CHAPTER III--INDIVIDUALS

I. _Position of Individuals in International Law_

288. Importance of Individuals to the Law of Nations 362 289. Individuals never Subjects of the Law of Nations 362 290. Individuals Objects of the Law of Nations 365 291. Nationality the Link between Individuals and the Law of Nations 366 292. The Law of Nations and the Rights of Mankind 367

II. _Nationality_

293. Conception of Nationality 369 294. Function of Nationality 370 295. So-called _Protégés_ and _de facto_ Subjects 371 296. Nationality and Emigration 373

III. _Modes of Acquiring and Losing Nationality_

297. Five Modes of Acquisition of Nationality 374 298. Acquisition of Nationality by Birth 375 299. Acquisition of Nationality through Naturalisation 375 300. Acquisition of Nationality through Redintegration 376 301. Acquisition of Nationality through Subjugation and Cession 377 302. Seven Modes of losing Nationality 377

IV. _Naturalisation in Especial_

303. Conception and Importance of Naturalisation 379 304. Object of Naturalisation 380 305. Conditions of Naturalisation 380 306. Effect of Naturalisation upon previous Citizenship 381 307. Naturalisation in Great Britain 382

V. _Double and Absent Nationality_

308. Possibility of Double and Absent Nationality 383 309. How Double Nationality occurs 384 310. Position of Individuals with Double Nationality 385 311. How Absent Nationality occurs 387 312. Position of Individuals destitute of Nationality 387 313. Redress against Difficulties arising from Double and Absent Nationality 388

VI. _Reception of Aliens and Right of Asylum_

314. No Obligation to admit Aliens 390 315. Reception of Aliens under conditions 392 316. So-called Right of Asylum 392

VII. _Position of Aliens after Reception_

317. Aliens subjected to Territorial Supremacy 393 318. Aliens in Eastern Countries 395 319. Aliens under the Protection of their Home State 395 320. Protection to be afforded to Aliens' Persons and Property 397 321. How far Aliens can be treated according to Discretion 397 322. Departure from the Foreign Country 398

VIII. _Expulsion of Aliens_

323. Competence to expel Aliens 399 324. Just Causes of Expulsion of Aliens 400 325. Expulsion how effected 402 326. Reconduction in Contradistinction to Expulsion 402

IX. _Extradition_

327. Extradition no legal duty 403 328. Extradition Treaties how arisen 404 329. Municipal Extradition Laws 405 330. Object of Extradition 407 331. Extraditable Crimes 408 332. Effectuation and Condition of Extradition 409

X. _Principle of Non-Extradition of Political Criminals_

333. How Non-extradition of Political Criminals became the Rule 411 334. Difficulty concerning the Conception of Political Crime 414 335. The so-called Belgian _Attentat_ Clause 416 336. The Russian Project of 1881 416 337. The Swiss Solution of the Problem in 1892 417 338. Rationale for the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals 418 339. How to avoid Misapplication of the Principle of Non-extradition of Political Criminals 420 340. Reactionary Extradition Treaties 422