, 1909).

GRAETZ, H. History of the Jews (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1891-1895).

GROSSMAN, L. Judaism and the Science of Religion (New York and London, 1889).

SUFFRIN, A. E. Article "Dualism (Jewish)" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

WEBER, F. Jüdische Theologie (2d. ed., Leipzig, 1897).

LAZARUS, M. Ethics of Judaism (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1900- ).

PHILIPSON, D. The Reform Movement in Judaism (New York and London, 1907).

OESTERLEY, W. O. E., and BOX, G. H. Religion and Worship of the Synagogue (New York, 1907).

BLISS, F. J. The Religions of Modern Syria and Palestine (New York, 1912).

JOSEPH, M. Judaism as Creed and Life (London and New York, 1910).

PHILO OF BYBLOS, Greek tr. of Sanchuniathon (text, Greek and Latin, in K. Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum) (Paris, 1848).

CORY, I. P. Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician ... and Other Writers (London, 1876).

GUTSCHMID, A. VON. Kleine Schriften (Leipzig, 1890).

RAWLINSON, G. History of Phoenicia (London, 1889).

PIETSCHMANN, R. Geschichte der Phoenizier (Berlin, 1889).

BAUDISSIN, W. VON. Adonis und Esmun (Berlin, 1911).

MÜLLER, W. MAX. Remarks on the Carthaginian Deity, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vol. xxxii (December, 1912).

Articles "Edomites" and "Syrians" (announced) in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

ALEXANDRE, CHARLES. Oracula Sibyllina (Greek text with Latin tr.) (Paris, 1841, new ed., 1869).

FRIEDLIEB, J. H. Oracula Sibyllina (Greek text with German tr.) (Leipzig, 1852).

RZACH, A. Oracula Sibyllina (critical Greek text) (Vienna, 1891).

TERRY, M. S. The Sibylline Oracles (translated from the Greek) (New York, 1890).

_Asia Minor_

PSEUDO-LUCIAN. De Syria Dea.

MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums, vol. i, part ii (2d ed., Stuttgart and Berlin, 1909).

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. History of Art in Sardinia ... and Asia Minor (Eng. tr., 1890).

MESSËRSCHMIDT, L. Corpus Inscriptionum Hettiticarum, _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_ (Leipzig, 1900); The Ancient Hittites, _Smithsonian Institution, Annual Reports_ (1893, 1894).

RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM. Historical Geography of Asia Minor (in supplementary papers of the _Royal Geographical Society_, iv) (London, 1890); articles in _Journal of Royal Asiatic Society_, xv.

WINCKLER, H. In _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft_ (Berlin, 1907).

HOGARTH, D. G. Article "Hittites" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

GARSTANG, J. Land of the Hittites (London, 1910).

WARD, W. H. The Greek and the Hittite Gods (in Essays presented to C. A. Briggs, New York, 1911); Asianic Influence in Greek Mythology (in Studies presented to C. H. Toy, New York, 1912).

ROSCHER. Lexikon, article "Kybele."

_Mithraism_

CUMONT FRANZ. Textes et monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de Mithra (Brussels, 1899); Mystères de Mithra (2d ed., Paris, 1902; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1903); Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York and London, 1912); article "Mithras" in Roscher's Lexikon.

_Indian_ (_Vedic_, _Brahmanic_, _Modern_)

WARD, W. A. View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos (London, 1822).

WILSON, H. H. Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus (in Asiatic Researches, 1828-1832) (republished, London, 1861).

MACPHERSON, S. C. Religious Opinions and Observances of the Khonds, _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ (London, 1842 and 1852).

BURNOUF, EMILE. Essais sur le Véda (Paris, 1863).

COLEBROOKE, H. T. Essays (new ed., London, 1873).

BERGAIGNE, A. La religion védique (Paris, 1878-1883).

MÜLLER, F. MAX. Religions of India (London, 1878).

ZIMMER, H. Altindisches Leben (Berlin, 1879).

LEFMANN, S. Geschichte des alten Indiens (Berlin, 1880).

BARTH, A. Religions of India (Eng. tr., London, 1882).

DEUSSEN, P. Das System des Vedanta (Leipzig, 1883); Eng. tr., The system of the Vedanta (Chicago, 1912).

WILKINS, W. J. Modern Hinduism (London, 1887).

LE BON, G. Les civilisations de l'Inde (Paris, 1887).

LANMAN, C. R. Beginnings of Hindu Pantheism (Cambridge, Mass., 1890).

MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER. Hinduism (London, 1890); Brahmanism and Hinduism (4th ed., London, 1891); Indian Wisdom (London, 1893).

GARBE, R. Die Samkhya Philosophie (Cambridge, Mass., and Boston, 1895); Beiträge zur indischen Kulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1903); Akbar, Emperor of India, _The Monist_, (Chicago, April, 1909).

OLDENBERG, H. Religion des Veda (Berlin, 1894).

MACDONELL, A. A. Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).

HILLEBRANDT, A. Vedische Mythologie (Breslau, 1891-1902).

BLOOMFIELD, M. Religion of the Veda (New York and London, 1908).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston, 1895); The Great Epic of India (New York, 1901); India Old and New (New York, 1901).

DUBOIS, J. A. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (tr. from the author's later French manuscript, by H. K. Beauchamp) (Oxford, 1897).

DUTT, R. C. Civilization of India (London, 1900).

EGGELING, H. J. Article "Hinduism" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.) (London).

BEVERIDGE, H. Article "Akbar" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics) (Edinburgh and New York).

GRIERSON, G. A. Article "Bhakti-Marga," ibid.

PRIDHAM, C. An Account of Ceylon [the Veddas] (London, 1849).

CROOKS, W. Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India (London, 1896); article "Bengal" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics; article "Dravidians (North India)," ibid.

FRAZER, R. W. Article "Dravidians (South India)," ibid.

ROBERTSON, SIR G. SCOTT. The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush (London, 1896).

RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London, 1906).

HODSON, T. C. The Naga Tribes of Manipur (London, 1911).

_Buddhism_

BURNOUF, EMILE. Introduction à l'histoire du bouddhisme indien (Paris, 1844); Le lotus de la bonne loi (tr. of the Saddharma-Pundarika) (Paris, 1852).

HUC, ABBÉ. Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China (1844-1846; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1898).

HARDY, R. Spence. Eastern Monachism (London, 1850); Manual of Buddhism in its Modern Development (2d ed., London, 1860).

DAVIDS, T. W. Rhys. Some Points in the History of Indian Buddhism (London, 1881); Buddhism (London, 1882); Buddhist India (London, 1903); Buddhism, its History and Literature (2d ed., New York and London, 1907).

OLDENBERG, H. Buddha, his Life, his Doctrine, his Order (Eng. tr., London, 1882).

KERN, H. The Lotus of the True Law (tr. of the Saddharma-Pundarika), vol. xxi of Sacred Books of the East (Oxford, 1884).

MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER. Buddhism (London, 1890).

HARDY, EDMUND. Der Buddhismus (Münster, 1890).

COPLESTON, R. S. Buddhism Primitive and Present in Magadha and in Ceylon (London, 1892).

BARTH, A. Religions of India (Eng. tr., London, 1882).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895); India Old and New (New York, 1901).

WARREN, H. C. Buddhism in Translations (Cambridge, Mass., 1896).

DE LA VALLÉE, POUSSIN. Buddhisme et religions de l'Inde (Brussels, 1912).

WADDELL, L. A. Buddhism in Tibet, or Lamaism (London, 1895).

GRÜNWEDEL, A. Lamaismus (in _Kultur der Gegenwart_, Die orientalischen Religionen) (Berlin, 1906).

ROCKHILL, W. W. Life of the Buddha and the Early History of his Order [from Tibetan works] (London, 1907).

BEAL, SAMUEL. Buddhism in China (London, 1884).

DE GROOT, J. J. M. On Mahayana (in his Religion of the Chinese) (New York, 1910).

HACKMANN, H. Der Buddhismus (Halle a. S., 1905-1906); Eng. tr., Buddhism as a Religion (London, 1909).

OLTRAMARE, P. Histoire des idées théosophiques dans l'Inde, _Annales du Musée Guimet_, v (Paris, 1906).

COWELL, MÜLLER AND TAKAKUSU. Tr. of Buddhist Mahâyâna sûtras (including the Buddha-Karita of Asvaghosha), vol. xlix of Sacred Books of the East (Oxford, 1894).

Articles (announced) on Hinayana and Mahayana in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.

SUZUKI, T. Eng. tr. of Asvaghosha's Discourse on the Awakening of Faith (Chicago, 1900); Outlines of Mahâyâna Buddhism (London, 1907).

AUNG, S. Z., AND MRS. RHYS DAVIDS. Compendium of Philosophy (London, 1910).

HAAS, H. Article "Amida Buddha unsere Zuflucht," _Religions-Urkunden der Völker_ (Leipzig, 1910).

RICHARD, T. The New Testament of Higher Buddhism (Edinburgh, 1910); Eng. tr. of Asvaghosha's Discourse on the Awakening of Faith (Shanghai, 1907).

ANESAKI, M. Article "Docetism (Buddhist)" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

LLOYD, A. The Creed of Half Japan, Sketches of Japanese Buddhism (New York, 1912).

AIKEN, C. F. The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ (Boston, 1900) (with bibliography).

EDMUNDS, A. J. Buddhist and Christian Gospels (4th ed., Philadelphia, 1908-1909).

_Jainism_

JACOBI, H. [vG]aina-sutras, vol. xxii of Sacred Books of the East (Oxford, 1884).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895), and the bibliography there given.

_Sikhs_

TRUMPP, ERNST. Religion der Sikhs (Leipzig, 1881); The Adi Granth (Eng. tr., London, 1907).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, pp. 510 ff., 591 (Boston, 1895).

MACAULIFFE, M. A. The Sikh Religion (Oxford, 1909).

BLOOMFIELD, M. The Sikh Religion (in Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H. Toy) (New York, 1912).

_Gypsies_

WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner (Münster, Westphalia, 1891).

BURTON, SIR R. F. The Jew, the Gypsy, and El Islam (Chicago and New York, 1898).

GASTER, MOSES. Article "Gipsies" (with bibliography) (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

Article "Gypsies" in New International Encyclopædia.

_Ethnologische Mitteilungen_ (Berlin, 1892).

_Malay Peninsula and Assam_

SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).

SKEAT, W. W., AND BLAGDEN, C. O. Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (London, 1906).

HODSON, T. C. Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, (London, 1905).

GAIT, E. A. History of Assam (Calcutta, 1906).

ANDERSON, J. D. Article "Assam" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Indo-Chinese Peninsula_

CABATON, A. Article "Annam" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Persian_

WINDISCHMANN, F. Zoroastrische Studien (Berlin, 1863).

SPIEGEL, FR. Eranische Alterthumskunde (Leipzig, 1871-1878).

HARLEZ, C. DE. Introduction to his French Translation of the Avesta (Paris, 1881).

HAUG, M. Essays on the Parsis (3d ed., London, 1884).

JUSTI, F. Geschichte des alten Persiens, p. 67 ff. (Berlin, 1879).

GEIGER, W. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in Ancient Times (Eng. tr., London, 1885-1886).

DARMESTETER, J. Le Zend-Avesta (Paris, 1892-1893).

JACKSON, A. V. Williams, Die Iranische Religion (in Geiger and Kuhn's _Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_) (Strassburg, 1896-1904); Zoroaster (New York and London, 1899); Persia, Past and Present (New York, 1906); article "Avesta" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics); Religion of the Achæmenian Kings (according to the inscriptions), _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xxi (New Haven, 1901).

BROWNE, E. G. Literary History of Persia, p. 95 ff. (London, 1902).

GELDNER, K. F. Avestalitteratur, _Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_, ii; Eng. tr., in Studies in honor of Sanjana (Strassburg, 1904).

SANJANA. Zarathushtra and Zarathushtrianism in the Avesta (Leipzig, 1906).

MENANT, D. Zoroaster d'après la tradition parsie, _Annales du Musée Guimet_, vol. xxx (Paris).

MILLS, L. H. Zarathushtra (Zoroaster), Philo, the Achæmenids and Israel (Chicago, 1906); articles (on Asha and Vohumanah) in _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xx, xxi (New Haven, 1899-1901).

GRAY, L. H. In _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_ vii, 345 (Leipzig, 1904).

CASARTELLI, L. C. Philosophy of the Mazdayasnian Religion under the Sassanids (Eng. tr., Bombay, 1889); article "Dualism, Iranian" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

MOORE, G. F. Zoroastrianism, _Harvard Theological Review_, vol. v. (Cambridge, Mass., 1912).

DARMESTETER AND MILLS. Eng. tr. of the Avesta (in Sacred Books of the East) (Oxford, 1879- ).

CUMONT, FR. Article "Mithras" (in Roscher's Lexikon).

_Manichæism_

BEAUSOBRE, ISAAC DE. Histoire critique de Manichée et du manichéisme (Paris, 1734-1735).

FLÜGEL, G. Mani, seine Lehre und seine Schriften (from the _Fihrist_) (Leipzig, 1862).

KESSLER, K. Mani (Berlin, 1889 and 1903); article "Mani und die Manichäer" (in Herzog-Hauck's Real-Encyklopädie) (Leipzig, 1903).

KUGENER AND CUMONT. Recherches sur le manichéisme (Brussels, 1908 ff.)

_Druses_

SACY, SILVESTRE DE. Exposé de la religion des Druses (Paris, 1838).

CHURCHILL, C. H. Ten Years' Residence in Mount Lebanon (London, 1853).

WORTABET, J. Researches into the Religions of Syria (London, 1860).

GUYS, H. La théogonie des Druses (Paris, 1863).

HERZOG-HAUCK. Real-Encyklopädie, Index, s.v. _Drusen_.

HOGARTH, D. G., AND BELL, GERTRUDE L. Article "Druses" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.)

_Babism and Bahaism_

COMTE DE GOBINEAU. Les religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie Centrale (Paris, 1866).

BROWNE, E. G. The Episode of the Bab: a Traveller's Narrative, vol. i Persian text, vol. ii Eng. tr. (Cambridge, England, 1891); New History of the Bab (Eng. tr., Cambridge, England, 1893).

PHELPS, M. H. Life and Teaching of Abbas Effendi [son of the founder, Beháu'llah]--Religion of the Babis and Behais (New York, 1903).

BURNEY, LAURA C. Some Answered Questions [statement of Bahaist beliefs by Abbas Efendi] (London, 1908).

_Armenian_

SAYCE, A. H. Article "Armenia (Vannic)" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

ANANIKIAN, M. H. Article "Armenia (Zoroastrian)," ibid.

_Ægean_

PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. La Grèce primitive (in their Histoire de l'art) (Paris, 1895).

EVANS, A. J. Mycenæan Tree and Pillar Cult (London and New York, 1901); Scripta Minoa [written documents of Minoan Crete] (Oxford 1909- ).

Articles in _Journal of Hellenic Studies_ and _Annals of the British School at Athens_.

HOGARTH, D. G. Article "Ægean Religion" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Greek_

AUGUSTINE. De Civitate Dei.

WELCKER, F. G. Griechische Götterlehre (Göttingen, 1857-1863).

HERMANN, K. F. Lehrbuch der gottesdienstlichen Alterthümer der Griechen (Heidelberg, 1858).

GLADSTONE, W. E. Juventus Mundi, the Gods and Men of the Heroic Age (London, 1869).

BOETTICHER, C. Baumkultus der Hellenen und Römer (Berlin, 1856).

GRUPPE, O. Die griechischen Culte und Mythen (Leipzig, 1887); Griechische Mythologie (München, 1897-1906).

STENGEL AND OEHMICHEN. Die griechischen Sakralaltertümer (München, 1890).

DYER, LOUIS. Studies of the Gods in Greece (London, 1891).

CAIRD, E. Evolution of Religion, lecture v (London and New York, 1893).

GARDNER AND JEVONS. Greek Antiquities (London, 1895).

MOMMSEN, A. Feste der Stadt Athen (new ed., Leipzig, 1898).

DICKINSON, G. LOWES. The Greek View of Life (2d ed., London, 1898).

FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States (Oxford, 1896-1909); The Place of the 'Sondergötter' in Greek Polytheism (in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907); Greece and Babylon (Edinburgh, 1911); Higher Aspects of Greek Religion (London, 1912).

ROHDE, E. Psyche, 1894 (3d issue, Leipzig, 1903).

HARRISON, MISS J. E. Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (Cambridge, Eng., 1903); Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).

HATCH, E. Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church (London, 1904).

SEYMOUR, T. D. Life in the Homeric Age (New York and London, 1907).

ADAM, JAMES. The Religious Teachers of Greece (Edinburgh, 1908).

PFISTER, F. Reliquien-Cult im Altertum (Giessen, 1909).

FOUCART, P. Des associations religieuses chez les Grecs (Paris, 1873); Lea grands mystères d'Eleusis (Paris, 1900).

JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London, 1902), chap. xxiii f.

JONG, K. H. E. DE. Das antike Mysterienwesen (Leiden, 1909).

FAIRBANKS, A. Handbook of Greek Religion (New York, 1910).

REIZENSTEIN, R. Hellenistische Mysterienreligion (Leipzig and Berlin, 1910).

Article "Dionysos" in Roscher's Lexikon.

Articles "Mystery" and "Orpheus" in Encyclopædia Britannica 11th ed.

Article "Mystery" in New International Encyclopædia.

BEVAN, E. R. Article "Deification (Greek and Roman)" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics) (Edinburgh and New York, 1912).

LEHMANN-HAUPT, C. F. Article "Sarapis" (in Roscher's Lexikon).

MAHAFFY, J. P. History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty, p. 56 ff. (London, 1889).

STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 72 f. (New York and London, 1905).

PLUTARCH. Isis and Osiris.

PREUSCHEN, E. Mönchtum und Sarapiskult (Giessen, 1903).

APULEIUS. Cult of Isis (in his Metamorphoses, bk. xi).

DREXLER, W. Article "Isis" (in Roscher's Lexikon).

_Religious Relations between Greece and India_

SCHRÖDER, L. VON. Pythagoras und die Inder (Leipzig, 1884).

WEBER, A. Die Griechen in Indien, _Literarisches Centralblatt_ (1884).

GARBE, R. Connexion between Indian and Greek Philosophy, _The Monist_ (July, 1894).

HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, chap. xix (Boston and London, 1895).

PRINGLE-PATTISON, A. S. Article "Pythagoras" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

Histories of Philosophy, on Pythagoras.

_Roman_

VARRO, M. T. Res Rusticae (Leipzig, 1889); Res Divinae (from Augustine's De Civitate Dei) (Leipzig, 1896); De Lingua Latina (Leipzig, 1910).

ARNOBIUS. Disputationes adversus Gentes (or Nationes) (Latin text, Vienna, 1875; Eng. tr., New York, 1888).

SERVIUS. Commentary on Vergil (Leipzig, 1881-1887).

MACROBIUS. Saturnalia (Fr. tr., Paris, 1883).

AUGUSTINE. De Civitate Dei.

MOMMSEN, TH. Römische Geschichte (new ed., Berlin, 1856-1887; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1870, 1894, 1903).

ZELLER, E. Religion und Philosophie bei den Römern (in his Beiträge und Abhandlungen) (Berlin, 1872).

BOISSIER G. La religion romaine d'Auguste aux Antonins (2d ed., Paris, 1878).

RENAN, E. Influence of the Institutions, Thought and Culture of Rome on Christianity (London, 1880).

PRELLER-JORDAN. Römische Mythologie (Berlin, 1881-1883).

AUST, E. Religion der Römer (Münster, Westphalia, 1899).

WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (Munich, 1902).

FOWLER, W. W. Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (London, 1899); Social Life at Rome in the Age of Cicero (New York, 1910); Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).

FRIEDLÄNDER, L. Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed., Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr. of 7th ed., Roman life and Manners under the Early Empire (London and New York ca. 1903).

GLOVER, T. R. Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire (2d ed., London, 1909).

GRUPPE, G. Kulturgeschichte der römischen Kalserzeit (München, 1903-1904).

CARTER, J. B. Religion of Numa (London, 1906); The Religious Life of Ancient Rome (Boston and New York, 1911).

REINACH, S. Orpheus [a general history of religions], chap. iii (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author, London and New York, 1909).

ARNOLD, E. V. Roman Stoicism (Cambridge, England, 1911).

_Etruscan_

HERBIG, G. Article "Etruscan Religion" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Celtic_

RHYS, J. Celtic Heathendom (London, 1886).

BERTRAND, A. Religion des Gaulois (2d ed., Paris, 1891).

IHM, M. Der Mütter-oder Matronenkultus und seine Denkmäler, _Bonner Jahrbücher_ (1887).

MACCULLOCH J. A. Religion of the Ancient Celts (Edinburgh, 1911); article "Celts" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics); article "Druids," ibid.

GRUFFYDD, W. J. Welsh Literature (in article "Celt" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

QUIGGIN, E. C. Article "Celtic Languages and Literature," ibid.

ROBINSON, F. N. Article "Deae Matres" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

Revue Celtique (Paris).

_Celtic Review_, Edinburgh.

_Teutonic_

GRIMM, J. Deutsche Mythologie (Berlin, 1835; 4th ed., 1875-1878); Kleinere Schriften (Berlin, 1864-1890).

MÜLLENHOFF, K. Deutsche Altertumskunde (Berlin, 1870-1892).

BUGGE, S. Studier over de nordiske Gude-og Heltesagns oprindelse (1880); Germ. tr., Studien über die Entstehung der nordischen Götterund Heldensagen (Munich, 1889).

GRUPPE, O. Griechische Culte und Mythen in ihren Beziehungen zu den orientalischen Religionen, Index (Leipzig, 1887).

MOGK, E. Germanische Mythologie (in Paul's Grundriss der germanischen Philologie) (2d ed., Strassburg, 1898).

MEYER, E. H. Germanische Mythologie (Berlin, 1891).

GUMMERE, F. B. Article "Teutonic (or Germanic) Mythology" (in Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia); Germanic Origins (New York, 1892).

LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons (with bibliography) (Boston and London, 1902).

CHADWICK, H. M. Article "Teutonic Peoples," p. 683 ff. (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

MANNHARDT, W. Baumcultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin, 1875); Antike Wald- und Feldkulte aus nordeuropäischen Uberlieferungen erläutert (Berlin, 1877); Mythologische Forschungen, _Quellen und Forschungen_ (1884).

JÓNSSON, F. Article "The Eddas" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

VIGFUSSON, G., AND POWELL, F. YORK. Corpus Poeticum Boreale (Old Norse Poetry, Scaidic and Eddic) (Oxford, 1883).

THORPE, B. Metrical Translation of the Edda (London, 1866).

_Slavic_

Archiv für slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ).

MANNS, E. H. Article "Slavs," p. 230 (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th. ed.).

USENER, H. Götternamen (Bonn, 1896).

KRAUSS, F. S. Slavische Folkforschungen (Leipzig, 1908).

MONE, F. J. Geschichte des Heidenthums in nördlichen Europa (Leipzig, 1836).

_Central and Northern Asia_

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1896-1898).

FEATHERMAN, A. Races of Mankind, iv (London, 1881-1891).

PUMPELLY, R. Explorations in Turkestan (Prehistoric Civilizations of Anau) (Washington, 1908).

VÁMBÉRY, A. Die primitive Cultur des turko-tatarischen Volkes (Leipzig, 1879).

HUC, E. R. Travels in Tartary, Tibet, and China (Eng. tr., London, 1859).

KEANE, A. H. Asia (London, 1896-1906); article "Asia" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

KING, L. W. History of Sumer and Akkad, Appendix (New York, 1910).

MOUHOT, H. Travels in the Central Parts of Indo-China (London, 1864).

CROSS, E. B. The Karens, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, iv (New York, 1854).

KLEMENTZ, DEMETRIUS. Article "Buriats" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

WASILJEV, J. Heidnische Gebräuche, Aberglaube und Religion der Wotyaken (Helsingfors, 1902).

JOCHELSON, W. The Koryak (in Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vi) (New York).

BOGORAS, W. The Chukchee, ibid.

WRIGHT, J. H., editor. History of All Nations, vol. ii, Central and Eastern Asia in Antiquity (by F. Justi, F. W. Williams, M. Jastrow, Jr., and A. V. W. Jackson) (Philadelphia and New York, 1902 and 1905).

WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Magyaren (Münster, Westphalia, 1893).

CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).

Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicæ (Helsingfors).

COMPARETTI, D. Il Kalevala, o la poesia tradizionale del Finni (Rome, 1891).

CRAWFORD, J. M. Eng. tr. of the Kalevala (New York, 1888).

KIRBY, W. F. Eng. tr. of the Kalevala (London, 1898).

_Japan_

GRIFFIS, W. E. The Religions of Japan (London, 1895).

ASTON, W. G. Shinto (London, 1907).

KNOX, G. W. Development of Religion in Japan (New York and London, 1907).

LONGFORD, J. H. Story of Old Japan (London, 1910).

BRINKLEY, F. In article "Japan" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., p. 222 ff.).

BATCHELOR, J. The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901); article "Ainus" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

HOWARD, B. D. Life with the Trans-Siberian Savages (London, 1893).

_China and Korea_

DOUGLAS, R. K. Confucianism and Taouism (London, 1889).

LEGGE, JAMES. Religions of China (London, 1880); articles "Confucius" and "Lâo-Tsze" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.); Texts of Taoism (in Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi).

DE GROOT, J. J. M. Religious System of China (Leiden, 1892-1907); Religion of the Chinese (New York, 1910); Religion in China: Universism, a Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism (New York and London, 1912).

GILES, H. A. Articles "Religions of Ancient China," "China" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

GRIFFIS, W. E. Corea, the Hermit Nation (New York, 1901).

LONGFORD, J. H. Story of Korea (New York, 1911).

HOWARTH, O. J. R. Article "Korea" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).

UNDERWOOD, H. G. Religions of Eastern Asia (New York, 1910).

PARKER, E. H. Studies in Chinese Religion (London, 1910).

CHAVANNES, E. Mémoires historiques, vol. i, Introduction to tr. of the Tao-Teh-King (Paris, 1895).

DVORAK, R. China's Religionen, No. 2 (Münster, 1903).

HEYSINGOR, J. W. The Light of China (metrical version of the Tao-Teh-King) (Philadelphia, 1903).

_Oceania_

RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1896-1898).

FRAZER, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy, Index (London, 1910); The Belief in Immortality and the Worship of the Dead (the Gifford Lectures, 1911-1912) (London and New York).

BASTIAN A. Inselgruppen in Oceania (Berlin, 1883).

KEANE, A. H. Article "Australasia" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Polynesia_

MARINER, W. Tonga Islands (London, 1817).

GREY, G. Polynesian Mythology (Auckland, 1885).

ELLIS, W. Polynesian Researches (London, 1859); Tour around Hawaii (London, 1829).

JARVES, J. J. History of the Hawaiian Islands (Honolulu, 1872).

BASTIAN, A. Zur Kenntniss Hawaiis (Berlin, 1883).

ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (London, 1892).

ACHELIS, THOS. Ueber Mythologie und Cultus von Hawaii, 1895 (reprint from Ausland, 1893).

TAYLOR, R. New Zealand and its Inhabitants (London, 1870).

GILL, W. Myths and Songs of the South Pacific (London, 1876).

TURNER, G. Samoa (London, 1884).

KRÄMER, A. Hawaii, Ostmikronesien und Samoa (Stuttgart, 1906).

TREGEAR, E. The Maori race (Wanganui, New Zealand, 1904).

SHORTLAND, E. Traditions and Superstitions of the New Zealanders (London, 1854).

BÄSSLER, A. Südsee Bilder (Berlin, 1895); Neue Südsee Bilder (Berlin, 1900).

_Melanesia_

WILLIAMS, J., AND CALVERT, J. Fiji and the Fijians (London, 1870).

CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians (Oxford, 1891).

SELIGMANN, C. G. The Melanesians of British New Guinea (Cambridge, England, 1910).

BROWN, GEORGE. Melanesians and Polynesians (London and New York, 1910).

FURNESS, W. H., 3d. The Island of Stone-Money (Uap of the Carolines), (Philadelphia and London, 1910).

_Australia and Tasmania_

SPENCER, B., AND GILLEN, J. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899); Northern Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1904).

HOWITT, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).

PARKER, MRS. K. L. The Euahlayi Tribe (London, 1905).

GENNEP, A. V. Mythes et légendes d'Australie (Paris, 1906).

THOMAS, N. W. Native Tribes of Australia (London, 1907); article "Australia" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

TYLOR, E. B. On the Tasmanians as Representatives of Palæolithic Man, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxiii

_Malay Archipelago and the Philippines_

MARSDEN, W. History of Sumatra (London, 1811).

BOCK, C. Head-hunters of Borneo (London, 1881).

MAN, E. H. The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xii (London, 1885).

WALLACE, A. R. The Malay Archipelago (London, 1890).

WILKEN, G. A. Het shamanisme bij de volken van den Indischen Archipel ('S-Hage, 1887).

KRUIJT, A. C. Het animisme in den indischen Archipel ('S-Gravenhage, 1906).

SARASIN, P. AND F. Die Weddas von Ceylon und die umgebenden Völkerschaften (Wiesbaden, 1893).

ROTH, H. L. The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo (London, 1896).

HADDON, A. C. Head-hunters, Black, White and Brown (London, 1901).

FURNESS, W. H., 3d. Home-life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia, 1902).

MORRIS, MISS M. Harvest Gods of the Land Dyaks of Borneo, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (July, 1905).

HURGRONYE, C. SNOUCK. The Achehnese (London, 1906).

WARNECK, J. Die Religion der Batak (in J. Böhmer's Religionsurkunden der Völker, Abth. iv, Bd. i) (Leipzig, 1909).

_Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology of the Philippine Government._

_Journal of American Folklore._

_Philippine Journal of Science_, Manila.

_Bureau of American Ethnology._

BLUMENTRITT, F. Diccionario mitologico de Philippinas (2d ed., Madrid, 1895).

BEYER, H. O., AND BARTON, R. F. An Ifugao Burial Ceremony (reprint from _Philippine Journal of Science_) (1911).

NORTH AMERICA

Relation des Jésuites de la Nouvelle France [17th century] (edited, with Eng. tr., by R.G. Thwaites, Cleveland, 1901).

PARKMAN, F. The Jesuits in North America in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1867).

WILLIAMS, ROGER. Key into the Language of America (London, 1643).

HODGE, F. W. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington, 1907-1910).

_Journal of American Folklore_ (Boston and New York).

SMITH, JOHN. General History of Virginia (London, 1627; new issue, 1907).

STRACHEY, W. Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia (1618; ed. R. H. Major, London, 1849).

HENDERSON, S. R. The Government and Religion of the Virginia Indians, _Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science_, xiii (Baltimore).

MÜLLER, J. G. Geschichte der amerikanischen Urreligionen (Basel, 1867).

SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R. Indian Tribes of the United States (Philadelphia, 1851-1860).

BANCROFT, H. H. Native Races of the Pacific States of North America (New York, 1875-1876).

WINSOR, J. Narrative and Critical History of America (Boston, 1889).

PAYNE, E. J. History of the New World, called America (Oxford, 1899).

CUSHING, F. H. My Adventures in Zufii, _Century Magazine_ (New York, May, 1883).

FLETCHER, ALICE. Indian Ceremonies from the _Sixteenth Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1883) (Salem, Mass., 1884).

GATSCHET, A. S. A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians (Philadelphia, 1884).

BRINTON, D. G. The Lenâpé and their Legends (Philadelphia, 1885).

FEWKES, J. W. The Winter Solstice Ceremony at Walpi (reprinted from the _American Anthropologist_, xi) (Washington, 1898).

MATTHEWS, W. Navaho Legends (Boston and New York, 1897).

BOAS, F. The Indians of British Columbia (reprinted from _Report of the British Association_, 1889) (London); The Kwakiutl (Washington, 1897).

TEIT, J. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia (Boston and New York, 1898).

MORICE, A. G. Notes ... on the Western Dénés, _Transactions of the Canadian Institute_ (1894).

WILL, G. F., AND SPINDEN, H. J. The Mandans [of North Dakota], (Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Mass., 1906).

HILL-TOUT, C. British North America (the Far West) (London, 1907).

DIXON, R. B. The Northern Maidu [of California], _Bulletin of American Museum of Natural History_, vol. xvii (New York, 1905); The Shasta (California), ibid. (New York, 1907); The Chimariko Indians, _University of California Publications in American Archæology and Ethnology_ (Berkeley, 1910).

CRANZ. D. History of Greenland (London, 1820).

RINK, H. J. Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo (Edinburgh and London, 1875); The Eskimo Tribes (Copenhagen and London, 1887).

BOAS, F. The Central Eskimo, _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, 1884-1885 (Washington, 1888).

RASMUSSEN, KNUD. People of the Polar North (London, 1908).

RADIN, P., AND GRAY, L. H. Article "Eskimos" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

_Mormonism_

RILEY, I. W. The Founder of Mormonism, a Psychological Study of Joseph Smith (New York, 1902).

LINN, W. A. The Story of the Mormons ... to the Year 1901 (New York 1902).

MEYER, EDOUARD. Ursprung und Geschichte der Mormonen (Halle a. S., 1912).

_Mexico_

SAHAGUN, F. B. DE. Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España (Mexico, 1829-1830, and Fr. tr.).

ACOSTA, J. DE. Historia de las Indias (Eng. tr., C. R. Markham, London, 1880).

HERRERA, A. DE. Historia de las Indias Ocidentales (Eng. tr., London, 1825-1826).

SELER, E. Altmexikanische Studien, _Publications of Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde_, vi (1899); Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur amerikanischen Sprach-und Alterthumskunde (Berlin, 1902-1909).

PRESCOTT, W. H. Conquest of Mexico (Boston, 1843).

RÉVILLE, A. Native Religions of Mexico and Peru (London, 1884).

SPENCE, L. Mythologies of Ancient Mexico and Peru (London, 1907).

PREUSS, K. T. Die Feuergötter als Ausgangspunkt zum Verständniss der mexikanischen Religion, _Mitteilungen der_ [Wiener] _anthropologischen Gesellschaft_ (1903).

NUTALL, ZELIA. A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans, _Archæological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1904).

TOY, C. H. Mexican Human Sacrifice, _Journal of American Folklore_ (Boston and New York, 1905).

CENTRAL AMERICA

BRINTON, D. G. The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths of Central America, _Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society_ (Philadelphia, 1881); The Annals of the Cakchiquels (Philadelphia, 1885); Nagualism, a Study in Native American Folklore and History (Philadelphia, 1894).

SCHELLHAS, P. Representations of Deities of the Maya Mss. (Eng. tr. of 2d ed. in _Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University_) (Cambridge, Mass., 1904).

TOZZER, A. M. Comparative Study of the Mayas and Lacandones [of Yucatan] (New York and London, 1907).

_Porto Rico_

FEWKES, J. W. Aborigines of Porto Rico (in _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, xxv) (Washington).

SOUTH AMERICA

LA VEGA, GARCILASO DE. Comentarios reales de los Incas (1609; Eng. tr., ed. C. R. Markham, Rites and Laws of the Yncas) (London, 1870).

PRESCOTT, W. H. Conquest of Peru (Boston, 1847).

BERNAU, J. H. Missionary Labors in British Guiana (London, 1847).

IM THURN, F. Among the Indians of Guiana (London, 1883).

RÉVILLE and SPENCE. See under 'Mexico.'

HYADES, P., AND DENIKER, J. Mission scientifique du Cap Horn (Paris, 1882-1883, 1891- ).

VON DEN STRINEN, K. Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens (Berlin, 1894).

BÄSSLER, A. Altperuanische Kunst (1902).

EHRENREICH, P. Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker (Berlin, 1905).

FARABEE, W. C. Some Customs of the [Peruvian] Machegongos (reprinted from _Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society_) (Worcester, 1909).

AFRICA

WAITZ-GARLAND. Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).

ELLIS, W. History of Madagascar (London, 1838).

FRITSCH, G. Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's (Breslau, 1872).

HAHN, TH. Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being of the Khoi-Khoi (London, 1881).

MACDONALD, D. Africana (London, 1882).

MACDONALD, J. Manners, Customs, Superstitions and Religions of South-African Tribes, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xix, xx (London); East Central African Customs, ibid., xxii (London, 1893).

CALLAWAY, H. Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-1870).

ELLIS, A. B. The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast of West Africa (London, 1887); The E[´w]e-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa (London, 1890); The Yoruba-speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa (London, 1894).

SCHNEIDER, W. Religion der afrikanischen Naturvölker (Münster, Westphalia, 1891).

HANOTEAU, A., and LETOURNEAUX, A. La Kabylie (2d ed., Paris, 1893).

WESTERMARCK, E. Nature of the Arab [vG]inn, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_ (London, 1900); L'âr, or the Transference of Conditional Curses in Morocco (in Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).

KINGSLEY, MARY. Travels in West Africa (London, 1897); West African Studies (London, 1901).

THEAL, G. M. Records of South-Eastern Africa (London, 1898-1900); History and Ethnography of South Africa (London, 1907-1910).

QUATREFAGES, A. DE. The Pygmies (Eng. tr., New York, 1895).

JOHNSTON, H. The Pygmies of the Great Congo Forest, _Smithsonian Institution Reports_, 1902 (Washington).

SCHMIDT, W. Stellung der Pygmäenvölker in der Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen (Stuttgart, 1910).

MAC-RITCHIE, D. Article "Dwarfs and Pygmies" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).

FROBENIUS, L. Ursprung der afrikanischen Kulturen (1898; Eng. tr. in _Smithsonian Institution Reports_, 1898, Washington).

HINDE, S. L., AND MRS. HILDEGARDE. The Last of the Masai (London, 1901).

HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi (Oxford, 1909).

NASSAU, R. H. Fetichism in West Africa (London, 1904).

KIDD, D. The Essential Kafir (London, 1904).

JOHNSTON, H. The Uganda Protectorate (London, 1904).

PARTRIDGE, C. Cross River Natives (London, 1905).

ROSCOE, J. Manners and Customs of the Baganda, _Journal of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi, xxxii (London); The Bahima, ibid., xxxvii (London).

BRUN, P. Croyances et pratiques religieuses des Malinkés fétichistes, _Anthropos_, ii (Salzburg, 1907).

LEONARD, A. G. The Lower Niger and its Tribes (London, 1906).

MILLIGAN, R. H. The Fetish Folk of West Africa (New York, 1912).

INDEX

(The Arabic figures refer to paragraphs)

Ablutions, sacred, 197

Abnegation, offering as, 1040

Abraham, abrogation of human sacrifice ascribed to, 847

Abstractions, gods of, 695 ff.

Abydos, chief seat of worship of Osiris, 728

Acts, ritual, magical power in, 1019

Adam Kadmon, 735

Æschines as mystagogue, 1099 n. 1

Aesculapius, shrine of, incubation at, 922

Aeshma, prominent position of, 738

Africa, clan deities in, 645; food restrictions in, 457; myths of clan origins in, 450

Africa, Central, Islam in, 1146

Africa, West, polypsychism in, 39

Agdistis, birth of, 288 n. 2; cult of, 413

Age, mythopoeic, 821

[Greek: agios], sense of, 626 n. 9

Agnosticism, Chinese, 1006

Agriculture, sacrifices in, 1035

Ahura Mazda, relation of, to Varuna, 742

Ainu, the, bear-cult of, 257; gods of, 661, 672

Alexander, deification of, 340, 347

Alexandrian canon, 1130

Ali, deification of, 355

Allah, cultic significance of, 766

Al-Lât, local nature of, 764

Allegory, science of, 863

Altar, origin of, 297, 1081; religious purification of, 195

Al-Uzza, local nature of, 764

Amenhotep IV, reform of, 727

America, examination of dead in, 76; gods of, 662-665; guardian spirits in, 504; polypsychism in, 39; power of priests in, 532; social organizations in, 499; tribal badges in, 446; trickster heroes in, 633

America, North, food restrictions in, 458

America, Northwest, religiously inferior to the Eastern tribes, 527

Amesha-spentas, the, 320, 703, 738

Amon-Ra, supremacy of, 727

Amulets, phallos and yoni as, 405, 406 n. 3

Anahita, 739

Ancestor-worship, 360 ff.; moral power of, 380; origin of totemism sought in, 544, 549

Anchor, worship offered to, 891

Androgynous deities, 407 ff.

Angels, guardian, 673; as rain-givers, 315 n. 6; originators of arts, 843

Angro Mainyu, 976

Animals, abodes of souls, 25, 31; connection of, with phallic deities, 419; cult of, 241-261; domestication of, ascribed to totemism, 564-569; morning prayers to, 573; whether religious sense in, 12 n. 2

Anthesteria, the, apotropaic element in, 374; prohibition of work in, 602

Aphrodite, history of, 793 f.; represented by a stone, 292

Apocrypha, the, recognition of, 1131

Apollo, development of, 770; Delphian hymn to, 1088

Apostle, Jewish title, 1110 n. 2

Apotheosis, Roman, 353

Apuleius, his conception of Isis, 1114

Arabia, supposed abstract gods in, 698 ff.; worship of morning star in, 717

Aramea, deities of, 764

Areoi, the, church-form of, 1096; future privileges of, 74; tyranny of, 531

Ares, history of, 775

Ark, the Israelite, 291

Arrows, Arab divination by, 918

Arta, Vedic, 688

Artemis, functions of, 788; Ephesian, image of, 300 n. 1

Arval Brothers, the, 800

Asha, Avestan, 688

Ashanti, gods of, 660

Ashera, Hebrew, origin of, 272

Ashtar, relation of, to Ishtar, 763

Ashtart, shem Baal, meaning of, 409

Ashur, god, nature of, 759

Ashurbanipal, dreams of, 922

Assyria, influence of priests in, 1068

Astrology, development of, 850, 914 f.

Asylums, graves as, 369; temples as, 1085

Atargatis, origin and cult of, 399

Aten, as sole ruler, 989

Atharva-Veda, magic in, 902

Athene, history of, 791 f.

Athtar, relation of, to Ishtar, 763

Atonement, Hebrew annual ceremony of, 142

Attis, origin and cult of, 271, 413, 1066; death of, 283

Augustus, religious reconstruction by, 353; temples consecrated to, 347

Australia, absence of sacrifice in, 10; ceremonies of, blood in, 10; creators in, 639; food restrictions in, 452; rain clan in, 136; rites, economic, in, 460; totemism in, 468 ff.

Australia, North, prohibition of eating totem in, 470

Authority, religious, absolute, claim to, 1140

Azazel, head of fallen angels, 692; lord of wilderness and receiver of Jewish national sins, 142

Baal-shamem, meaning of, 409

Baalzebub, meaning of, 671; oracle of, 927

Bab, the, function of, 1120

Babe, as child of God, 188

Babylonia, influence of priests in, 1068; local gods in, 650; omens in, 912; Semitic mythopoeic center, 868; unlucky days in, 611

Badges, function of, 501-503; supposed origin of totems, 555

Baetulus, etymology of, 294

Baganda, the, totemistic usages among, 457, 511

Bahaism, success of, 1120

Baháu'llah, founder of a church, and claimed to be incarnation of God, 1120

Baiame, clan god, 644

Bakuana, the, food restrictions among, 457

Banana, incarnation of dead chief, 479

Baptism, infant, result of its introduction, 1110; proselyte, 198; quasi-magical power attributed to, 198 n. 3

Bards, Australian, 106

Bathing, removal of taboo by, 616

Bau, goddess of fertility, 761

Bear, as messenger, 1024

Beasts, pantheon of, 248

Beelzebul, origin of, 671

Beings, savage, whether regarded as eternal, 984 f.; two supernatural, opposed to each other, 969

Bene-Israel, the, persistence of Jewish customs among, 224 n. 3

Bengal, oracles in, 927

Bethel, Hebrew, meaning of, 294

Bible, the, results of study of, 1135

Bird, the, symbol of soul, 25

Birth, supposed cause of, 34

Blood, connection of, with life, 23; expiatory power of, 1026; inoculation with, in marriages, 178; kinship of, totemic, 441

Body, the, as seat of life, 26; regarded as by nature nonsacred, 205

Boedromia, the, 845

Bombay, Parsiism in, 1145

Bones, animal, not to be broken, 127; divination by, 920

Borneo, harvest taboos in, 599; oracles in, 927

Bo-tree, the, worship under, 281

Boundaries, gods of, 704

Bowels, the, as seat of emotion, 27

Brahma, impersonal, 730; meaning of, 703

Brain, the, relation of, to thought, 28; Arabic conception of, 28

Brides, taboos on, 179

Brotherhood, blood-, 169

Buddhism, agnosticism of, 1007; canons of, 1129; diffusion of, 1142, 1147

Bull, the, worship of, 258

Bunjil, Australian, nature of, 644

Burma, Buddhism in, 1142

Bush, burning, god in, 279

Bushmen, cult of mantis by, 257

Byblos, sacred prostitution at, 1066

Cadmus, culture-hero, 843

Cælus, 722

Cæsar, Julius, deified, 353

Cainites, the, 693

Çakti, cult of, 734

Çaktism, cultic significance of, 406

Calendars, savage, 210 f.

Calif Omar, embassy of, to Persia, 916

California, cosmogony in, 829; ghost dance in, 108

Caligula, divine honors accorded to, 347

Canaan, sun-cult in, 753

Canons, religious, 1128 ff.

Çaoshyanç, the, prophetic function of, 348

Caracalla, enrollment of, among the heroes, 353 n. 2

Carthage, cult of Tanit in, 410

Ceremonies, marriage-, whether essentially religious, 178-183; religious, merrymaking in, 1057; religious, later interpretation of, 103

Ceres, origin of, 803

Ceylon, Buddhism in, 1142

Chaldeans, astrological science of, 914 f.; charlatanry of, 927

Chaos, philosophical conception of, 685

Charms, animal and vegetable, 229; attitude of men toward, 239

Chastity, origin of demand for, 594

Chiefs, relief from taboo by, 615; sacredness of, 595

Child, death of, ceremonies at, 191 n. 4; name of, how chosen, 187; newborn, purification of, by water, 197; perils of, 589; prenatal influence on, 481

Childbirth, future of women dying in, 75

Children, first-born, sacrifice of, 134; savage training of, 146

China, Buddhism in, 1142; conception of kinship with the dead in, 193; divinization of emperor in, 345; expulsion of spirits in, 140; no priestly class in national religion of, 1074; official religion of, 748; polypsychism in, 39; sky and earth as progenitors in, 992; stress on earthly life in, 992; supremacy of Heaven in, 992; tutelary gods in, 672

Christendom, development of ritual in, 1060

Christian canon, formation of, 1131

Christian monachism, 1126

Christian writers, early, interpretation of myths by, 873

Christianity, diffusion of, 1144, 1147; dualism of, 977

Chunder Sen, church-founder, 1119

Church, Buddhistic, 1106; pre-Christian idea of, 1101

Churches, origin and function of, 1095 ff.; influence of, 1137 ff.; temptations of, 1139

Cicero, on cerebrum as seat of mind, 28; on origin of the soul, 36

Circumambulation, object of, 112

Circumcision, 153-168

Çiva, 733

Civilization, mythical origin of, 843

Clan, rain-, Australian, 136; relation of, to marriage customs, 423; supposed deliberate choice of totem by, 554

Clans, mythical origin of, 450; non-exogamous totemic, 436

Clanship, totemic, religious side of, 571

Climate, effect of, on totemic usages, 470; Iranian, 976 n. 3

Clothing, origin of, 114

Code, moral, regarded as will of God, 1166

Codes, good and bad, accepted by religion, 1162 f.

Conceptional theory of the origin of totemism, 548

Conceptions, mythical, historical development of, 871

Conduct, association of, with religion, 1161

Confucianism not ecclesiastical, 1103

Confucius, deified, 354; teaching of, 1103

Congo, death of souls held in, 48

Conscience, religious development of, 1170

Consecration by sacrifice, 1033

Constitution, savage social, composite character of, 620

Control, supernatural, common to all religions, 1149

Corpse, savage attitude toward, 590

Corruption, monachistic, 1127

Cosmogonies, civilized, 829 ff.; savage, 255, 829

Cosmogony, Babylonian, 316; Hebrew, 830 n. 5

Courtesans, temple-, in West Africa and India, 1066

Couvade, the, 589; origin of, 185

Coyote, the, malicious, 634; place of soul of, 31 n. 4

Creation, Iranian, out of nothing, 830 n. 3; myths of, 828-833

Creatianism, 37

Creators, American, 678; mutually antagonistic, 831

Creeds, value of elasticity in, 1136

Crests, relation of, to totem, 502

Criminals, detection of, by divination, 918

Cult, synagogal, national character of, 1108

Cults, alien, adoption of, 1148 n. 1; collocation of, 279; individuality of, how obscured, 1153; orgiastic, derived from Asia Minor, 1101; popular, polytheistic, 986

Culture, as basis of classification of religions, 1150

Culture-heroes, 637 ff.

Curse, conditional, 926

Curses and blessings, relation of, to worship, 1090

Customs, mythical origin of, 844 f.

Cyprus, supposed bisexual deity in, 411

Dahomi, cult of indwelling spirit in, 43 n. 2; ghost as family protector in, 533; gods of, 660

_Daimonia_, Greek, as demons, 890

Dance, Green Corn, Cherokee, 490; Snake, economic, 461 n. 1

Dances, cultic rôle of, 106 ff.; symbolic, 1032

Danger, magical, origin of, 586

Daniel, book of, resurrection in, 90

Daramulun, origin of, 644

Dead, the, as advocates, 94; as underground deities, 372; Babylonian prayer to, 371; Brahmanic ceremonies for, 96; charms for, 95 n. 5; cult of, 350 ff.; dependent on the living, 361; magical coercion of, 1021

Death, infection of air by, 591; origin of, 834; savage view of, 38

Deconsecration by sacrifice, 1033

Dedication, Jewish feast of, 1089

Deities, female, minor Roman, 803; immoralities of, 1013; nature of, defined by science, 1157; need of caution in approaching, 196; Roman, primitive, 797

Delphi, sacred fire at, 321

Demeter, origin of, 784

Demigods, dedivinization of, 358

Demiurge, Gnostic, 13

Demons, dwelling in plants, 266; exorcism of, 139; future torture by, 75; relation of, to gods, 694; religious utility of, 690

Depravity, total, religious view of, 1172

Devil, the, grandmother of, 643 n. 1; in New Testament, 977

Diana, nature of, 806

Dido, self-immolation of, 1048

_Dies Irae_, the, 940

Dionysiac cult, partly Hellenized, 1099

Dionysus, history of, 776 ff.

Divination, definition of, 905; organization of, 906

Diviner, the, civil and social recognition of, 908; ecstatic state of, 907

Divinity, tutelary, tenderness for, 653

Doctrines, religious, tried by moral standards, 1164

Dodona, history of oak of, 279

Dog, name of male sacred prostitutes, 1066

Dogmas, religious, philosophical character of, 880

Domestication of animals and plants, relation of, to totemism, 523, 564 ff.

Dough, images of, eaten in Mexico, 222

Dreams, as presages, 921 f.

Dualism, 968 ff.; alleged, of Iroquois, 970; of mind and matter, 1004, 1007; Manichæan, 1115; monachistic, 1121; Persian, 976; savage, 683 ff.

Dukduk, the, police rôle of, 531

Dupuis, stellar theory of, 864, 866

Durga, reverence for, 693

Dusares, origin of, 764

Dyaks, Sea-, deities of, 659

Dyaus, rôle of, 734

Dylan, Celtic deity, 974

Dynasties, divine, 721 ff.

Ea, origin and growth of, 756

Eating, whether sacramental in Australia, 128

Eclipses, mythical cause of, 849

Economic questions, relation of religion to, 1163

Ecstasy as condition of revelation, 906 f.

Eden, magical trees of, 275; story of, 959

Effects, magical, how set aside, 886

Egbo, the, police rôle of, 531

Egypt, abstract gods of, 701; divine animals slain in, 888; kings of, deified after death, 352; phallicism in, 397; power of priests in, 1067; Ptolemaic monks in, 1123; specialized gods in, 666; sun-cult of, 712; tree-worship in, 281; unlucky days in, 611

El, meaning of, 766

Elder, Jewish title, 1110 n. 2

Elegba, phallic character of, 393

Elohim, use of, in Old Testament, 766

Endor, the woman of, 895

Enlil, nature of, 757

Enoch, book of, Azazel in, 692; resurrection in, 90; satans in, 689; Sheol in, 85

Entrails, divination by, 919

Epicurus, atomic theory of, 1008; practical atheism of, 1006

Equinoxes, calendars fixed by, 211, 215 f.; Peruvian ceremonies at, 216

Eremites, Brahmanic, 1122

Erinyes, the, function of, 974

Erythræ, Sibyl of, 937

Eshmun, character of, 764

Eskimo, the animals revered by, 505; destruction of the soul held by, 46

Essenes, the, 1125

Eternal, a term not found in savage thought, 985

Ethics, relation of, to religion, 1161 ff.

Euhemerism, 359, 382

Europe, Islam in, 1146

Evil, moral, existence of, how treated by religion, 1171

Exogamy, origin of, 429 ff.

Expiation by sacrifice, 1033

Eye, the, palpitation of, omen, 916

Ezekiel, taboos in ritual of, 597

Family, the, Polynesian social unit, 485

Fasting, religious, 204-208

Fate, in Homer and Hesiod, 998

Fates, the, 687

Father, the, perils of, 589

Fathers, the, Hindu and Persian, worship paid to, 371

Feasts, communal, economical function of, 1023; funeral, origin of, 190 n. 3, 364; Mithraic, 1043, 1046

Ferryman, souls conducted by, 65

Festivals, licentious, nonreligious, 387; Priapic, 402; religious, influence of, 1089

Fetish, definition of, 230 n. 2; African, cult of, 540

Figures, divine, composite, 725, 861

Fiji, examination of dead in, 78, 81; extinction of soul held in, 48; future punishment in, 72; polypsychism in, 39; village deities in, 482

Fire, sacredness of, 318 ff.; theft of, 318 n. 1

Flood, great, stories of, 832

Folk-lore, material of, 859

Folk-tales, scurrilous feature in, 247

Food, sacramental sharing of, 1023

Force, personal, moral, religious conception of, 1158

Form, literary, of myths, 856

Forms, liturgical, symbolical interpretation of, 1061

Fortune, personalized as deity, 702

Fortunes, human, determined on new year's day, 214

Founders, shrines to, 357; the three great, 1151

Fravashis, the, as guardians, 673

Frazer, J. G., on the death of the god, 1047

Fuegians, fear anger of a supernatural being, 1161

Funerals, buffoonery at, 364 n. 5

Fung-Shui, nature of, 926

Fusion, social, basis of religious unity, 1147

Gad, deity, whether abstract, 699

Gehenna, New Testament conception of, 85

Genealogies, savage and civilized, 840 f.

Genesia, the Greek, 1089

Genesis, book of, accounts of creation in, 830 n. 5; table of nations in, 841

Genius, the, 672; resemblance of, to mana, 233; not a separate personality, 43

Ghosts, Australian belief in, 18; difference of, from gods, 635; fear of, 139, 366; occupations of, 61; police function of, 379; prayers addressed to, 367

Giants, Greek and Teutonic, 686

Gifts, to gods, material of, 1022; utilized by worshipers, 1023

Gilgamesh, adventures of, 853; consultation of, 927; myth of, 959

Girls, marriage of, to trees, 274

God, the, definition of, 635, 643; genesis of, 636

God, Sons of, in Old Testament, 343; transcendence of, 1004

Goddesses, Babylonian and Assyrian, 760 ff.; Egyptian, 729; Greek, 781 ff.; Hindu, 784; maiden, 785; Roman, 803 ff.

Gods, abstract, 695 ff.; ancient, universal, 958; antagonism of, to men, 958; capture of, 290 n. 1; complicated functions of, 708; conflicts between, meaning of, 858; connection of, with planets, 715, 915; death of, 50 n. 5; departmental, development of, 656; identification of, with animals, 577; otiose, Epicurean, 1006; process of growth of, 720; rain, local deities as, 314; relation of their humanization to polytheism and monotheism, 964; separation of, from phenomena, 720; stones entered by, 298; supremacy of, how determined, 724; whether developed out of totems, 577

Golden Rule, the, formulations of, 1162

Goodwin Sands, origin of, 891 n. 8

Grandfather, divine title, 643; chameleon as, 449

Great Hare, the, 856

Great Mother, Ephesian, 789; Phrygian, Roman cult of, 938

Greece, abstract gods of, 702; consultation of dead in, 927; functions of priests in, 1072; omens in, 912; specialized gods in, 667; taboo days in, 603; theistic scheme of, 795

Greek Church, canon of, 1131

Greenland, repair of souls in, 30

Groves, as places of worship, 268

Growth, social, religious, 1015

Guardians, animal, 496; plant, 267

Guinea, New, hunting-charms in, 129; tribal badges in, 445

Hades, god, moral significance of, 780

Hades, place, Greek and Roman gods of, 682; organization of, 69; submarine, 67

Hadith, value of, 1133

Hadrian, address of, to soul, 25 n. 3

Half-sister, marriage with, 428

Hammurabi, code of, ordeal in, 925

Hannibal, oath of, 308

Hanuman, monkey-god, not totemic, 577 n. 3

Haoma, deification of, 270

Haram, Arabian, sanctity of, 1082

Haruspex, function of, 931

Hawaii, death of souls held in, 48; fishery taboos in, 599; despotism of taboo in, 621; overthrow of taboo in, 629

Hearth, sacredness of, 236

Heaven, feeble Semitic recognition of, 753; of Indra, 731

Heaven and Earth, Hindu, 734; Maori, 678; marriage-embrace of, 329

Heavenly bodies, cult of, 328 ff.; sex of, 331

Hebrews, ordeal in law of, 925; taboo days of, 603; tree-cult of, 272

Hekate, function of, 790

Hera, origin of, 782 f.

Heracles, labors of, 853

Heraclitus, sayings of, 1004

Hemaphroditos, 415 f.

Hermes, development of, 772

Herodotus, phallic cults mentioned by, 397

Heroes, cult of, in Greece, 373; in Torres Straits islands, 475; identification of, with animals, 577

Hesiod, division of universe by, 779; half-gods of, 652; unlucky days mentioned by, 611

Hestia, significance of, 787

Hiawatha, how made into a god, 358 n. 5

Hierapolis, phallic cult at, 399

Histories, tribal, in stones, 302

Holocaust, expiation by, 1045

Homage, offering as expression of, 1040

Home, the, as center of religious development, 654

Homer, meaning of _dios_ in, 347

Homilies, Clementine, annihilation in, 52

Honover, the Mazdean, magical use of, 900

Horseshoes, witches restrained by, 145

Horus, conflict of, with Set, 726; kings identified with, 339; original character of, 726; victory of, not absolute, 186

Hubert and Mauss, their theory of sacrifice, 1049 f.

Humanism, 1158

Hymns, Egyptian, Babylonian and Assyrian, Hebrew, Hindu, Avestan, Greek, 1087 f.

Idolatry, rôle of, 1091 ff.

Images, eaten by Mexicans, 1047; formal development of, 1091; ithyphallic, 389, 402 ff.; symbolical interpretation of, 1093

Immersion, symbolic significance of, 198

Imru'l-Kais, treatment of oracle by, 927

Inca, the, ecclesiastical power of, 1117

Incarnation, Ismailic and Babist, 344

Incense, food of deity, 1025

Incest, cause of horror of, 435

Indecency, savage, 107

India, abstract gods of, 703; birthplace of monachism, 1122; bisexual cult in, 416; harmful Powers not organized in, 975; heaven and hell in, 82; ordeals in, 925; power of priests in, 1070; Sankhya philosophy of, 1007; sun-cult of, 713; theistic bodies in, 1119 n. 3

Individualism, fostered by churches, 1138

Indra, development of, 731, 830

Infibulation, 162

Infinite, the, sense of, 9

Interpretations of sacred books, 1136

Intervention, divine, rejected by science, 1010

Intoxication, inspiration by, 899

Introcision, Australian, 162

Isaiah, book of, supposed mention of phallus in, 398; secret cults described in, 1100 n. 2

Ishtar, origin and development of, 762 f.; descent of, to Hades, 283; myth of, 959

Isis, origin of, 729; late cult of, ceremonies in, 1059; organization of the cult, 1114

Isis, as magician, 729; as model wife and mother, 729

Islam, canon of, 1133; conquests of, 1146 f.; no priesthood in, 1080; not a church, 1116

Ismailic movement, the, 1116

Israel, organization of priesthood in, 1069

Jacob, anointment of stone by, 294

Jainism, a nontheistic church, 1107

Jamnia, synod of, 1130

Janus, nature of, 799

Japan, divinization of emperor in, 346; phallicism in, 395

Jensen, mythical theory of, 870

Jephthah, daughter of, ceremony of mourning for, 845, 1100

Jesus, object of his teaching, 1110; not an Essene, 1125; resurrection of, 1011 n.

Jews, formation of canon of, 1130; genius of, for organization of public religion, 1108

Jubilee, Hebrew, object of, 223

Judaism, diffusion of, 1143; failure of, to create a church, 1108

Juno, nature of, 804

Juno, the, not a separate personality, 43; representative of woman's personality, 804

Jupiter, origin and development of, 798; represented by a stone, 292

Kaaba, the, black stone of, 295

Kafirs, effigies erected by, 370

Kalevala, the, mythology of, 856, 955

Kami, Shinto, meaning of, 645

Karens, the, Christianization of, 1144

Karma, Buddhistic, 1007

Ker, the, as form of soul, 25 n. 3

Khonds, the, deities of, 659

Khuen-Aten, reform of, 989

Kindness to fellows, universal, 1162

Kings, Babylonian, whether worshiped, 341

Koran, the, relation of, to Moslem science, 1135; prayer against witches in, 895

Kore, the, origin of, 786

Korea, Buddhism in, 1142

Krishna, ethical significance of, 733

Kronids, the, governmental rôle of, 779

Kronos, 768 n. 3

Kteis, the, veneration of, 406

Kybele, cult of, 413

Lamas, Grand, ascription of divinity to, 348

Language, origin of, no myths of, 642

Lao-tsze, system of, 749

_Lapis manalis_, function of, 289

Lapps, the, primacy of, in magic, 902

Law, civil, relation of, to taboo, 614; idea of, in charms, 1020; natural, germinal conception of, 7; natural, domination of, 1158

League, Iroquois, 489

Legend, connection of, with myth, 859

Lemuria, the, apotropaic element in, 374; prohibition of work in, 602

Leto, Titaness, 788 n. 1

License, in festivals, 135, 219; sexual, adopted by religion, 1163

Life, annihilation of, 46, 51; identified with breath, 21; mysteriousness of, 385; nobility given to, by religion, 1166, 1173; relation of blood to, 23; unitary character of, 14

Light, as symbol, 857; significance of, in myths, 858

Linga, the, worship of, in India, 394

Liver, the, as seat of life, 27; divination by, 919

Living, the, cult of, 336 ff.

Llew, Celtic deity, 974

Loki, not independent creator of evil, 974; tricksy traits in, 638 n. 4

Lot, wife of, 288

Lots, divinatory use of, 918

Love, toward the deity, 5; as a divine personality, 704

Luck, relation of, to magic, 238

Lunation, the, divisions of, 606

Lupercalia, the, purification in, 201

Maccabees, Second, resurrection in, 90

Macrobiotes, 835

Macrobius, on a bisexual cult, 411

Magi, the, Mazdean, 897

Magic, in religion, 1090; methods of, 886; no worship in, 888; relation of, to taboo, 618 f.; to totemism, 574; use of, for procuring food, 129 ff.; when under the ban, 891; white, 901

Magician, office of, preparation for, 894

Magicians, sometimes political rulers, 898 n. 4

Magna Mater of Pessinus, 291

Maia, conjecture as to origin of, 845

Mamertius, expulsion of, 143

Man, early, logicalness of, 246; medicine, 493; prehistoric, whether religious, 12

Mana, definition of, 231-236; producer of sympathy between all things, 886; relation of, to taboo, 586; synonyms of, 231 n. 1

Manichæism, as a church, 1115; causes of its success, 978

Mantis, Bushman cult of, 257

_Mantis_, Greek, function of, 931

Marduk, cult of, 758, 990

Marriage, restrictions on, 177 n. 2, 439

Mars, development of, 800; shield of, 845

Martyr, spirit of, where shown, 1167

Masai, the, two chief gods of, 660

Mashalists, Hebrew, 862 n. 1

Massebas, Canaanite, 293

Masters and servants, exchange of places between, 219

Masturbation, savage practice of, 163 n. 1

Materialism, deistic, 1008

Matter, eternity of, 1005, 1007

Maui, Polynesian, rôle of, 678

Mazdaism, origin and nature of, 740, 745; canon of, 1132

Meal, communal, reconciliation of deity by, 1043; communion in, between human participants, 1044; eucharistic, in "Teaching of the Twelve Apostles," 1046

Medicine man, the, 892

Melanesia, animal incarnations in, 676; cult of divinized men in, 647; descent from totem in, 449; food restrictions in, 454; power of chiefs in, 538; protection of property by taboo in, 600; specialization of divine functions in, 658

Meleager, life of, dependent on a piece of wood, 274

Men, race of, preceding the present, 833

Mendes, goat-god of, 774 n. 6

Meni, god, whether abstract, 699

Mercurius, Roman development of, not traceable, 802

Merneptah, dream of, 922

Mexico, gods of, 664; prominence of priests in, 1075; sun-cult of, 711

Minerva, development of, 807

Miracles, belief in, periods of, 1156 ff.; grounds of objection to, 1011; when not demanded, 1159

Mithra, birth of, 288 n. 2; organisation of cult of, 1113

Mithraism, mysteries of, 1059

Mitra, association of, with Varuna, 730

Mohads, the, organization of, 1116

Monachism, 1121 ff.

Monasteries, functions of, 1127

Monolatry, Hebrew, influence of, 994 f.

Monotheism, alleged savage, 985; development of, 987 ff.

Moon, the, cultic history of, 714

Morabits, the, organization of, 1116

Morality, conflict of, with taboo, 632

Mother, the, magical perils of, 589

Mother, the Great, 1066

Mother-in-law, the, taboos on, 593

Motifs, mythical, tabulation of, 879

Mountains as abodes of souls, 65

Mourning-usages, savage, 363

Mozoomdar, theistic reformation of, 1119

Müller, F. Max, solar theory of, 865, 876

Müller, K. O., treatment of myths by, 875

Murder, purification after, 195

Music, temple-, 1088

Mylitta, temple of, prostitution at, 1066

Mysteries, Eleusinian, 845; failure of, 1097 f.; Greek, ceremonies of, 1059; survival of effects of, 1101

Mystery, New Testament use of the term, 1101

Mythology, relation of, to culture, 951 ff.

Myths, borrowing of, 823 ff.; educational value of, 862; Indo-European, character of, 960 ff.; persistence of, 881; purification of, 1157; savage origin of, 822

Nabonidus, centralizing effort of, 751

Nagual, meaning of, 672

Names, demonic, 691; divine, magical power of, 899; divine, Persian, 743; proper, of gods, 646

Nana, goddess, nature of, 761; carried off, 888

Nandi, the, grain of, blessed by the god, 220; months how named by, 213

Natchez, the, sun-cult of, 710

Naturalism, 1158

Navahos, the, creative beings of, 639, 645

Nazirite, the, restrictions on, 597

Ndengei, other-world god, 680

Necessity, Plato's conception of, 1001

Necromancy, Hebrew, 377

Neith, inscription in temple of, 729

Nemi, priest of, 274

Neptunus, 802

New Testament, Satan in, 689

Nicknames, supposed origin of totemism, 557

Nightmare, as ghost, 61 n. 4

Nikkal, Panjab god, 337

Niobe, relation of, to stone-cult, 288

Nose, the, boring through septum of, 151

Obelisks, Egyptian, function of, 299

Odin, humanization of, 358; self-immolation of, 1048

Offerings, cannibal, 1027; unbloody, placatory virtue of, 1038

Officer, French, worshiped after death, 351

Ogboni, the, police rôle of, 531

Old Testament, the, conception of sacrifice in, 1037; kings in, not deified, 343; stars and planets in, 716

Olympus, as council-house, 305

On, seat of worship of Ra, 727

Ophites, the, 693

Optimism, religious, ethical value of, 1173

Oracles, 927 ff.; Sibylline, Jewish, 939 f.

Ordeals, 308, 924 f.

Order, Chinese stress on, 747

Organization, churchly, Hindu approach to, 1118; nontotemic, 526; religious, Jewish capacity for, 995; social, of animals, 242; theistic, Greek, 997

Osiris, death of, 283; myth of, 958; mythical biography of, 728

Paintings, totemic, 117

Palmistry, 917

Pan, development of, 773 f.

Panbabylonianism, 866 f.

Pantheism, ethical, difficulties of, 1005; Hindu, 705

Pantheon, Greek, 767; Roman, 796; Yoruban, 678

Paradise, earthly, 835

Parentalia, the, 374

Patriarch, the, jealousy of, 432

Patron, divine, of individual, 550

Pausanias, local cults described by, 651

Pele, nature of, 890

Pelews, the, theistic material of, 484

Persecution, religious, 1163

Persia, abstract gods of, 763; Babism in, at the present day, 1120

Peru, cult of, compared with Chinese, 993; functions of priests in, 1075; gods of, 665; negation of religious freedom in, 1117; sun-cult of, 711

Pesah, Hebrew ceremony of, 144

Peter, Apocalypse of, future punishment in, 86

Phallicism, 388 ff.

Pharmakos, the, expulsion of, 143

Philo, allegorical interpretation of, 863; combination of Platonism and Judaism by, 1104; description of the Therapeutae by, 1124

Philosophers, Greek, attitude of, toward divination, 941 n. 1; theistic views of, 1000 f.

Philosophy, Greek, not ecclesiastical, 1104

Phimosis, supposed prevention of, 157

Phoenicia, deities of, 764

Photographs, suspicion of, 22 n. 2

Phratry, the, origin of, 423 f.

Phrygia, cults of, 414

Piaculum, the, origin and nature of, 1045 f.

Pig as divine messenger, 1024

Pillar, Hermes-, as waymark, 296

Planets, connection of, with gods, 715

Plants, history of domestication of, 564 ff.

Plato, description of Tartarus by, 84, 87; divination highly esteemed by, 931; function of brain, how regarded by, 28

Platonopolis, a, proposed, 1104

Pleiades, the, Arab cult of, 717; savage observation of, 216

Plouton, function of, 780

Poets, Greek, theistic views of, 999

Poles, house-, crests carved on, 445

Polygamy, recognition of, by religion, 1163

Polynesia, antitotemic governments of, 538; family the social unit in, 485; sacredness of chiefs in, 336; specialization of divine functions in, 658

Porphyry, his conception of sacrifice, 1037

Poseidon, power of, 771

Powers, divine, coercion of, 3

Prajapati, primacy of, 730

Prayer, animals approached by, 125; unifying influence of, 880

Prayers, difference of, from charms, 1020

Pregnancy, mysterious nature of, 588

Prepuce, magical power of, 166

Priest, relation of, to magician, 893

Priest, term, use of in Christian churches, 1080

Priestesses, functions of, 1064

Priests, as diviners, 929 f.; as interpreters of dreams, 923; moral influence of, 1077 f.; quasi-divine authority of, 203

Prithivi, 734

Prohibitions, civil, difference of, from magical, 584

Prometheus, victory of, over a god, 888

Promiscuity, early, 430; whether primitive, 180

Prophet, the, excited by dance, 110; relation of, to magician, 893

Proselytes, Jewish, influence of, 1108

Prostitution, sacred, 1065 ff.

Psalter, the Old Testament, moral and religious tone of, 1087

Puberty, mysteriousness of, 146

Purge, purificatory power of, 205

Purim, feast of, 1089

Puskita (busk), the Creek, religious significance of, 201

Pythagoreanism, traces of, in Essenism, 1125; South Italian, 1098

Pythia, the, moral influence of, 927

Qat, rôle of, 640, 677

Quetzalcoatl, myths of, 847 n. 1

Rainbow, the, no cult of, 718

Ramadan, fast of, moral effects of, 208

Rammohun Roy, 1119

Raven, the, myths of, 640 n. 2

Raymi, feast of, 321

Reason, basis of religious belief, 1155

Redemption, element of, in sacrifice, 1048; senses of, 1151

Reform Judaism, racial character of, 1143

Reincarnation, 55 ff.; moral value of, 89; of ancestor in child, 186; supposed relation of, to immortality, 59

Relationship, in blood, 426; basis of classification, 425

Religion, definition of, 1; adoption of taboo by, 633; codes adopted by, 1162 f.; coeval with science, 1; communal character of, 103; decoration used in, 120 f.; impersonal cult in, 2; influence of, on ethics, 1165; influence of priesthood in, 1076; alliance of, with the state, 1117, 1140; isolation of, 1137; pre-animistic, 2 n. 2; primitive form of, whether monotheistic, 982; relation of, to magic; relation of, to totemism, 570 ff.; utilitarian point of view in, 5

Religions, classifications of, 1148; higher, culture-myths in, 641; national, differences among, 810; never nonethical, 1013; of single founders, 1151; redemptive, organization in, 1059

"Republic," the, mendicant prophets mentioned in, 1099 n. 1

Revelation, supposed primitive, 982

Rewards and punishments, as motives, 1165

Rhapsodists, Greek, 862 n. 1

Rice, soul of, 265 n. 1

Right-doing, egoistic element in, 1170

Ritual, development of, 1055; magical, 1057; origin of, 15; relation of, to myth, 846

Roman Church, canon of, 1131

Rome, abstract gods of, 702; influence of priests in, 1073; omens in, 912; specialized gods in, 668 ff.; taboo days in, 603; unlucky days in, 611

Romulus, divinized founder, 357

Rules, ethical, origin of, 582

Sabbath, Hebrew, relation of, to full moon, 608

_Sacer_, sense of, 626 n. 9

_Sacra gentilicia_, 1043

Sacred books, study induced by, 1135

Sacred flesh, reconciliation by sharing, 1042

Sacred places, connection of, with myths, 848

Sacrifice, animal, movement against, 1053; as gift to a deity, 1040; human, 1029 ff.; individual, 1034; in marriage ceremonies, 181 n. 2; occasions of, 1033 ff.; purificatory power of, 200; removal of taboo by, 616; Vedic, as embassy, 1024

Saint, the, function of, 1168

Saints, as patrons of fertility, 420; as rechristened old gods, 301

Sallustius, philosopher, faith of, 1152 n. 2

Salvation, physical and moral, 1149

Sama, Fijian god, 48

Samoa, divination in, 911; taboo on potato fields in, 599

Samson, solar interpretation of, 853

Sanctions, supernatural, how far effective, 1165

Sanctity, Brahmanic, 1122

Sancus, Roman development of, obscure, 802

Sankhya philosophy, 1007

Satan, development of, 689

Saturn, history of, 801

Saturnalia, the, 801

_Saturnia regna_, 801

Saul, consultation of Samuel by, 927

Savages, beliefs not formulated by, 20; cultic discrimination of, 227; ethical codes of, 76; isolated groups of, 103

Scandinavia, storm-myths of, 851

Science, primitive, 1, 1156; relation of, to religion, 1154 ff.

Scriptures, sacred, influence of, 1134 ff.

Seasons, agricultural, solemn, 135

Secretions, human, potency of, 156

Self, the, doubles of, 22, 24

Sen, reformer, worshiped as god, 348

Sentiment, religious, alliances of, 15

Senussi, the, organization of, 1116 n. 2

Sequence, savage theory of, 883 ff.

Serpent, cult of, 250, 257; divine, in Genesis, 275

Servius, on bisexual cult, 411

Set, conflict of, with Horus, 726

Sexes, the, animal patrons of, 472; early separation of, 182

Shades, powers of, 91

Shaman, the, wherein different from the priest, 1062

Shamanism, 661

_Shedu_, the, character of, 890

Shinto, term, meaning of, 750

Shrines, oracular, 927

Siam, Buddhism in, 1142

Siberia, Big Grandfather of, 640

Sibyls, 933 ff.; the Cumæan, 277

Signs manual, crests as, 445

Sikhs, the, churchly form of, 1118

Simplification, religious, process of, 944

Siren, form of soul, 25 n. 3

Skulls, oracular responses by, 192, 369

Sky, the, abode of departed souls, 64

Slavery, recognized by religion, 1163

Slaves, slaughter of, as offering, 1028

Smith, W. R., his theory of sacrifice, 1045 f.

Sneezing, ominous significance of, 916

Societies, secret, savage, 174, 1096; voluntary, antitotemic, 529

Society, magical, supposed origin of totemism, 546

Socrates, his belief in divination, 931

Soil, fertilization of, by blood, 133

Solidarity, tribal, religious significance of, 1041

Solomon, as magician, 902 n. 4

Solstices, fixing of calendars by, 211, 215 f.

Soma, deification of, 270

Songs, savage, 106

Sortes vergilianae, 918

Soul, the, function of, in dreams, 921; as god, 62; hidden, 31; terms for, 21 n. 1

Souls, number of, how determined, 42; transmigration of, 243

Space, Endless, personalized, 703

Spirit, definition of, 100; guardian, adoption of, by individual, 533; lying, sent by Yahweh, 922 second n. 1; relation of, to soul, 43

Spirits, corporeal nature of, 140; how different from gods, 635; guardian, function of, 504

Sponsors, savage, 174 n. 2

Stability, offerings for, 1028

Statius, gods produced by fear, 6 n. 3

Stigmata, 118 n. 6

Stonehenge, 296

Stones, supposed to be phalli, 400

Stucken, astral theory of, 866

Styx, the, oath by, 308

Substitution, sacrificial, 1054

Suffering, as expiatory, 1041

Suicide, a, body of, why feared, 590

Suicide, effect of, on future state, 75

Sun, the, as old man, 849; deification of, 709 ff.

Sun-gods, 726 f., 730, 753, 797, 972

Swan-maiden, the, 243

Swoon, produced by withdrawal of soul, 29

Systems, philosophical, not churches, 1102; religious, groups of, 944

Taboo, conflict of, with morality, 632; infection of, 586

Taboos, priestly, 1063; rearrangement of, 149

Tales, fairy, 881

_Tam[=e]_, Hebrew, significance of, 626

Tammuz, cult of, not a mystery, 1100; mourning for, 959 n. 5; relation of, to Adonis, 271; to Ishtar, 1066

Tanit, 410, 764

_Tao_, meaning of, 749

Taoism, how made a religion, 1103

Tari, Khond, as opponent of sun-god, 972

Tarsus, seat of Mithraic worship, 1101

Tartarus, punishments in, 84

Tattoo, religious significance of, 116, 72

Taylor, Jeremy, his view of prayer, 120 n. 3

Teknonymy, origin of, 187

Telugus, the, Christianization of, 1144

_Temenos_, sanctity of, 1082

Temple, the, development of, 1083 ff.

Temples, called mountains, 305 n. 1; fire-, Persian, 320

Teraphim, nature of, 1092

Terrors, supernatural, devised by clan-leaders, 150

Testament, New, resurrection in, 90

Thanksgiving, by sacrifice, 1033

Theism, Semitic and Indo-European, 810 ff.

Thesmophoria, the, sadness in, 221

Things, nonhuman, future existence of, 97

Thousand and One Nights, magicians in, 902

Thrace, orgiastic cults derived from, 1101

Threshold, sacredness of, 236

Thugs, the, piety of, 693

_Thumos_, the, character of, in Homer, 43

Thunder-bird, the, 334

Tiamat, conquest of, 686; cosmogonic function of, 316

Tibet, Buddhism in, 1142

Tiele, C. P., his theory of sacrifice, 1051 f.

Tierra del Fuego, social and religious organization in, 13

Time, divinization of, 698, 703 n. 6; Endless, 703

Tistrya, divine character of, 718

Titans, the, war of, against Zeus, 974

Tobacco, food offered to gods, 1025

Todas, the, buffalo-ritual of, 1056; dairy fire of, 321; dairymen of, 337; diviners of, 929; taboo days of, 604

Tooth, knocking out of, 151

Totem, the, not a god, 559; sacramental eating of, 579

Totemism, beginnings of, 561 f.; coalescence of, with tree-worship, 273; definition of, 463, 520 f.

Totems, artificial, origin of, 463 n. 2

Traducianism, 37

Triad, Babylonian, 757

Trinity, the, doctrine of, 1002

Turtle, the, cult of, 257; use of, as messenger, 1024

Twins, presage of misfortune, 913

Tylor, E. B., mythical theory of, 877

Unclean, meaning of, in Old Testament, 38

Underworld, the, ethical conceptions of, 80; gods of, 680 ff.; Plato's construction of, 87; separation in, between good and bad, 81 f.

Union with God, idea of, moral influence of, 1054

Unitary view of divine control, 1149

Unity, religious, basis of, 1147; savage and civilized, 1152

Universality, religious, test of, 1141

Universe, perfectness of, how held to be implied, 1173

Upanishads, the, produced no devotional organization, 1103

Urim and thummim, nature of, 918

Uzza, Al-, not star-god, 717

Vampire, the, 88

Varro, abode assigned the dead by, 85 n. 6

Varuna, comparison of, with Iranian Ahura, 991; nature of, 730

Vastoshpati, 672

Veda, the, local deities in, 651; tree-spirits in, 278

Veddas, the, social and religious organization of, 13

Vegetation, as source of myths, 55; Osiris as deity of, 728

Venus, development of, 808 f.; the bearded, 408

Vesta, origin of, 805

Vestalia, the, sadness in, 221

Vetala, original character of, 645

Victory as god, origin of, 696

Vishnu, history of, 733

Volcanus, origin of, obscure, 802

Voltaire, the "Candide" of, 1173 n.

Wakes, Irish, origin of, 364

War, future of those killed in, 75; sacrifices in, 1035

Water, substitutes for, in purificatory ceremonies, 199

Waters, sacred, 306 ff.

Week, the seven-day, 607, 610

Werwolf, the, 243

Wicked, the, annihilation of, 52

Winds, whether divinized, 326 f.

Wisdom of Solomon, the Devil in, 689

Witches, Thessalian, 895

Wives, slaughter of, as offering, 1028

Wollunqua, the, unique kind of totem, 576

Woman, magical dread of, 592

Women, alleged early scarcity of, 430; devotion of, to cult of linga, 394; exclusion of, from ceremonies, 592; favored by Therapeutae, 1124; honor shown to, after death, 370; magical power of, 895 f.; of Baganda, economic function of, 461

Word "church," larger sense of, 1112

World, the, future destruction of, 836; relation of, to God, 1159; savage conception of unity of, 885 f.

Worship, forms of, 1081 ff.; phallic, whether connected with circumcision, 158; practically universal, 1017

Xanthus, the, river or god in the Iliad, 312

Yaçna xvii, conception of worship in, 320

Yahweh, development of, 765; dreams sent by, 922; early cult of, 649; pillars of temple of, 299

Yama, history of, 735 ff.

Year, sabbatic, Hebrew, 622

Yeast, prohibition of, 265 n. 1

Yezidis, the, attitude of, toward Satan, 693

Yggdrasil, nature of, 276

Yima, 735

Yoni, the, veneration of, 406

Yoruba, gods of, 660; rebellion in, against old custom, 628

Zealand, New, cosmology of, 670 n. 4; despotism of taboo in, 621; planting-taboos in, 599

Zeus, 768 f.; dream sent by, 922

Zikkurat (Ziggurat), the, Babylonian and Assyrian, 1086

Zodiac, signs of, cult of, 716

Zoroaster, 745; verses ascribed to, 1132

Zoroastrianism, pre-Sassanian, 1109

Zuñi, the, economic ceremonies of, 497