Influences of Geographic Environment On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography

The characteristics which mark peninsulas, namely, ample contact with the sea, small area as compared with that of the continents, peripheral location, more or less complete iso...

The ethnic and political boundaries of Europe to-day are the residuum of countless racial, national, tribal and individual movements reaching back into an unrecorded past. The v...

There are zones of latitude and zones of altitude. To every mountain region both these pertain, resulting in a nice interplay of geographic factors. Every mountain slope from su...

Of all geographical boundaries, the most important is that between land and sea. The coast, in its physical nature, is a zone of transition between these two dominant forms of t...

Anthropo-geography has to do primarily with the forms and relief of the land. The relief of the sea floor influences man only indirectly. It does this by affecting the forms of...

To a large view, rivers appear in two aspects. They are either part of the general water envelope of the earth, extensions of seas and estuaries back into the up-hill reaches of...

The important characteristic of plains is their power to facilitate every phase of historical movement; that of mountains is their power to retard, arrest, or deflect it. Man, a...

Nature abhors fixed boundary lines and sudden transitions; all her forces combine against them. Everywhere she keeps her borders melting, wavering, advancing, retreating. If by...

The location of a country or people is always the supreme geographical fact in its history. It outweighs every other single geographic force. All that has been said of Russia's...

Every consideration of geographical area must take as its starting point the 199,000,000 square miles (510,000,000 square kilometers) of the earth's surface. Though some 8,000,0...

Climate enters fundamentally into all consideration of geographic influences, either by implication or explicitly. It is a factor in most physiological and psychological effects...

Man is a product of the earth's surface. This means not merely that he is a child of the earth, dust of her dust; but that the earth has mothered him, fed him, set him tasks, di...

The division of the earth's surface into 28 per cent. land and 72 per cent. water is an all important fact of physical geography and anthropo-geography. Owing to this proportion...

The water of the earth's surface, viewed from the standpoint of anthropo-geography, is one, whether it appears as atmospheric moisture, spring, river, lake, brackish lagoon, enc...

Every clan, tribe, state or nation includes two ideas, a people and its land, the first unthinkable without the other. History, sociology, ethnology touch only the inhabited are...

Despite the extensive use which man makes of the water highways of the world, they remain to him highways, places for his passing and repassing, not for his abiding. Essentially...

of tropical India, and in that debilitating climate lost the qualities which first gave them supremacy, the change which they underwent was primarily a physiological one. It can...

Into almost every anthropo-geographical problem the element of environment enters in different phases, with different modes of operation and varying degrees of importance. Since...

[487] P. Ehrenreich, _Die Eintheilung und Verbreitung der Völkerstämme Brasiliens, Petermanns Mittheilungen_, Vol. 37, pp. 88-89. Gotha, 1891. Helmolt, History of the World, Vol...

Importance of climatic influences--Climate in the interplay of geographic factors--Its direct and indirect effects--Climate determines the habitable area of the earth--Effect of...

[467] J. Naken, _Die Provinz Kwangtung und ihre Bevölkerung, Petermanns Geographische Mittheilungen_, Vol. 24, pp. 409, 420. 1878. Ferdinand von Richthofen, _China_, Vol. I, pp....

Physical relationship between islands and peninsulas--Character of insular flora and fauna--Paradoxical influences of island habitat on man--Conservative and radical tendencies...

Rivers as intermediaries between land and sea--Sea navigation merges into river navigation--Historical importance of seas and oceans influenced by their debouching streams--Lack...

The size of the earth--Relation of area to life--Area and differentiation--The struggle for space--National area an index of social and political development--The Oikoumene--The...

Zones of altitude--Politico-economic value of a varied relief--Belief and climate--Altitude zones of economic and cultural development--Altitude and density belts in tropical hi...

The boundary zone in Nature--Oscillating boundaries of the habitable area of the earth--Wallace's Line a typical boundary zone--Boundaries as limits of expansion--Boundary zone...

Insularity of the land-masses--Classification of land-masses according to size and location--Effect of the size of land-masses--Independence due to location versus independence...

Relief of the sea floor--Mean elevations of the continents--Distribution of relief--Homologous reliefs and homologous histories--Anthropo-geography of lowlands--Extensive plains...

The coast a zone of transition--The inner edge--Shifting of the inner edge--Outer edge in original settlement--In early navigation--In colonization--Inland advance of colonies--...

Man as part of the mobile envelope of the earth--Inaccessibility of mountains--Mountains as transit regions--Transition forms of relief between highlands and lowlands--Piedmont...

People and land--Political geography--Political versus social geography--Land basis of society--Morgan's _societas_--Land bond in primitive hunter tribes--In fisher tribes--In p...

The importance of geographical location--Content of the term location--Intercontinental location--Natural versus vicinal location--Naturally defined location--Vicinal location--...

Universality of such movements--The name Historical Movement--Its evolution--Its importance in history--Geographical interpretation of historical movement--Mobility of primitive...

The water a factor in man's mobility--Oceans and seas the factor of union in universal history--Origin of navigation--Primitive forms--Relation of river to marine navigation--Re...

Man a product of the earth's surface--Persistent effect of geographic barriers--Recurrent influences of nature-made highways--Regions of historical similarity--Persistence of cl...

The protection of a water frontier--Pile villages of ancient times--Modern pile dwellings--Their geographic distribution--River-dwellers in old and popular lands--Man's encroach...

Four classes of influences--Physical effects of environment--Stature and environment--Effects of dominant activities--Physical effects of climate--Pigmentation in relation to he...