CHAPTER II--THE OPEN SEA

I. _Rise of the Freedom of the Open Sea_

248. Former Claims to Control over the Sea 315 249. Practical Expression of claims to Maritime Sovereignty 317 250. Grotius's Attack on Maritime Sovereignty 318 251. Gradual recognition of the Freedom of the Open Sea 319

II. _Conception of the Open Sea_

252. Discrimination between Open Sea and Territorial Waters 321 253. Clear Instances of Parts of the Open Sea 322

III. _The Freedom of the Open Sea_

254. Meaning of the Term "Freedom of the Open Sea" 323 255. Legal Provisions for the Open Sea 324 256. Freedom of the Open Sea and War 325 257. Navigation and ceremonials on the Open Sea 326 258. Claim of States to Maritime Flag 326 259. Rationale for the Freedom of the Open Sea 327

IV. _Jurisdiction on the Open Sea_

260. Jurisdiction on the Open Sea mainly connected with Flag 329 261. Claim of Vessels to sail under a certain Flag 329 262. Ship Papers 331 263. Names of Vessels 332 264. Territorial Quality of Vessels on the Open Sea 332 265. Safety of Traffic on the Open Sea 333 266. Powers of Men-of-war over Merchantmen of all Nations 335 267. How Verification of Flag is effected 337 268. How Visit is effected 337 269. How Search is effected 338 270. How Arrest is effected 338 271. Shipwreck and Distress on the Open Sea 339

V. _Piracy_

272. Conception of Piracy 340 273. Private Ships as Subjects of Piracy 341 274. Mutinous Crew and Passengers as Subjects of Piracy 343 275. Object of Piracy 344 276. Piracy, how effected 344 277. Where Piracy can be committed 345 278. Jurisdiction over Pirates and their Punishment 345 279. _Pirata non mutat dominium_ 346 280. Piracy according to Municipal Law 347

VI. _Fisheries in the Open Sea_

281. Fisheries in the Open Sea free to all Nations 348 282. Fisheries in the North Sea 349 283. Bumboats in the North Sea 351 284. Seal Fisheries in Behring Sea 351 285. Fisheries around the Faröe Islands and Iceland 353

VII. _Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea_

286. Telegraph Cables in the Open Sea admitted 353 287. International Protection of Submarine Telegraph Cables 354

VIII. _Wireless Telegraphy on the Open Sea_

287_a_. Radiotelegraphy between Ships and the Shore 355 287_b_. Radiotelegraphy between Ships at Sea 356

IX. _The Subsoil beneath the Sea Bed_

287_c_. Five Rules concerning the Subsoil beneath the Sea Bed 357 287_d_. The Proposed Channel Tunnel 359