CHAPTER II--TREATIES

I. _Character and Function of Treaties_

491. Conception of Treaties 540 492. Different kinds of Treaties 540 493. Binding Force of Treaties 541

II. _Parties to Treaties_

494. The Treaty-making Power 543 495. Treaty-making Power exercised by Heads of States 544 496. Minor Functionaries exercising Treaty-making Power 545 497. Constitutional Restrictions 545 498. Mutual Consent of the Contracting Parties 546 499. Freedom of Action of Consenting Representatives 547 500. Delusion and Error in Contracting Parties 547

III. _Objects of Treaties_

501. Objects in general of Treaties 548 502. Obligations of Contracting Parties only can be Object 548 503. An Obligation inconsistent with other Obligations cannot be an Object 549 504. Object must be physically possible 549 505. Immoral Obligations 549 506. Illegal Obligations 550

IV. _Form and Parts of Treaties_

507. No necessary Form of Treaties 550 508. Acts, Conventions, Declarations 551 509. Parts of Treaties 552

V. _Ratification of Treaties_

510. Conception and Function of Ratification 553 511. Rationale for the Institution of Ratification 554 512. Ratification regularly, but not absolutely, necessary 554 513. Length of Time for Ratification 555 514. Refusal of Ratification 556 515. Form of Ratification 557 516. Ratification by whom effected 558 517. Ratification cannot be partial and conditional 559 518. Effect of Ratification 561

VI. _Effect of Treaties_

519. Effect of Treaties upon Contracting Parties 561 520. Effect of Treaties upon the Subjects of the Parties 562 521. Effect of Changes in Government upon Treaties 562 522. Effect of Treaties upon Third States 563

VII. _Means of Securing Performance of Treaties_

523. What means have been in use 565 524. Oaths 565 525. Hostages 566 526. Pledge 566 527. Occupation of Territory 566 528. Guarantee 567

VIII. _Participation of Third States in Treaties_

529. Interest and Participation to be distinguished 567 530. Good Offices and Mediation 568 531. Intervention 568 532. Accession 568 533. Adhesion 569

IX. _Expiration and Dissolution of Treaties_

534. Expiration and Dissolution in Contradistinction to Fulfilment 570 535. Expiration through Expiration of Time 570 536. Expiration through Resolutive Condition 571 537. Mutual Consent 571 538. Withdrawal by Notice 571 539. Vital Change of Circumstances 572

X. _Voidance of Treaties_

540. Grounds of Voidance 576 541. Extinction of one of the two Contracting Parties 576 542. Impossibility of Execution 577 543. Realisation of Purpose of Treaty other than by Fulfilment 577 544. Extinction of such Object as was concerned in a Treaty 577

XI. _Cancellation of Treaties_

545. Grounds of Cancellation 578 546. Inconsistency with subsequent International Law 578 547. Violation by one of the Contracting Parties 579 548. Subsequent Change of Status of one of the Contracting Parties 579 549. War 580

XII. _Renewal, Reconfirmation, and Redintegration of Treaties_

550. Renewal of Treaties 580 551. Reconfirmation 581 552. Redintegration 581

XIII. _Interpretation of Treaties_

553. Authentic Interpretation, and the Compromise Clause 582 554. Rules of Interpretation which recommend themselves 583