International Law. A Treatise. Volume 2 (of 2) War and Neutrality. Second Edition
Part VII.--MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS.
_Ransom._
[Sidenote: Power for regulating ransom by Order in Council. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 45.]]
40.--(1) His Majesty in Council may, in relation to any war, make such orders as may seem expedient according to circumstances for prohibiting or allowing, wholly or in certain cases or subject to any conditions or regulations or otherwise as may from time to time seem meet, the ransoming or the entering into any contract or agreement for the ransoming of any ship or goods belonging to any of His Majesty's subjects, and taken as prize by any of His Majesty's enemies.
(2) Any contract or agreement entered into, and any bill, bond, or other security given for ransom of any ship or goods, shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the High Court as a prize court (subject to appeal to the Supreme Prize Court), and if entered into or given in contravention of any such Order in Council shall be deemed to have been entered into or given for an illegal consideration.
(3) If any person ransoms or enters into any contract or agreement for ransoming any ship or goods, in contravention of any such Order in Council, he shall for every such offence be liable to be proceeded against in the High Court at the suit of His Majesty in His Office of Admiralty, and on conviction to be fined, in the discretion of the Court, any sum not exceeding five hundred pounds.
_Customs Duties and Regulations._
[Sidenote: Prize ships and goods liable to customs duties and forfeiture. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 47.]]
41.--(1) All ships and goods taken as prize and brought into a port of His Majesty's dominions shall be liable to and be charged with the same rates and charges and duties of customs as under any Act relating to the customs in force at the port may be chargeable on other ships and goods of the like description.
(2) All goods brought in as prize which would on the voluntary importation thereof be liable to forfeiture, or subject to any restriction, under the laws relating to the customs, shall be deemed to be so liable and subject, unless the Customs authority see fit to authorise the sale or delivery thereof for home use or exportation, unconditionally or subject to such conditions and regulations as they may direct.
[Sidenote: Regulations of customs as to prize ships and goods. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 48.]]
42. Where any ship or goods taken as prize is or are brought into a port of His Majesty's dominions, the master or other person in charge or command of the ship which has been taken or in which the goods are brought shall, on arrival at such port, bring to at the proper place of discharge, and shall, when required by any officer of customs, deliver an account in writing under his hand concerning such ship and goods, giving such particulars relating thereto as may be in his power, and shall truly answer all questions concerning such ship or goods asked by any such officer, and in default shall forfeit a sum not exceeding one hundred pounds, such forfeiture to be enforced as forfeitures for offences against the laws relating to the customs in force at the port are enforced, and every such ship shall be liable to such searches as other ships are liable to, and the officers of the customs may freely go on board such ship and bring to the King's or other warehouse any goods on board the same, subject, nevertheless, to such regulations in respect of ships of war belonging to His Majesty as shall from time to time be issued by His Majesty.
[Sidenote: Sale of prize goods and power to remit customs duties. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 49.]]
43. Goods taken as prize may be sold either for home consumption or for exportation; and if in the former case the proceeds thereof, after payment of duties of customs, are insufficient to satisfy the just and reasonable claims thereon, the Customs authority may remit the whole or such part of the said duties as they see fit.
_Capture by Ship other than a Ship of War._
[Sidenote: Prizes taken by Ships other than ships of war to be droits of Admiralty. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 39.]]
44. Any ship or goods taken as prize by any of the officers and crew of a ship other than a ship of war of His Majesty shall, on condemnation, belong to His Majesty in His office of Admiralty.
_Supplemental._
[Sidenote: Saving for rights of Crown; effect of treaties, &c. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 55.]]
45. Nothing in this Act shall--
(1) give to the officers and crew of any of His Majesty's ships of war any right or claim in or to any ship or goods taken as prize or the proceeds thereof, it being the intent of this Act that such officers and crews shall continue to take only such interest (if any) in the proceeds of prizes as may be from time to time granted to them by the Crown; or
(2) affect the operation of any existing treaty or convention with any foreign power; or
(3) take away or abridge the power of the Crown to enter into any treaty or convention with any foreign power containing any stipulation that may seem meet concerning any matter to which this Act relates; or
(4) take away, abridge, or control, further or otherwise than as expressly provided by this Act, any right, power, or prerogative of His Majesty the King in right of His Crown, or in right of His office of Admiralty, or any right or power of the Admiralty; or
(5) take away, abridge, or control, further or otherwise than as expressly provided by this Act, the jurisdiction or authority of a prize court to take cognizance of and judicially proceed upon any capture, seizure, prize, or reprisal of any ship or goods, and to hear and determine the same, and, according to the course of Admiralty and the law of nations, to adjudge and condemn any ship or goods, or any other jurisdiction or authority of or exerciseable by a prize court.
[Sidenote: Power to make Orders in Council. [27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, ss. 53, 54.]]
46.--(1) His Majesty in Council may from time to time make such Orders in Council as seem meet for the better execution of this Act.
(2) Every Order in Council under this Act and all rules made in pursuance of this Act shall be notified in the _London Gazette_, and shall be laid before both Houses of Parliament within thirty days after the making thereof, if Parliament is then sitting, and, if not, then within thirty days after the next meeting of Parliament, and shall have effect as if enacted in this Act.
[Sidenote: Definitions. 27 & 28 Vict. c. 25, s. 2.]
47. In this Act unless the context otherwise requires--
The expression "the High Court" means the High Court of Justice in England:
The expression "any of His Majesty's ships of war" includes any of His Majesty's vessels of war, and any hired armed ship or vessel in His Majesty's service:
The expression "officers and crew" includes flag officers, commanders, and other officers, engineers, seamen, marines, soldiers, and others on board any of His Majesty's ships of war:
The expression "ship" includes vessel and boat, with the tackle, furniture, and apparel of the ship, vessel, or boat:
The expression "ship papers" includes all books, papers, and other documents and writings delivered up or found on board a captured ship, and, where certified copies only of any papers are delivered to the captors, includes such copies:
The expression "goods" includes all such things as are by the course of Admiralty and law of nations the subject of adjudication as prize (other than ships):
The expression "Customs authority" means the Commissioners or other authority having control of the administration of the law relating to customs.
[Sidenote: Short title and repeal.]
48.--(1) This Act may be cited as the Naval Prize Act, 1911.
(2) The enactments mentioned in the second Schedule to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule.
APPENDIX XIII
GENEVA CONVENTION ACT, 1911 1 & 2 GEO. 5, CHAPTER 20 An Act to make such amendments in the Law as are necessary to enable certain reserved provisions of the Second Geneva Convention to be carried into effect. [_18th August 1911._]
Whereas His Majesty has ratified, with certain reservations, the Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick of armies in the field, drawn up in Geneva in the year one thousand nine hundred and six, and it is desirable, in order that those reservations may be withdrawn, that such amendments should be made in the law as are in this Act contained:
Be it therefore enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:--
[Sidenote: Prohibition of use of emblem of red cross on white ground, &c.]
1.--(1) As from the commencement of this Act it shall not be lawful for any person to use for the purposes of his trade or business, or for any other purpose whatsoever, without the authority of the Army Council, the heraldic emblem of the red cross on a white ground formed by reversing the Federal colours of Switzerland, or the words "Red Cross" or "Geneva Cross," and, if any person acts in contravention of this provision, he shall be guilty of an offence against this Act, and shall be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding ten pounds, and to forfeit any goods upon or in connection with which the emblem or words were used.
(2) Where a company or society is guilty of any such contravention, without prejudice to the liability of the company or society, every director, manager, secretary, and other officer of the company or society who is knowingly a party to the contravention shall be guilty of an offence against this Act and liable to the like penalty.
(3) Nothing in this section shall affect the right (if any) of the proprietor of a trade mark registered before the passing of this Act, and containing any such emblem or words, to continue to use such trade mark for a period of four years from the passing of this Act, and, if the period of the registration or of the renewal of registration of any such trade mark expires during those four years, the registration thereof may be renewed until the expiration of those four years, but without payment of any fee.
(4) Proceedings under this Act shall not in England or Ireland be instituted without the consent of the Attorney-General.
(5) This Act shall extend to His Majesty's possessions outside the United Kingdom, subject to such necessary adaptations as may be made by Order in Council.
[Sidenote: Short title.]
2. This Act may be cited as the Geneva Convention Act, 1911.
INDEX
This Index does not refer to Conventions, &c., printed in the Appendices.
A
Abuse of flag of truce, 281 of neutral asylum, 419, 420-423
Abyssinian War, referred to on: hostile destination of goods, 505 trial of neutral vessels after conclusion of peace, 556
Acts of force initiative of war, 126-128
Admiralty, origin of Board of, 239
Aerial warfare. _See_ Air-vessels
Aeroplanes, conditional contraband, 506
Africa, case of the, 531
Air-vessels: invasion by, 207 violence directed from, 150, 192, 227
Alabama, case of the, 406-409
Alaska Boundary dispute (1903), 18
Alexander I. of Russia exacts oath of allegiance in Finland, 205
Alexander II. of Russia, and laws of war, 81
Alexis, case of the, 40
Allegiance, oath of, 173, 205, 212
Alverstone, Lord, 18
Ambulances, _See_ Convoys of Evacuation
American Civil War, referred to on: blockade, 453, 454, 463, 465, 469 ingress and egress of neutral warships during, 453 contraband, 487, 499, 501 neutral asylum during, 418, 443 political agents on neutral vessel, 519, 530 real war, 63 sale of vessels during, 427 stone-blockade, 450 treatment of prizes in, 243, 557
American-English War (1812), referred to on: capture in neutral port, 442 destruction of neutral prizes, 243 reprisals, 307
American War of Independence, referred to on: convoy, vessels under, 536 espionage, 198 reprisals, 306 treatment of prizes during, 243
Amicable settlement of State differences. _See_ State differences
Amiens, Peace of (1802), 332
Amnesty, 334
Analogous of contraband. _See_ Unneutral service
Andersen _v._ Marten, case of, 555
André, Major, case of, 198
Angary: derivation of right of, 449 exercise of right of, 385, 510 modern right of, 447 obsolete right of, 446 pre-emption of neutral goods under right of, 449
Anna, case of the, 443
Anne, Empress of Russia, 43
Anspach, troops marched through, 392
Arbitration: a means of settling State differences, 5 appointment of arbitrator, 17, 26 award, 18, 19, 30 appeal against, 31 binding force of, 18, 25, 30 competence of tribunal of, 29 compulsory, 25 conception of, 16 costs of, 32 early use of, 22 efficacy of, 25 Hague Convention, stipulations concerning, 24 language to be used during, 26, 28 minutes concerning, 28 Permanent International Court of, 22, 23, 26, 27-31, 561 preliminary proceedings in, 27 procedure of tribunal in, 27 rules governing, 27 scope of, 20-21 summary procedure in, 32 treaties of, 16, 18, 20, 26 obligations under, 16, 25 stipulations of, 18 tribunal of Court of, 27 value of, 22, 25
Arbitration Treaties, 16, 20, 21, 26
Area of operations during blockade, 471
Argentina, blockades of (1838) and (1845), 49
Armed Neutrality. _See_ Neutrality
Armistices: character of, 290 commencement of, 296 competence to conclude, 293 contents of, 294-296 end of, 299 form of, 294 general, 291, 293 hostilities, cessation of, during, 290, 295 kinds of, 290, 291 lines of demarcation during, 296 partial, 293 permissible acts during, 294-296 purpose of, 291 re-victualling during, 295 suspension of arms during, 291 violation of, 297 by private individual, 298 visitation of neutral vessels during, 290, 534
Arnold, General, at West Point, 198
Arrêt de prince, 45
Aryol (or Orel), case of the, 256
Asgill, Captain, case of, 307
Askold, case of the, 422
Assault, 191-193
Asylum. _See_ Neutral Asylum
Atalanta, case of the, 522
Athens, ancient law of, concerning reprisals, 41
Attack on enemy vessels, 225-237. _See also_ Enemy vessels
Aube, Admiral, on naval warfare, 264, 266
Augusta Victoria, case of the, 390
Aurora, case of the, 423
Awni Illa, case of the, 269
B
Bahama Islands, access refused to belligerent warships at, 418
Baker, Sir Sherston, 281
Baltic Sea, asserted neutralisation of, 90
Baltica, case of the, 110, 116
Barbarous forces, 98
Barge, arbitration award of Mr., 19
Basle, office for volunteers at, 399
Bathurst, Lord, reprisal by, 307
Beasts of burden as contraband, 486
Belfort: capitulation of, 286 siege of, 193, 292 suspension of arms during siege of, 291
Belgium, neutralisation of, 91, 358, 363, 368, 393, 411, 413, 428
Belligerents: accessory, 93 angary, right of, exercised by, 446-449 appropriation of property by, 174-187 armed forces of, 94-106 asylum granted to, 409-425 barbarous forces as, 98 capture of neutral vessels by, 546-552 complaints of illegitimate warfare by, 302 conduct in general of, 378 deserters, treatment of, by, 105, 335 duties of, 378-386 impartiality of neutrals towards, 362, 381-383 insurgents as, 62, 92 intercourse between subjects of, 135-138, 275, 333 and neutrals, 117, 365, 385, 428 irregular forces of, 96 levies _en masse_ of, 97, 152, 190, 313 loans to, by neutrals, 430 merchantmen of. _See_ Merchantmen military operations by and against, neutrals, 386-397 military preparations by and against 397-409 navies of, 94, 99-105 neutralised States as, 91 neutrality to be recognised by, 367 non-combatants with armed forces of, 95, 151, 169, 250 non-hostile relations of, 273-299 occupation of neutral territory by, 394 principal, 93 prisoners of, treatment, 167-171 private enemy property, 139. _See also_ Private enemy property privateers of, 99, 103, 357, 372, 534 Prize Courts of, 395. _See also_ Prize Courts property in enemy State of subjects of, 139, 182 qualification to become, 62, 90 regular armies of, 94 representation at International Prize Court, 569 rights of, 378-386 services to, 153, 181, 212, 432-437 subjects of, on enemy territory, 131-135 supplies to, by neutrals, 375, 405-409, 426-430 trade between subjects of, 135-138, 275, 333 traitors. _See_ War criminals vassal States as, 91 violation of neutrality by, 426, 438-445 visitation of neutral vessels by, 428, 533-545 volunteer fleets of, 100-104 war rebels, treatment of, by, 98
Bellona, case of the, 332
Bentinck, promise of, to Genoa, 284
Berlin: Congo Conference of (1885), 11 Decrees of (1806), 357, 453 Treaty of (1878), 330
Bermuda, case of the, 470, 500
Bernadotte, 391
Bismarck: act of reprisal by, 317 on diplomatic envoys in besieged town, 194 on crews of captured merchantmen, prisoners of war, 250, 308, 317 on right of angary, 448
Black Sea, neutralisation of, 88
Blockade: area of operations in, 471 breach of: attempt at, 468-472 canals, unblockaded and, 474 capture on account of, 475 consequences of, 475-478 definition of, 466 during armistice, 290 egress and, 473 ingress and, 472 penalty for, 476 practice of nations regarding, 386, 468-475 what constitutes a, 468-475 commercial, 452 competence to establish, 456 conception of, 450-455 continuous voyage and, 469, 472 contraband, seizure of, during, 290 declaration of, 456, 458 definition of, 450 effectiveness of: 356, 461-466 cessation of, 464 condition of, 461 danger necessary to create, 464 distinguished from fictitious, 461 end of, 460 establishment of, 456-461 existence of, 466 fictitious, 461 international rivers and, 454 inward, 453 justification for, 455 knowledge of, necessary for breach, 466 neutral vessels, time for egress of, 459 notification of, 456, 459, 466 former practice of nations regarding, 457 outward, 453 pacific. _See_ Pacific blockade places liable to, 453 postal correspondence during, 237, 385 stone, 450, 463 strategic, 452 universality of, 452
Bluntschli: on continuous voyage, 504 on courts of justice during occupation, 215
Bolivia-Peruvian Boundary Dispute (1910), 19
Bombardment: by land forces, 191, 194 by naval forces, 266-270
Bonfils, on carriage of contraband, 504
Booty on battlefield, 163, 177, 181
Bosphorus and Dardanelles, 102
Bougainville, safe-conduct granted to, 232
Boundary disputes: between Bolivia and Peru, 19 between Great Britain and U.S.A., 18, 19 between Great Britain and Venezuela, 18
Boundary treaty of Buenos Ayres (1881) between Argentina and Chili, 89
Bowles, Mr. Gibson, on withdrawal from Declaration of Paris, 100
Bribery, 196, 201
British Foreign Enlistment Act, 358, 375, 494
Brussels: Conference of (1874), 208, 308 Declaration of (1874), 81, 171
Buenos Ayres, Boundary treaty of (1881), between Argentina and Chili, 89
Bukarest, treaty of (1886), 92
Bulgaria as a belligerent while under Turkish suzerainty, 62, 92
Buller, Sir Redvers, proclamation by during the South African War, 65
Bullets, expanding and explosive, 149, 250
Bulmerincq, proposal regarding Prize Courts, 560
Bundesrath, case of the, 500, 502, 552
Bureau of Information in war, 163, 171, 181
Bynkershoek: on contraband, 481, 508 on intercourse during war, 135 on neutrality, 350, 361, 422
C
Cabinet Ministers, capture of, 153
Camille, case of the, 426
Cancellation of treaties on account of: violation by one party, 338 war, 129
Capitulations: character and purpose of, 284 competence to conclude, 287 contents of, 285 flag of truce and, 286 form of, 286 violation of, 289
Captain W. Menzel, case of the, 376
Captivity: detention in, after peace, 170, 336 discipline in, 169-170 effect of treaty of peace on, 335 end of, 172, 335 law regarding, development of, 165-167 parole, release on, 170 relief societies assisting those in, 171 treatment of prisoners of war in, 167, 306 who may be taken into, 151, 152, 153, 169, 250, 308
Capture of neutral vessels: abandonment after, 551 conduct to port after, 547 destruction after, 547-551 effect of, 546 grounds of, 546 mode of, 546 ransom after, 551 recapture after, 551 release after, 551 trial after, 240, 553-558 after conclusion of peace, 555 by International Prize Court, 572-579 claims after, 557 municipal matter, a, 553 protests after, 557 result of, 555
Carolina, case of the, 519
Caroline, case of the, 376
Carriage of contraband. _See_ Contraband of war
Cartel ships: rules regarding, 283 seizure of, 236
Cartels: definition and purpose of, 275, 282 ransom of soldiers arranged by, 166
Carthage, case of the, 506
Castro, de, 40
Catharine, Empress of Russia, 355, 357
Cattaro, access refused to belligerent warships at, 418
Cesarewitch, case of the, 423
Cessation of hostilities, simple, 323, 324
Chablais and Faucigny, neutralisation of, 88
Chambers of Reunion, the so-called, 61
Charles XII. of Sweden, dictum of, 147
Charleston, blockade of, 450, 465
Chauvinism, 38
Chino-Japanese War (1894), referred to on: asylum on neutral man-of-war, 423
Citizens. _See_ Private individuals
Civil war: commencement of, 374 neutrality during, 365 termination of, 323
Clinton, Sir Henry, 198
Coal as contraband, 487
Columbia, case of the, 390
Commerce during war: between belligerents' subjects, 135, 275 between subjects of belligerents and neutrals, 352, 365, 385, 428
Commercen, case of the, 501
_Commercia belli_, 274
Commercial blockade, 452
Commercial treaty. _See_ Treaties
Commission: of Arbitration, 18 of Inquiry, 7
Compensation for violations of the Laws of War, 319-321, 439
Complaints of belligerents, 302, 303
Compromis, 26-31
Compromise clause, 5, 17
Compulsive settlement of State differences. _See_ State differences
Concentration camps, 153, 190
Conference of Berlin (1885), 11
_Confiscantur ex navibus res, ex rebus naves_, 219
Confiscation: at outbreak of war, 139, 140, 174-182, 204, 218 for carrying contraband, 508-514
Congo Conference of Berlin, 11
Congress of Vienna (1815), 88
Conquest, 325. _See also_ Subjugation
_Consolato del mare_, 218, 219, 349, 352, 534
Consular activity, rupture of, 129
Continuous voyage, doctrine of, 469, 472, 491, 499-506
Continuous transport: doctrine of, 499-506 partial recognition of, by Declaration of London, 505
Contraband of war: absolute, 481, 483, 490, 498, 505 analogous of. _See_ Unneutral Service articles for use of carrying vessel not considered, 493 beasts of burden as, 486 carriage of, 386, 495-514 capture for, 506 circuitous, 499-506 consequences of, 506-514 Continental opinion on, 504 direct, 497 indirect, 500-506 penal by municipal law, 495 penalty for, 508-514 without knowledge of war, 140, 235, 512 coal as, 487 conception of, 480-495 conditional, 481, 485, 491, 498, 506 pre-emption of, 510, 512 continuous transports, doctrine of, 499-506 cotton as, 487 definition of, 480 foodstuffs as, 486 horses as, 486 hostile destination essential to, 490 money as, 487 seizure of, during blockade, 290 seizure of, without seizure of vessel, 513
Contraband vessels, 390, 494
Contract debts, 25, 46
Contracts between subjects of belligerents, 137, 138, 333
Contributions, 183-187, 264, 267
Convoy: vessels under enemy, 542 vessels under neutral, 535-537, 543
Convoy of evacuation, 160
Cook, Captain, safe-conduct granted to, 232
Copenhagen: Battle of (1801), 356 Treaty of (1830), 542
Corfu, neutralisation of, 88, 369
Cotton as contraband, 487
Court of Arbitration at the Hague. _See_ Permanent Court of Arbitration
Courts of Justice, during occupation of country, 214
Crete: blockade of, 49, 51 during the Turco-Italian War, 87
Crimean War, referred to on: asylum to men-of-war, 418 blockade, 453, 454, 464, 465 contraband, 501 enemy property at sea under neutral flag, 220 enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 132 letters of marque, 220 loans, flotation of, 431 merchantmen at outbreak of war, 140, 235
D
Danous, case of the, 112
Danube, blockade of the, 453, 454
Dardanelles, 102
Dead, treatment of the, 162, 254
Dearborn, General, reprisal by, 307
Declaration concerning: diffusion of asphyxiating gases, 82, 150, 250 expanding (Dum-Dum) bullets, 82, 149, 250 launching of projectiles from balloons, 82, 150, 250
Declaration of: Brussels (1874), 81, 171 London (1909), 83, 360, 554 referred to on: blockade, 452-478 capture of neutral vessels, 547-552 contraband, 480-514 enemy character, 107, 113, 117 free articles, 492 transfer of enemy vessels, 118 transfer of enemy goods, 120 trial of neutral vessels, 555-558 unneutral service, 435, 515-532 visitation of vessels, 536, 537, 540-545 Paris (1856), 52, 79, 100, 101, 103, 130, 220, 221, 226, 242, 303, 354, 358, 384, 385, 452, 461, 481, 536 St. Petersburg (1868), 80, 149, 250
Declarations of: blockade, 456-459 contraband, 484, 488 neutrality, 374 war, 122-125
Delagoa Bay, case of, 502
Den Beer Portugael, General, and rules on bombardment, 266
Denmark, treaty by, affecting neutrality, 372, 389 Swedish territory sold by, 205
Deserters, 105, 335
Despatches: bearers of, 197 carriage of, for enemy, 435, 515, 516, 521-524, 525, 526, 528, 531 right of sending, 194
Dessaix, case of the, 244
Destruction of enemy property: arms and ammunition, 189 during bombardment, 195 merchantmen, 242-245 monuments, 189 necessary, 188 provisions, 189 wanton, 187 works of art, 189
Devastation, general, 190
De Wütz _v._ Hendricks, 430
Diana, case of the, 236, 422
Dieppe, blockade of, 454
Diplomacy, 75
Diplomatic envoys: capture of, 154 carriage of, by neutrals, 517-521 despatches of, 435 found on enemy territory by a belligerent, 384 in besieged towns, 194 letters of marque granted by, 357
Diplomatic intercourse, rupture of, 129
Discovery, case of the, 232
Distress, vessels in circumstances of, 418, 472
Distribution of Prize Money Proclamation (1866), 248
Doelwijk, case of the, 505, 556
Dogger Bank, case of, 7, 15
_Dolus non purgatur circuitu_, 499
Domicile of owner determines character of goods, 115
Drago doctrine, 25
Duclair, British coal-vessels at, 448
Dum-Dum bullets, 149, 250
Dunant, Jean Henry, on treatment of wounded, 155
Dupleix, case of the, 89
Dutch East India squadron, attempted seizure of, 350
E
Edmonds, Colonel, 82
Effects of outbreak of war on: belligerents' property on enemy territory, 139 belligerents' subjects in enemy State, 131 diplomatic relations, 129 merchantmen, 140-143 _persona standi in judicio_, 133 States in general, 128 trade between belligerents' subjects, 135 treaties, 129
El Arish, capitulation of, 287-289
Elba, case of the, 424
Elisabeth, case of the, 236
Embargo: conception of, 44-46 different kinds of, 45 instance of, 40 practice of, 140, 446
Emblems of: hospital ships, 258 medical service of armies, 161
Emilia, case of the, 110
Ems, exclusion of the river, from blockade, 454
Enemy character: conception of, 106 of goods, 115-117 when transferred, 119 of individuals: enemy subjects domiciled in enemy country, 110-112 enemy subjects in neutral countries, 112 neutral subjects domiciled in enemy country, 109-112, 385 neutral subjects serving in armed forces of belligerents, 109 neutral subjects serving in police and administration of belligerents, 109 of vessels, 112-115 when transferred, 117 unneutral service creating, 524-526
Enemy convoy, 542
Enemy property. _See_ Public enemy property; Private enemy property
Enemy territory, occupation of: an aim of warfare, 204 constructive, 208 courts of justice, position of during, 214 duties arising from, 210 end of, 210 envoys' position during, 384 neutral property during, 384 officials' position during, 213 rights arising from, 210-213 treatment of inhabitants during, 210-213 treatment of subjects of neutrals during, 213, 384 when effected, 98, 206
Enemy vessels: appropriation of, 238-249 attack and seizure of, 225-237 effect of seizure of, 231 furnishing of, by neutrals, 358, 372, 375, 389, 405-409 immunity from attack granted to, 232-237 in neutral waters, 395-397, 400-404 legitimate attack on, 225 medical and hospital staff of, 260 neutral goods on, 232, 542 postal correspondence on, 237, 385 religious staff on, 260 sick bays on, 257
Enlistment Act, Foreign: American, 358, 375 British, 358, 375, 494
Escape from captivity, 170, 172
Espionage, 196-199, 262, 313
Euridice, case of the, 426
Explosive bullets, 149, 250
F
_Facultas bellandi_, 90
Fanny, case of the, 542
Faravelli, bombardment of Turkish vessels in the harbour of Beirut by Italian naval forces under Admiral, 269
Faucigny, neutralisation of, 88
Fécamp, blockade of, 454
Federal States, wars by members of, 63, 68, 92
Fictitious blockade, 461
_Fides etiam hosti servanda_, 273
Fiore, 504
First Armed Neutrality, 354-356, 370, 461, 462, 481
First Coalition, 357
Fishing-boats, immunity from seizure, 234
Flag: character of vessel determined by, 112 transfer of vessels to neutral, 117 use of false, 201, 262
Flags of truce: abuse of, 203, 281 bearers, treatment of, 279 capitulations and, 286 land warfare and, 278 meaning of, 278 naval warfare and, 278 occasions when used, 278-282, 287, 302
Flight. _See_ Escape
Flinders, safe-conduct granted to, 233
Florida, case of the, 443
Foodstuffs as contraband, 486
Foraging, 181
Foreign Enlistment Act. _See_ Enlistment Act
Formosa, blockade of, 49, 52
Forsigtigheten, case of the, 426
Franciska, case of the, 465
Franco-British wars referred to on: (1793), property in enemy State of belligerents, 139 (1803), subjects of belligerents on enemy territory, 131 (1793), treaty obligations, 372
Franco-German War, referred to on: angary, 447, 448 armistices, 291, 292, 296, 297 asylum to belligerents, 411, 415 belligerents' subjects on enemy territory, 132 blockade, 454 cable laying, 436 capitulation, 286 courts of justice, 215 diplomatic envoys in besieged towns, 194 Franctireurs, 96 hostages, 317 loans, flotation of, 431 merchantmen, 222, 235, 236, 244 neutral asylum, 411, 415 neutrality, 89, 368, 369, 400, 413, 415 passage of volunteers through neutral territory, 399 peace treaty, 329, 338 pilotage, 433 postliminium, 342 prisoners of war, 250, 336 prizes, 244 reprisals, 306, 308 sieges, 193 supplies by neutrals, 427, 428 suspension of arms, 291 train-wrecking, 318 unorganised hostile expedition, 400 vessels sailing under flag of another State, 233 volunteer fleet, 100, 303
Franctireurs, 96
Frankfort, Treaty of (1871), 329, 338, 343
Frankfort-on-the-Main, subjugation of, 327
Freden, case of the, 441
Frederick II. of Prussia: forcible levies by, 205 reprisals by, 43, 44
Frederikshamm, Peace treaty of (1809), 205
Free articles, 481, 483, 492-494
French Prize Courts set up in America, 357, 395
Friendship and Commerce, treaties of, 167, 221, 371, 508
Fürst Bismarck, case of the, 390
G
Gaëta, blockade of, 49
Gelderland, case of the, 433
General, case of the, 502
General Armstrong, case of the, 442
Genêt, letters of marque granted by, 357, 395
Geneva: Court of Arbitration, 444 Société d'utilité publique, 155
Geneva Convention: adaptation of the principles of, to naval warfare, 80, 82, 252-262 application of the, 163 general provisions of the, 164 non-combatants and the, 415 origin of the, 154 prisoners and the, 151, 250 wounded and dead and the, 80, 154-165, 181
Geneva Cross, 161, 162, 164, 203, 258
Genoa, capitulation of, 284
German coast, blockade of, 454
German contract for felling trees in French forests, 342
Gessner on carriage of contraband, 504
Good offices: complaints by belligerents to neutrals settled by, 303 duty of asking for, 13 duty of offering, 10, 13 duty of receiving offer of, 13 Hague Convention, rules regarding, 12-14 mediation compared with, 11 purpose of, 10, 328 Russo-Japanese War and, 15 value of, 14
Goods sold by and to enemy subjects, enemy character of, 115, 119, 135-138, 249
Government officials, deposition by enemy of, 214
Greece, blockades of, 48, 49, 51
Grossovoi, case of the, 422
Grotius, cited on: armistices, 295, 297 captivity, 166 contraband, 480, 481 enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 110 declaration of war, 121 destruction of enemy property, 189 neutrality, 349, 361
Guerilla war, 70, 190, 209
H
Hague Conventions concerning: bombardment by naval forces in time of war (IX.), 83, 265, 268-270 capture in maritime war, restrictions on the exercise of the right of (XI.), 83, 105, 233, 234, 237, 250, 360, 385, 522-524, 526 commencement of hostilities (III.), 82, 123-127, 363, 374 debts, employment of force for the recovery of contract (II.), 25, 46 disputes, pacific settlement of (I.), 6, 12-14, 20, 23-33, 122 Geneva Convention, adaptation of the principles of (X.), 82, 236, 250, 251, 252-262, 274, 413, 424, 425 International Prize Court, establishment of an (XII.), 108, 114, 117, 240, 241, 245, 360, 552, 555, 563, 565-579 merchant ships at the outbreak of hostilities, status of enemy (VI.), 83, 140-143, 235 merchant ships, conversion of, into war-ships (VII.), 83, 103, 360, 376 mines, laying of automatic submarine contact (VIII.), 83, 227-229, 360, 445, 463 neutral Powers and persons in war on land, rights and duties of (V.), 83, 94, 107, 108-110, 359, 364, 371, 382, 383, 384, 387, 389, 390, 393, 398, 399, 412, 414, 427, 431, 434, 435, 448 neutral Powers in maritime war, rights and duties of (XIII.), 83, 359, 376, 380, 382, 383, 384, 389, 394, 395, 396, 400, 401-404, 408, 418-423, 427, 432, 436, 441, 443, 445, 494 war on land, laws and customs of (IV.), referred to on: angary, exercise of right of, 448 armistices, 290, 291, 293, 296, 297, 298 assault, bombardment and siege, 192-195 booty, 177 Bureau of Information, 171 capitulations, 286, 289 compensation, 320, 438 espionage, treason, ruses, 196-199, 201, 202, 313, 315 flags of truce, 278-281 Geneva Convention, 80 irregular forces, guerilla bands and levies _en masse_, 70, 96, 97, 313 killing and wounding, 147, 148 means of land warfare, 145, 148 means of securing legitimate warfare, 301, 304, 308, 319, 321 non-combatants, 95 occupation of enemy territory, 206, 207, 211, 214 parole, 170 _persona standi in judicio_, 134 prisoners of war, 167, 169, 172, 250, 336 private individuals, 153, 298 property in enemy State, 140, 174-182, 188-190 property of the dead, 163, 274 quarter, 147 relief societies, 171 requisitions and contributions, 184, 185, 186, 438, 448 telegraph cables, 271
Hague Court of Arbitration. _See_ Permanent Court of Arbitration
Hague Declarations concerning: asphyxiating gases, prohibition of use of, 82, 150, 250 bullets, expanding, prohibition of use of, 82, 149, 250 projectiles, prohibition of discharge of certain, 82, 150, 227, 250
Hague Peace Conferences: of 1899: 17, 81, 149, 150, 156, 222, 252; of 1907: 81, 108, 123, 140, 222, 223, 224, 233, 234, 252, 320, 383
Haimun, case of the, 437
Hale, case of Captain Nathan, 199
Hall, on requisitions and contributions in naval warfare, 264
Halleck, on: abuse of flag of truce, 281 ruses, 263 stratagems and perfidy, 202
Hanover, subjugation of, 327
Hansa, the, 62, 219
Harmony, case of the, 110
Hautefeuille, on: justification of blockade, 455 right of visitation of neutral vessels, 534
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901), 89
Heads of States: power of making treaties when prisoner, 331 violence against, 147, 153
Heffter on occupation of enemy territory, 205
Heilborn, on war material on neutral territory, 416
Henfield, Gideon, case of, 358
Hertha, case of the, 89
Herzog, case of the, 502, 552
Hesse-Cassel: case of the Domains of, 344 subjugation of, 327
Hipsang, case of the, 548
Hobbs _v._ Henning, 503
Holland, blockade of, 49
Holland on: armistices, 290 bombardment, 266 contraband, 522 doctrine of continuous voyage, 500, 503 indemnities, 180 pacific blockade, 48 release of neutral prize, 552
Hon-kohe Bay, Russian fleet in, 404
Horses as contraband, 486
Hospital ships, 236, 254-257 emblem of, 258
Hostages, 153, 213, 246, 317-319
Hostilities: between belligerents. _See_ War by and against neutrals, 386, 387 effect of simple cessation of, 323, 324 instances of simple cessation of, 323
Hübner, proposal regarding Prize Courts, 559
Huddy, Joshua, case of, 306
Hussar, case of the, 263
I
Icona, case of the, 548
Iltis, case of the, 424
Imina, case of the, 503
Indemnities for: neutral cargo on destroyed enemy vessels, 244, 245 neutral innocent cargo on destroyed neutral vessels, 550 private property, 142, 180, 182, 184
Indians, as members of regular forces, 99
Industrie, case of the, 525
Inflexible, case of the, 282
Information regarding military and naval operations, 211, 434
Inquiry Commissions, 7
Institute of International Law on: aerial warfare, 151 angary, 447 bombardment, 266-268 capture, 546 carriage of contraband, 504, 510 commencement of war, 123 contributions and requisitions, 265 effect of war on treaties, 131 insurrection, 92, 366 laws of war, 81 mines, sub-marine, 229, 445 neutrality, 408 pacific blockade, 50, 53 Prize Courts, 553, 560 prizes, 244 reprisals, 308-309 submarine cables, 271, 272 visitation, 534
Insurgents as belligerents, 69, 92
Intercourse: between subjects of belligerents, 135-138, 275, 333 between subjects of neutrals and belligerents, 117, 352, 365, 385, 428
International Bureau of the International Court of Arbitration, 27 acts as registry for Commissions at the Hague, 8 acts as registry for the International Prize Court, 562, 569, 573, 579
International Commission of Inquiry: in the Dogger Bank case, 7, 15 procedure at an, 7-9
International Conference at the Hague (1904), 256, 257
International Convention for the Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables, 271
International Court of Arbitration. _See_ Permanent Court of Arbitration
International Postal Union, in time of war, 130
International Prize Court: action in damages in the, 577-579 Administrative Council of the, 569 competence of the, 529, 541, 569-571 constitution of the, 565-569 Convention (XII.) for the establishment of an, 563 costs of parties before the, 576 expenses of the, 576 law to be applied by the, 571 personnel of the, 565 procedure of the, 572-577, 578 projects for an, 360, 559-563 registry of the, 569, 573, 579 seat of the, 568 tasks for the, 542, 543, 544, 545, 554, 557
International Rivers, blockade of, 454
Intervention: conception of, 54 distinguished from participation, 54 illegitimate warfare and, 302 instance of, 388 mode of, 55 right of, 304 time of, 55
Invasion in contradistinction to occupation, 98, 206
Invincible, case of the, 282
Ionian Islands, neutrality of, 88, 369
Irregular forces, definition of, 96
Italian Marine Code (1865), 222
Italian Prize Commission, 556
J
Jakoga, Major, case of, 199, 315
Jameson raid, 62
Jemchug, case of the, 423
Johanna Emilie, case of the, 110
Joinville, Prince de, on bombardment, 266
Jus: angariae, 45, 446 belli, 91 postliminii, 339 _See also_ Right
K
Kaiserin Maria Theresia, case of the, 390
Kamranh Bay, Russian fleet in, 404
Keith, Lord, and capitulation of El Arish, 288
Kléber, General, and capitulation of El Arish, 287
Kleen, on carriage of contraband, 504
Knight Commander, case of the, 548
Korea, 87 as theatre of war, 387, 395
Korietz, case of the, 388, 424, 442
Kow-shing, case of the, 114, 424
_Kriegs-manier_, 84
Kruger, President, conveyance to Europe, 433
L
La Santissima Trinidad, case of the, 405
Lambermont, Baron, cited on private individuals who commit hostile acts, 66
Land warfare: aims of, 144 assault, 191-193 asylum during. _See_ Neutral asylum bombardment, 191-195 captivity. _See_ Captivity contributions, 153, 186, 212 convoys of evacuation, 160 dead, treatment of the, 162 distinguished from sea warfare, 145 emblems denoting medical establishments and personnel, 161, 203 enemy property. _See_ Public enemy property; Private enemy Property espionage, 196-199 expanding bullets, 149 explosive bullets, 149 explosives from balloons, 150 flags of truce, 278 killing of combatants, 146 lawful practices in, 144, 148 means of, 144 medical establishments, units, and material, 158, 195, 493 medical personnel, 159 objects of means of, 145 occupation. _See_ Enemy territory, occupation of prisoners, who may be made, 151, 152, 153, 169. _See also_ Prisoners of War projectiles: from balloons, 150 diffusing noxious gases, 150 quarter, refusal of, 147 requisitions, 153, 183-186, 212 ruses, 200-203 sick, treatment of, 154-165 siege, 191-194 stratagems, 200-203 treason, 199 unlawful practices in, 144, 148, 192, 193 violence against enemy persons, 146, 151, 153 wounded, treatment of, 154-165 wounding of combatants, 146, 148
Lapérouse, Count, granted safe-conduct, 233
Laws of war: binding force of, 83 development of, 79-83 origin of, 78, 79 treaties regarding, 79-83
Legitimate warfare, means of securing, 300-321
Le Hardy contre La Voltigeante, 111
Lena, case of the, 422
L'Espiègle, case of the, 443
Letters of marque, 42, 46, 100, 220, 239, 351, 357, 399, 534
Levies: _en masse_, 97, 152, 190, 313 forcible, 205, 211 on neutral territories forbidden, 398
Licences: special, of ingress and egress during blockade, 453 to trade, 275
Lichtenstein, war with Prussia, 323
Lieber, on rules of war, 80
Lien on war material, 416
Lion, case of the, 424
Lippencott, Captain, case of, 307
Loans, 430-432
London: Declaration of. _See_ Declaration of London Naval Conference of (1908-9), 108, 360, 536, 577 Treaty of (1863), 88
Louis XIV.: Ordinance of 1681, concerning neutral property, 219 practice of embargo, 446
Louis Napoleon, award of, in the case of the General Armstrong, 442
Ludwig, case of the, 244
Lushington, on blockade, 462, 463, 464
Luxemburg, neutrality of, 91, 368, 393, 413
Luxor, case of the, 507, 558
M
Madison, Mr., reprisal by, 307
Magellan, Straits of, neutralisation of, 89
Mailbags during war, 237, 385, 524
Mailboats during war, 236, 526, 531, 535
Malacca, case of the, 102
Manchuria, 87, 387, 395
Man-of-war, neutral, as an asylum, 423
Manouba, case of the, 531
Marauding, 316
Maritime Convention of St. Petersburg (1801), 356, 536
Martens, von, 18
Mason, Mr., case of seizure of, 519, 530
Mediation, 10-15 difference between good offices and, 11 duty of asking for, 13 duty of offering, 10, 13 duty of receiving, 13 Hague Convention, rules regarding, 12-14 legal value of, 5 occasions for, 10, 303, 328 particular form of, 14 right of offering, 10, 15 value of, 14
Mediatorial Conference possible, 10
Medical establishments, &c. _See_ Land Warfare, _also_ Naval warfare
Menam, blockade of, 49
Menou, General, and capitulation of El Arish, 288
Merchantmen, enemy: appropriation of, 218-224, 238-249 attacking, 313 attack on, 104, 225, 226 conversion into men-of-war, 100-104 conversion into men-of-war after capture, 104, 231 crews of, 104, 250 destruction of, 242-245 immunity from seizure of, 234, 235 neutral goods on, 218-220, 244, 384 ransom of, 245 restoration of, 247 sale of, 117, 248 sale of goods on, _in transitu_, 119, 249 seizure of, 231 status of, at outbreak of war, 140-143 voyage of, at outbreak of war, 235
Merchantmen, neutral: crews of, 250 enemy goods on, 115, 218-224, 356, 385 giving transport to belligerents, 433, 525 rendering unneutral service, 386, 434, 524 rescuing wounded, &c., 259 under convoy, 355, 535, 543 under enemy flag, 112-115, 233, 248
Messina, blockade of, 49
Meteor, case of the, 405
Metz, battle of, 393, 413
Mexico, blockade of, 49
Military operations and neutrals, 386-397
Military preparations and neutrals, 397-409
Militia, 94
Mines: Convention concerning the laying of, 228, 463 floating mechanical, 227-231 submarine contact, 227-231, 445, 463
Mitylene, seizure of the island of, 43
Modena, subjugation of, 327
Modeste, case of the, 441
Money as contraband, 487
Montara, case of the, 114
Moynier, Gustave, 155
Municipal neutrality laws, 364, 375, 418, 422
Municipal officials, deposition by enemy, 214
N
Nancy Court of Appeal, case of, 215
Naniwa, case of the, 114, 423
Napoleon I.: act of reprisals by, 131 Berlin decrees of (1806), 357, 453 seizure of works of art by, 177 troops ordered by, to march through neutral territory, 391
Nassau, subjugation of, 327
Nationality of owner determines character of goods, 116
Naval Code: Italian, 222 United States. _See_ United States
Naval Conference of London. _See_ London
Naval Prize Act (1864), 245, 247
Naval Prize Bill (1911), 240, 245, 247
Naval warfare: aims of, 216 asylum during. _See_ Neutral asylum bombardment of enemy coast, 266-270 cables, interference with submarine, 271 contributions, 264 dead, treatment of, 254 enemy merchantmen. _See_ Merchantmen; Prizes espionage, 262 flags of truce, 278 French Ordinances relating to, 219 hospital ships, 236, 254-257 hospital staff on ships, 260 law of, impending codification, 224 lawful practices, 217 means of, 216, 225 medical staff on ship, 260 objects of, 218 prisoners, who may be made, 250 private property at sea during, 218-223 prizes. _See_ Prizes; Prize Courts religious staff on ship, 260 requisitions, 264 restrictions on the right of capture, 232-237 ruses, 262 shipwrecked, treatment of, 253 sick, treatment of, 253 treason, 262 unlawful practices, 217 violence: against combatants, 249 against non-combatants, 250 against enemy civilians, 251 wounded: articles destined for the, 493 treatment of, 253 neutral ships assisting, 259, 423-425
Navarino, battle of, 48
Negotiation: conception of, 6 effect of, 9 importance of, 9 legal value of, 5 peace, 328 procedure during, 6
Negroes, as members of regular forces, 99
Nelson, 356
Nereide, case of the, 542
Netherlands, right of convoy claimed by the, 535
Neumayr de Ramsla, 349
Neutral asylum: abuse of, 420-423 exterritoriality of men-of-war in, 419 facilities rendered to vessels in, 402, 404, 420, 422, 423 fugitive soldiers and, 413-415 in general, 409 land and naval forces distinguished as regards, 417 land forces and, 409-416 naval forces and, 417-425 neutral men-of-war as, 423 non-combatants of belligerent forces and, 415 option of State to grant, 417 prisoners of war and, 410, 419 vessels in distress in, 418 war material in, 415
Neutral goods: innocent, on destroyed neutral vessels, 550 on enemy men-of-war, 232, 542 on such enemy merchantmen as are being destroyed, 244
Neutralisation, temporary, 89
Neutralised States as belligerents, 91, 93, 386-389
Neutrality: angary, right of, 446-449 armed, definition of, 369 the First and the Second. _See_ First Armed Neutrality; Second Armed Neutrality asylum, to land forces, 409-416 naval forces, 417-425 war material, 415 belligerents to recognise, 367 benevolent, 370 blockade. _See_ Blockade characteristics of, 361-368 civil war and, 365 commencement of, 373-377 conception of, 361 contraband. _See_ Contraband of war Conventions, 383 conventional, 369 declarations of, 374 definition of, 361 development and institution of, 347-360 different kinds of, 368-372 end of, 377 in general, 369 impartiality, contents of duty of, 362, 381, 383 instances of, 350 intercourse during, no cessation of, 365, 385 knowledge of war necessary for, 373 laws prescribing attitude of, 375-377 military operations and, 386-397 military preparations and, 397-409 oath of, 212, 364 partial, 369 perfect, 370 perpetual, 368 qualified, 370-372, 389, 392 rights and duties derived from, 363, 378-386 rule of 1756, 114, 353, 499 treaties affecting, 371-372 violation of. _See_ Violation of neutrality voluntary, 369
Neutrals: asylum. _See_ Neutral asylum belligerents occupying territory of, 394 conduct in general of, 362, 378 depôts and factories of belligerents on territory of, 397 fugitive soldiers in custody of, 413-415 hostilities by and against, 386-389 impartiality of, 362, 381-383, 386 intercourse between enemy and, 365, 385 loans by, to belligerents, 430 on the part of subjects of, 430-432 men-of-war, built and fitted out by, 405-409 passage of, through waters of, 393 rescuing wounded, &c., 259, 424 supplied by, 389 military operations and, 386-397 information regarding, 434-437 military preparations and, 397-409 mines, laying of, by, 445 naval operations and, 400-409 information regarding, 434-437 organisation of hostile expeditions by, 400 pilotage by, 432 Prize Courts on territory of, 395 prizes of belligerents and, 395 relations of, with belligerents, 378-449 representation at International Prize Court, 569 rights and duties of, 363, 378-386 services by, to belligerents, 389, 432-437 subjects of, fighting for belligerents, 390 supplies by, to belligerents, 375, 405-409, 426-430 on part of subjects of, 427-430 transport by, 424, 433-434 troops, levy of, by, 398 supplied by, 389, 398 vessels of, rescuing wounded, 259, 424
Neutral territory: as a base of naval operations forbidden, 400-404 as an asylum, 410-416, 425 despatches carried over, 435 other uses made of, by belligerents, 394-399, 400 passage through, 372, 382, 391-394, 399 shipwrecked, the, on, 424
Newspaper correspondents in naval warfare, 437
Niagara, case of the, 465
Nickolsburg, Preliminaries of, 329
Nigretia, case of the, 519
Nimeguen, Peace of (1678), 61
Non-combatants: attached to armies, 95, 151, 158-161, 169 attached to naval forces, 250, 254-257, 415
Non-hostile relations, 273-299
North-Eastern Boundary Dispute between U.S.A. and Great Britain, 19
North-German Confederation, 100
North Sea outrage. _See_ Dogger Bank
Northern war, selling of territories during, 205
Notification: of blockade, 457-459 of bombardment, 194 of contraband, 484, 488 of outbreak of war, 125, 374
Novara, case of the, 233
Novik, case of the, 423
O
Occupation of enemy territory. _See_ Enemy territory
Oki, Captain Teisuki, 199, 315
Oldhamia, case of the, 548
Oleg, case of the, 423
Open Sea: angary, right of, on, 447 belligerents in neutral ports leaving for, 401, 402, 421 capture on the, 526 contraband on, 495 despatch carriers on, 526, 528, 531 enemy property found on, by belligerents, 547 goods on neutral vessels on, 495-514 jurisdiction over foreign subjects on, 364 mechanical mines in, 227 neutral merchantmen on, 128 neutralisation of parts of, 88-90 order on the, in thirteenth century, 239 region of war, 85 telegraph cables in, 271, 272 visitation on, 534
Orange Free State, annexation of, 327 effective occupation of, 209
Ordinances by France on neutral ships and goods, 219
Orinoco Steamship Company, case of, 19
Orozembo, case of the, 518
Outbreak of war: after declaration, 123 after initiative hostile acts, 126 after ultimatum, 125 effects of. _See_ Effects of outbreak of war in general, 121 notification of, 125
P
Pacific blockade: admissibility of, 50, 52 development of, 48 disposal of vessels seized during, 52 instances of, 48, 49, 51, 52 mode of, 52 third States and, 51 value of, 53 variations of practice in, 51 war not necessarily caused by, 53
Pacifico, Don, case of, 41, 49
Palme, case of the, 233
Panama Canal, neutralisation of the, 89
Papal States, 327
Paris: Act of November (1815), 392 Declaration of (1856). _See_ Declaration of Paris Peace treaty of. _See_ Peace treaty
Parma, subjugation of, 327
Parole, release on, 170, 172
Pascal, case of the, 424
Passage through neutral territory: of individuals intending to enlist, 399 of prisoners of war and wounded, 412 of troops, 372, 382, 391 of wounded, 392
Passports, 276
Paul, Emperor, armed neutrality in reign of, 355, 356
Paxo, neutralisation of, 88, 369
Peace: negotiations for, 328 preliminaries of, 329 restoration of condition of, 332
Peace Conferences. _See_ Hague Peace Conferences
Peace Societies, so-called, 22
Peace treaty of: Amiens (1802), 332 Berlin (1878), 330 Bukarest (1886), 92 Frankfort (1871), 329, 338, 343 Frederikshamm (1809), 205 London (1863), 88; (1864), 88 Nimeguen (1678), 61 Paris (1856), 11 Portsmouth (1905), 15, 329, 331, 555 Prague (1866), 329 Pyrenees (1659), 537 San Stefano (1878), 330, 335 Westminster (1654), 535 Zürich (1859), 329
Perfidy, instances of, 202, 263, 281, 285
Permanent Court of Arbitration, 13, 22, 23, 26, 157, 561 Administrative Council of the, 565, 569 International Bureau of the, 8, 27, 562, 569, 573, 579 procedure of the, 27-31
Persia, emblem of medical service, 161, 259
_Persona standi in judicio_ of alien enemies, 133
Peterburg, case of the, 102
Peterhoff, case of the, 454, 470, 500, 501
Phillimore on: blockade, 462 continuous voyage, 500 reprisals, 42 violations of neutrality, 371
Pillage, 181
Pilotage by neutrals, 432
Poison in warfare, 85, 148, 193, 249
Port Arthur, battle of, 423 blockade of, 227, 436 surrender of, 285
Portalis, declaration by, 64
Portsmouth, Peace treaty of (1905), 15, 329, 331, 555
Portugal, treaty affecting neutrality of, 372
Postal Convention: between Great Britain and Holland (1843), 237 between Great Britain and France (1860), 236
Postal correspondence during war 236, 385, 524
Postilion, case of the, 112, 115
Postliminium: conception of, 339 effects of, 340 illegitimate acts and, 343 interregnum debars, 343 legitimate acts unaffected by, 342 revival of former state of things, 341
Prague, Treaty of (1866), 329
Preliminaries of peace, 329
Prévost, General, reprisal by, 307
Princesse Marie, case of the, 548
Prisoners of war, 134, 151, 152, 153, 165-173, 250, 306, 308, 316, 335, 411, 419, 420
Private enemy property: appropriation of, 174, 179-182 at sea, 218, 221-224 booty on battlefield, 163, 177, 181 conveyed into belligerents' territory, 182 destruction of, 187-191 during bombardment, 194, 195 immovable, 179 on enemy territory, 139-143 personal, 180 transport, means of, 180 utilisation of, 179 war material, 180 works of art and science, 180, 195
Private individuals: during siege and bombardment, 193, 194 hostility in arms of, 97, 152, 312 intercourse and trade with enemy subjects, 135, 405, 427-432, 434-437 of neutral States, treatment of, 363-365 _persona standi in judicio_, 133 position at outbreak of war, 131 position in general as regards war, 63-67 property of, on enemy territory, 139 requisitions in kind and service from, 152, 184-187, 211-213 violence against, 151, 251
Privateering, 103, 219, 353
Privateers, 99, 357, 372, 534
Prize Courts: adjudication by, 231, 240 appeal against judgment of, 241, 529, 530, 555, 557 blockade runners, adjudication of, 476 captured neutral vessel to be tried by, 510-514, 529, 530, 544, 547-552 claims after judgment of, 557 conduct of neutral vessels to, 547 continuous voyage and, 499 discretion of, as to confiscation, 544 origin of, 238 practice of, 553 purpose of, 239 reform projects for, 559 territory on which instituted, 240, 395
Prizes: abandonment of, 246 cargo of, 242 conduct of, to Prize Court, 241, 546 crew of, 105, 231, 242, 547 destruction of, 242, 547 distribution of prize money, 248 fate of, 231, 247 hostage for ransom, 246 loss of, 246 neutral goods on, 242, 244, 530 ransom of, 245 recapture of, 246, 551 safe keeping on neutral territory, 395 sale of, 396 effect of, 248
Property. _See_ Private enemy property; Public enemy property
Prussian Regulations regarding Naval Prizes, 505
Public enemy property: appropriation of, 174-178, 183 at sea, 218 booty on battlefield, 163, 177 destruction of. _See_ Destruction of enemy property during bombardment, 195 immoveable, 174-175 moveable, 176-177 on enemy territory, 139 utilisation of, 175, 176
Pufendorf, 295
Pursuit, right of. _See_ Right of pursuit
Pyrenees, Peace treaty of (1659), 537
Q
Qualification of belligerents, 90-92
Qualified neutrality, 370-372, 389, 392
Quarter: duty of giving, 147, 231, 249 refusal of, 147
Quartering of soldiers, 181, 185
R
Railways, use of, in war, 139, 176, 180, 447, 448
Ramillies, case of the, 263
Ransom of prize, 245
Rapid, case of the, 522
Ras-el-Tin Fort, case of, 282
Rebellion contrasted with war, 62
Rebels, 70
Recapture of prizes, 246, 551
_Receptum arbitri_, 17
Recognition as a belligerent Power, 69
Red Cross, 161, 164, 203, 258
Red Sea, proposed neutralisation of, 90
Region of war, 85-90 exclusion from, through neutralisation, 88
Relief Societies, 171
Reparation for: exercise of right of angary, 385 violation of neutrality, 352, 380, 442
Repatriation, 172, 173
Reprisals: admissibility of, 40, 46, 281, 305 arbitrariness in, danger of, 306 by whom performed, 41 cessation of, 46 conception of, 38 embargo, 40, 44. _See also_ Embargo inception of, 46 instances of, 131, 147, 306-308 kinds of, 42, 44 laws of war not binding in case of, 84 objects of, 42 peace, distinguished from war, 46, 305 proportionate to wrong done, 44 restriction of, proposed, 308 value of, 46, 305
Requisitions, 153, 181, 183-186, 212, 264, 267
Reshitelni, case of the, 389, 442
Resistance to visitation, forcible, 540-543
Retorsion: conception and characteristics of, 36 exercise of, 37 importance of, 36 justification for, 37 reprisals contrasted with, 38 value of, 38
Reuss, M. de, 40
Riga, blockade of, 464
Right: of angary, 446-449, 510 of convoy, 535 of pursuit of a vanquished army into neutral territory, 352, 387 of pursuit of a defeated fleet into neutral waters, 352, 387, 422 of stoppage _in transitu_, 120 of visit and search, 290, 533 _See also_ Jus
Rio de Janeiro, blockade of, 49
Rio Grande, blockade of the, 454
Rivier, 84
Riza Bey, Colonel, made prisoner, 531
Roberts, Lord: action concerning train wrecking, 318 proclamations during South African War, 318 reprisal by, 306
_Robe d'ennemy confisque celle d'amy_, 219
Roche, Hon. J. B., case of, 376
Rojdestvensky, Admiral, in territorial waters, 404 North Sea outrage and, 7
Rouen, blockade of, 454
Rule of 1756, 114, 353, 499
Ruses: characteristics of, 200 distinguished from perfidy, 202 kinds of, 201, 262
Russo-Japanese War referred to on: armistice, 331 asylum to men-of-war, 422, 423 booty on battlefield, 182 capitulation, 285 contraband, 486, 488 declaration of war, 123 destruction of enemy merchantmen, 243 destruction of neutral prizes, 548 Dogger Bank case, 7 disguised soldiery, 202, 302 enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 132 hospital ships, 256 intervention, 388 irregular forces, 96 loans, flotation of, 431, 432 mechanical mines, 227 merchantmen at outbreak of war, 235 neutrality, 87, 359, 375, 387, 390, 422 peace negotiations, 329, 331 prisoners of war, 336, 424 prizes, destruction of, 243 region of war, 87, 387, 395 release of neutral prizes, 555 telegraphic facilities, 436 unneutral service, 519, 525 volunteer fleets, 102 warships in neutral waters, 404 war treason, 315
Russo-Swedish War (1788), referred to on neutrality, 372, 389
Russo-Turkish War (1877), referred to on: flag, use of false, 262 loans, 431 merchantmen at outbreak of war, 235 peace negotiations, 330
S
Safe-conducts, granting of, 232, 276
Safeguards, 277
St. Kilda, case of the, 548
St. Petersburg: Declaration of. _See_ Declaration of St. Petersburg Maritime Convention of (1801), 356, 536
Sale of vessels in time of war, 117, 248, 390, 426
San Stefano, Peace treaty of, 330, 335
Sardinia, subjugation of States by, 327
Scott, Sir William: neutral property on armed enemy vessels condemned by, 542 on capture of enemy vessels in neutral waters, 443 on contraband, 503 on unneutral service, 519 on vessels under neutral convoy, 543 _See also_ Stowell, Lord
Scouting, 197
Scouts, use of armed natives as, 99
Sea warfare. _See_ Naval warfare
Search: resistance to, 540-545 right of, over merchantmen, 533-540 during armistice, 290
Second Armed Neutrality, 355-357, 370, 461, 468, 481, 536
Sedan, battle of, 393
Seizure, immunity of vessels from, 232-237 _See also_ Enemy vessels
Servia, 62, 91
Seven Years' War, forcible levies in, 205
Ship. _See_ Enemy vessels; Merchantmen
Ship papers, 543-545
Shipwrecked, treatment of the, 252-262, 424
Sicilian sulphur monopoly, 39, 45
Sicilies, subjugation of the Two, 327
Sick-bays, 257
Siege, 191, 193
Silesia, passage of troops through, 391
Silesian loan, case of the, 44, 557
Sinnet, Mr., case of, 376
Slidell, Mr., case of seizure of, 519, 530
Smith, Sir Sidney, and capitulation of El Arish, 287
Smolensk, case of the, 102
Solferino, battle of, 155
South African Republic: annexation of, 326, 327 effective occupation of, 209
South African War referred to on: amnesty, 334 concentration camps, 190 devastation, 190 enemy character, 109 enemy subjects on belligerent's territory, 132 hostages, 318 natives as scouts, 99 need of an International Prize Court, 561 neutrality, 359 neutrals' subjects fighting in the, 109 passage of troops, 372 prisoners, 147 repatriation, 173 reprisals during, 306 subjugation, 327 transport, 433 vessel, release of, 552
Spanish-American War referred to on: cable laying, 436 cancellation of treaties, 129 flag, use of false, 262 merchantmen at outbreak of war, 235
Spanish Armada, prisoners from, on neutral territory, 411
Spanish Colonies' War of Independence, sale of vessels in (1825), 426
Spies, 196, 262
Springbok, case of the, 470, 500, 501
Stackelburg, Baron de, case of, 43
State differences: amicable settlement of, 3-33 four ways, 5 compulsive settlement of, 34-56 conception, 34 four ways, 5, 34 ultimatums and demonstrations, 35 war distinguished from, 34 Law of Nations and, 4 legal, 3-5 causes of, 3 settlement of, 4 political, 3-5 causes of, 3 settlement of, 4
States: duty of, in neutrality, 363 qualification to make war, 90-93
Stephen Hart, case of the, 470
Stockholm, Convention of (1905), 89
Stoessel, General accused of perfidy, 285
Stone-blockade, 450, 463
Stoppage _in transitu_, right of, 120
Story, Mr. Justice, 501, 542
Stowell, Lord: on immunity of fishing-boats, 234 on Prize Courts, 554 _See also_ Scott, Sir William
Strassburg, 61, 193
Stratagems. _See_ Ruses
Strategic blockade, 452
Subjugation: definition of, 326 formal end of war, 326 instances of, 326
Submarine cables, 271, 436
Submarine mines. _See_ Mines
Subsidies, 430-432
Suez Canal, neutralisation of, 88, 102
Suspension of arms, 291
Swineherd, case of the, 332
Swiss Bundesrath, on treatment of wounded, 155
Swiss Federal Council and the Geneva Convention, 164
Switzerland, neutralisation of, 91, 348, 358, 363, 368, 369, 392, 413, 415, 428 troops marched through, 392
Sybille, case of the, 263
T
Tagus, blockade of the, 49
Talbot, case of the, 424
Telegraph cable, interference with submarine, 271-272 use of, by belligerents, 435-437
Telegraphy, wireless, 436, 437
Temeraire, case of the, 282
Tetardos, case of the, 548
Tetens, proposal regarding Prize Courts, 560
Thea, case of the, 548
Theatre of war, 85
Torpedoes, 227
Trading between belligerent's subjects. _See_ Intercourse
Train-wrecking, 318
Traitors, 105
Transfer: of enemy goods, 119 of enemy vessels, 117
Transmission of intelligence for the enemy, 521
Transport on the part of neutrals, 424, 433, 434
Transvaal. _See_ South African Republic
Treason, 199, 262, 313-316, 318
Treaties: cancellation of, at outbreak of war, 129 cancellation through violation by one party, 339 interpretation of, 20, 26 of Arbitration, 16, 20, 21 of Commerce (1871), 221, 509 (1894), 17 of Friendship and Commerce (1785), 167, 221, 508 (1778), 371
Treaty of: Buenos Ayres (1881), 89 Copenhagen (1830), 542 Washington (1871), 557 Westminster (1654), 535
Treaty of peace: amnesty under, 334 breach of, 338 competence to conclude, 330 contracts, suspended, and, 333 date of, 331 effects of, 332-337 forces in distant parts, effect on, 332 form of, 330 interpretation of stipulations of, 337 negotiations for, 328 normal end of war, 327 parts of, 330 performance of, 337 preliminaries of, 329 principle of _uti possidetis_, 334 prisoners of war, release of, 335 revival of treaties, 336
Trent, case of the, 519, 530
Trial of captured neutral vessels, 553-558
Tripoli, ultimatum threatening occupation of, 126
Tsu Shima, battle of, 423
Turco-Italian War (1911), referred to on: bombardment by naval forces, 269, 303 carriage of contraband, 506 complaints to neutral Powers during, 303 mediation, 11 Red Sea, proposed neutralisation of, 90 region of war, 87, 89 rules of the Declaration of London, 360 subjects of belligerent expelled from enemy territory, 132 subjects of belligerent on enemy territory, 132 unneutral service, 531
Turco-Servian War (1877), violation of neutrality during, 391
Turkey, emblem of medical service of, 161, 259
Tuscany, subjugation of, 327
Twee Gebroeders, case of the, 443
U
Ukase of 1809, 357
Ultimatum, 35, 125
Umpire in arbitration, 16, 32
United States of North America: Foreign Enlistment Act of, 358, 375 Instructions for the Government of Armies of the, in the Field (1863), 67, 80, 98 International Prize Court and the, 577 neutrality of, 371, 398, 400 War code: land, 67, 80, 98 naval 83, 217, 224, 233, 243, 262, 265, 272, 285, 447, 460, 486
Unneutral service, 386, 434 capture for, 526 carriage of despatches, 515, 521-524, 528, 531, 532 consequences of, 526-532 diplomatic personages, carriage of, for enemy, 519, 532 enemy character created by, 524 enemy persons, carriage of, 515, 517-521 kinds of, 515 mailboats carrying despatches, 526, 531 penalty for, 527 seizure of despatches, 530, 531 seizure of enemy persons, 530, 531 transmission of intelligence, 521
Uriu, Admiral, in Korean neutral waters, 388
_Uti possidetis_, principle of, 324, 334
_Usus in bello_, 78
V
Variag, case of the, 388, 424, 442
Vassal States, wars by, 62, 68, 91, 92
Vattel on: armistices, 295 loans to belligerents, 430 neutrality, 350 occupation of territory, 205 perfidy, 263 reprisals, 44
Vega, case of the, 233
Venezuela: blockade of, 50, 52 boundary dispute (1900), 18
Venus, case of the, 112
Versailles, Preliminaries of Peace of, 329
Vessels. _See_ Enemy vessels; Contraband vessels
Victor, case of the, 427
Vienna Congress, Act of 1815, 88
_Vigilantibus jura sunt scripta_, 295
Villafranca, preliminaries of Peace Treaty of, 329
Violation of: armistices, 297 capitulations, 289 neutral territory, 384 neutrality, 93, 438-445, 371, 380, 507 conception of, 438 consequences of, 439 distinguished from end of, 439 mines laid to prevent, 445 negligence by neutrals conducive to, 444 neutrals and, 440 reparation from belligerents for, 352, 380, 442 what constitutes, 389-409, 412, 422, 426, 429, 430, 433, 435-437 peace treaties, 338 rules of war, 310
Violence: in land warfare, 146-154 in naval warfare, 249-251
Visitation of neutral vessels: armistice and, 534 conception of right of, 533 convoyed vessels, 355, 535-537, 542 exercise of, 534 mailboats, 535 men-of-war, 535 papers and, 543-545 private vessels, 535 procedure, 538 resistance to, 540-543 by neutral convoy, 543 consequences of, 540 rules regarding, no universal, 537 search, 539 stopping vessels for purpose of, 538 what constitutes, 541
Vladimirowka, occupation by the Japanese, 96
Voluntary Aid Societies, 158-160
Volunteer corps, 94
Volunteer fleet, 100-104
Vorwärts, case of the, 244
Vrow Houwina, case of the, 501
W
War: aerial warfare, 150, 192, 207, 227 armed forces in, 63 belligerents. _See_ Belligerents causes of, 72-75 just, 74 pretexts distinct from, 75 cessation of hostilities, simple, 290, 323-324 characteristics of, 59-72 civil, 68, 323 commencement of, 121 conception of, 60-63 declaration of, 122-125 diminution of, 75 effects of the outbreak of, 128-143 ends of, 67, 76 enemy character. _See_ Enemy character guerilla, 70-72 illegitimate, 300 initiative hostile acts, 126-128 kinds of, 76 land. _See_ Land warfare laws of. _See_ Laws of war legality of, 59 legitimate, 300 means of securing, 300-321 manifestoes of, 121 naval. _See_ Naval warfare non-hostile relations of belligerents during, 273-299 outbreak of, 121-128. _See also_ Effects of outbreak of war participants in, 62 poison and poisoned arms in, 85, 148, 193, 249 _postliminium._ _See_ Postliminium pretexts for, 75 private individuals: status during, 63-67 hostilities by, 97, 152, 298, 312 purpose of, 67 region of, 85-90 right to make, 91 sea. _See_ Naval warfare subjugation. _See_ Subjugation temporary condition, a, 322 termination of, 322-332 territory neutralised in case of, 88-90 theatre of, 85 treaty of peace. _See_ Treaty of peace ultimatum, 125 violation of rules of, 310
War crimes: conception of, 309 kinds of, 310-316 punishment for committing, 316 effect of treaty of peace on, 335
War criminals: in land warfare, 66, 96, 97, 197, 289, 303, 334 in naval warfare, 226
War of Secession (1861), 63
Washburne, case of Mr., 194
Washington: Three Rules of, 18, 406, 444 Treaty of, 557
Wellington, Duke of, on bombardment, 266
Westlake, proposition for Court of Appeal in prize cases, 560
Westminster, Treaty of (1654), 535
Wheaton, on resistance to visitation, 542
William, case of the, 499
Wireless telegraphy, use of by belligerents, 435-437
Wounded: articles for the use of, 493 treatment of, 154-165, 252-262, 393
Z
Zouche, on contraband, 508
Zürich, Peace of (1859), 329
THE END
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