Chapter 11

[1]Pods. Seed = _sem-o_; suf. _-uj_ denotes that which contains. [2]Impossible. Suf. _-ebl_ denotes possibility, and can, like all suffixes, be used by itself. _Ne-ebl-a_ = not possible. [3]Show. To see = _vid-i_; with suf. _-ig_ = to cause to see.

Ree Namezo diris, "Se vi nur tiom Again Namezo said, "If you will da peno faros, kiom necesas por only take as much trouble[1] as eliri el la vilaĝo, mi montros is necessary to go out of the al vi arbon, sub kiu miaj amikoj village, I will show you a tree, kaj mi ŝirmiĝas ĉiuvespere. under which my friends and I take Venu nur kaj provu se ĝi plaĉos shelter every evening. Only just ankaŭ al vi." come and try whether it pleases you also."

Sed li diris, "Mi ne volas eliri. But he said, "I will not go out. A Arbo estas neebla." tree is impossible."

Alia diris, "Mi vidis vian arbon, Another said, "I have seen your kaj mi trovas ĝin tute senutila." tree, and I consider it perfectly useless."

Kaj Namezo respondis, "Kial?" And Namezo answered, "Why?"

Kaj li diris, "Niaj patroj ne And he said, "Our fathers had no havis arbon." trees."

Namezo diris, "Niaj patroj suferis Namezo said, "Our fathers suffered pro manko de ŝirmado." from want of shelter."

Kaj li diris, "Tial mi ankaŭ And he said, "Therefore I too will suferos." suffer."

Alia diris, "Ni havas ja sufiĉe Another said, "We have enough da kreskaĵoj. Niaj rikoltoj kaj plants. Our crops and vegetables legomoj provizas nutraĵon, kaj la provide food, and our gay flowers belaj floroj ĉarmas la okulon. charm the eye. Another growing Alia kreskaĵo estus superflua." thing would be superfluous."

[1]Trouble. To try = _pen-i_; ending _-o_ makes it a substantive = trying, effort.

Kaj Namezo respondis, "Bone. Niaj And Namezo answered, "Good. The ĝisnunaj kreskaĵoj plenumas la plants we have already[1] fulfil ĉefajn bezonojn de la homaro. the chief needs of mankind. Manĝo kaj certa ornamo estas Food and some ornament are necesaĵoj por la homa naturo, necessities[2] for human nature, kaj por tiuj ĉi uzoj ni havas and for these uses we have the rikoltojn kaj florojn. Sed la vivo crops and flowers. But life would estus pli plezura se ni estus pli be pleasanter if we were better bone ŝirmataj. Tiun ĉi apartan sheltered. This special service[3] servon prezentas la arboj, kaj ni is done by the trees, and we can povos ĝui ĝin sen fordoni la enjoy it without foregoing the profiton de floro kaj rikolto. Ne, advantage of flower and crop. plue, niaj rikoltoj, ŝirmataj Nay, more, our crops, sheltered de la montaj ventoj, pli facile from the winds that blow from the maturiĝos: tiel ni havos pli da mountains, will ripen[4] more tempo por la plezurigaj laboroj, easily: thus we shall have more kaj la floroj estos ankoraŭ pli time for the work that brings belaj." pleasure,[5] and the flowers will be even more lovely."

Kaj li diris, "Tagmeze, kiam la And he said, "At noon,[6] when the suno brilas, mi kuŝas inter sun shines warm, I lie amidst the la altstaranta greno. Tiu ĉi deep standing corn. This shelter ŝirmilo sufiĉas. Ni havas is enough. We have plants enough. sufiĉe da kreskaĵoj. Arbo A tree is not a plant; it is a ne estas kreskaĵo; ĝi estas monster. Go to the devil!" monstro. Iru diablon!"

Kaj Namezo iris al la diablo, And Namezo went to the devil, ĉar li estis preta iri kien ajn, for he was ready to go anywhere, plivole ol daŭrigi paroli kun la rather than continue to talk to vilaĝanoj. the villagers.

Li diris, "Via diabla Moŝto, la He said, "Your devilish Majesty, vilaĝanoj naŭzadas min, kaj mi the villagers make me sick,[7] and estas laca je mia vivo. Faru el mi I am tired of[8] my life. Do with kion vi volas." me as you will."

[1]The plants we have already. Lit. our till-now plants. [2]necessities. Necessary = _neces-a_: with suf. _-aĵ_ = necessary things. [3]Service. To serve = _serv-i_; ending _-o_ makes it a substantive. [4]Ripen. Ripe = _matur-a_; suf. _-iĝ_ denotes becoming. [5]Work that brings pleasure. Pleasure = _plezur-o_; suf. _-ig_ denotes causing to be. [6]Noon. Day = _tag-o_; middle = _mez-o_; ending _-e_ is adverbial. [7]Make me sick. To make sick = _naŭz-i_; _-ad_ denotes continuation. [8]Tired of. The preposition _je_ is used when no other preposition exactly fits.

Respondis la diablo, "Mi ne The devil made answer, "I povas ion fari por vi, mizerulo! can do nothing for you, poor La vilaĝanoj estas venkintaj wretch![1] The villagers have min; kaj mi retiras min de la beaten me; and I am retiring from aferoj. Neniam, eĉ en miaj plej business. Never, even in my most eltrovemaj tagoj, mi elpensis ingenious[2] days, did I invent tiel mortigan turmenton por such a deadly[3] torment for a progresema homo, kiel sukcesi en progressive man, as to succeed in la produkto de profitiga uzilo, producing a beneficial[4] device, kaj tiam devi penadi, por igi and then have to keep striving to siajn kunulojn alpreni ĝin. get his fellows[5] to adopt it. Reiru al la vilaĝanoj kaj donu Go back again to the villagers, al ili miajn respektplenajn and give them my respectful komplimentojn." compliments."

Pezakore, Namezo reiris hejmen, Heavy at heart, Namezo went home kaj envoje li renkontis again, and on the way he fell vilaĝanaron portantan hakilojn. in with a band of villagers[6] Li demandis kial ili portas carrying axes.[7] He asked why hakilojn. they were carrying axes.

"Por dehaki la arbon," respondis "To cut down the tree," replied la grupestro; "ni timas ke ĝi the leader of the band[8]; "we are etendiĝos sur la tutan landon. afraid that it will spread and Se oni prenos la fruktetojn kaj fill the whole land. If the people plantos ilin apud sia loĝejo, la take the fruits and plant them at arboj entrudos sin en la kampojn their own homes,[9] trees will kaj en la florbedojn, kaj elpuŝos encroach upon the fields and upon la aliajn kreskaĵojn." the flower-beds, and will drive out the other plants."

[1]Wretch. Misery = _miser-o_; suf. _-ul_ denotes having the quality of. [2]Ingenious. To find = _trov-i_; out = _el_; suf. _-em_ denotes propensity or aptitude. [3]Deadly. To die = _mort-i_; suf. _-ig_ denotes to cause to die. [4]Beneficial. Profit-causing; suf. _-ig_. [5]Fellows. With = _kun_; suf. _-ul_ denotes state or quality. [6]A band of villagers. Suf. _-ar_ denotes a collection. [7]Axes. To hew = _hak-i_; suf. _-il_ denotes instrument. [8]Leader of the band. Band = _grup-o_; suf. _-estr_ enotes chief of. [9]Homes. To dwell = _loĝ-i_; suf. _-ej_ denotes place.

"Sed vi tute ne devos planti "But you must not plant the trees la arbojn en la kampoj kaj in the fields and flower-beds," florbedoj," diris Namezo. La arboj said Namezo. "Trees have a havas utilon diferencan de la different use from other plants, aliaj kreskaĵoj kaj oni plantos and they will be planted in quite ilin en aparta loko. Se okaze arbo separate places. If by chance a altrudos sin inter la rikoltojn, tree pushes itself in amongst the oni elradikos ĝin tuj, antaŭ ol crops, it will be rooted out at ĝi grandiĝos." once, before it gets big."

"Ne, arbo estas danĝera," kriis "No, trees are dangerous," cried la hakilistoj; kaj Namezo devis the men with the axes;[1] and alvoki siajn amikojn por defendi Namezo had to call up his friends la arbon. to defend the tree.

Poste Namezo iris hejmen kaj After this Namezo went home and enfermis sin en sia dometo. Lia shut himself up in his cottage. patrino estis jam de longe morta, His mother was by this time kaj la gefratoj jam edziĝis, kaj long dead, and his brother and li vivadis sole. Sed li nun ne sister[2] were now married,[3] povis eĉ resti sola. Venis la and he lived all alone. But now saĝuloj de la vilaĝo, kaj ili he could not even remain alone. kriadis tra la fenestro, "Arbo The wise men of the village came estas bona ideo, sed vi kreskigis along, and they kept shouting vian arbon malprave. Lasu nin do through the window, "Trees are a flegi ĝin laŭ nia bontrovo, good idea, but you have grown your kaj ni baldaŭ plibonigos ĝin, tree the wrong way. So let us look tiel ke ĝi estos vere alpreninda after it as we see fit, and we'll arbo." soon improve[4] it, so that it shall be a tree really fit for us to take to."[5]

[1]The men with the axes. To hew = _hak-i_; _-il_ denotes instrument; _-ist_ denotes agent. [2]Brother and sister. Prefix _ge-_ denotes both sexes. [3]Were married. Husband (wife) = _edz_ (_in_) _-o_; suffix _-iĝ_ denotes becoming. [4]Improve. Good = _bon-a_; more = _pli_; _-ig_ denotes causation. [5]Fit to take to. To take = _pren-i_; to = _al_; _-ind_ denotes worthy.

Kaj al ili Namezo respondis And to these Namezo answered nenion. Li sciis ke li estis nothing. He knew that he had given doninta grandan parton de sia a great part of his life to making vivo por eksperimenti kaj estis experiment and had produced a produktinta belkreskan arbon, dum well-grown tree, while the clever la lertuloj nun estis vidantaj men were now seeing a tree for arbon je la unua fojo, kaj tute the first time, and were wholly malsciis la malfacilecojn kiujn ignorant of the difficulties that oni devas venki, kaj eĉ ne had to be overcome, and did not komprenis la demandon kiun ili even understand the question they entreprenis solvi. Sed li sciis were undertaking to solve. But ankaŭ ke tiela konsidero estas he also knew that to clever men por lertuloj malpli ol nenio. such a consideration is less than Estis malutile argumenti kun nothing. It was no good to argue ili, ĉar ili ne sciis ke ili ne with them, for they did not know scias, kaj tio ĉi estas plej that they did not know, and this malfacila lerni. Tial li lasis is the hardest thing to learn. So ilin paroladi, kaj flegis sian he let them keep on talking, and arbon kiel antaŭe. "Ĉar," tended his tree as before. "For," li diris al si mem, "kiam la said he to himself, "when the tree arbo estos disvastiĝinta kaj has spread and multiplied after multobliĝinta laŭspece tra its kind throughout the land, from la lando, per la grada sperto many men's gradual experience de multaj homoj fariĝos arba there will arise a science of scienco, kaj tial ni fine ellernos trees, and thus we shall in the la plej bonan flegmanieron." end find out the best way of Ankaŭ li pensis, "la diablo estis tending them." Also he thought, prava: la diablo estas lertulo." "The devil was right: the devil is a clever man."

Iom poste alvenis en la vilaĝon Now, some time after there arrived homoj el aliaj lokoj, kunportantaj in the village men from other diversajn semojn. Ĉiu el ili places, bringing with them various laŭdis sian propran semon, seeds. Each of them praised his dirante ke li estas kreskiginta own seed, telling how he had grown belan arbon el tia semo, kaj a fine tree from such seed, and postulante ke la vilaĝanoj plantu urging the villagers to plant his nur liajn semojn. Tiam iuj diris, seeds only. Then certain of them "Ni metu ĉiujn la diversajn said, "Let us put all the divers semojn kunen, kaj ni kreskigu el seeds together, and let us grow ili unu bonan arbon." Kaj tiuj from them one good tree." And ĉi petis Namezon ke li neniigu these begged Namezo to destroy[1] sian arbon kaj pistu ĝiajn semojn his own tree and pound its seeds kaj almiksu ilin en la kunmetatan and stir them into the compound semaĵon, por ke unu bona arbo seedstuff, that one good tree elkresku. might grow out of it.

Tiel ili babiladis kaj bataladis Thus they babbled and kept inter si; kaj ili ĉirkaŭ iradis quarrelling among themselves; en la vilaĝo, montrante modelojn and they went round about in the de siaj arboj kaj pruvante, ĉiu village showing models of their ke la sia estas la plej bona. Kaj trees and proving each that his fine la vilaĝanoj enuiĝis kaj own was the best. And at last denove volis dehaki ĉiun kaj the villagers grew weary of it, ĉies arbon. and wanted again to hew down every tree, no matter to whom it belonged.[2]

[1]Destroy. Nothing = _neni-o_; suf. _-ig_ denotes causation. [2]No matter to whom it belonged. Lit. every one's.

Sed Namezo kaj liaj amikoj havis But Namezo and his friends had jam du aŭ tri grandajn arbojn, by this time two or three big kaj ĝis nun prosperis al ili trees, and up to this day they defendi ilin kontraŭ la atakoj de have succeeded in defending them la vilaĝanoj. Kaj ĉiam, kiam la against the villagers' attacks. vetero estas varmega, ili sidas And always, when the weather is sub la arboj vespere kaj ĝuas very hot, they sit under their la freŝecon. Tamen ili havas trees in the evening and enjoy the nur duonan profiton el ili, ĉar coolness. Yet have they only half la vilaĝanoj malpermesas planti profit by them, for the villagers ian arbon en la vilaĝo, kaj tial forbid them to plant any tree la arbanoj devas ĉiufoje marŝi in the village, and so the tree malproksimen kaj aparte viziti people have to walk a long way siajn arbojn, anstataŭ havi ilin each time and have to make special apud siaj pordoj. visits to their trees, instead of having them at their doors.

Kaj la plej granda parto de la And the greater part of the vilaĝanoj, malgraŭ ke oni povas villagers, though the trees are facile piediri al la arboj, diras within a walk, still say, "Trees ankoraŭ, "Arbo estas neebla." are impossible."

Kaj la diablo ridas. And the devil laughs.

III

GRAMMAR

1. There is one definite article, _la_, invariable. There is no indefinite article.

2. Nouns always end in _-o_. Ex. _patro_ = father.

3. Adjectives always end in _-a_. Ex. _patra_ = paternal.

4. The plural of nouns, adjectives, participles, and pronouns (except only the personal pronouns) ends in _j_. Ex. _patroj_ = fathers; _bonaj patroj_ = good fathers.

5. The accusative (objective) case always ends in _-n_. Ex. _Mi amas mian bonan patron_ = I love my good father. _Ni amas niajn bonajn patrojn_ = we love our good fathers.

6. Adverbs always end in _-e_. Ex. _bone_ = well; _patre_ = paternally. (There are a few non-derived adverbs without the ending _-e_, as _jam, ankaŭ, tiel, kiel_).

7. The personal pronouns are:

mi = I ŝi = she ni = we vi = you ĝi = it vi = you li = he oni = one ili = they

Also a reflexive pronoun, _si_, which always refers to the subject of its own clause.

All these pronouns form the accusative case by adding _-n_.

8. The verb has no separate ending for person or number.

The present ends in _-as_. Ex. _mi amas_ = I love.

The past ends in _-is_. Ex. _vi amis_ = you loved.

The future ends in _-os_. Ex. _li amos_ = he will love.

The conditional ends in _-us_. Ex. _ni amus_ = we should love.

The imperative ends in _-u_. Ex. _amu_ = love! _ni amu_ = let us love. This form also serves for subjunctive. Ex. _Dio ordonas ke ni amu unu la alian_ = God commands us to love one another.

The infinitive ends in _-i_. Ex. _ami_ = to love.

There are three active participles.

The present participle active is formed by _-ant_. Ex. _amanta_ = loving; _amanto_ = a lover.

The past participle active is formed by _-int_. Ex. _aminta_ = having loved; _la skribinto_ = the author (lit. the man who has written).

The future participle active is formed by _-ont_. Ex. _amonta_ = being about to love.

There are three passive participles.

The present participle passive is formed by _-at_. Ex. _amata_ = being loved.

The past participle passive is formed by _-it_. Ex. _amita_ = having been loved.

The future participle passive is formed by _-ot_. Ex. _amota_ = being about to be loved.

All compound tenses, as well as the passive voice, are formed by the verb _esti_ (to be) with a participle. Compound tenses are employed only when the simple forms are inadequate. Ex. _mi estas aminta_ = I have loved (lit. I am having loved); _vi estis aminta_ = you had loved (lit. you were having loved); _ili estas amataj_ = they are loved; _ŝi estas amita_ = she has been loved; _ni estis amitaj_ = we had been loved; _ili estos amintaj_ = they will have loved; _ŝi estus aminta_ = she would have loved; _mi estus amita_ = I should have been loved.

IV

LIST OF AFFIXES

I. _Prefixes_

_bo-_ denotes relation by marriage: _bopatro_ = father-in-law.

_dis-_ denotes dissemination, division: _dismeti_ = to put apart, about, in pieces.

_ek-_ denotes sudden action or beginning: _ekdormi_ = to fall asleep; _ekiri_ = to start.

_ge-_ denotes both sexes: _gepatroj_ = parents; _geviroj_ = men and women.

_mal-_ denotes the opposite: _bona_ = good; _malbona_ = bad.

_re-_ denotes back, again: _repagi_ = to repay; _rekomenci_ = to begin again.

II. _Suffixes_

_-ad_ denotes continuation: _penadi_ = to keep striving, to make continued effort.

_-aĵ_ denotes something concrete, made of the material, or possessing the qualities of the root to which it is attached: _bovo_ = ox; _bovaĵo_ = beef; _okazi_ = to happen; _okazaĵoj_ = happenings, events. (For English speakers a good rule is to add "thing" or "stuff" to the English word; _propra_ = one's own, _propraĵo_ = own-thing, property; _vidindaĵoj_ = see-worthy-things, notable sights. N.B.: _-aĵ_ added to transitive verbal stems generally has a passive sense: _tondi_ = to clip, _tondaĵo_ = clipped-thing, clippings; whereas _tondilo_ = clipping-thing, shears.) See Zamenhof's explanation of -aĵ, _La Revuo_, Vol. I., No. 8 (April), pp. 374-5.

_-an_ denotes an inhabitant, member, or partisan: _urbano_ = a town-dweller; _Kristano_ = a Christian.

_-ar_ denotes a collection: _vortaro_ = a dictionary; _arbaro_ = a forest; _homaro_ = mankind.

_-ĉj_ denotes masculine affectionate diminutives: _paĉjo_ = daddy; _Arĉjo_ = Archie.

_-ebl_ denotes possibility: _kredebla_ = credible.

_-ec_ denotes abstract quality: _boneco_ = goodness.

_-eg_ denotes great size or intensity: _grandega_ = enormous; _varmega_ = intensely hot.

_-ej_ denotes place: _lernejo_ = a learn-place, a school.

_-em_ denotes propensity to: _lernema_ = studious; _kredema_ = credulous.

_-er_ denotes one out of many, or a unit of a mass: _sablero_ = a grain of sand; _fajrero_ = a spark.

_-estr_ denotes a chief or leader: _lernejestro_ = a head master.

_-et_ denotes diminution: _infaneto_ = a little child; _varmeta_ = warmish.

_-id_ denotes the young of, descendant of: _bovido_ = a calf.

_-ig_ denotes causation: _bonigi_, _plibonigi_ = to make good, to improve; _mortigi_ = to kill; _venigi_ = to cause to come, to send for.

_-iĝ_ denotes becoming, and has a passive signification: _saniĝi_, _resaniĝi_ = to get well (again); _paliĝi_ = to grow pale; _troviĝi_ = to be found, occur.

_-il_ denotes an instrument: _razilo_ = a razor.

_-in_ denotes feminine: _patrino_ = mother; _bovino_ = cow.

_-ind_ denotes worthiness: _laŭdinda_ = laudable, praiseworthy.

_-ing_ denotes a holder: _kandelingo_ = a candlestick; _glavingo_ = scabbard.

_-ist_ denotes profession or occupation; _maristo_ = a sailor; _bonfaristo_ = a benefactor.

_-nj_ denotes feminine affectionate diminutives: _Manjo_ = Polly; _patrinjo_ (or _panjo_) = mamma.

_-uj_ denotes containing or producing: _inkujo_ = inkpot; _Anglujo_ = England.

_-ul_ denotes characteristic: _timulo_ = a coward: _avarulo_ = a miser.

[The suffix _-aĉ_ (not in the _Fundamento_) is coming into use as a pejorative (= Italian _-accio_): _ridi_ = to laugh; _ridaĉi_ = to grin, sneer.]

V

TABLE OF CORRELATIVE WORDS

DEMONSTRA- RELATIVE NEGATIVE. UNIVERSAL. INDEFINITE. TIVE. AND INTER- ROGATIVE.

PERSON* tiu kiu neniu ĉiu iu that who, no one every, all, some, which every one some one

THING* tio kio nenio ĉio io that what, nothing everything something (thing) which

QUALITY tia kia nenia ĉia ia that kind what kind no, each, every any, some of a of a no kind of kind of kind of

TIME tiam kiam neniam ĉiam iam then when never always ever, at some time

PLACE tie kie nenie ĉie ie there where nowhere everywhere somewhere

MANNER tiel kiel neniel ĉiel iel thus, so how in no way in every way in some way, somehow

MOTIVE tial kial nenial ĉial ial therefore why for no for all for some reason reasons reasons

QUANTITY tiom kiom neniom ĉiom iom so/as much how much none the whole somewhat, so/as many how many amount a certain amount

POSSESSION ties kies nenies ĉies ies of that whose, nobody's everybody's somebody's of which

In the demonstrative column, to express "this" instead of "that," add _ĉi_.

*N.B.—_Tiu_, _kiu_, etc., are used in agreement with a noun expressed, even when it does not represent a person.

Ex. _Tiu libro, kiun mi legis_ = that book which I read. _Tiuj ĉi floroj_ = these flowers.

_Tio_, _kio_, etc., are used when there is no noun, so that they stand alone.

Ex. _Tio estas vera_ = that is true; _kion vi diris?_ = what did you say? _Tio ĉi estas pli granda ol tio_ = this is bigger than that.

N.B.—In memorizing the above, it is well to remember that _t_ = demonstrative, _k_ = relative-interrogative, _ĉ_ = distributive, _i_ = indefinite, _nen_ = negative.

VI

VOCABULARY

= A =

-a = termination of adjectives. aĉet-i = to buy. -ad = suffix denoting continued action. aer-o = air. ag-i = to act. -aĵ = suffix denoting concrete substance. ajn = (what)ever; _kiu ajn_, whoever. al = to. ali-a = other. almenaŭ = at least. alt-a = high. am-i = to love. amas-o = crowd, mass. ankaŭ = also. ankoraŭ = still. anstataŭ = instead of. -ant = present participle active. antaŭ = before (time and place). apart-a = special. apud = at. -ar = suffix denoting a collection. arb-o = tree. -as = ending of present tense. aŭd-i = to hear.

= B =

baldaŭ = soon. bed-o = flower bed. bel-a = fine, beautiful. bezon-o = need. blank-a = white. bon-a = good. bord-o = edge, shore. bril-i = to shine. burĝon-o = bud.

= C =

cel-o = object, aim. cerb-o = brain. cert-a = certain.

= Ĉ =

ĉagren-o = trouble. ĉar = for, because. ĉe = at. ĉes-i = to cease. ĉi = added to demonstrative _tiu_, expresses nearer connexion: _tiu_ = that; _tiu ĉi_ = this. ĉiam = always. ĉie = everywhere. ĉirkaŭ = around. ĉiu = all, each, every. ĉu = interrogative particle.

= D =

da = used after words of quantity: Ex. _multe da vino_, much wine. daŭr-i = to last, continue. de = of, from, by (with passive). des = comparative particle; _ju...des_, the...the: Ex. _ju pli des pli bone_, the more the better. dev-i = to owe, to be obliged to. deviz-o = device, motto. difekt-i = to spoil. dir-i = to say. dom-o = house. don-i = to give. du = two. dub-i = to doubt. dum = whilst.

= E =

-e = ending of adverbs. eben-a = flat, level. -ebl = suffix denoting possibility. -ec = suffix denoting abstract quality: _bon-ec-o_, goodness. eĉ = even. edz-(in)-o = husband (wife). -eg = suffix denoting great size. -ej = suffix denoting place. ek- = prefix denoting beginning. ekster = outside. el = out of. -em = suffix denoting propensity. en = in. entrepren-i = to undertake. enu-i = to weary, bore. esper-i = to hope. Esperant-o = Esperanto. est-i = to be. -et = suffix denoting little. etend-i = to stretch.

= F =

facil-a = easy. fajr-o = fire. fakt-o = fact. far-i = to do. fenestr-o = window. ferm-i = to shut. fil-o = son. fin-o = end. flank-o = side. fleg-i = tend. flu-i = flow. flug-i = to fly. foj-o = time; _du fojoj_, twice. foli-o = leaf. for = away. forn-o = oven. frat-o = brother. fraz-o = sentence. frenez-o = madness. fru-a = early. frukt-o = fruit.

= G =

ge- = prefix denoting both sexes. gent-o = race, tribe. grand-a = big, great.

= Ĝ =

ĝi = it. ĝis = until. ĝoj-o = joy. ĝu-i = to enjoy.

= H =

hav-i = to have. hejm-o = home. hodiaŭ = to-day. hom-o = man (mortal; no distinction of sex).

= I =

-i = ending of infinitive. ideal-o = ideal. -ig = suffix denoting causation. -iĝ = suffix denoting becoming. -il = suffix denoting instrument. ili = they. -int = past participle active. inter = between, among. ir-i = to go. -is = ending of past tense. -ist = suffix denoting agent. iu = some one.

= J =

-j = ending of plural. jam = already. jar-o = year. jen = here is, here are (French _voici_). ju = comparative particle. See _des_. jun-a = young.

= Ĵ =

ĵus = just now.

= K =

kaj = and. kamen-o = fireplace. kamp-o = field. kap-o = head. ke = that (conjunction). kelk-a = some. kiam = when. kiel = how, as. kiu = who, which. knab-o = boy. komerc-o = commerce. kompat-o = sympathy, pity. kompren-i = to understand. kon-i = to know. konsil-i = to counsel. konstru-i = to build. kontraŭ = against. kred-i = to believe. kresk-i = to grow. krom = besides. krut-a = steep. kun = with. kuŝ-i = to lie. kutim-i = to be accustomed. kvankam = although. kvar = four. kvazaŭ = as if. kvin = five.

= L =

la = the. lac-a = tired. lag-o = lake. land-o = land. lang-o = tongue. las-i = to let, leave. laŭ = according to. leg-i = to read. legom-o = vegetable. lern-i = to learn. lert-a = clever. lev-i = to raise. li = he. lim-o = limit. lingv-o = language. lit-o = bed. long-a = long. lum-o = light.

= M =

mal- = prefix denoting the opposite. malgraŭ = in spite of. manĝ-i = to eat. mank-i = to be wanting. mar-o = sea. marĉ-o = swamp. maten-o = morning. mem = self. met-i = to put. mez-o = middle. mi = I. mien-o = look, air, gait. mir-i = to wonder. mon-o = money. mond-o = world. montr-i = to show. morgaŭ = to-morrow. Moŝt-o = term of respect: your Highness, Worship, Honour. mult-a = much, many.

= N =

-n = ending of accusative: also denotes motion towards and duration of time. naci-o = nation. nask-i = to beget. ne = no, not. neĝ-o = snow. neniam = never. neniu = no one. ni = we. nom-o = name. nov-a = new. nub-o = cloud. nun = now. nur = only. nutr-i = to feed.

= O =

-o = ending of nouns. oft-e = often. ok = eight. okaz-i = to happen. okul-o = eye. ol = than. -on = suffix denoting fraction. oni = one, people (indef pron.). -ont = future participle active. orel-o = ear. -os = ending of future.

= P =

pac-o = peace. parol-i = to speak. pen-i = to try. pens-i = to think. per = by means of. perd-i = to lose. pez-a = heavy. pied-o = foot. pint-o = point, peak. pist-i = to pound. plaĉ-i = to please. plat-a = flat. plej = most. plen-a = full. plend-i = to complain. plenum-i = to fulfill. pli = more. plu = more, further, farther. plug-i = to plough. popol-o = people, race. por = for. pord-o = door. post = after, behind (time and place). pov-i = to be able. pra = original, great-(grandfather). prav-a = right. pren-i = to take. preskaŭ = almost. pret-a = ready. preter = beyond, by. pri = about, concerning. pro = on account of.

= R =

rakont-i = to narrate. ramp-i = to crawl, climb. rapid-a = quick. rekt-a = straight. rem-i = to row. renkont-i = to meet. renvers-i = to upset, overthrow. rikolt-o = crop.

= S =

sat-a = satisfied, full, replete. sci-i = to know. sed = but. sek-a = dry. sekv-i = to follow. sem-o = seed. sen = without. sent-i = to feel. si = self, relexive pronoun. sid-i = to sit. sinjor-o = sir, Mr., gentleman. skrib-i = to write. sol-a = alone, only. son-o = sound. sonĝ-o = dream. sonor-a = sonorous. spec-o = kind, sort. spert-o = experience. spir-i = to breathe. star-i = to stand. sterk-o = manure. subit-a = sudden. sufiĉ-a = sufficient. supr-a = upper, superior. sven-i = to swoon.

= Ŝ =

ŝajn-i = to seem. ŝerc-i = to joke. ŝip-o = ship. ŝirm-i = to shelter. ŝpar-i = to save up, economize. ŝtel-i = to steal.

= T =

tag-o = day. tamen = yet, nevertheless. tegment-o = roof. temp-o = time. ten-i = to hold, keep. ter-o = earth. tial = therefore. tiel = thus, so. tiom = so much, so many. tiu = that. tra = through. traf-i = to hit the mark. trans = across. tre = very. trem-i = to tremble. tro = too much. tromp-i = to deceive. trov-i = to find. trud-i = to shove, thrust. tuj = immediately. tut-a = all.

= U =

-u = ending of imperative subjunctive. -uj = suffix denoting "holder". -ul = suffix denoting characteristic. unu = one.

= V =

vapor-o = steam. vek-i = to wake (trans.). vel-o = sail. velk-a = faded. ven-i = to come. venk-i = to conquer. vent-o = wind. ver-a = true. vesper-o = evening. vetur-i = to travel by vehicle (train, carriage, boat, etc.). vi = you. vid-i = to see. vidv-(in)-o = widow(er). vir-(in)-o = man (woman). viv-i = to live. voj-o = way. vojaĝ-o = voyage, journey. vokal-o = vowel. vol-i = to wish. vom-i = to vomit, be sick. vort-o = word.

= Z =

zorg-o = care.

APPENDIX A

SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN REGULAR LANGUAGE

Word-building can be made quite an amusing game for children. For instance, give them the suffixes _-ej_ (denoting place) and _-il_ (denoting instrument), and set them to form words for "school," "church," "factory," "knife," "warming-pan," etc. (_lernejo_, _preĝejo_, _fabrikejo_, _tranĉito_, _varmigilo_).

But since the language is perfectly regular in form and construction, and the learner can therefore argue from case to case, it is a useful instrument for instilling clear ideas of grammatical categories. Thus give the roots—

viv-i = to live san-a = healthy hom-o = man long-a = long saĝ-a = wise Di-o = God don-i = to give

and set such sentences as the following to be worked out—

"He lives long"; "A long life is a gift of God"; "It is wise to live healthily"; "God is divine, man is human"; "Human life is short," etc.

The same roots constantly recur with an _-o_, _-a_, or _-e_ tacked on; and the practice in sorting out the endings, and attaching them like labels to nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, soon marks off the corresponding ideas clearly in the learner's mind.

Analogous to simple sums and conducive to clear thinking are such sentences as the following, for rather more advanced pupils:

Given—

raz-i = to shave serv-i = to serve san-a = healthy akr-a = sharp mort-i = to die ven-i = to come uz-i = to use hak-i = to hew kun = with sent-i = to feel

and the table of affixes (pp. 191-2 [Part IV, Chapter IV]).

Translate—"Constant use had blunted his razor"; "He had his servant shaved"; "He killed his companion with an axe"; "Let us send for the doctor."

More advanced exercise (on the same roots):

Translate—"O Death, where is thy sting?" "Community of service brings together men subject to death, and dulls the perception of their common mortality. Willing service dissipates the weariness of the server; the deadliness of disease is mitigated, and the place of sickness becomes a place of health."

By referring to the table of affixes, the use of which has of course been explained, the learner can work out the answers as follows:

Uz-ad-o estis mal-akr-ig-int-a lian raz-il-on. Li raz-ig-is sian serv-ant-(_or_ ist)on. Li mort-ig-is sian kun-ul-on per hak-il-o. Ni ven-ig-u la san-ig-ist-on.

More advanced:

Ho Morto, kie estas via akr-ec-o? Kun-servo (_or_ kuneco de servo) kun-ig-as la mort-em-(ul)-ojn, kaj mal-akr-ig-as la sent-on de ilia kun-a mort-em-ec-o. Serv-em-ec-o dis-ig-as la el-uz-it-ec-on de la serv-ant-o; la mort-ig-ec-o de la mal-san-ec-o mal-akr-iĝ-as, kaj la mal-san-ej-o iĝas san-ej-o.

No national language could be used in this way for building sentences according to rules, and such exercises should give a practical grip of clear use of language. The student is obliged to analyse the exact meaning of every word of the English sentence, and this necessity inculcates a nice discrimination in the use of words. At the same time the necessary word-building depends upon clear-headed and logical application of rule. There is no memory work, but the mind is kept on the stretch, and the exercise is wholesome as combating confusion of thought and slovenliness of expression.

APPENDIX B

ESPERANTO HYMN BY DR. ZAMENHOF

LA ESPERO

En la mondon venis nova sento, Tra la mondo iras forta voko; Per flugiloj de facila vento Nun de loko flugu ĝi al loko. Ne al glavo sangon soifanta Ĝi la homan tiras familion: Al la mond' eterne militanta Ĝi promesas sanktan harmonion. Sub la sankta signo de l'espero Kolektiĝas pacaj batalantoj, Kaj rapide kreskas la afero Per laboro de la esperantoj. Forte staras muroj de miljaroj Inter la popoloj dividitaj; Sed dissaltos la obstinaj baroj, Per la sankta amo disbatitaj. Sub neŭtrala lingva fundamento, Komprenante unu la alian, La popoloj faros en konsento Unu grandan rondon familian. Nia diligenta kolegaro En laboro paca ne laciĝos, Ĝis la bela sonĝo de l'homaro Por eterna ben' efektiviĝos.

LITERAL TRANSLATION

HOPE

Into the world has come a new feeling, Through the world goes a mighty call; On light wind-wings Now may it fly from place to place. Not to the sword thirsting for blood Does it draw the human family: To the world eternally at war It promises holy harmony. Beneath the holy banner of hope Throng the soldiers of peace, And swiftly spreads the Cause Through the labour of the hopeful. Strong stand the walls of a thousand years Between the sundered peoples; But the stubborn bars shall leap apart, Battered to pieces by holy love. On the fair foundation of common speech, Understanding one another, The peoples in concord shall make up One great family circle. Our busy band of comrades Shall never weary in the work of peace, Till humanity's grand dream Shall become the truth of eternal blessing.

APPENDIX C

THE LETTER _C_ IN ESPERANTO

_c_ = _ts_ in English "bits."

This has given rise to much criticism. The same sound is also expressed by the letters _ts_. Why depart from the Esperanto principle, "one sound, one letter," and have two symbols (_c_ and _ts_) for the same sound?

A standing difficulty of an international language is: What equivalent shall be adopted for the _c_ of national languages? The difficulty arises owing to the diversity of value and history of the _c_ in diverse tongues. Philologists, who know the history of the Latin hard _c_ and its various descendants in modern languages, will appreciate this.

(1) Shall _c_ be adopted in the international language, or omitted? If it is omitted, many useful words, which it is desirable to adopt and which are ordinarily spelt with a _c_, will have to be arbitrarily deformed, and this deformation may amount to actual obscuring of their sense. E.g. _cento_ = hundred; _centro_ = centre; _cerbo_ = brain; _certa_ = certain; _cirkonstanco_ = circumstance; _civila_ = civil, etc. Such works would become almost unrecognizable for many in the forms kento, sento, tsento, etc.

(2) If, then, _c"_is retained, what value is to be given to it? The hard and soft sounds of the English _c_ (as in English "cat," "civil") are already represented by _k_ and _s_. Neither of these letters can be dispensed with in the international language; and it is undesirable to confuse orthographically or phonetically _c_-roots with _s_- or _k_-roots. Therefore another value must be found for the symbol _c_. The choice is practically narrowed down to the Italian soft _c_ = _ch_, as in English "church," and the German[1] _c_ = _ts_ in English "bits." Now _ch_ is a useful and distinctive sound, and has been adopted in Esperanto with a symbol of its own: ĉ. Therefore _ts_ remains.

[1]Also late Latin and early Norman French.

(3) Why not then abolish _c_ and write _ts_ instead? For answer, see No. (1) above. It is a worse evil to introduce such monstrosities as _tsento_, _tsivila_, etc., than to allow two symbols for the same sound, _ts_ and _c_. International language has to appeal to the eye as well as to the ear.

This matter of the _c_ is only one more instance of the wisdom of Dr. Zamenhof in refusing to make a fetish of slavish adherence to rule. Practical common-sense is a safer guide than theory in attaining the desired goal—ease (of eye, ear, tongue, and pen) for greatest number. In practice no confusion arises between _c_ and _ts_.

End of Project Gutenberg's International Language, by Walter J. Clark