CHAPTER I--INTERNATIONAL PERSONS

I. _Sovereign States as International Persons_

63. Real and apparent International Persons 107 64. Conception of the State 108 65. Not-full Sovereign States 109 66. Divisibility of Sovereignty contested 110 67. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 111 68. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Eighteenth Century 112 69. Meaning of Sovereignty in the Nineteenth Century 113 70. Result of the Controversy regarding Sovereignty 115

II. _Recognition of States as International Persons_

71. Recognition a condition of Membership of the Family of Nations 116 72. Mode of Recognition 117 73. Recognition under Conditions 118 74. Recognition Timely and Precipitate 119 75. State Recognition in contradistinction to other Recognitions 120

III. _Changes in the Condition of International Persons_

76. Important in contradistinction to Indifferent Changes 121 77. Changes not affecting States as International Persons 122 78. Changes affecting States as International Persons 123 79. Extinction of International Persons 124

IV. _Succession of International Persons_

80. Common Doctrine regarding Succession of International Persons 125 81. How far Succession actually takes place 127 82. Succession in consequence of Absorption 127 83. Succession in consequence of Dismemberment 130 84. Succession in case of Separation or Cession 131

V. _Composite International Persons_

85. Real and apparent Composite International Persons 132 86. States in Personal Union 133 87. States in Real Union 134 88. Confederated States (Staatenbund) 135 89. Federal States (Bundesstaaten) 136

VI. _Vassal States_

90. The Union between Suzerain and Vassal State 140 91. International position of Vassal States 141

VII. _States under Protectorate_

92. Conception of Protectorate 144 93. International position of States under Protectorate 145 94. Protectorates outside the Family of Nations 146

VIII. _Neutralised States_

95. Conception of Neutralised States 147 96. Act and Condition of Neutralisation 148 97. International position of Neutralised States 149 98. Switzerland 151 99. Belgium 152 100. Luxemburg 152 101. The former Congo Free State 153

IX. _Non-Christian States_

102. No essential difference between Christian and other States 154 103. International position of non-Christian States except Turkey and Japan 155

X. _The Holy See_

104. The former Papal States 157 105. The Italian Law of Guaranty 158 106. International position of the Holy See and the Pope 159 107. Violation of the Holy See and the Pope 161

XI. _International Persons of the Present Day_

108. European States 162 109. American States 163 110. African States 164 111. Asiatic States 164