Part 2

TABLE I. _Influenza epidemics previous to 1889._ ═════╤══════════════╤═════════════╤══════════════╤═══════════════╤══════════════ Date.│ General │ Site of │ Direction of │ Localities │ Rapidity of │ features. │ origin. │ spread. │ affected. │ spread. ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1173│Rather meagre │Unknown. │ │Described in │Not known. │description. │ │ │Italy, Germany,│ │ │ │ │England. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1239│Described by │Described in │ │Invaded all of │ 1311│Zeviani. │France. │ │France. │ │Records not │ │ │ │ │definite. Not │ │ │ │ │generally │ │ │ │ │accepted. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1323│Mentioned by │ │ │ │ │Hirsch, Gluge │ │ │ │ │and Zeviani. │ │ │ │ │Most believes │ │ │ │ │it was a │ │ │ │ │typhoid │ │ │ │ │epidemic. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1327│Mentioned by │ │ │Described in │ │Zeviani, │ │ │Italy. │ │Hirsch and │ │ │ │ │Gluge. Rather │ │ │ │ │doubtful. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1358│Described by │ │ │Savoy, Germany,│ │Zeviani. Not │ │ │France, │ │generally │ │ │Catalonia. │ │accepted. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1387│(Zeviani, │Italy. │ │Italy, France, │ │Schweich, │ │ │Strasbourg, │ │Gluge, Hirsch │ │ │Southern │ │and │ │ │Germany. │ │Ripperger.) │ │ │ │ │Characteristic│ │ │ │ │description. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1403│A very short │France. │ │Described in │ │epidemic. │ │ │France. In 1404│ │(Gluge, │ │ │it invaded │ │Ripperger, │ │ │Flanders and │ │Pasquier.) │ │ │Germany │ │ │ │ │(Hirsch). │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1411│Described only│Described │ │Described by │ │in Paris. │only in │ │Pasquier as in │ │Extent │Paris. │ │Paris. │ │unknown. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1414│Characteristic│ │ │In Italy and │ │description. │ │ │France in │ │ │ │ │February and │ │ │ │ │March. In the │ │ │ │ │Danube district│ │ │ │ │between January│ │ │ │ │and April. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1427│Very │ │ │Described in │ │characteristic│ │ │France. │ │description. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1438│Cited only by │ │ │Described in │ │Zeviani. │ │ │Italy. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1482│Very limited │ │ │ │ │description by│ │ │ │ │Mezeray. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1510│Widespread │Malta (?) │Generally, │Malta, Sicily, │ │over all of │(Webster and │from South to │Spain and │ │Europe. │Hancock │North. │Portugal, │ │ │report that │ │Italy, France, │ │ │it began in │ │Hungary, │ │ │Africa). │ │Germany, │ │ │ │ │Holland, │ │ │ │ │England, │ │ │ │ │Norway. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1557│All of Europe.│Conflicting │General │Asia, │4 months from │ │information │direction from│Constantinople,│Italy to │ │(Asia?). │South to North│Sicily, Italy, │Netherlands. │ │ │in Europe. │Spain, │Sicily in │ │ │ │Dalmatia, │June. Nimes in │ │ │ │Switzerland, │July. Italy in │ │ │ │France, │August. Madrid │ │ │ │Netherlands, │in August. │ │ │ │England. │Dalmatia in │ │ │ │ │September. │ │ │ │ │Netherlands in │ │ │ │ │October. ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1562│Uncertain │ │Only small │ │ 1563│information. │ │epidemics at │ │ │ │ │most. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1580│True pandemic │Orient │From Asia to │Orient, North │France in May. │covering the │(Hirsch) │Constantinople│Africa, │Germany and │Orient, Africa│Africa and │and in Europe │Constantinople,│Hungary in │and Europe. │Malta │from South to │Malta, Venice, │August. │ │(Pechlin). │North. │Sicily, Italy, │England and │ │ │ │Spain, Hungary │Rhine Valley │ │ │ │and Germany to │in September. │ │ │ │the Baltic, │Saxony in │ │ │ │Bohemia, │October. │ │ │ │France, │ │ │ │ │Belgium, │ │ │ │ │England, │ │ │ │ │Denmark, │ │ │ │ │Sweden. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1587│Apparently │ │ │Described in │ │quite │ │ │Italy and │ │localized. │ │ │Germany. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1591│High │ │ │ │ │mortality. │ │ │ │ │Indefinite │ │ │ │ │information. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1593│Spread over a │Said to have │Uncertain. │ │ │wide area in │commenced in │ │ │ │Europe. │Belgium, │ │ │ │ │“following a │ │ │ │ │violent │ │ │ │ │earthquake,” │ │ │ │ │and gradually│ │ │ │ │extended over│ │ │ │ │all the │ │ │ │ │cities of │ │ │ │ │Europe. │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1626│Local. │ │ │Described in │ │ │ │ │Italy. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1627│In America. │ │Spread from │ │ │ │ │North America │ │ │ │ │to West Indies│ │ │ │ │and Chili. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1647│In America │ │ │ │ │(Webster). │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1658│Local. │England (?). │ │Described in │ │ │ │ │England and in │ │ │ │ │Treptow near │ │ │ │ │Stettin. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1675│Over Western │Germany (?). │ │Germany, │Germany in │Europe. │ │ │Hungary, │September, │ │ │ │England, │England and │ │ │ │France. │France in │ │ │ │ │October and │ │ │ │ │November. ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1688│Apparently │England(?). │ │Described only │ │localized in │ │ │in England and │ │Great Britain │ │ │Ireland. │ │and Ireland. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1693│England and │Dublin(?). │ │Dublin, Oxford,│One month from │the adjacent │ │ │London, │Dublin to │continent. │ │ │Holland, │London. │ │ │ │Flanders. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1709│A period of │In 1712, │1712, spread │Italy, France, │Six months 1712│extensive │onset in │from Germany │Belgium, │from Germany │endemics. │Germany. │to Holland and│Germany, │to Italy. │ │ │Italy. │Denmark. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1729│First epidemic│Usually │Russia through│Moscow, Sweden,│Moscow in │said to have │designated as│Sweden, │Poland, │April, 1729. │originated in │Russia │Poland, │Silesia, │Sweden in │Russia and │(Moscow). F. │Germany, etc. │Austria, │September, │first │Hoffman │to Italy and │Hungary, │England in │described as │claimed to │perhaps North │England, │November. │entering │have seen the│America. │Switzerland, │Paris in │Europe from │epidemic in │ │France, Italy, │December. Rome │the Northeast │Halle in │ │Iceland. │in February, │rather than │February, │ │ │1730. │the Southeast.│1729. │ │ │ │First spread. │ │ │ │ │Pandemic │ │ │ │ │period. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1732│Second spread.│ │Over Europe │ │Germany in │Pandemic │ │and America. │ │November. │period. │ │According to │ │France in │ │ │Pelargus it │ │January, 1733. │ │ │again followed│ │Spain and │ │ │the route from│ │Italy in │ │ │Russia through│ │February. │ │ │the North of │ │ │ │ │Europe and │ │ │ │ │then South. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1737│Not generally │ │ │England, North │ │recognized. │ │ │America, │ │ │ │ │Barbados, │ │ │ │ │France. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1742│Slow spread │Began either │Occurred in │Germany, │Germany in 1743│from Germany. │on the shores│Germany in │Switzerland, │January, 1742. │Recurrences in│of the Baltic│Jan. and Feb.,│Italy, France, │England in │Germany up │Sea or in │1742, and then│Holland, │April, 1743. │until 1745. │single cities│disappeared to│Belgium, │ │ │in Germany. │reappear in │England. │ │ │ │Switzerland in│ │ │ │ │the spring. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1757│A period of │Began either │France, │Barbados, │Villalba 1758│related │first in │Scotland, │Germany, │states that 1761│epidemics with│North America│America, │Austria, │the epidemic 1762│complicated │and spread │Finkler states│Hungary, │in 1767 had 1767│geographic │thence to │that in 1762 │Denmark, │traveled over │pictures and │Europe or │influenza │England, │the whole of │without clear │else began │first started │Ireland, │Europe in a │cut direction │spontaneously│in Germany and│Alsace. │period of two │of spread. │in both │spread thence │ │months. │ │hemispheres. │in a very │ │ │ │ │irregular way │ │ │ │ │over Western │ │ │ │ │Europe. Gluge │ │ │ │ │and Hirsch │ │ │ │ │state that in │ │ │ │ │1767 the │ │ │ │ │disease │ │ │ │ │appeared │ │ │ │ │simultaneously│ │ │ │ │in Europe and │ │ │ │ │North America.│ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1775│Slow spread │First │First spread │Germany, Italy,│Invaded Vienna 1776│through │appearances │to Vienna, and│Austria, │in June. Made │Western │in Autumn of │after a │England, │appearance in │Europe. │1775 in │quiescence │Ireland, │Italy in │ │village of │broke out in │France. │September. In │ │Clausthal in │France and │ │England and │ │the Harz │England and │ │France in │ │mountains. │possibly │ │October, │ │ │spread to │ │November and │ │ │America and │ │December. │ │ │China. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1780│Western Europe│January, 1780│Spread to │ │Three months 1781│and possibly │in France. │Alsace, │ │from France to │Brazil and │ │Germany and │ │Brazil. │China. │ │Italy, and in │ │ │ │ │March reported│ │ │ │ │in Rio de │ │ │ │ │Janiero. │ │ │ │ │Appeared in │ │ │ │ │Sept. 1780 on │ │ │ │ │Southern coast│ │ │ │ │of China. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1781│One of the │China and │Through │China, India, │Moscow, 1782│most │perhaps India│Siberia and │America, │January, 1782. │widespread │in Autumn of │Russia to │Russia, Riga, │Riga, │pandemics. │1781 │Petrograd, │Germany, │February. │Abundant │(Hirsch). │Finland, Riga,│England, │Germany, │literature. │English │Germany, etc. │Scotland, │March. │ │writers │ │Netherlands, │England, │ │connect onset│ │Ireland, │April. │ │with │ │France, Italy, │Scotland, May. │ │occurrence of│ │Spain. │Ireland, │ │influenza in │ │ │France and │ │the British │ │ │Italy, June. │ │Army in │ │ │Spain, August. │ │India, Nov., │ │ │ │ │1781. Wittwer│ │ │ │ │and others │ │ │ │ │begin its │ │ │ │ │history in │ │ │ │ │Petrograd in │ │ │ │ │January, │ │ │ │ │1782. │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1788│Throughout all│Russia, in │West and │Russia, │Seven months 1789│of Europe. One│March, 1788. │South. Spread │Germany, │required to │year later in │“Apparently │in America in │Hungary, │cover this │America. │independent │1789 │Denmark, │territory. │ │origin in │throughout │England, │ │ │America in │United States │Scotland, │ │ │Sept., 1789.”│from New York │France, Italy, │ │ │ │North and │Switzerland. │ │ │ │South and │ │ │ │ │finally │ │ │ │ │touching the │ │ │ │ │West Indies, │ │ │ │ │South America │ │ │ │ │and Nova │ │ │ │ │Scotia. │ │ │ │ │Recurrences in│ │ │ │ │single cities │ │ │ │ │of U. S. in │ │ │ │ │1790. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1799│Local epidemic│Origin in │Spread West │Russia, │ 1800│confined to │Russia. │and South. │Galicia, │ │Northeastern │ │ │Poland, │ │Europe. │ │ │Germany, │ │ │ │ │Denmark. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1802│Local endemic │First │No clear cut │France, │ 1803│outbreaks │reported in │direction. │Germany, Italy,│ │covering │France. │Recurrences │England, │ │considerable │ │until 1805–08.│Switzerland, │ │territory │ │General │Central Europe.│ │which follow │ │dissemination │ │ │the last │ │throughout │ │ │period by a │ │North America │ │ │quiescence of │ │in 1807. │ │ │five months. │ │ │ │ │There appears │ │ │ │ │to have been │ │ │ │ │an │ │ │ │ │unassociated │ │ │ │ │epidemic early│ │ │ │ │in 1800 in │ │ │ │ │China and one │ │ │ │ │in Brazil. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1811│Several │1807, onset │Usually from │North and South│1815, one 1815│epidemics in │in │New England │America. │month from 1816│North America │Massachusetts│West and │ │Boston to New 1824│and to some │in February. │South. │ │York, and five 1826│extent in │1815, onset │ │ │months to │South America.│in Boston in │ │ │South Carolina │ │September. │ │ │and Brazil. │ │1824, onset │ │ │1824, three │ │in Boston in │ │ │months from │ │October. │ │ │Boston to │ │ │ │ │Georgia. ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1827│Widespread │ │ │ │ │epidemics │ │ │ │ │throughout │ │ │ │ │Eastern Russia│ │ │ │ │and Siberia. │ │ │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1830│Extensive │China in │To Manila in │Entire earth. │Ten months 1833│influenza │January, │September, │ │from China to │period made up│1830. │1830. Later to│ │Russia. Four │of two or │ │South Sea │ │months from │three pandemic│ │Islands and │ │Russia to │periods. │ │India. │ │Germany. Two │ │ │Appearance in │ │additional │ │ │Russia in │ │months through │ │ │October, 1830,│ │France, │ │ │with │ │England, │ │ │subsequent │ │Scotland, │ │ │spread West │ │Sweden, │ │ │and South and │ │Belgium, │ │ │on to North │ │Switzerland. │ │ │America (Feb.,│ │Six months │ │ │1832). │ │from Germany │ │ │ │ │to Italy. ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1833│Second │Probably │After an │Europe. │Petrograd in │pandemic in │Asia. │interval of │(America │January. │above period. │ │one year │appears to have│Berlin and │ │ │Europe was │escaped this │Constantinople │ │ │again visited │second │in March. │ │ │with an │epidemic.) │Denmark and │ │ │extensive │ │Sweden, France │ │ │plague which │ │and Great │ │ │attacked the │ │Britain in │ │ │same countries│ │April, Italy │ │ │in about the │ │in May. │ │ │same order. │ │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1836│Third spread │Origin rather│West and South│Europe, Faroe │Almost 1837│in above │obscure, │as previously.│Islands, │simultaneous │period. │possibly in │ │Mexico,(?) │invasion at │ │Russia. │ │India, Java. │Petrograd, │ │ │ │ │Sweden, │ │ │ │ │Denmark, │ │ │ │ │Germany and │ │ │ │ │England; │ │ │ │ │Egypt, Syria, │ │ │ │ │France, │ │ │ │ │Ireland, │ │ │ │ │Holland, and │ │ │ │ │Switzerland │ │ │ │ │one month │ │ │ │ │later. Italy, │ │ │ │ │Spain and │ │ │ │ │Portugal yet │ │ │ │ │another month │ │ │ │ │later. ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1838│Every year in │ │ │1838, February;│ 1847│this period │ │ │Island of │ │with the │ │ │Bourbon and │ │exception of │ │ │Iceland. │ │1840 showed, │ │ │1838, November;│ │according to │ │ │Australia and │ │Hirsch, some │ │ │New Zealand. │ │local │ │ │1839, │ │epidemic. │ │ │Abyssinia. │ │ │ │ │1841, Germany, │ │ │ │ │Hungary, │ │ │ │ │Ireland. │ │ │ │ │1842, Belgium, │ │ │ │ │England, │ │ │ │ │France, Egypt, │ │ │ │ │Chili. │ │ │ │ │1843, Germany, │ │ │ │ │England, │ │ │ │ │Iceland, │ │ │ │ │France, │ │ │ │ │Siberia, the │ │ │ │ │United States. │ │ │ │ │1844, Germany, │ │ │ │ │England, │ │ │ │ │Switzerland, │ │ │ │ │Cayenne. │ │ │ │ │1845, Germany │ │ │ │ │and │ │ │ │ │Switzerland. │ │ │ │ │1846–1847, │ │ │ │ │France, Russia,│ │ │ │ │Constantinople,│ │ │ │ │Brazil, │ │ │ │ │England, │ │ │ │ │Denmark, │ │ │ │ │Belgium, │ │ │ │ │Switzerland. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1847│Epidemic │Origin │Spread not │All of the │ 1848│period │uncertain. │definite, │countries of │ │throughout │ │North America │Western Europe,│ │Europe without│ │in 1848. │West Indies, │ │clear cut │ │ │New Zealand, │ │direction of │ │ │Newfoundland, │ │spread. │ │ │Sandwich │ │ │ │ │Islands, Egypt,│ │ │ │ │Algiers, West │ │ │ │ │Coast of │ │ │ │ │Africa. │ ─────┼──────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────┼────────────── 1850│Epidemics │ │1857, began in│1850–51, │1855, only one 1889│covering │ │August in │particularly │month between │larger or │ │Panama and │throughout the │Petrograd and │smaller │ │spread to West│whole Western │Italy. │territory │ │Indies and up │coast of South │ │every year, │ │and down the │America with │ │but none to │ │Pacific Coast.│later spread to│ │compare in │ │Prevailed in │California & │ │intensity with│ │Europe in │Europe. │ │those of 1831,│ │December. │1852, │ │1833, 1836 and│ │ │Australia, │ │1847. │ │ │Tasmania, South│ │ │ │ │America. │ │ │ │ │1853, Faroe │ │ │ │ │Islands. │ │ │ │ │1854, Bavaria. │ │ │ │ │1855, Europe, │ │ │ │ │spreading │ │ │ │ │rapidly West │ │ │ │ │and South from │ │ │ │ │Petrograd. │ │ │ │ │Later in same │ │ │ │ │year, Brazil. │ │ │ │ │1857–58, │ │ │ │ │widespread │ │ │ │ │epidemic in │ │ │ │ │both │ │ │ │ │hemispheres. │ │ │ │ │1860–70, very │ │ │ │ │irregular │ │ │ │ │appearances in │ │ │ │ │Australia, │ │ │ │ │Tasmania, │ │ │ │ │Philadelphia, │ │ │ │ │the Bermudas, │ │ │ │ │Holland, │ │ │ │ │California, │ │ │ │ │France, │ │ │ │ │Switzerland, │ │ │ │ │Africa, │ │ │ │ │Germany, │ │ │ │ │Belgium, │ │ │ │ │Russia, │ │ │ │ │Denmark, Sweden│ │ │ │ │and Turkey. │ │ │ │ │1874–75, │ │ │ │ │Extensive │ │ │ │ │spread in │ │ │ │ │America, │ │ │ │ │Germany and │ │ │ │ │France, with │ │ │ │ │recurrence one │ │ │ │ │year later in │ │ │ │ │eleven areas of│ │ │ │ │the United │ │ │ │ │States. │ │ │ │ │1879, America. │ │ │ │ │1885–88, │ │ │ │ │Re-appeared │ │ │ │ │each year in │ │ │ │ │Petrograd. │ │ │ │ │1889, (Spring) │ │ │ │ │Greenland and │ │ │ │ │Hudson Bay │ │ │ │ │territory. │ │ │ │ │(May) Bokhara │ │ │ │ │in Turkestan │ │ │ │ │from where the │ │ │ │ │great pandemic │ │ │ │ │of 1889–90 is │ │ │ │ │usually said to│ │ │ │ │have taken its │ │ │ │ │origin. │ ─────┴──────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────