CHAPTER I--ON NEUTRALITY IN GENERAL

I. _Development of the Institution of Neutrality_

285. Neutrality not practised in Ancient Times 347 286. Neutrality during the Middle Ages 348 287. Neutrality during the Seventeenth Century 349 288. Progress of Neutrality during the Eighteenth Century 350 289. First Armed Neutrality 352 290. The French Revolution and the Second Armed Neutrality 354 291. Neutrality during the Nineteenth Century 357 292. Neutrality in the Twentieth Century 359

II. _Characteristics of Neutrality_

293. Conception of Neutrality 361 294. Neutrality an Attitude of Impartiality 362 295. Neutrality an Attitude creating Rights and Duties 363 296. Neutrality an Attitude of States 363 297. No Cessation of Intercourse during Neutrality between Neutrals and Belligerents 365 298. Neutrality an Attitude during War (Neutrality in Civil War) 365 299. Neutrality to be recognised by the Belligerents 367

III. _Different Kinds of Neutrality_

300. Perpetual Neutrality 368 301. General and Partial Neutrality 369 302. Voluntary and Conventional Neutrality 369 303. Armed Neutrality 369 304. Benevolent Neutrality 370 305. Perfect and Qualified Neutrality 370 306. Some Historical Examples of Qualified Neutrality 371

IV. _Commencement and End of Neutrality_

307. Neutrality commences with Knowledge of the War 373 308. Commencement of Neutrality in Civil War 374 309. Establishment of Neutrality by Declarations 374 310. Municipal Neutrality Laws 375 311. British Foreign Enlistment Act 375 312. End of Neutrality 377