CHAPTER XXVI

Rama's Mission Fulfilled

Rama Laments for Sita—The King of Vultures—Story of the Demon—Revelation after Death—Rama forms an Alliance with the Apes—Slaying of Bali—The Rainy Season—Sita's Life in Lanka—Hanuman the Spy—Discovery of Sita—Battle with Giants—Building of Rama's Bridge—The Worship of Shiva—Invasion of Lanka—The War with Demons—A Serpent Noose—How the Sleeping Giant was Slain—Rama and Lakshmana Wounded—Hanuman carries a Mountain to Lanka—Lakshmana Slain and Restored to Life—Ravana seeks to kill Sita—The Fall of Ravana—Sita's Ordeal of Fire—Rama's Return to Ayodhya—Second Exile of Sita—The Horse Sacrifice—Rama's Warlike Sons—Sita Returns to the Earth Mother—Ascent of Rama.

Rama wept for Sita. He searched hither and thither through the forest, and called on every mountain and tree and on every bird and every beast, asking whither she had gone. When he found a tattered garland which his loved one had worn, he swooned with overpowering grief.

Then Lakshmana sprinkled water drops on his face until he revived. “Alas! my brother,” he cried, “do not sorrow thus lest death should snatch thee away.”

Said Rama: “Sita is my heart's love. I cannot live without her. For my sake she deserted the royal palace to wander in this fearsome jungle. Now that she is gone, the moments seem longer than years.... How can I live on when she is lost to me?”

Lakshmana comforted his brother: then they arose together and continued their vain search.... Rama beheld a beauteous lotus in a clear stream, and, blinded with tears, he deemed it was the face of Sita. “O hard-hearted one,” he exclaimed, “art thou hiding there among the water blooms? Seekest thou to test my love in this manner? Arise and come to me, my sweet love, nor doubt me any longer.”

But the bloom moved not, and Lakshmana led away his grief-distracted brother.

“Mayhap she hath returned to the hut now,” Rama cried. Then the brethren hastened to the hermitage, but found it empty as before.... Rama wailed in the moonlight and cried to the orb of night: “O moon! mankind welcome thy coolness, but thou dost bring to me naught but sorrow and tears.... Thou lookest over the whole world, beholding all living beings. Where, O tell me, where is my beloved one, my lost Sita?”

Rama wandered fitfully through the jungle: the moonbeams and the shadows fluttered around, and it seemed as if the face of Sita were peering from everywhere. So passed a sleepless night, full of mourning and illusions.

On the morrow the brethren went forth again in quest of the lost one. They came to the place where Jatayus lay dying, and that lordly bird spake to Rama and related all that had befallen Sita and himself.

Rama sat on the ground: he embraced the dying Vulture King, and said unto Lakshmana: “Alas! my brother, the noble Jatayus hath given up his life to serve me. I have lost my kingdom and my sire; I have lost Sita, and now our ally, the Rajah of Vultures, is dying.... All my friends are passing away. If I were to sit in the shade of a tree, the tree would fall; if I stooped to drink water from a river, verily the river would dry up....”

Then he spake to Jatayus, saying: “Whither hath Ravana gone with my well-beloved?”

Said the Vulture: “He went southward towards an unknown forest fastness.... Alas! my strength fails, mine eyes grow blind, my life is ebbing from my body.”

When he had spoken thus, Jatayus died in Rama's arms, and his soul ascended to the heaven of Vishnu in a chariot of fire.

Thereafter the brethren went towards the south. On their way they met a black demon of monstrous size; his head was in the middle of his body; he had but one eye, and his teeth were numerous and long. Suddenly the misshapen demon stretched out his two great arms, and the brethren fought against the arms.

The demon cried: “Who are ye that dare to combat with me? I welcome ye because I am an hungered this day, and long to feast on human flesh.”

Rama and Lakshmana fought on until they cleft both the great arms that were coiled around them, whereat the monster fell upon the ground. Said Rama: “We are Dasaratha's sons, who are exiles in the jungle.”

Then the demon revealed that he was Kabandha, and bade them burn his body, so that he might be bereft of his Rakshasa form and nature; thereafter, he promised, he would inform them regarding Sita. The brethren dug a pit and cremated the monster, and from the fire arose Kabandha, the Gandharva, who had been placed under spells. He spake and said: “Ravana dwells in the island of Lanka; he is the King of Rakshasas. If thou wouldst fain overcome him, thou must seek the aid of the ape chief, Sugriva, King of the Vanars, who dwells on Rishyamukha mountain.”[343]

[343] Among the Nilgiri mountains.

When the brethren went towards this mountain, Hanuman, son of Vayu, the wind god, a counsellor of the Ape King, came forth to meet them. He conducted Rama and Lakshmana before Sugriva, to whom they related the story of Sita's abduction.

Said Sugriva: “Some days past I beheld a woman who was borne aloft in the arms of a flying Rakshasa; she threw down her ornaments, which we have preserved with care.”

Then the ornaments were brought forth, and they were recognized by Lakshmana, but Rama wept so profusely that he knew not whether he gazed upon the jewels of Sita or not.

Sugriva, who was the son of Surya, the sun god, desired to aid Rama, but he told that his bride and his kingdom had been taken from him by his half-brother Bali, son of Indra, whom he feared.[344] Then Rama promised to slay Bali and restore the kingdom to Sugriva. And as he promised so did he do. Sugriva challenged his brother to single combat, and Rama discharged an arrow which pierced the heart of the usurper. All the apes rejoiced greatly when the rightful King of the Vanars was restored to his throne.

[344] These apes are the incarnations of the Vedic deities who sojourned on earth according to Vishnu's command.

The rainy season came on soon afterwards, and Rama and Lakshmana went to dwell upon the mountain Malyavana, where they found a cave.

Slowly passed the days of waiting. Ofttimes did Rama grieve for Sita. He was wont to speak to Lakshmana, saying: “Delightful is the season of rain and tempest unto those who dwell in happy homes in the midst of their families; it is a time of sorrow to those who suffer separation.... Behold the great black clouds like to battling elephants leaping and rolling in heaven. Thunder roars amidst the mountains. The lightnings flash and sparkle; alas! their golden lustre in the darkness of night reminds me of my lost Sita.... Now the wind falls and the earth is bright with rain tears, and I hear the sighing of Sita as she weeps in pain and sorrow.... The rainbow comes forth in beauty like to Sita arrayed with jewels and ornaments.... Now the earth is refreshed: trees are budding and flowers bloom again in beauty, but I cannot be consoled. Lost is Sita, my dearly beloved; she writhes in the palace of the Rakshasa king as the lightning writhes amidst the black clouds.... Ah! I abandoned my throne and kingdom with joy because Sita was with me; now my heart is breaking because she hath been snatched away.... See how the shadows gather again; winds roar and rains pour down; as dubious is my future, and dark as is this gloomy day of sorrow. Jatayus hath told that Sita is concealed in a distant fastness.... How can I be consoled? I mourn not for myself alone, but chiefly because she whom I love sorrows and suffers in a strange land.”

Now, when Sita was dwelling in the palace of the demon king, guarded by Rakshasa women, Ravana approached her again and again, and addressed to her sweet speeches, praising her beauty and endeavouring to win her love. But Sita rejected him with scorn. Although she was his prisoner, he could not win her by force. She was strengthened by her own virtue; she was protected by Brahma's dread decree. Be it known that once upon a time the lustful Ravana had seized by force a nymph of Indra's heaven, whose name was Punjikashthala. When he committed that evil offence, Brahma spake angrily and said that Ravana's head would be rent asunder if ever again he attempted to act in like manner towards another female in heaven or upon earth.

Sita said unto the demon king: “Thou shalt never have me for wife either in this world or in the next. Rather would I die than gratify thy desire.”

Angry was Ravana, and he commanded the female Rakshasas to convey Sita to the Asoka grove, believing that her heart would be melted by the beauties of that fair retreat. “Thou wilt provide her with fine raiment,” he said, “and with rich ornaments and delicious food, thou wilt praise me before her, and anon threaten her with dire calamity if she refuseth to become my bride.”

Sita remembered Rama in her heart by day and by night, and wept and moaned for him, refusing to be comforted.

When the rainy season was drawing to a close, Rama fretted because Sugriva, King of the Vanars, was making no effort to collect his forces and prepare for the recovery of Sita. Instead, he drank wine and spent the days in merriment among his wives. At length Lakshmana visited the palace and threatened Sugriva with death, because he had broken his promise, whereat the monarch summoned speedily his great armies of apes and bears in countless numbers. Four divisions were then sent out to the north and the south, and eastward and westward, to search for Sita.

Success attended the efforts of the army commanded by Hanuman. It chanced that his officers discovered on a mountain summit Sampati, the brother of Jatayus, King of the Vultures. He was wounded and helpless, because his wings had been scorched by endeavouring to soar to the sun so that he might fulfil a vain boast. Although stricken thus, Sampati could still see clearly over vast distances. He had beheld Ravana carrying away Sita across the ocean towards Lanka. This knowledge he communicated through his son to Hanuman. When he rendered such great service to Rama his wings began to grow, and he was enabled once again to take flight athwart the blue heaven.

Hanuman then resolved to visit the distant island with purpose to discover where Sita had been hidden. Assuming gigantic form, he stood upon a mountain top and leapt seaward. The mountain shook when he sprang from it. Over the sea went the wind god's son and that swiftly. But demons endeavoured to arrest his progress through the air. Surasa, mother of the Nagas, rose up with gaping jaws, and cried: “Thou must needs pass through my mouth ere thou wilt go farther, O Hanuman.”

The heroic Ape extended his bulk, but the Naga hag opened wider and wider her jaws to prevent him passing. Then Hanuman shrank to the size of a man's thumb, and leapt into her mouth and out of it again and again so as to fulfil her conditions, whereat the hag owned that she was defeated and allowed him to pass.

Next arose the she dragon, Sinhika, who clutched the shadow of Hanuman and held him back. Wrathfully she sprang forward to devour him, but again the cunning Ape contracted himself, and entering her mouth, attacked her and wounded her so that she was slain.

Leaping from her body, Hanuman resumed his journey until he arrived at Lanka. Night had fallen but the moon shone brightly. He assumed the form of a cat and crept stealthily through the capital, gazing on the wonders about him. He reached the great palace of Ravana and entered therein. It had shining crystal floors and jewelled stairways of gold and silver. The mansion of Indra was not more beautiful than that resplendent palace of the demon king. Hanuman crept on through the women's chamber, and beheld fair forms “subdued in all the shapes of sleep”; beautiful were they as lotus blooms that await the sun's first kiss ere they open their soft eyelids, or as the lustrous stars on an autumn night gleaming and moving in heaven; it seemed as if a wreath of sweet human blossoms had been thrown carelessly into that perfumed chamber of sleep.

Hanuman wandered on until he reached the Asoka grove. There he beheld the long-lost Sita, the queen of stars. Fierce she demons surrounded her, and some were of fearsome shape; they had dogs' heads and pigs' heads and the faces of horses and buffaloes; some were of great bulk and others were dwarfish; some had but one eye and others had three eyes; the ears of some hung touching the ground; others that were hairy were the most horrible to behold.

When morning came Ravana drew nigh to plead his love, praising the beauty of Sita, but she rejected him, as she had ofttimes done before, whereat the demon grew angry and threatened her with dire tortures and even death.... Sita was like to a gentle fawn surrounded by wolves. Yet she was without fear. Rather would she perish than be unfaithful to Rama.

Hanuman kept watch, crouching in the branches of a tree, and at length he found it possible to approach her in secret. At first she feared that Ravana had assumed the form of Hanuman to deceive her, but she was reassured when the Vanar spy showed her the ring of Rama, and related how greatly he sorrowed because she had been taken from him. Then was her heart touched with sorrow mingled with joy. Hanuman offered to carry her away, but in her modesty she refused to touch the body of any male being save Rama. She took from her hair a bright jewel which she gave to Hanuman as a token; and she said that Ravana had allowed her but two months to live if she refused to yield to him.

Hanuman desired, ere he left the city of Ravana, to show his enmity against the demons. Assuming his gigantic form, he uprooted trees and destroyed fair mansions. The guards came out against him and he slew many of them. But, at length, the mighty Indrajit, son of Ravana, hastened forth and shot a magic serpent-shaft which enwrapped Hanuman like a noose, and rendered him helpless. Thus was he taken prisoner, and he was dragged before Ravana, who commanded that the Ape be put to death. But a counsellor intervened and advised that Hanuman should be regarded as an envoy, and treated with dishonour ere he was sent back, so that their enemies might be terrified. Ravana consented to this course, and an oil-soaked cloth was tied round the Ape's great tail and set on fire. But Sita prayed that the fire should not injure Hanuman, and her prayer was heard. The son of Vayu suddenly contracted his body so that his bonds fell from him, and he leapt over the city, setting fire with his flaming tail to many mansions, and so accomplishing great destruction. Then he obtained another brief interview with Sita, and once again leapt over the ocean; he hastened with the good tidings of his journey to Rama, who rejoiced greatly that his loved one had been found.

Preparations were at once begun to rescue Sita. The Vanar armies were marched southward, and they camped on the shore over against Lanka, which lies sixty miles from the mainland. Here they were joined by a new and powerful ally.

Be it known that the mighty deeds of Hanuman had stricken terror to the heart of Ravana. The demon king summoned a council of war to consider what should be done. All his warriors advised him to wage war, except Bibhishana, his younger brother, who censured the monarch for the offence which he had committed against blameless Rama. “Hear my words,” he said, “and restore Sita to her rightful lord, or else Rama will swoop down upon thy kingdom, O Ravana, as a falcon who seizeth his prey. Make peace with him now, lest many perish in battle.”

Ravana was made angry, and cried: “Alas! for the love of my near relatives, who sorrow at my fame and smile at my peril; they are ever jealous and full of guile, because they hate me in their secret hearts.... Evil is thy speech, O Bibishana. Depart from me, false prince, and carry thy treason to our enemies.... If thou wert not my brother I would slay thee even now.”

Bibhishana was thus banished from the Rakshasa kingdom, and he immediately crossed the sea and joined the forces of Rama.

Rama performed sacrifices to propitiate the God of Ocean, so that the Vanar forces might be enabled to pass over to Lanka, but these proved to be unavailing. Then angrily he seized his bow and shot Celestial weapons into the bosom of the deep. The earth and the sea were immediately convulsed, and darkness covered the heavens; lightning flashed and thunder bellowed aloud; the mountains began to break in pieces. Rama next seized a fiery dart and threatened to dry up the waters of the sea.

At that moment the King of Ocean rose serenely above the weltering billows in all his splendour, attended by shining water snakes. He addressed Rama with great reverence, reminding him that according to ancient laws he must remain unfordable, but counselling him the while to seek the aid of the Vanar chief Nala, son of Vishwakarma, the divine artisan, so that a bridge might be constructed to enable the armies to cross the deep. Then the King of Ocean vanished amidst the waves and the heavens brightened again.

Nala was immediately called upon to give his aid. Assisted by his workmen, this wonderful Vanar, whose body was green, constructed a causeway of rocky islands between the mainland and Lanka (Ceylon), and to this day it is called “Rama's Bridge”.[345]

[345] Also “Adam's Bridge”. The green Celtic fairies are similarly credited with making island chains and long jutting promontories which stretch out from opposite shores of arms of the sea.

Rama meanwhile set up the Linga symbol of the god Shiva, and worshipped it on that holy island which hath since been called Ramisseram.

In five days the strait was spanned. Then Rama mounted on the back of Hanuman, son of the wind god Vayu, and Lakshmana mounted the back of Angada, son of Bali and grandson of Indra, and led the Vanar hosts across the sea. The apes and bears which composed the great attacking army leapt from island to island, shouting: “Victory to Rama!” “Victory to Lakshmana!” “Victory to Sugriva!” Now the apes were of many colours; they were white and black, green and blue, yellow and red and brown. Sugriva shone like silver, Angada resembled a white lotus; Nila, son of Agni, was red, and Hanuman was yellow as pure gold; Sarambha had also a yellow body, and Nala was green, while Darvindha had a black body, a red face, and a yellow tail. These were all leaders and great warriors of the Vanar host.

The army landed in Lanka unopposed, and encamped on a plain fronting the capital of the Rakshasa king.

The Rakshasas issued forth speedily to attack the apes, and the blowing of horns and beating of drums sounded like to the mighty thunder peals at a Yuga end. Indrajit was the Rakshasa leader. His followers rode on elephants and lions, on camels and asses, on hogs and hyenas, and on wolves; they were armed with bows and arrows, maces, spears, tridents, swords, and beams, but some had also magic weapons. Roaring and swaying, they drove forward like to long sea-rollers assaulting the shore.

The gigantic apes wielded trees for clubs and threw great boulders, but some depended on their sword-like nails and their long arrowy teeth. They rushed against the demons, shouting “Rama, Rama!” and soon the plain was covered by heaps of writhing bodies and severed limbs, while rivers of blood streamed across it from between the battling hosts. Rama looked on without fear. He reposed his faith on the apes, for he knew that they were incarnations of the gods.

The apes were driven back until Sugriva flung a great tree, which shattered the chariot of Indrajit. Then the Rakshasa leader and his army took flight.

Indrajit obtained a new chariot by offering up in sacrifice a black goat, and returning to the battlefield with his forces he shot arrows at Rama and Lakshmana. Then he threw a serpent noose, which bound the two brothers so that they were unable to move. Great was their peril, but Vayu, god of wind, sent to their aid the great Celestial bird Garuda, the serpent killer, and the snakes which formed the noose fled from before it, whereat the brethren, who had meantime fallen in a swoon, rose up again. Ravana then came forth, but Rama shot arrows which swept the ten crowns from his ten heads, and he retired in his shame and skulked in the city.

The Rakshasas were in desperate straits and bethought them to awaken Kumbha-karna, the mightiest of all the demons. In former days he had terrorized the Universe; he continually devoured human beings, and had defeated Indra even, but Brahma intervened and decreed that he would sleep for six months and then awaken for one day only. Each time he awoke he devoured a great meal, after which he was again overpowered by slumber.

Thousands of men danced and shouted and blew trumpets beside the great sleeper, but he could not be wakened; elephants were driven over his body, yet he never moved; then beautiful women came and caressed him, and he suddenly opened his eyes and roared like to the sea. His eyes were red with anger, and he cried: “Why have I been awakened before my time?”

The Rakshasas informed Kumbha-karna of the army which surrounded the city, and they brought him much food; greedily he swallowed swine and deer and many human beings and drank rivers of wine. Refreshed, but not yet satisfied, he arose and said: “Where are the apes so that I may devour them?”

He mounted his chariot and went forth to battle. The apes trembled to behold him and fled panic-stricken.... Sugriva rallied them quickly, and then they began to fling trees and boulders, but these were all splintered to pieces on the limbs of the giant. He defeated Hanuman, and seized Sugriva and carried him off in his chariot. Thousands of apes were devoured by the mighty Rakshasa.

At length Kumbha-karna went against Rama and a fierce conflict ensued, but in the end Rama discharged flaming arrows and severed his head from his body. The monster staggered backward and fell into the ocean, and great billows arose and tossed angrily in the midst of the swollen deep.

Indrajit thereafter offered up another sacrifice and secured fresh weapons. Rendering himself invisible, he rose high in the air and showered arrows like rain until Rama and Lakshmana, who were grievously wounded, fell down and pretended to be dead.

When darkness came on, Hanuman and Bibhishana surveyed the battlefield with torches and found that many apes had been wounded and slain. Great was their sorrow, but Sushena, the ape physician, bade Hanuman to hasten to a certain Himalayan mountain to obtain healing herbs. The wind god's son assumed tremendous bulk, and, leaping aloft, went speedily through the air until he reached the place where the herbs grew. He searched for them in vain; then he tore up the mountain, and carrying it in his hand returned again to the battlefield. The physician soon discovered the herbs; then he gave healing to Rama and Lakshmana and the wounded apes, who rose up at once ready and eager to fight as before. Hanuman returned with the mountain and restored it to its place.

When the sun rose, Ravana sent forth young heroes to battle against the apes and bears, but they were all slain. Then Indrajit came to avenge the fallen, but Lakshmana drew his bow and shot an arrow which Indra had given to him. Unerring was his aim, and Indrajit was struck down; his body rolled headless upon the plain.

Ravana lamented for the death of his son, crying: “He was the mightiest of my heroes and the dearest to my heart. All the gods feared him, yet by a mortal was he laid low.... O my son, thy widow wails for thee and thy mother weeps in sore distress. Fondly I deemed that when the frailties of old age afflicted me thou wouldst close mine eyelids in death, but youth is taken first and I am left alone to battle against mine enemies.”

For a time the mighty demon wept; then he arose in wrath to wreak vengeance. First of all he hastened towards the Asoka grove to slay Sita. But the Rakshasa dames concealed the wife of Rama, and prevailed upon Ravana not to pollute his fame by slaying a woman. One cried to him: “Auspicious is the last day of the waning moon. The hour of thy vengeance is nigh. Turn thee towards the battlefield and great glory will be thine.”

Ravana went gloomily away; he mounted his chariot to battle against his enemies, remembering those who had already fallen. Followed by a great army, he swept from the city like to a tempest cloud which darkens the summer heaven. He beheld his brother Bibhishana fighting for Rama, and angrily cast at him a great weapon, but Lakshmana flung a javelin which shattered it in flight. Ravana smiled grimly and shouted to Lakshmana: “Slayer of my son, I welcome thee! Thou hast protected Bibhishana; now protect, if thou canst, thine own self.”

Having spoken thus he flung a great dart, which pierced the heart of Lakshmana and pinned him to the earth.

Rama stooped over the fallen hero and cried: “Alas! art thou fallen, my gallant brother? Thy weapons have dropped from thy hands; death claims thee, but, O Lakshmana, thou wilt not die alone. I am weary of battle and of glory, and when my task is ended, I will follow in thy footsteps.... The love of wife or friend is easily won, but the love of a faithful brother, equal to thine, is rarely found in this world of illusions.... Dearest of brothers, greatest of heroes, wilt thou never awaken from thy deathly swoon or open again thine eyes to behold me?... Alas! the lips of Lakshmana are silent and his ears are stopped.”

In the darkness of night Hanuman again hastened northward in speedy flight to obtain the mountain which he had aforetime carried to Lanka. The physician found upon it the healing herbs; he pounded them and made a paste which he placed under the nostrils of the unconscious warrior. Then Lakshmana rose up again healed and hale and powerful. Rama rejoiced greatly, and turned against his foes.... A night attack was made upon the Rakshasa capital, and the Apes intercepted a sacrifice which Ravana sought to offer up to the gods so as to compel their aid; many fair mansions were given to the flames.

When day came Ravana went forth to battle. Surpa-nakha, his sister who had caused the war, stood in his way, and he thrust her aside impatiently, whereat she cursed him, saying: “For this thou wilt never again return to the city.”

Ravana drove on in battle fury, his heart filled with hatred for his foes and with sorrow for the fallen. Rama went against him in the chariot of Indra, and for a time a dubious conflict was waged. The earth trembled and the ocean shook with fear.

Suddenly Rama darted forward. He drew his bow and shot a swift arrow, which smote off one of Ravana's ten heads, but immediately another appeared in its place.[346] Then the hero seized the flaming weapon which Brahma had created for the protection of the gods; with unerring aim he discharged it in flaming splendour; it struck the demon; it cleft in twain his heart of iron. Roaring in his fierce agony Ravana fell ponderously upon the plain and immediately expired. So was the enemy of gods and men put to death by peerless Rama.

[346] Like Hydra against which Hercules fought.

Celestial music was heard in heaven and flowers fell upon the plain of victory: a voice came down the wind, saying: “_O victor of truth and righteousness, thy task is now ended._”

The Rakshasa hosts broke in flight when Ravana fell, and Rama entered the city in triumph. Bibhishana burned the body of his fallen brother, and performed the funeral rites. Thereafter he was proclaimed King of Lanka.

When peace was restored, Rama commanded that Sita should be brought forth. She was carried towards the plain concealed in a litter, and all the Apes gathered round to behold her, whereat Rama requested her to alight and walk towards him, and she did so. With folded hands she approached her husband and knelt at his feet, weeping tears of joy.

Clouded was the brow of Rama; he spoke sternly, and said: “Mine enemies are slain, and thou art delivered from captivity, O Sita; but now that my shame is removed I have no desire to behold thee. I cannot receive thee as my wife, because that thou hast dwelt in the house of Ravana.”

Said Sita: “Chaste and innocent have I remained.... O Rama, if thou hadst informed me of thy doubt, I would have died ere now. Better is death than thy dark suspicion.”

Addressing Lakshmana, she then said: “Build for me a funeral pyre so that I may end my grief amidst the flames.”

As she desired so did the brother of Rama do. He built the pyre and set it alight. Then Sita invoked Agni:

If in act and thought, she uttered, I am true unto my name, Witness of our sins and virtues, may this fire protect my fame!

If a false and lying scandal brings a faithful woman shame, Witness of our sins and virtues, may this fire protect my fame!

If in lifelong loving duty I am free from sin and blame, Witness of our sins and virtues, may this fire protect my fame!

_R. C. Dutt's trans._

Fearlessly she then leapt amidst the flames and vanished, while all lamented around her. Rama cried: “This day have I sinned, because she is innocent.”

In that hour a great wonder was wrought. Suddenly the Deva-rishis and Gandharvas and the gods appeared in the air. At the same time the red flames of the mighty pyre were divided, and the god Agni came forth with Sita, whom he delivered to Rama, saying: “_Receive thy wife who is without sin or shame._”

Rama embraced Sita, and said: “I have never doubted her virtue; she is without sin, and now her purity has been proved before all men.”

He wept, and Sita hid her face in his bosom and soft embrace.

The exile of Rama was now ended, and he returned speedily in the car of Indra to Ayodhya, with Sita and Lakshmana and Hanuman.

Bharata welcomed his elder brother, and laid the sandals at his feet, saying: “These are the symbols of thy rule, O Rama; I have guarded the throne for thee. Now take thy crown and govern thy kingdom. I give thee back thine own.”

Rama was crowned on the morrow amidst the rejoicings of the people, and prosperity returned once again to the kingdom.

Time went past, but the sorrows of Sita were not ended. The people whispered against the fair queen, doubting her virtue, because that she had been taken away by Ravana, and they wondered Rama had received her back. At length her husband, yielding to the wishes of his subjects, banished the innocent queen from the kingdom. The faithful Lakshmana conducted her towards the southern jungles, and abandoned her nigh to the hermitage of Valmiki, counselling her with tears to take refuge with the saintly poet.

Valmiki received her with pity, and soon afterwards she gave birth to two sons, who were named Lava and Kusa.

Sixteen years went past, and Rama's mind was troubled because that he had slain Ravana, who was the son of Pulastya, the Rishi. So he resolved to perform the Aswamedha (horse sacrifice) to cleanse his soul of sin.

The horse was sent forth to wander through the land, and when it approached the hermitage of Valmiki, Lava and Kusa, the sons of Rama and Sita, took possession of it. They defeated the royal army and wounded Satrughna. Lakshmana hastened forth with another army, but he was also grievously wounded and defeated by the young heroes. Then Rama himself went southward to wage war and recapture the horse. When his sons came forth against him, Rama wondered to find that they were so like to himself in countenance and bearing; his heart was filled with tenderness, and he asked them: “Whose children are you?”

Lava and Kusa greeted him with reverence, and said: “Sita is our mother, but we know not the name of our sire.”

Then Rama perceived that the lads were his own sons.... Valmiki, the sage, came towards him, and Rama said: “The people spoke evil things against Sita, and it was necessary to prove her innocence. Now let her be taken into my presence, for I know that these noble children are mine.”

Valmiki returned to Sita and asked her to go with him before Rama, but for a time she refused to do so. The sage pleaded with her, and at length she walked forth from the hermitage with downcast eyes and hands uplifted. In the presence of Rama and the people she then invoked the Earth, and cried:

If unstained in thought and action I have lived from day of birth, Spare a daughter's shame and anguish and receive her, Mother Earth!

If in duty and devotion I have laboured undefiled, Mother Earth! who bore this woman, once again receive thy child!

If in truth unto my husband I have proved a faithful wife, Mother Earth! relieve thy Sita from the burden of this life!

_R. C. Dutt's trans._

When she had spoken thus, all who heard her wept and sorrowed. And while they gazed upon her with pity and tenderness, the earth suddenly yawned, and from its depths arose a golden throne sparkling with gems and supported by four great serpents, as a rose is supported by green leaves. Then the Earth Mother appeared and hailed Sita with loving words, and led her to the throne, on which she seated herself beside her sinless daughter, the faithful and undefiled wife of Rama.... The throne thereafter vanished and the earth closed over it.

So passed Sita from before the eyes of all mankind. Rama flung himself upon the ground in an agony of sorrow. But Brahma appeared and spake to him, saying: “Why dost thou despair, O Lord of all? Well thou knowest that life is but a dream, a bubble of water....”

Rama, however, even after the Aswamedha had been performed, continued to mourn until the Celestial bird Garuda came for him: then he ascended to heaven, as Vishnu, and found Sita, who was the goddess Lakshmi, the incomparable Sri.

So endeth the story of Rama, whose fame can never die.

INDEX

Vowel Sounds.—_ă_, almost like _u_ in _fur_; _ai_, like _i_ in _high_; _ä_, as in _palm_; _e_, like _a_ in _late_; _ï_, as _e_ in _he_; _ö_, as in _shore_; _ü_, as in _pull_; _u_, as in _sun_.

Abhimanyu (ăb-hi-mun´yoo), son of Arjuna and Subhadra, 228; marries Uttara, Princess of Virata, 269; in great war, 286 _et seq._; fall of, 298, 299; in vision of the dead warriors, 320, 321; in Paradise of Indra, 327.

Achaens (a-kē´ans), burial rites of, xxxvi; as pork eaters, 136.

Achilles (a-kēl-es), contrasted with Indian hero, xlviii, 17.

A´dad, the “hammer god”, 3.

“Adam's Bridge”, apes construct for Rama, 418.

Aditi (ă-dee-tee), mother of the Adityas, 32, 58, 148.

Adityas (ä-deet´yas), early group of deities, 28; Mitra and, 29, 30, 32; Surya and, 33; sustained by soma, 36; in Varuna's heaven, 58, 59, 148.

Africa, Garden of Eden in, xxiv.

Afro-Eurasian languages and peoples, xxiv.

Afro-European languages, xxiv.

Ages (Historical), Vedic, Brahmanical Buddhist, Brahmanical Revival, 119.

Ages of the universe (Yugas), doctrine of and relation to castes, xxv, xliii; in Indian, Greek, and Irish mythologies, xliv; traces of in Egyptian mythology, xliv; Indra-Vritra conflict in Krita age, 7 _et seq._ See _World's Ages_.

Agni (ăg´nee), god of fire, in Vedic age, xxxi; tribal worship of, xxxii; messenger between gods and men, xxxiii; the Teutonic Heimdal and, xlv, 20, 21, 22; Brihaspati and, 10; harvest-offerings to, 14; as winner of god's race, 14, 15; as Indra's brother and as Brahma, 19; myths regarding origin of, 20 _et seq._; identified with Mitra, 22, 28; as sire of three human sons, 22; worshipper of like Martin Elginbrodde, 23, 24; as ministrant of sacrifice, 23; Indra's attributes absorbed by, 24; rain god and, 26; supplants Varuna in Indra's service, 28, 29; not a Mitanni god, 31; in Nala story, 31; in rival group of deities, 32; “sun has nature of”, 36; vows before a fire, 37; as “vital spark”, 37; why worshippers of burned their dead, 38, 39, 116; non-Babylonian character of, 41; as enemy of demons of disease, 67; Vishnu as a phase of, 122, 123; subject to Brahma, 134; Shiva absorbed attributes of, 148; as father of Kartikeya, 152; cursed by Daksha, the rishi, 154; “of the Bharatas”, 155; as a suitor of Damayanti, 332 _et seq._; appears at ordeal of Sita, 425.

Agriculture, early Aryo-Indians had knowledge of, 76, 77.

Ahi (ă´hee), the demon, “the confiner”, 66.

Ahura (ă´hür´ă), signifies god in Persian.

Ahür´a-Maz´da (Ormuzd), supreme Persian deity, xxxiii, 62.

Ainus of Japan, xxvii.

Airavata (ai´ra-vät-a), Indra's elephant, 18; origin of, 144.

“Air of Life”, Indra source of, 19; spirit as, 37.

Akhenaton (a-khen-ä´ton), Mitanni Aryans and, xxx.

Ale, the “sura” of the early Aryo-Indians, 77.

Algebra, the gift of ritualistic Brahmans, 83.

Allabad. See _Varanavartha_.

“All-tamer”, King Bharata as, 161.

Alphabetic signs, introduced by Semites, 78.

Alpine race, identified with Celts, xxii; an inconclusive theory, xxiii; distribution of, xxvii; Turki and Ugrians, xxix; Patriarchal customs of, xxxi; identified with Celts, xxxv.

Amazons, Arjuna's experiences with, 313.

Amba (äm´ba), Princess, captured by Bhishma, 170; rejected by Rajah of Sanva, 170, 171; her revenge, 171 _n._; Sikhandin, incarnation of, helps to slay Bhishma, 295.

Ambrosia, Amrita as, 36; in Teutonic and Indian mythologies, 142 _et seq._ See _Amrita_.

Amenhotep (a-men-hō´tep) the Magnificent, Mitanni Aryans and, xxx.

Amrita (ăm´rïta), soma as, 36; the Indian Ambrosia, 142; in “Churning of the Ocean” myth, 143 _et seq._; Garuda captures, 145, 146.

Amvika (ăm´vikă), the goddess, sister of Rudra, 150.

Ananta (ăn´anta), the serpent, 143.

Ancestors, worship of, 61; the “fathers” and patriarchs, 102. See _Pitris_.

Andhaka (ăn´dhăk-ă) (Darkness), the Asura, 151.

Anglo-Saxons, Pope Gregory on pagan practices of, 135.

Animals, domesticated, charms to protect, 86.

Antaka (ăn´tak-a), “life-ender”, Yama is, 42.

Apes, Solomon got from India, 84.

Apes, demi-gods, Hanuman and Bhima meet, 106 _et seq._; why gods assumed forms of, 377; Sita drops jewels on Mountain of, 407; Rama and Lakshmana in kingdom of, 410; Rama slays Bali for Sugriva, 411, 412, 413; invasion of Ceylon, 418; colours of the chief, 418; battles of with Rakshasas, 419 _et seq._; the ordeal of Sita, 424, 425.

Apsaras (ăp´săräs) or Apsarasas, Menaka one of the, 43; temptation of Vishwamitra, 159, 160; in Indra's heaven, 58; in Kuvera's heaven, 59; Indian fairies, 68; dancers and lovers, 69; sun maiden contrasted with, 71; origin of in “Sea of Milk”, 144; Urvasa woos and curses Arjuna, 256; at horse sacrifice, 316.

Apsaras, the water nymph, 69.

_Ăran´yäkas_, the “forest books”, 88.

Aran´yäni, the forest nymph, 74, 75.

Archæological Ages, xxxv.

Arjuna (ăr´joo-na or arjoo´na), xlviii; Indra's affection for, 17; wooed by Apsara in Indra's heaven, 69; Gandharva's story told to, 71; “Divine Song” repeated by Krishna to, 125 _et seq._; story of wrestling of with Shiva, 146 _et seq._; son of Queen Pritha and Indra, 176; his feats of skill at the tournament, 188; Karna rivals, 189, 190; challenged to single combat, 190, 191 _et seq._; in battle against Drupada, 195, 196; the first exile, 198 _et seq._; wins Draupadi at swayamvara, 216, 217; drives back Karna, 218, 219; his exile from Indra-prastha, 225; the serpent nymph Ulupi and birth of Iravat, 226; marries princess of Manipur and birth of Chitrángadá, 226; wooing of Subhadra, sister of Krishna, 227, 228; expedition against Jarasandha, 229-31; at gambling match, 238 _et seq._; penance performed by, 255; wrestles with the god Shiva, 255, 256; spirit of celestial weapon appears before, 256; in Indra's heaven, 256; expedition against Danavas and Daityas, 256, 257, 258; rescues Duryodhana from Gandharva, 259; Karna vows to slay, 261; temporary death of, 263 _et seq._; as dancing and music teacher in Virata, 266; defeats Kauravas at Virata, 268; son of marries Uttara, 269; secures Krishna as an ally, 273; great war begins, 280 _et seq._; armed with celestial bow, 286; Krishna's instruction to, 287, 288; feats of in great war, 290 _et seq._; the fall of Bhishma, 295, 296; sorrow for Abhimanyu, 299; miracle on battlefield, 300; fights with and slays Karna, 303-5; performs funeral rites for Karna, 312; accompanies horse to be sacrificed after “great war”, 313; meets with Amazons, 314; horse becomes mare, then lion, 314; father and son combat, 314; slain by son and restored to life, 315; sacrifice performed, 316 _et seq._; rescues women from Dwaraka, 323; journey of towards Paradise, 324 _et seq._

Arjuna's sons. See _Abhimanyu_, _Babhru-váhana_, _Chitrángadá_, _Iravat_.

Ark, Manu's, in “Story of the Deluge”, 140 _et seq._

Armenians, Kurds contrasted with, xxii, xxvii.

Arnold, Professor E. V., on Mitra and Varuna, 28, 29, 39 _n._, 41.

Arrowsmith's translations of hymns, 16; rain-charm hymn, 37.

Artisan, the world, Indra as, 10.

Artisan god of Babylon, 12.

Artisans, referred to in Vedic hymns, 77.

Artisans (Divine), the Ribhus as, 10; Egyptian Khnumu and Germanic elves as, 11.

Artisans of nature. See _Twashtri_ and _Ribhus_.

Arya, a racial designation, xx.

Aryaman (är´ya-man), associated with Mitra and Varuna, 28.

Aryan problem, history of, xviii; the language links, xix; Vedic Period problem, xx; the racial cradle, xxi _et seq._; “broad heads” and “long heads”, xxii, xxvi; Max Müller's views, xxiii, xxiv; African origin of mankind, xxiv; racial type to-day, xxv; Mediterranean or “Brown race” theory, xxvii, xxxix; Turki tribes among, xxix; father and mother deities, xxxi; the “Aryans” of archæology, xxxv; the cremating people invade Europe, xxxv; as military aristocracies, xxxvi; the Palestine evidence, xxxvii; philological theories narrow regarding, xxxviii; influence of disease on race types, xli; Vedic and post-Vedic modes of thought, xlv; in Vedic Age recognize “father right”, xxx; conquest of Babylon, 3; late doctrines of transmigration and the world's ages, 103; invasion of the “Middle Country” by Kurus, Panchalas, and Bharatas, 155.

Aryan tribes, sects among, 103; Epic wars of, 156.

Aryans, Hindus and, xvii; early influence, racial and cultural, xviii; late invasions of India by, xxxix; enter Punjab, 1; cattle lifters like Gauls and Scottish Highlanders, 4, 15; nature and ancestor worship among early, 61; folk movements from the Punjab, 76; rise of caste system, 79; seaward migrations of, 83.

Aryas, Max Müller's definition of, xxiii _et seq._

Asceticism, god of, Shiva as, 146.

Äshur, Assyrian god, the Asura theory, 62.

Ăsh´wa-m_e_d´´hă (horse sacrifice), 88. See _Horse Sacrifice_.

Ashwattaman (ăsh-wat-thă´män), son of Drona, a worshipper of Shiva, 147, 180; at the tournament, 185 _et seq._; sorrow of for father's death, 302; night-slaughter in Pandava camp, 307-9; great jewel of seized, 311.

Asia Minor as Aryan racial cradle, xix; Aryan gods in, xxxi, 62; theory that Kassites came from, 155.

Asoka tree (ă-sok´a), the holy, addressed by Damayanti, 348, 349.

Ass, Creator assumes form of, 95; early Aryans had the, 76; the goddess Shitala rides on, 153; Rakshasas ride the in battle, 419.

“Ass of the East”, domesticated horse called, xxix, 156.

Assur-banipal (ashur-bän´ipal) of Assyria, 3.

Assyrians, xxix; Mitanni Aryans overlords of, xxx, 31, 62; Mitra as a rain god of, 30; influence of on mythology of Persians, 62; souls as birds, 75.

Asura, the Buffalo, Durga slayer of the, 265, 266.

Asura (ă-shoo´ra) Andhaka (Darkness), the, 151.

“Asura fire”, like world-fire in Teutonic mythology, 65.

Asuras, first gods, then non-gods, 61; Ahuras signifies gods in Persian language, 62; Varuna as one of the, 62; enemies of the gods in epics, 63, 64; Kesin as leader of and conflict with Indra, 64; Daityas and Danavas as, 64, 65; Rakshasas as, 66; priests enable Indra to overcome, 84; in horse-sacrifice myth, 94; created by Prajapati, 101; Vishnu wins the universe from, 123; Manu as creator of, 141; Shiva dances on one of the, 147, 148; Vaka, king of, slain by Bhima, 207, 208, 209.

Aswapati (ash´wa-pätï), King of Madra, the princess Savitri a daughter of, 45.

Ä´swins, twin gods of morning, 32; Babylonian aspect of, 41; Saranyu as mother of, 149; Nakula and Sahadeva sons of, 176.

_Atharvaveda_ (ăt´hăr-vă-v_e_-da), Asuras are demons in, 61; Agni enemy of demons of disease in, 67; spirits of good and evil in, 74; metrical charms in, 85 _et seq._; meaning of “Yuga” in, 104.

Atman (ät´măn) Self, 98. See _Brahmă_.

Atri (ăt´rï), the rishi, father of Durvasas, the master curser, 154; as eponymous ancestor of the Bharatas, 157.

Aurora, Ushas the Indian, 34.

Austria, aristocratic cremations in, xxxvi.

Autumn burial customs among Buriats, xxxiv.

Avataras (ăv-ă-tär-ăs) of Vishnu, the lion, 135; the boar, 135, 136; the horse, 137; the tortoise, Kurma, 143; Dasaratha's sons as, 377. See _Balarama_, _Kalki_, _Krishna_, _Parasu-rama_, _Rama_, and _Vishnu_.

Avestan deities. See _Persian Mythology_.

Axe, the lightning, 2.

Ayodhya (ă-yōd´hya), in myth regarding the descent of the Ganges, 152; Nala as a charioteer in, 342 _et seq._; in the _Rámáyana_, _et seq._

Babhru-váhana (băb-broo´-vä´´han-a), son of Arjuna and Chitrángadá, father and son combat, 314, 315.

Babylon, burial customs in, xxxiii; Aryans influenced by, 3; Yama myth in, 41; invaded by Kassites and Aryans, 62; Kassites and Kasis of Benares, 155; horse called the “ass of the east” in, 156.

Babylonian mythology, “hammer god” in, 3; story of creation in, 9, 90; the artisan god, 12; Mitra in, 29, 30; influence of in India, 61.

Balarama (băl-ă-räh´mă), an Avatara of Vishnu, 125; an incarnation of the world serpent, 128; Juggernaut and, 136, 137; at swayamvara of Draupadi, 215 _et seq._; anger at Arjuna's capture of sister, 227; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._; at meeting of Pandava allies, 270 _et seq._; refuses to help Duryodhana, 273; anger of at fall of Duryodhana, 307; death of, 323.

Bali (bä´lï), the demon, slain by Vishnu, 123.

Balor (bä´lor), Irish night demon, his herd of black pigs, 136; Shiva compared with, 146.

Baluchistan, Dravidians in, xxvi.

Barbers, referred to in Vedic period, 77.

Bargains, concluded by spitting, by using blood, and before fire, 37.

Barley and wheat, Aryo-Indians grew, 77.

Barnett, Professor, on Vishnu, 123.

Basque language, xix.

Bats, Homer's ghosts twitter like, 75.

Bears, the, allies of apes, 418.

Beech, the, in Aryan languages, xxi.

Bel Merodach, slays Tiawath, 9.

Beli (b_e_-lï), Irish god of night and death, 111.

Beliefs, influenced by habits of life, xlv, xlvi.

B_e_lus. See _Bel Merodach_.

Benä´res, Kasi tribe at, xxxix, 155; Bhishma captures three daughters of king of, 169.

Bengal, human sacrifices in, 88.

_Beowulf_ (bā´ō-wulf), Agni and Scyld myth in, 21; the hag of like the Indian, 380 _n._

Berbers, Brahmans resemble, xxvii; blonde types of, xxix.

Berchter, Teutonic patriarch, 23.

_Bhagavad-gita_ (bhă´gă-văd-gïtä) (Divine Song), the, 125; doctrines of, 125 _et seq._; heroic narrative interrupted by, 138, 139.

Bháradwäja, father of Drona, 179.

Bharata (bäh´ră-tă or bhäh´ra-ta) as son of King Dushyanta and Shakuntala, story of, 157 _et seq._; the eponymous king and patriarch, 156; named by the gods the “cherished”, 163.

Bhă´rătă (of the _Rámáyana_), 378; hunchback and mother of plot to raise, 384; loyalty of to Rama, 396; renounces throne, 397; pleads with Rama to return, 398, 399; Rama's sandals, 400; welcomes Rama to Ayodhya, 425.

Bhäratas, tribe of, xxxix; as “late comers”, xl; invasion of and change of beliefs, xliv; river goddess of, xl, 148, 149; union of with Kuru Panchalas, 155, 156; of “the lunar race”, 157 _et seq._; tribal name of given to all India, 164.

Bhă´ratavär´´sha, Hindustan and then all India called, 164.

Bhă´ratï, river goddess of the Bharatas, identified with Saraswati, 148, 149, 155.

Bhïls, the Prince of, story of, 182, 183.

Bhima (bhee´mă), the Pandava hero, like Siegfried, Dietrich, Beowulf, and Finn-mac-Coul, 66, 67; his search for celestial lotuses, 105; meeting with Hanuman, 106; Hanuman describes the four Yugas to, 107, 108, 109; son of Queen Pritha and Vayu, wind god, 176; youthful Duryodhana attempts to kill, 178; receives draught of strength from Nagas, 179; at the tournament: combat with Duryodhana, 187; ridicules Karna at the tournament, 193; in battle against Drupada, 195, 196; burning of “House of Lac”, 200; flight of Pandavas, 201; wooed by Rakshasa woman, 202, 203; slays Hidimva, 204, 205; his Rakshasa bride, 206; his Rakshasa son, 206; Vaka, the Asura king, slain by, 206 _et seq._; combat at Draupadi's swayamvara, 218, 219; Draupadi at feast in potter's house, 220; expedition against Jarasandha, 229-31; at gambling match, 238 _et seq._; vows to slay Duhsasana and Duryodhana, 244 _et seq._; the helper in exile, 250; accuses Yudhishthira of weakness, 254, 255; rescues Duryodhana from Gandharvas, 259; scornful message of to Kauravas, 261; punishes rajah Jayadratha, 262, 263; temporary death of, 263 _et seq._; in Virata, 266; slays Kichaka, 267; Duryodhana taunts regarding his vows, 285; feats of in great war, 292 _et seq._; slays Duhsasana and drinks his blood, 303, 304; fights with and mortally wounds Duryodhana, 306-7; Dhritarashtra seeks to slay, 311; slays horse for sacrifice, 318.

Bhima, rajah of Vidarbha, father of Damayanti, in story of Nala, 328 _et seq._

Bhishma (bheesh´mă), xlviii; the Vasus and, 17, 166, 327; the son of goddess Ganga and King Shantanu, 166; his vow of renunciation, 168; as regent, 168; capture of three daughters of King of Kasi, 169, 170; vow of the Princess Amba, 171 and 171 _n._; rears Pandu, Dhritarashtra, and Vidura, 172; employs Drona as preceptor of Pandavas and Kauravas, 181; at the tournament, 185 _et seq._; at division of raj, 224; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._; at the gambling match, 240 _et seq._; advises Duryodhana to recall Pandavas, 260, 261; declares Pandavas' exile has ended, 268; at Hastinapur conference, 274 _et seq._; as leader of Kaurava army, 286 _et seq._; fall of, 295; return of from Paradise, 320, 321.

Bhrïgü, the tribal patriarch a celestial Rishi, 102; the priestly family of, 153; as sire of goddess Lakshmi, 154; Agni cursed by, 154.

Bhrigus (bhree´goos), tribe of, fire brought to, 22, 23.

Bibhishana (bib-hish´ana), the Ceylon Rakshasa, 416; becomes ally of Rama, 417 _et seq._; made King of Ceylon, 424.

Birch tree, horses sacrificed tied to, 93.

Birds as spirits, cuckoo and cremation rite, xxxiv; as messengers of death, 41; beliefs in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 75; Rishis appear as, Shakuntala nursed by, 159, 160; love messengers in Nala story, 329, 330; king of vultures (see _Jatayus_).

Black Age, the Kali Yuga, 108, 109; in Greek mythology, 109, 110; in Celtic mythology, 110 _et seq._

Black dwarfs, Dasyus and, 70.

Black fairies, 70.

Black pigs, Irish night demon's herd of, 136.

Blessings, for houses, &c., 86 _n._

Blonde types in Europe, xxviii; in Asia and Africa, xxix.

Blood, the life, spirit identified with, 37.

“Blood of trees”, sap as, 37.

Bloomfield, Professor, 87 _n._

Blue demons, 71.

Boar, the wild, Rudra the “Howler” rides, 26.

Boar, the, incarnation of Vishnu, 135, 136; treatment of in Egypt and Europe, 136.

Body, the celestial, 57.

Boghaz Köi, Asia Minor, Indra referred to at, xxxi, 3.

“Bold and the Brown”, Indra's steeds, 5.

Bopp's Comparative Grammar, xix.

Boulder throwers, giants as, 70.

Bow of Shiva, Rama breaks, 382, 383.

Brahmă (brăm´hă or brăh-mă), the “World Soul”, 88, 96, 97; Brahmä the divine incarnation of, 100; the soul's being, 99; salvation through knowledge of, 100; release obtained through, 117, 118.

Brahmä, the Creator, greater than Vedic gods, xl; river goddess wife of, xl; as “the grandsire”, 7; Agni as, 19; the two wives of, 44, 98; the divine incarnation of Brahmă (World Soul), 100; emerges from chaos egg like Egyptian Ra, 101; identified with Purusha, 102; celestial Rishis are mind-born sons of, 102; Kalpa, or day, of, 105; length of “year” of, 105; the sleep of, 105; universal destruction at end of day of, 113; Creator in the Trinity, 119; Vishnu identified with, 123; Indra and Agni become subject to, 134; as the fish in the deluge story, 139 _et seq._; as the chaos boar, 136; Manu associated with at creation, 140; Vedic gods appeal to, 143; Saraswati becomes the wife of, 149; Valmiki and, 374; at Dasaratha's horse sacrifice, 376, 377; Indra's appeal to, 377; curse of on Ravana, 412; appears to Rama, 427.

Brahman, a Celtic, 111.

Brahman Caste, 79. See _Caste_.

Brähm´ănăs, the, the soul as “the man in the eye” in, 42; “it is sorrowful to have a daughter”, 60; evidence regarding Asuras in, 62, 63 _et seq._; ritualism of sacrifice, 81; expositions of Vedic hymns, 88; the “Ka” of, 98; Yugas in, 104; transmigration doctrine, 116; begun before Bharatas joined Kurus, 155; Vishnu's rise in, 123.

Brahmanical Age, religious revolution in, xxxix; growth of ritualism and pantheism, 119, 120; religious revolts in, 120, 121; bold pantheism of, 122.

Brahmanism, post-Buddhistic rival of, xl, 134, 135; during the Buddhist Age, 132, 138; goddesses prominent after reform of, 148.

Bräh´mans, the “white”, xxv; as members of Mediterranean race, xxvii; rise of organized priesthood, 80; four periods of lives of, 81; as hermits, 82; what culture owes to, 82; algebra the gift of, 83; as “human gods”, 84; powers derived from penance, 85; ceremonies of riddance by, 86, 87; centre of ancient culture of, 88; pantheistic doctrines of, 88; Upanishadic doctrine of the world soul, 99; teaching of, 102; concessions by to popular opinion, 103; systematized religion, 116; the modern, 119; gods and men depend upon, 121; supremacy over Kshatriyas, 121; struggle with Kshatriyas, 136; Kuru Panchala country the centre of, 155.

Brahmaputra, a male river, 152.

Breath of life. See _Air of Life_.

Bretons, Celts and, xxxv; Normans mix with, xxxvi.

Brihaspati (brï-hăsh´păt-ï), “Lord of Prayer” in Vedic creation myth, 10.

Britain, cremation custom in, xxxvi, xxxvii; early people and invaders in, xxxviii; reversion to type in, xlii; folk customs of compared with Indian, xlii.

British Isles, cremating invaders in, xxxv.

Brittany, Alpine race in, xxvii.

“Broad heads” in India, xxv, xxvi: burial customs of, xxxv; identified with Celts, xxxv.

Bronze age, burial customs in Europe, xxxiii; European cremation rites in, xxxv _et seq._; late in Scandinavia, xlv; Aryan invasion of Punjab in, 77.

Bronze age (mythical), in Indian, Greek, and Celtic mythologies, 107 _et seq._

Brown race, Mediterranean peoples of, xxviii; recognition of “mother right” by, xxx; in “Aryan blend”, xxxi, xxxix; Bharatas of the, xl; Dravidians and, xlii; transmigration belief in communities of, xliii, xliv; beliefs and habits of life, xlvi.

Buddha (büd´hă), as an incarnation of Vishnu, 129; early life of, 129, 130; one of the world's great teachers, 130; his doctrines, 130 _et seq._; missionaries of visit other lands, 133.

Buddhism, professors of in India, xviii; eastward spread of, xl; Upanishadic teaching and, 120; decline of, 122, 134; Vishnu prominent before rise of, 124; Brahmanic attitude towards, 129; in China, Japan, &c., 133.

Buddhist Age, in Indian history, 119; Brahmanism supplanted, 120; Brahmanism during, 138.

Buffalo Asura, Durga the slayer of the, 265, 266.

Bull, Dyaus as, 13; Agni as, 22; Mithra, “corn god” as, 30; Shiva as, 147.

Burial customs in Vedic Age, xxxii; in Babylon and Egypt, xxxiii; Buriat dead on horseback, xxxiv; cremation in Europe, xxxvi _et seq._; cremation in Palestine, xxxvii, xxxviii; “house of clay” in Varuna hymn, 38; why dead were cremated, 38; goat slain to inform gods, 91; transmigration doctrine and, 115 _et seq._; cremation of Kauravas and Pandavas after war, 312.

Buriats, the, a Mongolian people, xxxiii; cremation and inhumation practised by, xxxiv, xxxix; horse sacrifice among, 90; description of, 91; sacrifice horse like Spartans, 93; birch trees at sacrifices of, 93.

Burning of erring wives, in Egyptian and Scottish tales, xxxvii.

Burning of widows. See _Suttee_.

Burrows, Professor, xxxviii _n._

Cæsar, Julius, on widow burning in Europe, xxxvii; on Gaulish belief in transmigration, 118.

Cailleach (cal´yach), the Scottish, compared with Indian and Egyptian deities, xli.

Caithness, man-devouring demon in, 208 _n._

Cakes, offerings of, 14; early Aryo-Indians make, 77.

Camels, Rakshasas ride in battle, 419.

Campbell's _West Highland Tales_, reference to wife burning, xxxvii.

Carniola, burial customs in, xxxvi.

Carpenters, referred to in Vedic hymns, 77.

Caste system, at present day, xvii; physical or mythological origin of, xxv; Vedic gods as Kshatriyas, 14; relation to occupation, 79; in Yajurvedic period Brahmans supreme, 84; Purusha doctrine of, 89; in the Kali Age, 113; Buddhism and Jainism as social revolts, 120; Brahmans as highest caste, 121; Vishwamitra raised from Kshatriya to Brahman, 154.

Castor and Pollux, 32.

Cat, Hanuman as a, 414.

Cat goddess, Sasti the, 152, 153.

Cataclysm, the universal, 141, 142.

Cattle, charms to protect, 86.

Cattle lifting, hymn to aid, 15, 16.

Celestial credit, obtained by penance, 85.

Celestial Rishis. See _Rishis, the Celestial_.

Celtic mythology, otherworld, compared with Indian heavens, 59; the Fomorians of, 64; Tuan Mac Carell legend in, 111 _et seq._; transmigration of souls doctrine, 103, 116, 118; doctrine of world's ages, in, 110 _et seq._; treatment of the pig in, 136; Indian and Gaelic magic food pots, 249; the thunder horn, 258; demons in weapons, 381 _n._

Celts, Aryan affinities of, xx; identified with “broad heads”, xxii; racial theory, xxiii; Max Müller on, xxiv; identified with cremating invaders, xxxv; customs of in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland, xlii.

Ceremonies of riddance, 85, 86.

Ceylon, Ravana demon king of, 65; Rakshasas are Asuras in, 66. See _Lanka_.

Chandra (chăn´dră, _ch_ as in _charge_), the moon god, 35; as ancestor of the Bharatas, 164.

Chandra Shekara, the “moon crested”, Shiva as, 146.

Chaos boar, Vishnu as, 135; Brahmā or Prajapati as, 136.

Chaos egg, in Indian and Egyptian mythologies, 101.

Chaos giant, the Indian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Teutonic, 89, 90; symbolism in myth of, 95, 96.

Chaos goose, the creation egg myth, 101.

Chaos horse myth, 94 _et seq._

Chariots in Vedic period, 77.

Charms against demons of disease, 67, 85, 87; for love, 86.

Chedï (chay´dee), Sishupala rajah of, slain at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232, 233; Damayanti's sojourn in, 352, 356, 357.

Cheese, early Aryo-Indians made, 77.

“Cherished, the”, King Bharata as, 163.

Children, souls of dead, xliii; the female exposed, 60.

China, Dravidian type in, xxvi; Hammer god of, 2; “foreign devils”, 70; chaos giant of, 90.

Chitrángadá (chit-răng-ad´ä), son of Arjuna and Manipur princess, 226; son of slays Arjuna, 314.

Chivalry of Indian heroes, xlvi.

Christians, number of in India, xviii.

Churning of the ocean, the, 142 _et seq._

Circulating of villages, xliii.

Clans, the Aryo-Indian, 77; feuds were frequent, 77.

Cloud-compeller, Indra as, 331.

Cloud cows, 4 _et seq._, 67.

“Cloud rocks”, 5 _et seq._

“Cloud shakers”, Maruts as, 5 _et seq._

Cobras, the demoniac Nagas, 65.

Coins called after necklets, 78.

Colour, caste and. See _Caste_.

Comparative philology, Bopp and, xix.

Copper age, invasion of Europe in, xxxv.

Corn gods, Agni and Indra as, 14, 15; Mithra as, 30.

Cornwall, Dravidian-like customs in, xlii.

Cough, charm for, 87.

Cow, Creator assumes form of, 95, 102; of Vasishtha, 154.

Creation, Hymn of, the Rigvedic, 97, 98.

Creation myths, the Babylonian, 9; the Indian “World House” made by Indra, 10; sacrificial origin of life and the world, 89; the giants of, 89, 90; the Purusha doctrine, 89, 90; in Egypt, China, Babylon, &c., 90; horse sacrifice in, 94 _et seq._; first man and woman, &c., 95; “creative tears”, 100; Prajapati like Horus, 101; Brahma sun-egg like Egyptian Ra sun-egg, 101; Brahma's tree, 102; Markandeya's account of Yugas, 112 _et seq._; gods and doctrines existed before, 118; Narayana and Brahma, 124.

Cremation in Vedic age, xxxii; not practised by Persians, Babylonians, or Egyptians, xxxiii; seasonal rites among Buriats, xxxiv; migratory peoples practised, xxxv; in ancient Austria, Greece, &c., xxxvi; evidence of Palestine, xxxvii; origin of, xxxviii, xxxix, 38, 39; practised by Agni worshippers, 116; ceremony of after “great war”, 312.

Crete, cremation introduced into, xxxviii; reversion to type in, xlii.

Cronus, Indra like, 13.

Crooke, Mr., view on Aryan influence, xli.

Crops, human sacrifices for, 89.

Cuckoo and burial rites, xxxiv.

Culture, wealth brings leisure and, 82.

Curds, early Aryo-Indians made, 77.

Curses, power of, the Rishis, 153, 154, 155; Damayanti kills huntsman by cursing, 346; Narada curses Karkotaka, 353; Brahman's wife cursed and rescued by Arjuna, 313; in tale of the hermit's son, 394, 395; Brahma's curse on Ravana, 413.

Cyclops (ky´klops), the Indian. See _Vartikas_.

Dadhicha (dad-hee´cha, _ch_ as in _chat_), the Rishi, thunderbolt made from bones of, 7, 8.

Dadyak (dăd´yak), the Indian Loke, 12.

Daeva, the Persian, cognate with Sanskrit “deva”, 62.

Daityas (dait´yăs), in Varuna's heaven, 59; giants of ocean, 64; enemies of gods, 65; Arjuna's expedition against, 256-8.

Daksha (dăk-sha), the Deva-rishi, in Sati myth, 150; story of quarrel with Shiva, his goat head, 153.

Damayanti (dăm-a-yänt´ee), xlvii; loves Nala, 329; message of the swan, 330; gods desire, 332; Nala visits in secret, 333-5; the swayamvara and marriage, 335-7; demon possesses Nala, 340; the gambling match, 341, 342; exile of Nala, 342, 343; deserted by Nala, 344, 345; serpent seizes, 346; appeal to tiger and mountain, 347; appeal to asoka tree, 348; disaster to caravan, 349-51; in Chedi, 351, 352; discovered by Brahman, 356, 357; search for Nala, 358, 359; the second swayamvara, 360; Nala drives king to Rituparna, 360, 361; Kali ejected, 362; Damayanti vigil, 363; maid of interviews Nala, 365-8; Nala's interview with, 368-70; kingdom restored, 371-3.

Danann (dän´an) Age, in Irish mythology, 110 _et seq._

Danavas (dän´ăva), allies of drought demon, 7, 8; ocean home of, 9; in Varuna's heaven, 59; Asuras of ocean, 64; enemies of gods, 65; wives of have bird voices, 75; Bali one of the, Vishnu slays, 123; story of Prahlada and Vishnu, 135; Arjuna's expedition against, 256-8.

Dance of Destruction, Kali performs the, 150.

Dance of Shiva, 147, 148.

Dancing girls in Indra's heaven, 69.

Dandad´hara (dăn-däd´hara), “wielder of the rod”, Yama is, 42.

Danu (dä´noo), mother of the Asuras, 64.

Dăr´bas, “the tearers”, like Pisachas, 68.

“Dark folk”, the mythological and racial, 70.

Darwin, Charles, his theory of man's origin in Africa, xxiv.

Dasa (dä´să), colour reference probable, 70.

Dasaratha (dăs-ăr-ăt´hă), father of Rama, 375; horse sacrifice for offspring, 376; sons of incarnations of Vishnu, 377; Vishwamitra takes away Rama and Lakshmana, 379; at Rama's wedding, 383; Rama chosen as heir apparent, 384; plot of Kausalya and hunchback, 384 _et seq._; scene in the mourning chamber, 386, 387; Rama exiled, 388 _et seq._; tale of the hermit's son, 394, 395; death of, 396; Rama faithful to memory of, 398, 399.

Dasyus (däsh´yoos), as demons, 67; as dark aborigines, 69, 70; Macdonell and Keith on, 70 _n._; racial theory, 71.

Daughter, “it is sorrowful to have a”, 60.

Dawn, goddess of, 34.

Day fairies, 70.

Day of Brahma, universal destruction at end of, 113.

Dead, disposal of, cremation, inhumation, casting out, and exposure, xxxii _et seq._; services to by children, 59, 60; the demon Pisachas devourers of, 67; horses sacrificed to, 93; return of, Ganges' vision, 320, 321. See _Burial customs_.

Dead, judge of. See _Yama_.

Death, messengers of, 41 (see _Yama_); as “the man in the eye”, 42; as creator, 94; god of, as divine ancestor of Irish Milesians, 111; the gods fear, 121; Buddha's conception of, 130 _et seq._

Deiwo, “heavenly”, 62.

Delbrück, view on Aryan parent language, xxii.

Deluge, the, in Irish mythology, 112; at end of “Day” of Brahma, 113; Manu and the divine fish in story of, 140 _et seq._

Demons, in Varuna's heaven, 59; when called Asuras, 61; the Persian as Aryan gods, 62; Asuras completely identified with, 63 _et seq._; mother of, 64; Norse and Indian, 65; Rakshasas are, 66; Vritra, Ahi, and Kushna, 66; as beautiful women, 67; man-eating, slain by heroes, 67; Pisachas, Kali, Dwapara, Panis, Dasyus, the, 67; Vala, Darbas, Vartikas, the, 68; rational explanation of criticized, 70, 71; the red, blue, and green, 71; priests enable gods to overcome, 84; wrath and “battle fury” caused by, 85; overcome by sacrifice at creation, 94; none in the Krita Age, 107; Bali slain by Vishnu, 123; Ravana, king of, 125; salvation for through Vishnu, 135; story of Prahladha, 135; story of Hiranyaksha and Vishnu, 135, 136; epic warriors as allies of, 138; in “Churning of the Ocean” myth, 143 _et seq._; Durga's wars against, 149; slain by the avenging goddess Kali, 150; Arjuna's expedition against, 256-8; the allies of Duryodhana, 260; Kali and Dwapara in Nala story, 338 (see _Nala_); in weapons, 381; the headless, 410; Surasa and Sinhika, sea dragons, 414.

Desert, the fiery, in Hades, 326.

Destiny, belief in, 42 _et seq._

Destroyer, the, Indra as, 16; Rudra as and Shiva as, 26, 119; Nirriti the goddess as, 67; Narayana as, 114, 115; Durga as and Kali as, 149 _et seq._

Deussen's Philosophy of the _Upanishads_, 100.

Deva (d_e_-vă), god in India, demon in Persia, 62; references in Brahmanas to, 63 _et seq._

Deva-bratta (d_e_´vă-brăttă), name of Bhishma, 166 _n._

Devaki (d_e_´văk-ee), father of Krishna, 128.

Deva-rishis (d_e_´vă-ree´shees) (see _Rishis, the celestial_), Daksha and the Sati myth, 150; the most prominent, 153, 154, 155; Narada and Parvata in story of Nala, 331; at ordeal of Sita, 425.

“Devils”, the “foreign”, 70.

Devon, Dravidian-like customs in, xlii _et seq._

Dharma (dhăr´mă) or Dharma-rajah, god of death and lord of justice, Yama is, 42; in story of Ruru, 43, 44; Vidura an incarnation of, 172; Yudhishthira a son of, 176; visits Yudhishthira, 250; causes temporary death of Pandavas, 263 _et seq._; as Yudhishthira's dog, 324, 325; Drona with in Paradise, 327. See _Yama_.

Dhrista-dyumna (dhrïs-tă-dyum´nă), son of Drupada, miraculous birth of, 210; at the potter's house, 220; as leader of Pandava army, 286 _et seq._; slays Drona, 302; slain by Aswatthaman, son of Drona, 308; in vision of dead warriors, 321.

Dhritarashtra (dreet´a-räsh´´tra), son of Vyasa, 172; becomes king: his wife Gandhari, 177; children of called Kamavas, 177; at the tournament, 186 _et seq._; invites Pandavas to visit Hastinapur, 223; divides raj with Pandavas, 224; at Yudhishthira's imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._; the gambling match between Pandavas and Kamavas, 239 _et seq._; terrified by omens, 246; releases Pandavas, 247; second match and Pandavas exiled, 248; attitude of before the great war, 274 _et seq._; Sanjaya relates incidents of great war to, 287; seeks to slay Bhima, 311; reconciled to Bhima, 311, 312; at horse sacrifice after great war, 316; retires to forest, 319; return of the dead, 320, 321; perishes in jungle fire, 322; as celestial king of Gandharvas, 327.

Dhyaum´ya (dhyowm´yă), Pandava Brahman, 250, 312.

Diana, horse sacrifice to, 93.

Diarmid (yeer´mit), lover of burned, xxxvii.

Dice, in early Aryo-Indian period, 77; the loaded used by Shakuni, 240; in Nala story possessed by demon, 341; Rituparna gives Nala secret of, 362.

Dietrich (deet´reech: _ch_ guttural), the Indian, 66, 67; Arjuna like, 257 _n._

Dionysus, Shiva as, 122.

Dioscuri (dï-os-kö´rï), Castor and Pollux, 32, 40, 64.

Disease, racial types and, xli; demons of, 85; destroyed by Shiva, 148; and by Rudra, 26.

Diti (deet´e), mother of demons, 64; in Garuda story, 145.

Divine song, the, 125. See _Bhagavadgita_.

Divine years, 104, 105. See _World's Ages_.

Dog, Dharma as, 324, 325.

Dog of Indra, 17.

Dogs, God of dead has two, 41.

Dragon of drought, Vritra as, 6. See _Demons_.

Draupadi (drow´pă-dee´´), daughter of Drupada, miraculous birth of, 210; her destiny, 211; Pandavas journey to swayamvara of, 212, 213; won by Arjuna at swayamvara contest, 217, 218; in house of potter with Pandavas, 219; how she became joint wife of Pandavas, 219 _et seq._; agreement regarding, 225; receives Subhadra, wife of Arjuna, 228; the gambling match, 238 _et seq._; staked and lost by Yudhishthira, 240; put to shame, 241 _et seq._; exile of with Pandavas, 248; reproaches Yudhishthira during second exile, 251 _et seq._; Jayadratha attempts to carry off, 262, 263; perils in city of Virata, 266 _et seq._; grief for slain children, 310 _et seq._; horse sacrifice rites performed, 312 _et seq._; vision of dead warriors, 321; journey of to Paradise, 324 _et seq._; in Paradise, 326.

Dravid´ians, type of in India, xxv; lower types are pre-Dravidians, xxvi; beliefs of, xli; sacrificial customs like those of Devon, &c., xlii; the Dasa and Dasyus theory, 70 _n._, 71; human sacrifice among, 88; earth goddess of, 89.

“Drinking cup” burials, xxxv.

Drona (drö´nă), miraculous birth of, 179; put to shame by Drupada, 180, 181; becomes preceptor of the Pandavas and Kauravas, 181-4; story of the Bhil prince, 183; at the tournament, 185 _et seq._; Pandavas overthrow Drupada for, 195, 196; obtains half of Panchala, 197; Drupada plots to destroy, 209; trains prince who will slay him, 210; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._; at the gambling match, 240 _et seq._; in great war, 287 _et seq._; slays Drupada, 301; slain by Drupada's son, 302; return of from paradise, 320, 321; with Dharma in paradise, 327.

“Drought demon” of Hindustan, 4; dragon Vritra as, 5, 6; slain by Indra, 6; priests enable Indra to overcome, 84.

Drupada (droo´pă-dă), miraculous birth of, 179; as rajah puts Drona to shame, 180, 181; defeat of, 195, 196; Drona obtains half of kingdom, 197; plots to overthrow Drona, 209, 210; miraculous birth of son and daughter of, 210; the swayamvara of daughter of, 213 _et seq._; welcomes Pandavas at palace, 221; daughter of becomes joint wife of Pandavas, 222, 223; at meeting of Pandava allies, 270 _et seq._; daughter of who became a man, 295 _n._; in great war, 290 _et seq._; slain by Drona, 301.

Duhsasana (doo´sas´ă-nă) at gambling match, 240; puts Draupadi to shame, 242 _et seq._; Bhima vows to slay, 245; supports Duryodhana against the Pandavas, 280 _et seq._; is slain by Bhima, 303, 304.

Durga (door´gä), the goddess, xl; the beautiful war goddess, 149; Yudhishthira invokes for help, 265, 266.

Durvasa or Durvasas (door-väs´äs), the rishi, a master curser, 154; Indra cursed by, 142, 143; gives powerful charm to Pritha, 174.

Duryodhana (door-yo´dhăn-ă), eldest of Kauravas, 177; attempts to kill youthful Bhima, 178 _et seq._; at the tournament, conflict with Bhima, 187; Karna's coming, 189 _et seq._; Karna becomes his ally, 193 _et seq._; fails to defeat Drupada, 195, 196; jealous of Yudhishthira, 197, 198; plots to destroy Pandavas, 199; the “house of lac”, 200; believes his rivals are dead, 201; discovers Pandavas are alive, 223; Arjuna captures bride-elect of, 227; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._; arranges gambling match with Pandavas, 237 _et seq._; Shakuni plays for with loaded dice, 240 _et seq._; Draupadi won for, 240 _et seq._; Pandavas exiled, 248; Bhima vows to slay, 246; Draupadi's anger against, 251 _et seq._; captured by Gandharvas, 259; rescued by Pandavas, 259, 260; demons promise to help, 260; the royal sacrifice of, 261; plots against Pandavas with Karna and Shakuni, 269; condemned at meeting of Pandava allies, 270 _et seq._; interviews with Krishna and Balarama, 273; elders plead with at Hastinapur, 274 _et seq._; defiant speech of, 280; plot to seize Krishna, 281; Karna supports, 282, 283, 284; the declaration of war with Pandavas, 285, 286; combats of in battles, 289 _et seq._; hides from Pandavas, 305; conflict with Bhima, 306; fall of, 306, 307; night slaughter plot, 307; death of, 309; in vision of dead warriors, 321.

Dushyanta (doosh´yän-ta), king, in the Shakuntala story, 157 _et seq._

Dutt, Romesh C., tribute to Max Müller, xx.

Dwápara (dwä-pără), the demon in Nala story, 67, 338, 339, 341.

Dwãpara Yuga, length of, 104; the Red Age, 108, 109; in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 109 _et seq._

Dwáraká (dwä´răk-ä), capital of Yádharas, Krishna welcomes Arjuna to, 226; a doomed city, 322; revolt in, 322; destruction of, 323.

Dwarf form of Vishnu, 123.

Dwarfs, the black, Dasyus and, 70.

Dyaus (rhymes with _mouse_), the Aryan sky god, xxxi, 12; slain by son like Uranus, 13; as red bull and black steed, 13; harvest offering to, 14; flees from Agni, 20; Varuna and Mitra twin forms of, 28; Ushas (dawn), daughter of, 34.

Eä, Babylonian artisan god, 12.

Earth, sustained by soma, “water of life”, 36.

Earth goddess, in India and Egypt, xxxi; Prithivi as, 6; the European and Egyptian, 13; the Dravidian, recent human sacrifices to, 89; Sri, Vishnu's wife, as, 148, 149; Kali as, 149, 150; Sita departs with, 427.

“Easterners”, Indian tribes called, xxxix; traditions of in the _Rámáyana_, xlvi.

Echo, Aranyani as, 74, 75.

Eclipse, Rahu the Indian demon of, 144.

Egg, myth of soul in, 102.

Egg, the golden, Brahma emerges from, 101.

Egg, the sun, Brahma emerges from like the Egyptian Ra, 101.

Eggeling, Professor, 15, 42 _n._, 84 _n._

Egypt, Mitanni Aryans and, xxx; sky and earth deities of, xxxi; early burial customs in, xxxiii; folk tale reference to wife burning, xxxvii; goddesses of compared with Indian, xli; reversion to type in, xlii; traces of ages doctrine in, xliv; belief in transmigration in, xliv, 116, 118; “Hammer god” of, 3; Khnûmû of, like Indian Ribhus and European elves, 11; earth mother of, 13; “husband of his mother” belief in, 14; Indian rajah like Pharaoh of, 74 _n._; chaos giant of, 90 _n._; Prajapati has origin like Horus, 101; monasticism in, 133; treatment of boar in contrasted with Indian, 136; priestly theorists of and the Indian, 139, 140; myth of slaughtering goddess, Indian parallel, 150; belief regarding “two mothers” in, 229 _n._; serpent king of like Indian, 353 _n._

Eka-chakra (ekă-chak´ră, _ch_ as in _charge_), Pandavas in city of, 206; story of Vaka, the Rakshasa, 207 _et seq._

Elam, 3; “Maltese cross” on Neolithic pottery of, 155, 156.

Elephant, the, in Vedic myth, 32; the sun and, 32; of Indra, 4, 17, 18, 144; Shiva wears skin of, 147; Ganesa has head of, 151.

Elephants, Rakshasas ride in battle on, 419.

Elf King of India, 69.

Elginbrodde, Martin, and Agni worshipper like, 24.

Elves, Gandharvas like, 68, 69; rational explanation of criticized, 70 _et seq._

England, ancient. See _Britain_.

Epics, the great Indian, xlvi; development of from hero songs, 138. See _Mahábhárata_ and _Rámáyana_.

Eternal Being, 98. See _World Soul_.

Europe, as racial cradle of Aryans, xx _et seq._; “Broad heads”, xxii; Neolithic burial customs in, xxxiii; cremation customs in, xxxv _et seq._; widow burning in, xxxvii; fairies and elves of, 70 _et seq._

Evil, Divine One the source of, 115.

Evil Age. See _Kali Yuga_.

Exogamy in modern India, 60.

Exorcism. See _Charms_.

Exposure of female children, 60.

Eye, the “man” in the, soul as, 42.

“Eye of Ra”, 150.

Fairies, rational explanation of criticized, 70 _et seq._; the “black” and “white”, 70; the Yakshas as “the good people”, 68; the Apsaras, 68, 69.

Fairy queen of India, 69.

Family life, in Vedic period, 77; of the Brahmans, 81, 82.

Father, the (Pitris), adored by ancestor worshippers, 102.

“Father”, the “Great”, Vedic Aryans worshippers of, 13; Brahma as “father of all”, 101. See _Narayana_, _Prajápati_, _Purusha_, _Shiva_, and _Vishnu_.

“Father Right”, among Vedic Aryans, xxx, xli, 77.

Fathers, rescued from hell by sons, 59, 60.

Feline goddess, Sasti the, 152, 153.

Female children, exposure of, 60.

Fertility, Mongolian horse sacrifice to ensure, 91; Indian ceremonies, 92.

Finn Mac Coul (fin´mak´´kool), wife of burned, xxxvii; the Indian heroic, 66, 67, 249 _n._

Fire, worship of in Persia, xxxiii; as vital principle (bodily heat) in India, 37; vows taken before, 37; spirits transferred to Hades by, 38; Narayana as, 114; the everlasting, 326. See _Agni_ and _Cremation_.

Firstfruits, gods' dispute regarding, 14.

First man. See _Manu_, _Purusha_, and _Yama_.

Fish, Manu and the, Deluge story, 140 _et seq._

Fits, caused by demons, 85.

Fitzgerald, Jamshid of his “Omar”, 40.

Flowers of Paradise, 59; celestial lotuses, 105 _et seq._, 250, 251.

Folk religion. In _Atharvaveda_, 85 _et seq._

Fomorians (fo-more´eans), the Indian, 64, 65.

Food, in Vedic hymns, 76, 77.

Food of the gods, supplied by the priests, 84.

“Food Vessel” burials, xxxv.

Foreordination, belief in, 42 _et seq._

_Forest Books_, the, hermits composed, 82, 83, 88, 102.

Forest of Hades, 326.

Frazer, Professor, 29 _n._; on Mithra, 30.

Frogs, in Vedic rain charm, 36, 37.

“Gad whip” in Lincolnshire and India, xlii.

Gajasahvaya (gaj-as-ah-vä´ya), city of, in Shakuntala story, 161.

Gambling, dice in Vedic period, 77; the match between Kauravas and Pandavas, 238 _et seq._; Nala and his brother, 341 _et seq._

Gandär´ians, allies of Xerxes against the Greeks, 168.

Gándhárï, Queen, wife of Dhritarashtra, 177; at the tournament, 187 _et seq._; lament of for sons, 311; retires to forest, 319, 320, 321; death of, 322.

Gänd´härí, the tribe, 168.

Gandharva (gänd´hăr-vă), the atmospheric deity, 69.

Gandharva marriage, 160.

Gandharvas, the, king of, in folk tale, 43; in Indra's heaven, 58; like elves, 68; celestial musicians, 69; tribal significance of, 70; story of told to Arjuna, 71; as invisible sentinels, 106; capture of Duryodhana by, 259; at horse sacrifice, 316; Dhritarashtra as celestial king of, 327; at ordeal of Sita, 425.

Gane´sa (găne´sha), elephant-headed god of wisdom, 151.

Gangá (găng´ä), goddess of Ganges, 152; as wife of King Shantanu, 164 _et seq._

Ganga-bratta, name of Bhishma, 166 _n._

Ganges river, mentioned in late Rigvedic period, 76; Ganges, 83; story of Manu and the fish and, 140 _et seq._; myth of the descent of, 152; goddess of as wife of king, 164 _et seq._; dead warriors rise from, 320, 321; the heavenly, 326.

Gardens of Hela, in Indian myth, 59.

Garúda (găr-ood´ă), half giant, half eagle, Amrita story of, 145; the vehicle of Vishnu, 146; in Ganesa myth, 151; helps Rama in Ceylon war, 419; carries Rama to Paradise, 428.

Gauls, the, widow burning among, xxxvii; transmigration of souls belief among, xliv, 118; cattle lifters like Vedic Aryans, 15; Aryo-Indians had clan feuds like, 77; as pork eaters, 136.

Gauri (gow´ree), wife of Shiva, 405.

Gayatri (găy´ătree), the milkmaid goddess, second wife of Brahma, 44, 149.

Germans as Aryans, xxiv.

Ghatotkacha (găt-ot-kătch´ä), the Rakshasa son of Bhima, 206; in great war, 286 _et seq._; avenges death of Iravat, 293, 294; fall of, 301; in vision of dead warriors, 320, 321.

Ghosts, belief in, 38; birds as, 75.

Ghosts and fire. See _Cremation_.

Giant, the chaos, Purusha like Ymer, 89, 90; concealed soul of, 102; Vishnu as a, 123.

Giants, in Varuna's heaven, 59; when called Asuras, 61, 63 _et seq._; Yakshas, “the good people”, as, 68; rational explanation of criticized, 70, 71; mother of, 64; Norse and Indian, 65; the struggle with gods for ambrosia, 142 _et seq._; slain by the avenging goddess Kali, 150. See _Asuras_, _Danavas_, _Daityas_, and _Rakshasas_.

Girisha (ge-reesh´ă), mountain god, Shiva as, 146.

Goat, early Aryans had, 76; slain at horse sacrifices and at burials, 91; creator assumes form of, 95, 102; the Rishi Daksha has head of, 153.

Goblins, Shiva as lord of, 146.

Goddesses, shadowy in Vedic Age, xxxi; rise of the, 148; sun goddess makes Shiva's trident and Vishnu's discus, 149.

Gods, Vedic Aryans exalted, xxxi; dispute among and race run by, 14; the Indian as Persian demons, 62; enemies of Asuras in epic literature, 63; magical control of, 80; priests as, 84; none in Krita Age, 107; fear of death among, 121.

“Gold Toothed”, the, Agni and Heimdal called, 21.

Golden Age (Yellow Age), in Indian, Greek, and Celtic mythologies, 107 _et seq._

Goloka (go´lok-ă), paradise of Krishna, 323.

Gomme, G. L., xlii.

Gon´esh, 151 _n._

Good, Divine One the source of, 115.

“Good people”, the, Yakshas called, 68.

Goose, the chaos, 101.

Gopis (go´pees) (milkmaids), Krishna and the, 129; Gayatri of the as Brahma's wife, 149.

Government, system of in Vedic Age, 77, 78.

Grandsire, the, Brahma as, 7; myth regarding Indra's hammer, 7, 8.

Grave, the. See _Burial customs_ and “_House of clay_”.

Great Bear constellation, Deva-rishis form, 153.

Great fathers. See _Father, the great_.

“Great mother” in Egypt and Europe, xxxi. See _Mother, the great_.

Greece, cremation in ancient, xxxvi, 38, 39; May feast of Devon in, xlii; doctrine of ages of the universe, xliv, 109, 110; the “Islands of the Blest”, 59; demons of compared with Indian, 64; horse sacrifice in, 92, 93; doctrine of transmigration of souls in, xliv, 103, 116, 118.

Greeks, the, Aryan racial theory, xxiv; Brahman type resembles, xxvii; Megasthenes, ambassador of, on Vishnu, Shiva, and Krishna, 122; Gandarians fought with Xerxes against, 168 _n._; in the great war of Bharatas, 287 _n._; language of and Persian, 61, 62.

Green demons, 71; green fairies and ape demi-gods, 418.

Habits of life, beliefs influenced by, xlv, xlvi.

Haddon, Dr., view on Aryans, xxix.

Hades, the organized, xxxviii, 38; bird-like spirits in, 75.

Hags, Diti and Danu, mothers of giants and demons, 64; the Danava women, 65; Rakshasas as beautiful women, 67 (see _Pisachas_); in Scotland, 71; bird-like voices of, 75; the Babylonian chaos, 90; Arjuna terrifies in underworld, 257; Taraka slain by Rama, 380; Surpa-nakha woos Rama and brother, 400 _et seq._; as guardians of Sita, 412; Surasa, ocean hag, 414; Sinhika, sea dragon, 414.

Hallowe'en celebrations, xliii.

Hallstatt civilization, cremation in Greece earlier than, xxxvi.

“Hammer gods”, xxxi; Indra as, 1; attributes of, 2; of China, 2; of Scotland, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Asia Minor, Palestine, Babylon, &c., 3 _et seq._; origin of, 70.

Hammurabi (-â´bi) Dynasty, overthrown by Kassites and Aryans, 62.

Hanuman (hăn´u-män), ape god, describes the Yugas to Bhima, 106, 107, 108, 109, 250, 251; Arjuna's standard the image of, 287; ape god, son of Vayu, 411; search of for Sita, 414; in Ravana's palace, 414; finds Sita, 415; conflict with Rakshasas, 416; escape of, 416; yellow as gold, 418; carries mountain to Ceylon, 421; restores Lakshmana, 422; death of Ravana, 423; accompanies Rama to Ayodhya, 425.

Haoma, the Persian soma, 36.

Hără, Shiva as, 147.

Hari, the illustrious, Vishnu as, 146.

Hari-Hara, Vishnu and Shiva as, 147 _n._

Harris, Dr. Rendel, on twin-deities conceptions, 40.

Harvest bride, Jagadgauri as, 149.

Harvest moon, as ripener of crops, 35.

Hästin, King, 164.

Hastinapur (hăs-teen´ä-poor), city of, 164; Bhishma brings captured princess to, 170; Pandava and Kaurava princes in, 177 _et seq._; Pandavas return to after marriage, 223, 224.

Hathor (hät´hor), Egyptian goddess, compared with Indian and Scottish deities, xli; goddess Kali like, 150.

Hawes, Mr. and Mrs., xxxviii _n._

Heaven of Indra, 58; like Valhal, 59; dancing girls in, 69; Pandavas and Kauravas in, 327.

Heaven of Krishna, 323.

Heaven of Kuvera, 59.

Heaven of serpent worshippers, 66.

Heaven of Varuna, 59.

Heaven of Yama, 57; parents only admitted to, 59.

Hebrews, great sacred literature of, 103.

Hector, the Indian, xlviii.

Heimdal (hīm´dal), Teutonic god, like Agni, xlv, 20, 21, 22.

Hela, xliv, like Indian heavens, 59.

Heliopolis (hē-li-op´ol-is), 139.

Hell (see _Put_), Yama presides over, 42; parents only rescued from, 59; “threefold is the way to”, 128; Yudhishthira's vision of, 326 _et seq_.

Herakles, Vishnu as, 122.

Hermitages, as universities, 82.

Hermits, as scholars, 82.

Hermit's son, tale of the, 394, 395.

Hero songs, epics developed from cycles of, 138.

Herodotus (her-od´otus), xliii; transmigration beliefs, xliv, 116, 118.

Heroines of Indian literature, xlvii.

Hesiod, doctrine of world's ages, 109 _et seq._

Hidimva (hed-eem´vă), the Rakshasa, slain by Bhima, 202-5.

Hinduism, cults of, xvii; ancient culture basis of, 88; currents of thought in, 102; transmigration doctrine in, 117, 118; Vishnu and Shiva cults, 124; Puranic beliefs and, 135.

Hindu-Kush, as a race-divider, xxvii.

Hindus, number of, xvii; Aryans and, xxiv; dead cremated by, xxxii.

Hindustan, Aryan aristocracy in, xxxvi; early Aryans displaced in by Kurus, Panchalas, and Bharatas, 155.

Hiranyapura (herăn´yă-poor´´ă), flying island city of giants and demons, 65.

Hittites, Aryans and, xxix; peace treaty with Mitanni Aryans, xxxi; “Hammer god” of, 3; Mitannian relations with, 31; raid on Babylon and connection of Kassites with, 155, 156.

Hogg, Professor H. W., on Mithra problem, 30.

Hogs, Rakshasas ride in battle, 419.

Homeric burial customs, xxxvi, 38.

Homer's ghosts, like bats, 75.

Horse, Babylonian name of, xxix, 156; when introduced into Egypt and India, xxx; Aryans breeders and tamers of, 76; Creator assumes form of, 95, 102; the white (Kalki), the next incarnation of Vishnu, 137; Avartas of, 360.

Horse sacrifice, Buriats' offer to dead, xxxiv; prevalent in early times, 88; symbolism of, 90; among Mongolians, 90; to ensure fertility, 91; as atonement for sin, 92, 312, 426, 427; the Roman and Greek, &c., 92, 93; in Upanishadic creation myth, 94 _et seq._; in myth of descent of Ganges, 152; “the horse speaks”, 317; in Rámáyana, Dasaratha performs for offspring, 376; gods attend, 376, 377.

Horses, hymn to Indra for, 15, 16.

Horus (ho´rus), the Egyptian, Prajapati rises from lotus like, 101.

Hospitality, importance of in religious life, 81.

Hotri priests, reciters, 80.

Household fairy, Jara, the Rakshasa woman, as a, 229.

“House of clay”, the grave as, xxxii, 115, 116.

Hrungner (hroong´ner), Scandinavian giant, 2, 64.

Human gods, priests as, 84.

Human sacrifice prevalent in early times, 88; recent instances of, 89; symbolism of, 95, 96.

Hunting period, the Aryans and, 76.

Hura (hoo´ra), the Persian mead, 77.

“Husband of his mother”, 14.

Hyenas, Rakshasas ride in battle, 419.

Iliad, the civilization of, xlvii; the _Mahábhárata_ book as long as and Odyssey, 129, 139, 156.

Immortality, achieved by knowledge of Brahmă, 99, 100.

India, reversion to type in, xli, xlii.

Indians, ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Celts, &c., and, 116 _et seq._

Indo-European languages and peoples, xx, xxiv.

Indo-Germanic languages and peoples, xix; Müller prefers Aryan, xx; the Celtic theory, xxiii.

Indra (ind´ră), in Vedic age, xxxi; tribal aspect of, xxxii; brother of Agni, xxxiii, 19; goddess Durga rivals, xl; as “Hammer god”, 1; his thunderbolt, 2; in Mitanni, 3, 32; “thunderstone” of fashioned, 4; victory after birth, 4; attacks and slays drought demon, 5, 6; war song of, and hymn to, 6, 7; hammer of made from Rishi's bones, 7, 8; flight of in epic myth, 8; Bel Merodach and, 9; Pa'n Ku, Ptah, and, 9, 10; as world artisan, 10; Thor and, 11; Twashtri and, 11; a god of fertility, 12; parents of, 12; like Cronus, his father's slayer, 13; harvest offerings to, 14; as winner of god's race, 14, 15; as “friend of man”, 15; cattle-lifters' hymn to, 15, 16; his human qualities, 17; dog and elephant of, 17, 18; Agni a drinker like, 23; attributes of absorbed by Agni and Vayu, 24; rain god and, 26; contrasted with Varuna, 27, 28; after redistribution of deities, 31; as discoverer of soma, 36; the heaven of, 58, 59; god of the overlords of Assyria, 62; reference to myth of in _Brahmanas_, 63; imprisons giants, 64; aerial city of, 65; hater of demon Panis, 67; dancing girls in heaven of, 69; made strong by the priests, 84; at horse sacrifice, 92; Vishnu source of strength of, 123; Krishna opposed to the worship of, 129; subject to Brahma, 134; cursed by Durvasas, 142; at “churning of the ocean”, 143 _et seq._; origin of the elephant of, 144; battle with Garuda, 145; “before his mother”, 148; elephant of decapitated, 151; in myth of descent of Ganges, 152; Narada, the rishi, messenger of, 153; dread of Vishwamitra's creative power, 159, 160; Arjuna a son of, 176; guards Arjuna at the tournament, 191; Pandavas as five incarnations of, 222; heaven of attained by Kshatriyas, 230; welcomes Arjuna in Swarga, 256, 257; praises his warrior son, 258; adored by the Pandavas, 259; takes Karna's armour and ear-rings, 262; Karna uses weapon of, 301; at horse sacrifice of, 318; welcomes Yudhishthira to paradise and tests, 324 _et seq._; Pandavas and Kauravas in paradise of, 327; in story of Nala, 331; a suitor of Damayanti, 332 _et seq._; at Dasaratha's horse sacrifice, 376-7; appeal of to Brahma and Vishnu against Ravana, demon king, 377; becomes an ape, 377; Bali, ape king, son of, 411.

Indrajit (ind-ră´jit), the Rakshasa, in Ceylon war, 419 _et seq._

Indrani (ind-rän´ee), wife of Indra, 17.

Indra-prastha (indră-prăst´ha), Pandavas build, 224, 225; Arjuna returns to, 228.

Indus river, the sea and, 83, 84.

Infanticide, in ancient and modern India, 60.

Inspiration, to draw in a spirit, 85.

“Iranian period”, a convenient term, xxxi.

Iranian plateau as Aryan racial cradle, xix.

Iravat (eer´ä-văt), son of Arjuna and serpent nymph Ulúpí, 226; in great war, 286 _et seq._; fall of, 293.

Ireland, doctrine of ages of universe in, xliv, 110 _et seq._; transmigration of souls belief in, xliv; Tuan MacCarell legend in, 111 _et seq._; Milesians of descended from god of death, 111; prejudice against pork in, 136.

Iron, early Aryo-Indians and, 77.

Iron Age, in Indian, Greek, and Celtic mythologies, 107 _et seq._; the “Black Age” in India, 108, 109; in Greek mythology, 109, 110; in Celtic mythology, 110 _et seq._

_Isaiah_, sacrifices condemned by, 132.

Ishtar (ish´tar), 13; bird-like spirits in legend of, 75.

Isis (ī´sis), festival of, xliii; Indian goddess Kali like, 150; as joint mother of Osiris, 229 _n._

“Islands of the Blest”, 59.

Italians, Brahmans resemble, xxvii.

Ivory, Solomon got from India, 84.

“Jack and Jill”, as carriers of moon mead, 36.

Jăg´gănăth (Juggernaut), a Vishnu trinity, 136, 137; car of, 137.

Jain´ism, Upanishadic teachings and, 120; Vishnu prominent before rise of, 124; origin of and doctrines of, 133, 134.

Jamshid of Fitzgerald's _Omar_, 40.

Janaka (jăn´ăkă), Rama breaks Shiva's bow before, 382, 383.

Janeckpoor, 382 _n._

Jărä, the household fairy, at birth of Jarasandha, 229.

Jarasandha (jă-rä-sund´hă), the rajah, has two mothers like Osiris, 229; the slaying of, 229-31.

Jatayus (jătä´yus), king of vultures, attempt to rescue Sita from Ravana, 406, 407; Rama finds, 409; revelation and death of, 410; brother of helps Rama, 413.

Jayadratha (jăy-ă-drăt´hă), the rajah, attempts to carry off Draupadi, 262; Bhima makes him a slave, 263; in great war, 297; fall of, 299, 300.

Jewel, the great, 311; the magic life-giving, 315.

Jones, Sir W., views of on Aryan problem, xix.

Jörd (yerd), mother of Thor, 13.

Jotuns (y_ē_´toons), the Indian, 64, 65.

Jubainville, on world ages doctrine in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 110 _et seq._

Juggernaut. See _Jăggănăth_.

Jumna river, mentioned in late Rigvedic period, 76, 83; Krishna as babe causes miracle at, 128, 129.

Jupiter, 3; the Indian, 12.

Justice, lord of, Yama as, 57. See _Dharma_.

Kä, the great unknown, 98.

Kaegi Adolf, on Vritra and “weather”, 8; rain-charm hymn, 37.

Kaikeyi (ky-kay-yee´), wife of Dasaratha, 376; Bharata, son of, 378; plot against Rama, 384 _et seq._; Rama exiled, 388; anger of Bharata, 396 _et seq._

Kailä´să, mountain of Shiva, 146; Arjuna visits Shiva on, 255, 256.

Kali (kăl´e), the demon in Nala story, 67; personification of Kali Yuga, 338; plots against Nala, 338, 339; enters Nala and causes ruin of, 340, 341; causes Nala to desert wife, 344; serpent poisons, 353; ejected by Nala, 362.

Kali (kä´lee), the goddess, wife of Shiva, xl; like Egyptian and Scottish deities, xli, 150; as earth mother, 149; as slayer of enemies of gods, 149, 150.

Kălï Yugă, the Black or Evil Age, 104, 108, 109; in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 109 _et seq._

Kalkï, the white horse incarnation of Vishnu, 137.

Kălpă, a “day” of Brahma, 105.

Kamadeva (kä-mă-devă), the love god, in story of the sun maiden, 72; the love god, Shiva consumes, 146; son of Vishnu and Lakshmi, 151.

Kands tribe, exogamy in, 60.

Kănsă, King of Mathura, 128.

Känvă, the Brahman, in the Shakuntala story, 158 _et seq._

Kärkotáka (kärkotă´ka), Naga serpent demi-god, 65; the serpent king, Narada's curse, 353; rescued by Nala, 354.

Kărnă, xlviii; Scef and Agni myths and, 21; the son of Surya, sun god, and Pritha, 174; babe set adrift in basket, 174; found by Radha in country of Anga, 176; rival of Arjuna at the tournament, 189, 190; challenges Arjuna, 191; made a rajah by Kauravas, 192; is put to shame by Pandavas, 193; the ally of Duryodhana, 194; rejected at Draupadi's swayamvara, 216; combat with Arjuna, 218, 219; at the gambling match, 240 _et seq._; advises Duryodhana to spy on exiled Pandavas, 259; vows to slay Arjuna, 261; Indra takes away celestial armour of, 262; plots against Pandavas, 269; at Hastinapur conference, 274 _et seq._; Krishna's interview with, 282; Pritha reveals secret of birth to, 283; refuses to desert the Kauravas, 283, 284; refusal to fight while Bhishma is leader of Kauravas, 286; comes to fight after Bhishma's fall, 296; slays Ghatotkacha with Indra's weapon, 301; becomes leader of Kauravas, 302; combat with Arjuna and fall of, 304, 305; performance of funeral rites for, 312; in Indra's heaven, 327.

Kartikeya (kärtik´eyă), the war god, 152.

Käsi, Aryan tribe, xxxix; association of with Benares, 155; identification of with Kassites, 155, 156; king of, three daughters of captured by Bhishma, 169.

Kassites, their origin obscure, xxix; Aryans enter Babylon with, 3; associated with Aryans in Babylon, 62; identification of with Kasis of Benares, 155, 156.

Käs´yăpă, the pole star, 145.

Kauravas (kow´răvăs), as the Kurus, 156; sons of Dhritarashtra, 177; as youthful rivals of the Pandavas, 177 _et seq._; rivalries at the tournament, 185 _et seq._; failure of to defeat Drupada, 195, 196; first exile of their rivals, 198 _et seq._; raj divided with Pandavas, 224; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._; the gambling match with Pandavas, 237 _et seq._; feasted by exiled Pandavas, 260; attack on Virata, 267; Arjuna defeats, 268; declare Pandavas' exile not ended, 268; opposed to Pandavas' return after exile, 270 _et seq._; preparations for war, 273 _et seq._; conference at Hastinapur, 273 _et seq._; war breaks out, 285 _et seq._; mourning for and funeral rites, 310 _et seq._; return of the dead, 320, 321; in Indra's paradise, 325-7.

Kausalya (kow´săl-yä), wife of Dasaratha, 376; Rama son of, 378; Rama's exile, 390 _et seq._; death of Dasaratha, 396; Bharata comforts, 397.

Keats, John, 25.

Keith, Dr., on Vedic burial customs, xxxii, 168 _n._

Kesin (kay´sin), leads Asuras against Indra, 64.

Khnumu (knoo´moo), of Egypt, Indian Ribhus like, 11; the Egyptian god, haos-egg myth in India and Egypt, 101.

Khonds tribe, human sacrifice in, 88.

Kichaka (kee-chăk´ă, _ch_ as in _change_), loves Draupadi and Bhima slays, 267.

“King of the Elements”, the Gaelic, 87.

Kings, in the Vedic Age, 78.

“Kinsman”, the, Vishnu as, 123.

Knowledge, salvation by, doctrine of in _Bhagavad-gita_, 126 _et seq._

Kósälä, Eastern Aryan kingdom, xxxix; Dasaratha, Ramas' father, rajah of, 375.

Kripa (kreepä), miraculous birth of, 192 _n._; night slaughter in Pandava camp, 307-9.

Krishna (krish´nă), evidence of Greek ambassador, Megasthenes, regarding, 122; an avatara of Vishnu, 125; doctrines of his _Bhagavad-gita_ (Divine Song), 126 _et seq._; a son of Vasudeva, 128; father escapes with at birth, 128; the shepherd-lover of Gopis (milkmaids), 129; Juggernaut and, 136, 137; as teacher of Vaishnava faith, 138, 139; worship of Shiva by, 146; bride of an incarnation of Lakshmi, 149; nephew of Queen Pritha, 173; at swayamvara of Draupadi, 215 _et seq._; gifts of to Pandavas, 223; Arjuna visits during exile, 226; Arjuna weds Subhadra, sister of, 227; expedition against Jarasandha, 229-31; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 231, 232; slays Sishupala, rajah of Chedi, 233, 234; Sishupala an incarnation of Shiva, 234 _n._; visits Pandavas during second exile, 251; at Abhimanyu's wedding, 269; at meeting of Pandava allies, 270 _et seq._; promise to be Arjuna's charioteer, 273; as spokesman for Pandavas, 275; visit to Hastinapur, 276, 277; pleads with Kauravas for peace, 278; reproves Duryodhana, 280; plot to seize and transformation of, 281; departure from Hastinapur, 282; prophecy regarding the great war, 286; instruction of to Arjuna, 287, 288; miracle by on battlefield, 300; the Arjuna-Karna combat, 304, 305; at horse sacrifice, 317, 318, 319; closing days of and death, 322 _et seq._

Kritä Yuga, length of, 104, 107; the White Age, 108, 109; in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 109 _et seq._

Kritänă, “the finisher”, Yama is, 42.

Krităvăr´măn, night slaughter in Pandava camp, 307-9; slain by Satyaki, 322.

Kshatriya caste. See _Caste_.

Kshăt´riyăs, the red, xxv; aristocratic caste, gods as Kshatriyas, 14; Brahmans become greater than, 84; origin of caste of in Purusha myth, 89; Buddhism and Jainism originate among, 120, 132; Brahmans achieve spiritual dominion over, 121, 136; destroyed by Vishnu's warrior incarnation, 136; Vishwamitra raised to Brahman caste, 154; Gandharva marriage for, 160.

Küberă, god of treasure, Bhima's journey to region of, 105; Bhima reaches lotus lake of, 109. See _Kuvera_.

Kumbha-Karna (koom´bhă-kăr´nă), the sleeping giant, 419; slain by Rama, 420.

Kurds, Armenians contrasted with, xxii; as descendants of Aryan raiders, xxxviii.

Kurma (koor´mă), king of tortoises, 143.

Kuru (koo´roo), the tribe called, united with the Panchala tribe, 155.

Kuru, King, as son of sun maiden and rajah Samvarna, 74, 156, 164.

Kuru-Kshetră, country of the Kurus and famous battlefield of, 155, 156; Pandavas and Kauravas assemble for battle, 286.

Kuru-Pănchälăs, kingdom of, xxxix; doctrinal influence of, xliv; late invasion of and nation of, 155; wars of in epic narrative, 156.

Kurus, the Kauravas of epic fame, 156.

Küsă, son of Rama and Sita, 426.

Kushna (koosh´nă), the demon, “the scorcher”, 66.

Küveră, the heaven of, 59; demoniac hosts of, 68; like the Germanic Laurin, 251; Pandavas behold dwelling of, 258; advice of to Yudhishthira, 258. See _Kubera_.

Lăksh´mănă, xlviii; son of Duryodhana, in great war, 291, 292.

Laksh´mana, brother of Rama, 378; goes against demons, 379-81; goes into exile with Rama, 392 _et seq._; story of the hag Surpa-nakha, 400 _et seq._; the golden deer, 404; rape of Sita, 405 _et seq._; searches with Rama for Sita, 408; revelation of the vulture king, 409; conflict with headless demon, 410; among the apes, 411 _et seq._; in the Ceylon war, 418 _et seq._; Sita's second banishment, 426.

Lakshmi (lăksh´mee), an earth goddess, xl; origin of in sea of milk, 144; as love goddess and Sri, 149; mother of the love god, 151; as daughter of Daksha, the rishi, 153, 154; Rukmini an incarnation of, 234 _n._; Sita as, 427.

Lamb, sacrifice of in Devon, &c., and India, xlii.

Land laws, in Vedic period, 78.

“Land of the Fathers”, paradise as, 39-41, 42 _et seq._

Language, indication of nationality not race, xxiii.

“Language of Birds”, significance of belief regarding, 75.

Lănkä (Ceylon), Ravana, demon king of, 65, 66, 377 _et seq._

Lapps, fairies and elves as, 70 _et seq._

“Last battle”, in Teutonic and Indian lore, 65.

Latham, Dr. Robert Gordon, views of on Indo-European problem, xx.

Laurin (law-reen), the rose garden of, 251.

Lăvă, son of Rama and Sita, 426.

Leopard, Shiva wears skin of, 147.

Life, essence of, soma as, 37; sanctity of in Buddhism, 132; “cut off”, belief regarding “the man in the eye” (soul), 42; air of (see _Air of life_).

Life, water of. See _Water of life_, _Moisture of life_, _Mead of gods_.

Life blood, spirit identified with, 37.

Life of life, the Brahma. See _World soul_.

Lightning, Shiva a god of, 146. See _Agni_, _Indra_, and _Maruts_.

Lincolnshire, the “gad whip” in, xlii.

Lion, horse for sacrifice becomes a, 314.

Lioness, King Bharata suckled by a, 161.

Lions, Bharata as tamer of, 161.

Liquors, intoxicating, made by early Aryo-Indians, 77.

Literature, god of, Ganesa as, 151.

Lithuanian language, xx, xxi.

Loke (lō´kē), Dadyak the Indian, 12, 16.

“Long heads” in India, xxv, xxvi; burial customs of, xxxv.

Lotus, Prajapati rises from like the Egyptian Horus, 101; Brahmă rises from, 124.

Lotuses, the celestial, Bhima's journey for, 105 _et seq._

Love, charms for, 86.

Love god, consumed by Shiva, 146; son of Vishnu and Lakshmi, names of, 151.

Luck, water spirits the source of, 148.

“Lunar Race”, tribe of Bharatas as, xxxix; King Bharata and descendants belong to, 157 _et seq._

Lunar worship, rebirth and, 117.

Macalister, Professor, xxxviii _n._

MacCulloch, Colonel, stamped out infanticide, 60.

Macdonell, Professor, date of Aryan invasion of India, xxx; on Vedic burial customs, xxxii; on origin of transmigration theory, xliii, 116; on Ribhus, 11; on moon bowl, 12; on Vayu, 25; on “path of fathers” and “path of the gods”, 39; Yama hymn, 40; on monotheism of Mithra cult, 41, 87 _n._; on Upanishadic doctrines, 88; the Kuru and Puru tribes, 155.

Macdonell and Keith, on Dasa and Dasyu, 70 _n._

Macpherson, Major, infanticide custom, 60.

Mădăn, the love god, 151.

Măd´hyădesă. See _Middle country_.

Măd´ră, in story of Savitri, 44.

Madras, human sacrifices in, 88.

Madri (măd´ree), Queen, wife of King Pandu, 173; purchase of, 175; mother of two Pandavas, 176; performs suttee, 177.

Măghăd´hă, Eastern Aryan kingdom, xxxix.

Magical control of gods and nature, 80, 84.

Magical formulas, in _Atharvaveda_, 85; in Scotland, 86 _n._

Magyar language, xix.

Mahabharata (măhä´bhä´´rătă), the, hero songs beginning of, xlvi; heroes and heroines of, xlvii; villains of, xlviii; cattle harrying in, 4 _n._; Indra-Vritra battle in, 7 _et seq._; Ruru and Savitri tales from, 43 _et seq._; descriptions of the various heavens in, 57-9; religious need for a son in, 59, 60; Rakshasas like gorillas in, 66; demoniac Vartikas in, 68; purpose of horse sacrifices in, 92; smoke cleanses sins, 93; world's ages (yugas) in, 105; Markandeya's account of the yugas (world's ages) in, 112 _et seq._; Vishnu and Brahma in, 123; early myths in, 124; _Bhagavad-gita_ (Divine Song) in, 125 _et seq._; Krishna appendix to, 129; history of Brahmanism enshrined in, 138; furnishes knowledge regarding Brahma, 139; Markandeya's account of the Deluge in, 140 _et seq._; “Churning of the Ocean” in, 142; Shiva worshipped by Krishna in, 146; Shiva's gift of weapons in, 146; Vyasa as author of, 154; Kuru-Kshetra battlefield in Kuru country, 155; founded on tribal hero songs: heroes of, 156; compared with Iliad and date of origin of, 156; story of, 157 _et seq._; Pandavas favoured in, 178 _n._

Maha deva (măhä´dayvă), Shiva as, 146.

Maha-rishis (măhä´reesh´´es), 102. See _Rishis, the Celestial_.

“Maltese cross” in Elam and Babylon, 155, 156.

Man, the first, Purusha as, 89; like the Teutonic Ymer, 90; like Chinese P'an Ku and Egyptian Ptah, 90 _n._

“Man in the eye”, the, soul as, 42.

Managarm, Teutonic moon devourer, Rahu the Indian, 64, 142.

Män´ăsă, snake goddess, 152.

Mandapala (măndă´pălä), the childless Rishi, refused entry to heaven, 59.

Măndara mountain, in “Churning of the Ocean” myth, 143.

Mani (man´ee), Germanic moon god, 36.

Manipur, Arjuna weds princess of, 226.

Măn´măt´´hă, the love god, 151.

Mannus, Teutonic patriarch, 23.

Mănt´hără, the hunchback, plots against Rama, 385 _et seq._; Satrughna desires to slay, 397.

_Manu, laws of_, reincarnation in, 13; Narayana creation myth in, 101 _et seq._; celestial Rishis in, 102; transmigration doctrine in, 117; Gandharva marriage legalized in, 160; the Niyoga custom, 171; second marriages unlawful in, 369 _n._

Manu (măn´oo), patriarch of Agni worshippers, 23; Yama and, 39 _n._; eponymous ancestor of mankind, 101; different forms of, 102; in vedas and epics, 140; the story of the fish and the Deluge, 140 _et seq._

Manus, the seven and fourteen, 102; fourteen reign during “day of Brahmă”, 105.

Mara, the love god, 151.

Maricha, the Rakshasa of Ceylon, Rama drives over ocean, 381; as the golden deer, 403; Rama slays, 404, 405.

Mărichi (mă´reech-ee, _ch_ as in _each_), the rishi, the grandfather of Vishnu's dwarf incarnation, 154.

Märkăndey´ă, long-lived Indian sage, 112 _et seq._; visit of to Pandavas during exile, 259.

Marriage customs, the choice of Savitri, 45, 46; capture, 60; Gandharva marriage, 160; Bhishma on various modes, 169; his capture of king's three daughters, 169, 170; Draupadi becomes joint wife of Pandavas, 222, 223; Arjuna and Ulúpí, and princess of Manipur, and Subhadra, 226-8; second marriages unlawful, 369 _n._

Mars, horse sacrificed to, 92, 93.

Maruts (măr´oots), Indra's attendants, 5; in battle, 5, 6; Vayu and, 25; Rudras and, 26; in Indra's heaven, 58; at Dasaratha's horse sacrifice, 377.

Mătäli, Indra's chariot driver, 256, 258, 259.

Maternity, Sasti goddess of, 152, 153.

Mathematics, Brahmans and study of, 83.

Măt´hurã, Krishna and king of, 128.

May customs, Buriats burn house of dead, xxxiv; “ram feast” of Devon, xlii.

Mead, the early Aryo-Indian, 77.

Mead of the gods (see _Amrita_ and _Soma_), Teutonic and Hindu giants and, 36; as “water of life”, 37.

Mediator, the, Mithra as, 30, 31.

Mediterranean race, xxvii; Brahmans of, xxviii; the new Brahmanical Pantheon, xl. See also _Brown race_.

Mediterranean racial type and customs in Britain, xlii.

Megas´thenes, the Greek ambassador in India, evidence of regarding Vishnu, Shiva, and Krishna, 122.

Memphis (mem´fis), “Hammer god” of, 3, 139.

Menăkä, the Apsara, 43, 69, 159, 160.

Merodach, Babylonian god, in creation myth, 90.

Meru (may´roo), 17. See _Mount Meru_.

Mesopotamia, Aryan gods in, 62.

“Metal of heaven”, iron the, 77.

Metaphysical thought, Brahmans and, 82.

Metempsychosis, doctrine of. See _Transmigration of souls_.

Mexico, ancient, 90.

“Middle Country” (Madhyadesa) of Northern India, xxxix; tribal struggles and hero songs of, xlvi; early Aryo-Indians in, 76, 83; centre of Brahmanic culture, 88; held by Panchalas, 155.

Milesian Age, in Irish mythology, 110 _et seq._

Milk, Ocean of. See _Sea of Milk_.

Milkmaids (Gopis), Krishna and the, 129.

Milky Way, Arjuna travels by to Indra's heavens, 69, 256.

Mimer, the “wonder smith”, Twashtri like, 4; well of, 37.

Mind, identified with soul, 101.

Miner´va, Saraswati as, 149.

Missionaries, the Buddhist, 133.

Mitanni (mi-tan´ee), Aryan settlement in, xxix; names of kings, xxx; kings as overlords of Assyria, xxx; deities of, xxxi, xxxii; military autocracy of, xxxvi; Kurds descendants of Aryans of, xxxviii, xxxix; Indra “hammer god” of, 3; Aryanized kingdom of, 31; Agni not a god in, 32; Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya gods of, 2; Aryan kings as overlords of Assyria, 62.

Mithila (mit´hilä), Janaka, father of Sita, rajah of, 375.

Mithra, in Vedic Age, xxxi; in Asia Minor, xxxii, 28; in Babylonian and Persian mythologies, 29; the Assyrian “metru”, 30; as a “corn god”, 30; as the mediator, 30, 31; as Fitzgerald's Jamshid (Yima), 40; monotheism of cult of, 41.

Mit´ră (Mithra), in Vedic Age, xxxi; in Asia Minor, xxxii; identified with Agni, 22; associated with Varuna, 28; as protector of hearth and home, 29; as Babylonian sun god, 29; Assyrian and Persian clues, 30; a god of Mitanni, 32; Surya as “the eye” of, 33; identified with Jamshid (Yima), 40; influenced by Babylonian beliefs, 40; plays flute in Paradise, 41; as an Asura, 61; god of the overlords of Assyria, 62.

Mohammedans, number of in India, xviii.

Moisture of life, saliva as, 37; creative tears of Prajapati, 100, 101.

Monastic orders, the Buddhist, Egyptian, and Christian, 133.

Money, name of coin derived from necklet, 78.

Mongolians, in India, xxv, xxvi, xxvii, xxviii; Turki and Ugrian tribes, xxix; “Father right” among, xxxi; burial customs of, xxxiv; horse sacrifice among, 90; cremation ceremony described, 91.

Monotheism, Mithra's cult and, 41.

Moon, worship of, xl; doctrine of transmigration and, 117; standing stones visited by women at phases of, 147; as source of growth and moisture (water of life), 37; as ripener of crops, 35; influence of on animate and inanimate nature, 35; mead of Teutonic and Hindu gods in, 36, 142 _et seq._; horse sacrifice and phase of, 92, 313; race of the, King Bharata and descendants of, 157 _et seq._; Damayanti compared to, 356; gender of in Europe and Africa, 356 _n._, 357 _n._

Moon bowl, Twashtri shapes, 12.

Moon bride, 356.

Moon devourer, Rahu in India, dragon in China, and the wolf in Teutonic lore, 64, 144.

Moon god addressed with Rudra, 28; as sire of the sun, 29; Chandra as, 35; marriage of with sun maid, 37; Shiva as, 146.

Morocco, blondes in, xxix.

Mosso, A., broad heads invade Europe, xxxv.

Mother, the great, worship of, 13; in India, 148; Lakshmi as, 149.

Mother earth, invoked at burials, 115, 116.

“Mother of the Vedas”, Vach as, 149.

“Mother right”, recognized by brown (Mediterranean) race, xxx.

Mothers, the, Agni has ten, 20; two of Rajah Jarasandha, 229; and of Osiris, 229 _n._

Moulton, Professor, on Mithra's origin, 30, 40 _n._; 41.

Mountain, the holy, addressed by Damayanti, 347.

Mountain giants, theory of origin of, 71.

Mount Meru (may´roo), Indra's heaven on, 4; Pandava princes journey to, 324 _et seq._

Muir's Sanskrit texts, xxv, 39 _n._, 101 _n._; on Yugas, 104, 105 _n._

Müller, Dr. Sophus, introduction into Europe of cremation rite, xxxv.

Müller, Max, his Aryan term, xx; on Aryan racial cradle, xxi; on Aryan language and race problem, xxiii _et seq._

Music, Narada the patron of, 153.

Mycenæ, lords of, did not cremate dead, xxxvi.

Myres, Professor, on military aristocracies, xxxvi.

Mythical Ages. See _World's Ages_.

Mythology of India, its special interest, xviii; distinction between religion and, 135.

Myths, rational explanation of criticized, 70, 71.

Nägă country, infanticide in, 60.

Nägăs, the snake deities, in Varuna's heaven, 59, 65; worship of among Aryans, 66; none in world's first age, 107; Surasa mother of, 414.

Năkülă, the Pandava, son of Madri and twin Aswins, 176; temporary death of, 263; journey of towards paradise, 324 _et seq._.

Nălă (of the _Mahábhárata_), “world guardians” in story of, 31; horse sacrifice in, 91, and purpose of, 92; the story, 328 _et seq._; message of the swan, 330; gods desire Damayanti, 332; interview with Damayanti, 333-5; the swayamvara, 335-7; demon Kali plots against, 338-9; Kali enters, 340; gambling match with brother, 341, 342; exile of, 342, 343; deserts Damayanti, 344; the serpent Karkotaka, 353; is transformed, 354; as Vahuka, the charioteer, 355; Damayanti's search for, 358, 359; the second swayamvara, 360; journey to Rituparna, 360-3; Kali ejected, 362; Damayanti's maid interviews, 365-8; interview with Damayanti, 368-70; second gambling match and kingdom won back, 371-3.

Näla (of the _Rámáyana_), the green ape artisan, 418.

Năn´di, bull of Shiva, 147.

Narada (nä´rădă), the Devarishi, in story of Savitri, 45; descriptions of various heavens by, 57-9; a renowned teacher and musician, 153; message of to Pandavas, 321, 322; in story of Nala, 331; curses Karkotaka, 353; in the _Rámáyana_, 374.

Nãrãyana (när´äyănă), divine incarnation of world soul, 100; Brahma as, 101; colours of in various yugas (world's ages), 108; Markandeya's vision of at end of yugas, 114 _et seq._; Vishnu as, 124.

Nasatya, in Asia Minor, xxxii, 32.

Natesa (nă-t_e_sh´ă), the dancer, Shiva as, 147, 148.

Nature, feeling for in Sanskrit literature, xlvii; magical control of, 80.

Necklet, coin called after, 78.

Nectar, of the gods, soma as, 35; of Nagas, 66.

Neith (ne-ith), Egyptian “earth mother”, 13.

Nemed's Age, in Irish mythology, 110 _et seq._

Neolithic Age, European burial customs in, xxxiii; Indra as a god of, 2.

Nepthys (nep´this), as joint mother of Osiris, 229 _n._

New Year celebrations, xliii.

Nifelhel (nĭfel´hel), xliv.

Night, Ratri goddess of, 34.

Night fairies, 70.

Nirriti, goddess of destruction, 67; region of in _Brahmanas_, 81.

Nirvänă, “eternal emancipation”, Buddha's teaching regarding, 131 _et seq._

Normans, xxxv, xxxvi.

Northern fair race, xxvii, xxviii, xxix.

Oak in Aryan languages, xxi.

Ocean of Milk, xl; the churning of the, 142 _et seq._ Also _Sea of Milk_.

Ocean, heaven of. See _Varuna_.

Odin (ō´din), xlv, 12, 13, 24, 36, 37.

Odyssey, the _Mahábhárata_ compared with, 129, 156; the _Rámáyana_ compared with, 139.

Offspring, religious need for, 59, 60.

Oldenberg, Professor, on Vedic burial customs, xxxii; on Agni's mothers, 20; on Agni and Mitra, 22; on Vishwamitra-Vasishtha problem, 154; on the Puru, Kuru, and other clans, 155.

Olympus, 4.

_Om_, the three Vedas and the Trinity, 111; Vishnu as, 126.

Omar, Fitzgerald's, 40.

“Ord na Feinne”, the Gaelic thunder hammer, 3.

Orkney, cremating invaders reach, xxxv.

Ormuzd, xxxiii.

Osiris (Ōsī´ris), xliv; Rajah Jarasandha has two mothers like, 229 _n._

Ossianic (osh´e-an-ik), wife burning reference, xxxvii.

Oudh. See _Ayodhya_.

Owls as messengers of death, 41; Egyptian spirits as, 75.

Pachomios, the first Christian monk, 133.

Palæolithic Age, 71.

Palestine, cremation in, xxxvii; “hammer god” in, 3.

P'an Ku, China's “first man” and thunder god, 2; like Indra and Ptah, 9, 10; as chaos giant, 90 _n._, 148.

Panchala (păn-chäl´ă—_ch_ as in _change_) tribe united with Kuru tribe, xxxix; Drupada becomes rajah of, 180; divided by Drona, 197; Drupada's son and daughter the hope of, 210; swayamvara of Draupadi at, 211 _et seq._; Draupadi becomes joint wife of Pandavas at, 222.

Pandavas (pän´dăvăs), epic heroes, rivals of the Kauravas (Kurus), 156; the sons of Pritha and Madri, 176; as youthful rivals of the Kauravas, 177 _et seq._; rivalries at the tournament, 185 _et seq._; defeat Drupada for Drona, 195, 196; conquests by, 197; first exile of, 198 _et seq._; sojourn in Eka-chakra, 206 _et seq._; journey of to Panchala, 211, 212; Draupadi to be possessed by all, 219 _et seq._; division of raj with Kauravas, 224; Arjuna's exile, 225; imperial sacrifice of at Indra-prastha, 228 _et seq._; at the gambling match with Kauravas, 237 _et seq._; exiled, 248 _et seq._; second exile of, 249 _et seq._; need of celestial weapons, 255; rescue of Duryodhana by, 259, 260; four brothers stricken down at holy pond by Dharma, 263 _et seq._; end of forest exile, 263; in city of Virata, 266 _et seq._; Kauravas declare exile of not completed, 268; preparations for the “great war”, 270 _et seq._; the Virata meeting of allies of, 270 _et seq._; negotiations and preparations for war, 273 _et seq._; war breaks out with Kauravas, 285 _et seq._; triumph of mingled with grief, 310 _et seq._; behold return of the dead warriors, 320, 321; gloom of last days of, 322; journey of five brothers and Draupadi to Indra's heaven, 323-327.

Pandu (pan´dü), son of Vyasa, 172; wives of when king, 173; story of doom of, 175 _et seq._; in paradise, 327.

Pänis, aerial demons, enemies of Indra, 67.

Pantheism, the Upanishadic, 88. See _Brahmă_ and _World soul_.

Paradise, the Indian, xlvii; dead walk to, or are transported to by fire, 39. Also see _Heaven_.

Parashara (păräsh´ără), the Brahman, father of Vyasa, 167.

Părăsü´-rämaă (Rama with the axe), an incarnation of Vishnu, 136.

Parjăn´ya, rain cloud as, 26.

Parmäda, the Brahman, discovers Nala, 359.

Parsees, number of, xviii; burial custom of, xxxiii.

Parthians, the, ancient Indians archers on horseback like, 187 _n._

Pärth´olon's age, in Irish mythology, 110 _et seq._

Păr´vătă, the rishi, rival of Narada, 153; in story of Nala, 331.

Parvati (pär´vătee), the goddess, wife of Shiva, 150; mother of Ganesa, 151; as mother of Kartikeya, 152; horse for sacrifice becomes mare owing to curse of, 314.

Pastoral life, the Aryan, 76.

Pätälă, Indian Fomorians confined in, 64; “Asura fire” in, 65; Danavas and Daityas dwell in, 256.

Patriarchal life in Vedic period, 77.

Patriarchs, the tribal, Brighu as a celestial rishi, 102.

Patroklos (pä-trōk´los), cremation of, xxxvi, xxxviii, 38.

Peacocks, Solomon obtained from India, 84.

Penance, power derived from, 85; Irish saint performs like Brahmans, 111.

Persia, as Aryan racial cradle, xix; Assyrian influence in mythology of, 62; horse sacrificed in, 93.

Persian Gulf, Ea, artisan god of, 12.

Persian language compared with Sanskrit, 61, 62.

Persian mythology, Mithra in, 29, 30; Haoma (soma) in, 36.

Petrie, Professor Flinders, on monasticism in Egypt, 133.

Pharaoh, Rajah a god among men like a, 74 _n._

Physician of the gods, 144.

Pig, the, treatment of in Asiatic, European, and African mythologies, 136.

Pigeon as a messenger of death, 41.

Pinches, Professor, 12, 29 _n._

Pisachas (pe-shätch´ăs), devourers of dead bodies, 67.

Pitri´păti, “lord of the fathers” (dead) Yama is, 42.

Pit´ris, the spirits of ancestors, xxxviii; Yama king of the, 57, 58; worship of, 61, 102.

Pitris (Fathers), the land of, xxxii; childless Rishi sent back from, 59, 116.

Pleiades, wives of Rishis as, 153.

Pleistocene age, men of as elves and fairies, 71.

Plough, the, used by early Aryo-Indians, 76.

Poetry, God of, Ganesa as, 151.

Poets, priests were, 33, 78, 79, 80. See _Rishi_.

Pole Star, Brahman identified with, 145.

Pope Gregory the Great, 135.

Pork, prejudice against and where eaten, 136.

Posts, sacrificial, 93.

“Pot of Worth”, 249 _n._

Prabhasa (pră-bhä´să), city of, Arjuna in, 226.

Prădyum´nă, the love god, 151.

Prăhläd´ă, the demon king's son, story of, 135.

Prăjä´păti, the Creator, 94, 98; as the Chaos Boar, 136; divine incarnation of World Soul, 100; creative tears of, 100, 101; rises from lotus like the Egyptian Horus, 101.

Prămădvără, in story of “The Brahman and his Bride”, 43, 44.

Prayers, mantras as, 87.

Predestination, belief in, 42 _et seq._

Prehistoric monsters, bones of and giant stories, 71.

Preserver, the, Vishnu as in Trinity, 119.

Preserver, Vishnu as child creator, 124.

Priesthood, rise of the, 80; four periods of Brahman's life, 81; how maintained, 82; as human gods, 84. See _Rishi_, _Hotri_, _Purohita_, _Brahman_.

Priests, as poets and leaders, 33, 78, 79; caste of, 79. See _Caste_.

Prishata (prish´ätă), father of Drupada, 179.

Pritha (preet´hä), mother of Pandavas, 21; mother of, a nymph, 173; Surya, sun god, father of her son Karna, 174; choice of King Pandu at swayamvara, 175; mother of three Pandavas, 176; desires to perform suttee, 176, 177; at the tournament, 186 _et seq._; the coming of Karna, 189 _et seq._; in first exile of Pandavas, 200; flight of, 201; story of Bhima and the Rakshasas, 202 _et seq._; sends Bhima to slay Vaka, 207; journeys with sons to Panchala, 211; exile of Arjuna, 225; Draupadi and Subhadra, 228; interview with Krishna, 282; reveals to Karna she is his mother, 283; Karna's promise, 284; her sorrow for the dead after “great war”, 312; retires to forest, 319; return of the dead, 320, 321; perishes in jungle fire, 322; in Paradise, 327.

Prithivi (prit´hi-vee), Indian earth goddess, xxxi, 6; as a cow, 13; harvest offering to, 14; flees from Agni, 20, 148.

_Psalms_, burnt offerings, 121.

Ptah (tä), as “hammer god” of Egypt, 3; like Indra and Pa'n Ku, &c., 9, 10; as a chaos giant, 90 _n._; emerges from chaos egg like Brahma, 101, 114 _n._, 148.

Punjab, Aryan settlement in, xxix; date of invasion of, xxx; fire worshippers in, xxxii; Aryans of called “Westerners”, xxxix, 1; Indra in and in Mitanni, 3; beliefs regarding after life in, 40; Aryans in Babylon before entering, 62; Aryan folk drift from, 76.

Punyajänas, “the good people”, Yakshas as, 68.

Puränăs, the sacred poems, 124; Krishna in, 129; purpose of, 134, 135; Hinduism and, 135; the sacredness of, 139; old myths in, 140; the “Churning of the Ocean” in, 142.

Pürocha´na, secret agent of Duryodhana, 200; death of, 201.

Purōhită, family priest, 80; Vishwamitra as, 154.

Pür´ü, tribal name of as eponymous king, 156; a Vedic tribe, merged in Kuru coalition, 155.

Pürüsh´ă, the “first man”, and sacrifice of by gods, 89; compared with Ymer, 90; myth of, 95; Brahma identified with, 102; Saraswati as the female form of, 149; Rudra as, 150.

Pürüsh´ă-m_e_´´dha (human sacrifice), 88.

Push´kără, brother of Nala, wins kingdom at dice, 340, 341, 342; kingdom won back from, 371-3.

Püt, the hell called, 41; fathers only are reserved from, 59.

“Queen of Heaven”, the Babylonian and Assyrian, xxxi.

Rä, Egyptian sun god, xli, xliv; compared with Surya, 32; Brahma emerges from chaos egg like, 101, 114 _n._; Shiva acts like, 150.

Race run by gods, 14.

Races, the mythical, “silver”, “golden”, “bronze”, and “iron”, 110. See _World's Ages_, _Lunar Race_, and _Solar Race_.

Racial types, variety of in India, xvii, xviii; influence of disease on, xli.

Rädhä´, Krishna's favourite, 129, 149.

Ragnarok (rag´na-rok), in Teutonic mythology, xliv _n._; in Indian giant lore, 65.

Rähu, swallower of sun and moon, 64; the rational theory, 71; the demon of eclipse, origin of, 144.

Raids for wives, 60.

Rain, frog hymn for, 36, 37; priests help Indra to bring, 84; Buriat horse sacrifice to obtain, 91; drum and trumpet to bring, 92, 317; souls turned into by the moon, 117.

Rajah, as a divine Pharaoh, 74 _n._

Räjăsúyă (imperial sacrifice) held by Yudhishthira, 228 _et seq._; Duryodhana desires to perform, 261.

Räk´shăsăs, Agni slayer of, 22; in Agni hymn, 24; “enemies of man”, the “night prowlers”, 66; Yakshas sometimes like, 68; rational explanation of criticized, 71; none in world's first age, 107; the rishi Pulastya a slayer of, 154; Bhima weds a woman of, 202 _et seq._; Bhima's Rakshasa son, 206; Bhima slays Hidimva, 202-5; Jara as a household fairy who is worshipped, 229; Rama and Lakshmana wage war against, 379-81; unable to break Shiva's bow, 382; Rama battles against alone, 402, 403; apes battle against in Ceylon, 419 _et seq._; Kumbha-Karna, the sleeper, 419, 420; rout of in Ceylon war, 424.

Rämă of _Rámáyana_, xlvi, xlvii, xlviii; an avatara of Vishnu, 125; in cult of Vishnu, 139; story of, 374 _et seq._; birth of and childhood, 378; goes to forest with Vishwamitra, 378; slays Rakshasa woman, 380; celestial weapons and spirits of, 381; scatters demons, 381; breaks Shiva's bow, 382; wins Sita, 383; honeymoon of, 383, 384; selected as heir apparent, 384; hunchback's plot and Kaikeyi's commands, 385, 386; sent into exile, 389-93; Sita refuses to desert, 391-2; dying father calls for, 396; Bharata faithful to, 397; refuses to return until exile is ended, 398; reproaches Javali, 399; wanderings of with Sita and Laksmana, 400; wooed by Surpa-nakha, 400, 401; battle with Rakshasas, 402; demon as a golden deer, 403; rape of Sita by demon king of Ceylon, 404, 405, 406, 407; search for Sita, 408; vulture king's revelation, 409; conflict with demon, 410; apes become allies of, 410, 411; lamentations for Sita, 411, 412; Hanuman discovers Sita in captivity, 413-6; King of Ocean's advice, 417; “Rama's bridge” constructed, 418; invasion of Ceylon, 419; battles with Rakshasas, 420-3; Ravana slain, 423; Sita's ordeal by fire, 424, 425; return to kingdom and coronation, 425; Sita's second exile, 426; meets his sons, 426; Sita vanishes with earth goddess, 427; ascends to heaven, 428.

“Rama's bridge”, green apes construct, 418.

“Rama with the axe” (Parasu-rama), an incarnation of Vishnu, 136.

_Ramayana_ (räm-ay´ăn-ă or rä-my´ăn-ă), the, Aryan tribes in, xxxix; traditions of “easterners” in, xlvi; heroes and heroines of, xlvii; demon's grief in, xlviii; Ravana the Typhon of, 65; Rakshasas are great demons in, 66; purpose of horse sacrifices in, 92; early myths in, 124; hero of, an avatara of Vishnu, 125; history of Brahmanism enshrined in, 138; its religious significance, 139; the “churning of the ocean” in, 142; story of, 374 _et seq._

“Ram feast” of Devon, xlii; Indian and other parallels, xlii, xliii.

Räm´mon, 3; Shiva compared with, 146.

Rän, Teutonic sea goddess and Agni's mothers, 21.

Rat, the, Ganesa as, 151.

Rä´trï, goddess of night, 34; hymn to, 35, 148.

Ravana (rä´váná), a demon, 125; demon king of Ceylon, power of derived from Brahma, 377; plot to abduct Sita, 403; disguised as Brahman, 405; carries Sita away, 406, 407; Rama hears of, 409, 410; apes tell of, 411; in peril if he injures Sita, 412; Bibhishana deserts, 417; the Rama war, 418 _et seq._; lamentation of for son's death, 421; seeks to slay Sita, 421, 422; sister curses and Rama slays, 423.

Razors, used in Vedic period, 77.

Red Age, the Treta Yuga, 108, 109; in Greek mythology, 109, 110; in Celtic mythology, 110 _et seq._

Red demons, 71.

Red hair, dislike of, 208.

Religion and caste, 79; distinction between mythology and, 135.

Rhode, Erwin, 118 _n._

Rib´hus, divine artisans, in Vedic creation myth, 10; like Khnumu of Egypt and elves of Europe, 11, 12; rivalry with Twashtri, 11, 12.

Ridgeway, Professor, on cremation custom, xxxv.

“Riding the marches”, an ancient ceremony, xliii.

_Rigv_e_´da_, belief regarding soul in the, xliii; cosmology of, 10; Soma book of, 35; gods Asuras in, then Suras, 61; forest nymph of, 74; horse sacrifice in, 91; meaning of Yuga in, 104; only Veda in Krita Yuga (First and Perfect Age), 108; germs of transmigration theory, 116; Vishnu in, 122.

Rim´mon, Naaman's worship of, 3.

Ripley, W. Z., xxii; on language and race, xxiii; views on Mediterranean race, xxvii; view on cremation custom, xxxv; Kurds as descendants of Aryan raiders, xxxviii, xxxix.

Rishis, gods derive powers from, 7; Indra's hammer made from bones of, 7, 8; Danavas conspire to destroy, 9; associated with gods, 14; poets and priests, 33; story of the childless, who is not admitted to heaven, 59; ascends to sun in Tapati love story, 74; as swans, 75; composers of “new songs”, 79, 80.

Rishis, the celestial, mind-born sons of Brahma, 102; Manu as one of, 140; in story of the Deluge, 141 _et seq._; the various royal and celestial, 153 _n._, 154, 155. See _Deva-rishi_.

Risley, views on India's races, xxv _et seq._; his Scythian theory, xxvii; on infanticide, 60.

Ritualism of sacrifice, 80, 81 _et seq._; growth of in Samavedic hymns, 83.

Ritupăr´nă, Rajah of Ayodhya, Nala takes service with, 342; Nala drives to sham swayamvara of Damayanti, 360 _et seq._; gives Nala secret of dice, 362.

River, the boiling, in Hades, 326.

River goddesses, 148.

Rivers, worship of, xl; Shiva the source of five, 146.

Rivers of India, all female except two, 152.

Roads constructed in Vedic period, 78.

Röer, Dr. E., 100 _n._

Roman age in Britain, xxxviii.

Romans as Aryans, xxiv; horse sacrifice of, 92, 93.

Rüd´ră, storm god, as “wild huntsman” and Shiva, 26; appealed to against Varuna, 28; Shiva a development of, 123, 148; the goddess Amvika and, 150; as Mahadeva, 146; Shiva called, 147.

Rudras, the, Maruts as, 26.

Rük´mini, Krishna's capture of, 233; an incarnation of Lakshmi, 234 _n._

Rürü, story of life sacrifice of, 43, 44.

Rydberg, on Aryan origins, xxi.

Sacrifice, Buriats offer horse to dead, xxxiv; of lambs in England, India, &c., xlii; cake offerings and first fruits, 14; the priests' fee for, 15; of life for a woman, 43, 44; ritualism of, 80; the human (purusha-medha) and the horse (aswa-medha), 88 _et seq._; the human in recent times, 89; creation the result of, 89; the horse among Mongolian Buriats, 91; epic ceremonies, 92 _et seq._; trees and, 93; chaos horse myth, 94 _et seq._; symbolism of human sacrifice, 95, 96; Isaiah and Buddha oppose, 132; Sati (Suttee) offers herself on pyre, 150; the imperial (Rajasúya) held by Yudhishthira, 228 _et seq._

Sages, long-lived, in Indian and Irish legend, 112 _et seq._

Săhădevă, son of Queen Madri and twin Aswins, 176; temporary death of, 263 _et seq._; journey of towards paradise, 324 _et seq._

Sais, 139.

Säkas, the, allies of the Kauravas, 287; identified with Scythians, 287 _n._

Saliva, as moisture of life, 37.

Salvation, release is, 82; by knowledge, doctrine of in _Bhagavad-gita_, 126 _et seq._

Salya (säl´yă), Rajah of Madra, overcome by Bhima at Draupadi's swayamvara, 218, 219; in the great war, 289 _et seq._; as leader of Kauravas and fall of, 305.

Salzburg, Austria, ancient cremation rites at, xxxvi.

Săm´ănă, “the leveller”, Yama is, 42.

_Säm´av_e_dă_, Soma hymns of, 83.

Săm´ăvurti, “the impartial judge”, Yama is, 42.

Săm´pati, brother of vulture king, 413, 414.

Săm´üdră, the sea, origin of name, 83, 84.

Sămvăr´nä, King, story of his love for sun maiden, 71 _et seq._

Sănjäy´ä, as ambassador to the Pandavas, 274, 275; relates incidents of great war to Dhritarastra, 287.

Sanskrit, xix; Lithuanian language and, xx; compared with Persian language, 62; alphabet has Semitic basis, 78; influence of Brahmanic scholarship upon, 82.

Sanskrit poets, heroes and heroines of, xlvii; feeling of for nature, xlvii.

Săn´vă, Rajah of, rejects Princess Amba after capture of by Bhishma, 170, 171.

Saranyu (sărăn´yoo), mother of Ribhus, 11; bride of the sun god and divine artisan, 149.

Saraswati (sărăs´'wătee), a river goddess, xl; her rival Gayatri, 44 _n._; probably same as Bharati, 148; becomes wife of Brahma, 149; as “mother of the Vedas” and female form of Purusha, 149.

Sästï, feline goddess of maternity, 152, 153.

Satanava (sătän´ăvă), name of Bhishma, 166.

_Satapathă Brahmana_ (sătăpät´ha), 15, 84; transmigration doctrine in, 116.

Sătï (suttee), in Europe, xxxvii; the goddess, ideal wife, 150, 151, 312.

Satrughna (săt-rüg´hnă), brother of Rama, 378; desires to slay hunchback, 397.

Saturn, Indra like, 13; the planet of in Ganesa myth, 151.

Satyaki (săt´yăkee), at meeting of Pandava allies, 270 _et seq._; death of, 322, 323.

Satyavan (sat´yă-vän), “the truthful”, in Savitri story, 45 _et seq._

Satyavati (săt´yă-vätee), the fisherman's daughter, story of King Shantanu's wooing of, 166 _et seq._; the mother of Vyasa, 167.

Savitri (săvit´ri), assists Indra as world artisan, 10; the “stimulator”, as a sun god, 32; mantra still addressed to, 33.

Savitri (shävit´ree), the heroine, xlvii; a perfect woman, xlviii; Sita, a perfect woman, xlviii; story of, 44 _et seq._

Scandinavians, “prehistoric romance” regarding, xxiii; as Aryans, xxiv; late period of culture, xlv.

Scandinavian thunder giant, 2.

Scef, Agni as, 21.

Scholars, the hermits as, 81, 82.

Scotland, erring wives burned in, xxxvii; Highlanders of cattle lifters like Gauls and Aryo-Indians, 15; black and white fairies of, 70; giant theory does not apply to, 71; spirits as birds in, 75; Aryo-Indians had clans like Highlanders of, 77; the “upwardly man” in, 79; metrical charms of, 85, 86 _n._, 87; hatred of pork in, 136; hags of and the Indian, 380 _n._

Scott, Sir Walter, on the “speech of spirits”, 75.

Scottish goddess, compared with Egyptian and Indian deities, xli.

Scottish “thunder ball”, the, 2; Finn as a thunder giant, 3.

Scyld, Agni as, 21, 22.

Scythians, Indian traces of, xxvii; horse sacrificed by the, 93; Sakas as, 287 _n._

Sea, the, unknown to early Aryo-Indians, 76; origin of name for, 83, 84; trade in Age of Solomon, 84; in horse-sacrifice creation myth, 94; in Manu story, 140 _et seq._; Surasa hag of the, 414; Sinhika dragon of, 414; king of the, 417, 418.

Sea of Milk, Vishnu in, 123; the churning of, 143 _et seq._; Indra visits Vishnu in, 377.

Seed, the creation, becomes a golden egg, 101.

Seers, priests as, 80.

Sek´het, Egyptian goddess, compared with Indian and Scottish deities, xli; Käli like, 150.

Self, the universal, 98. See _World Soul_.

Sergi on Mediterranean race, xxviii.

Serpent, the World, Vishnu's sleep on and birth of Brahma, 124.

Serpent demons or demigods, 65.

Serpent goddess, 152.

Serpent king, in Indian and Egyptian myth, 353 _n._

Serpent worship, Aryans adopt, 66.

Serpents, in the Garuda myth, 145; associated with Shiva, 147.

Set, xliv; boar demon of Egypt, 136; red like Indian Rakshasas, 208 _n._

Shakuni (shă-koo´nee), plots to overthrow Pandavas, 199; plots against Pandavas, 269; prince of Gandhara, plots to overthrow Pandavas, 237; plays dice with and cheats Yudhishthira, 240 _et seq._; in great war, 287; death of, 305.

Shakuntala (shă-koon´tă-läh), reference to reincarnation in story of, 13; the hermit maiden, story of in the _Mahábhárata_, 157 _et seq._; in Kalidasa's drama, 163 _n._, 164 _n._

Shä´mash, Babylonian sun god, Mitra as, 29.

Shän´tănu, King, 164; wooing of Ganga, 164 _et seq._; wooing of the fishermaid, 166 _et seq._; king, wooing of the fisherman's daughter, Satyavati, 167 _et seq._

Sheep, early Aryans had, 76; charms to protect, 86.

Shepherd, the divine, Mitra as, 41.

She´shă, king of serpents (Nagas), 65, 66; as world serpent, Vishnu's sleep on, 124; Balarama an incarnation of, 128, 143.

Shitala (she´tălă), goddess of smallpox, 153.

Shiva, in Brahmanical revival age, xl; restrains avenging goddess like Ra of Egypt, xli; identified with Rudra, 26; the Destroyer in the trinity, 119; the cult of, 122; evidence of Greek ambassador Megasthenes regarding, 122; Vedic prototype, 123; cult of, 124; worshipper of plots to slay Krishna, 128; as Brahmā, 134; in epic narratives, 139; how he became the “blue throated”, 144; as a mountain god, 146; as “lord of all creatures”, 146; compared with the Irish Balor, 146; in form of Vishnu, 147; weapons of, 147; as destroyer of disease, 148; the brides of, 149 _et seq._; stops goddess slaughtering enemies, 150; trident of made by goddess, 149; in myth regarding origin of goddesses, 151; destroys the love god, 151; Ganesa and Kartikeya, sons of, 151, 152; in Draupadi story, 222; Sishupala, Rajah of Chedi, slain by Krishna, an incarnation of, 234; Arjuna wrestles with for weapons, 255, 256; Aswatthaman and on “night of slaughter”, 308; at Dasaratha's horse sacrifice, 376, 377; bow of, Rama breaks the, 382, 383.

Siberia, burial customs in, xxxiv; horse sacrifice in, 90.

Sid´dhăs, spirits of ancestors, at horse sacrifice, 376.

Siegfried (seeg´freed), the Indian, 66, 67; bird spirits and, 75.

Sikhandin (sikhăn´din), Drupada's daughter who became a man, 295; incarnation of Princess Amba, 295 _n._; fall of Bhishma, 295.

Sikhs (sheeks), number of in India, xviii.

Silver age (white age) in Indian, Greek, and Celtic mythologies, 107 _et seq._

Sin, creation horse-sacrifice removes, 94, 95.

Sin-cleansing smoke, at horse sacrifice, 318.

Sin´dre, Twashtri and, 11.

Sin´hika, sea dragon, 414.

Sishupala (sish-oo-päh´lă), Rajah of Chedi, at Yudhishthira's imperial sacrifice, 232; slain by Krishna, 233, 234; as an incarnation of Shiva, 234 _n._

Sita (see´tä), the heroine, xlvii; as an incarnation of Vishnu's wife, 149; story of Rama and, 374 _et seq._; Rama wins by breaking Shiva's bow, 382; marriage and honeymoon, 383, 384; refuses to part with exiled husband, 387; departure of to jungle, 393; wanderings of with Rama and Lakshmana, 400 _et seq._; the golden deer, 403; rape of by demon king, 404-7; Rama's lamentations for, 411, 412; rejects Ravana, 412, 413; visited by Hanuman, 415, 416; return of to Rama and ordeal of fire, 424, 425; second exile of, 426; vanishes with earth goddess, 427; as Lakshmi in paradise, 428.

Skull shapes, permanence of, xxii.

Sky axe, lightning caused by, 2.

Sky god, Dyaus-pita as, 12. See _Dyaus_ and _Vivasvant_.

Slavs, as Aryans, xxiv.

Sleep of Brahma, 105.

Sleeping giant, Kumbha-Karna the, 419; slain by Rama, 420.

Sloka metre, invented by Valmiki, 374.

Smallpox, Shitala, goddess of, 153.

Smith, Professor Elliot, his “brown race”, xxviii.

Smiths, in Vedic period, 77.

Smoke, sins cleansed by, 93, 318.

Snake goddess, the, 152.

Snakes, in the Garuda myth, 145.

Social grades. See _Caste_.

“Solar race”, eastern Indians as, xxxix; Dasaratha of the _Rámáyana_ is of the, 375.

Solomon, sea trade of with India, 84.

Soma (sō´mă), nectar of gods, 5; cause of Indra's victory, 7; Twashtri's moon bowl for, 12; Indra's fondness for, 15; juice of unknown plant, 35; influence of, 35, 36; identified with Chandra, the moon god, 35, 36; as moon mead, 36; frog hymn to as rain charm, 36, 37; marriage of, 37; the drink of immortality, 41; prepared by Gandharva, 69; drunk by early Aryo-Indians, 77; Sudras did not drink, 79; Samavedic hymns to, 83; gods receive from priests, 84; _Tarasun_, the Mongolian, 90, 91; in horse sacrifice, 92; as the moon god and ancestor of the Bharatas, 157 _et seq._

Son, religious need for a, 59, 60.

_Song, the Divine_, 125. See _Bhagavad-gita_.

Soul, as “the man in the eye”, 42; of childless man in hell, 59; escape from body of, 85; salvation of through knowledge, 99, 100 (also see _Bhagavad-gita_); mind as, 101.

Soul in the egg, myth of, 101, 102.

Soul, the World. See _World Soul_.

Souls, children's' wait for mothers, xliii; bound by Yama, god of death, 42; as birds, 75; reborn as tigers, fish, &c., 117; transmigration of, see _Transmigration of souls_.

Spaniards, Brahmans resemble, xxviii.

Spartans, horse sacrifice of, 93.

“Speech of spirits”, the “language of birds”, 75.

Spells, for disease, 85, 87; for love, 86.

Spirit, the, the life breath as, 37.

Spirits of the dead, beliefs regarding, 38; of day and night, 70; birds as in Europe, Africa, and Asia, 75; magical formulas to control, 85, 86, 87.

Spirits of weapons, Arjuna beholds, 256; do homage to Rama, 381; Gaelic weapon demons, 381 _n._

Spitting customs, significance of, 37.

“Spitting Stones”, 37.

Sri (sree), Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu is, 149; Sita as, 427.

Standing stones, ceremonies at for offspring, xliii, xliv.

Stars, myth of Saturn and Ganesa, 151; rishis as “Great Bear” and wives of as Pleiades, 153; Abhimanyu as one of the, 327.

Stars, the Polar, Kas´yapa, the Brahman as, 145.

Steeds of Indra, 4; names of, 5.

Stevenson, Robert Louis, xlviii.

Stone Age, the late, Europe in, xxii; people of Britain of, xlii; “hammer god” of, 2.

Stones, standing, Shiva worshipped at, 147.

Subhadra (soo-bhăd´rä), sister of Krishna and Balarama, worship of, 137; Arjuna's marriage by capture with, 227; Draupadi receives, 228.

Sudäs, a Vedic king, 154; Vishwamitra's and Vasishtha's connection with, 154; Purus and other tribes oppose, 155.

Sudeva (soo-day´vü), the Brahman, discovers Damayanti, 356, 357, 358; visits Nala, 359, 360.

Sudhanvan (sud-hăn´văn), Indra as, 10.

Sudras (sud´răs), the black, xxv. See _Caste_.

Sugriva (sug´rivă), the ape king, son of Surya, 410; Rama slays his rival Bali, 411; revelries of, 413; silver hue of, 418; in Ceylon war, 419 _et seq._

Sumit´rä, wife of Dasaratha, 376; Lakshmana and Satrughna sons of, 378.

Sun, “has nature of Agni”, 36; the “man” in the, and death as, 42; Rahu, the devourer of, 64, 144; horse sacrifice to, 92 _et seq._; the bride of the, 149.

Sun, god of, Sumero-Babylonian name of Mitra, 29; as offspring of the moon, 29; Narayana as, 114; Vishnu as a phase of, 122, 123.

Sun egg, in Indian and Egyptian mythologies, 101.

Sun maiden, marriage of with moon god, 37; Tapati the, loved by a king, 71 _et seq._

Sunset, Kushna fiery demon of, 66.

Sura (soorä), an early Aryo-Indian ale or mead, 77.

Surăs, the Indian gods called, 61.

Suräsă, sea hag, 414.

Surpä´-năkhä, the rape of Sita, 403 _et seq._; curses Ravana, 423.

Surya (soor´yă), sun god, Savitri and, 10; in rival group of deities, 32; Aryan steeds of, 32; as eye of Varuna-Mitra, 32; daughter of loved by a king, 71 _et seq._; Saranyu the bride of, 149; as grandsire of Queen Madri's sons, 176; shines on Karna at the tournament, 191; gifts food pot to Pandavas, 249; his warning to Karna, 262; Sugriva, ape king, son of, 411.

Suttee (sătï) in Europe, xxxvii. See _Sati_.

Swan maidens, 75.

Swans, Irish gods and Indian rishis as, 75, 153; the gold winged, in story of Nala, 329, 330.

Swăr´gă, 4; Kauravas and Pandavas in, 327. See _Heaven of Indra_.

Swăyăm´vără, Bhishma captures King of Kasi's daughters at, 169, 160; Draupadi's, 211, 212.

Swine, religious treatment of in India, Egypt, and Europe, 136; Rakshasas ride in battle, 419.

Tapati (tä´păti), sun maiden, story of king's love for, 71 _et seq._

Taraka (tä´răkä), the hag, slain by Rama, 380.

Tarku, Hittite “hammer god”, 3; Shiva compared with, 146.

Teachers, Brahmans as, 82.

Tears, the creative, Prajapati sheds, 100, 101.

Tel-el-Amarna letters, Aryans and, xxx.

Terra mater, the Indian, 13.

Teutonic and Celtic treatment of boar, 136.

Teutonic beliefs regarding soul and world's ages, xliv.

Teutonic modes of thought, xliv _n._; compared with those of Vedic period, xlv.

Teutonic mythology, doctrine of transmigration absent from, 103.

Teutonic wonder smith, like Indian, 11, 12.

Teutons, Aryan affinities of, xx; traditions of migrations of, xlv.

Thor, Indra and, xxxi, 3; elfin artisans and, 11; like Indra, son of Earth Mother, 13; the “friend of man”, 15, 16; a slayer of giants like Indra, 64; Arjuna compared with, 257 _n._

Thorns of Hades, 326.

Thothmes III (thoth´mes), Egyptian king, Mitanni Aryans and, xxx.

Thunder- “ball”, “bolt”, and “stone”, 2.

Thunder gods. See _Hammer Gods_, also _Balor_, _Finn mac Coul_, _Hrungner_, _Indra_, _Jupiter_, _Pa'n Ku_, _Ptah_, _Rammon_, _Rimmon_, _Shiva_, _Tarku_, _Thor_, _Zeus_.

Thunder horn, Arjuna receives from Indra, 258; Finn mac Coul has, 258 _n._

Tiamat. See _Tiawath_.

Tiawath of Babylonian myth, 9, 90.

Tiger, Damayanti's appeal to the, 347.

Tigers, demons with heads of, 71; Bharata as tamer of, 161.

Titans, the Indian, 64. See _Danavas_.

Tortoise incarnation of Vishnu, 143.

Torture, in Hades, 326.

Tournament, the, 185 _et seq._

“Towers of Silence”, Parsees expose dead on, xxxiii.

Trade, in Vedic period, 78; Solomon and Indian products, 84.

Traders, caste of, 79. See _Caste_.

Transmigration of souls, “germs of theory”, xliii, 116; racial aspect of doctrine, xliv, 116; in Egyptian, Celtic, and Greek religions, 103, 118; the Irish Tuan Mac Carell legend, 111 _et seq._; a Post-Vedic doctrine in India, 103; becomes orthodox, 115; present-day beliefs, 117, 118; in Buddhism, 130 _et seq._; Yudhishthira on, 254.

Treasure, god of (see _Kuvera_); Yakshas guard the hidden, 68.

Tree, of Paradise, 41; of Brahma, 102; of religion, of passion, 156.

Trees, the “blood of”, 37; horses tied to at sacrifices, 93.

Trétä Yuga, length of, 104; the Yellow Age, 108, 109; in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 109 _et seq._; Vishnu slays Bali in, 123.

Tribes. See _Bharatas_, _Gandari_, _Kasis_, _Kosalas_, _Kurus_, _Panchalas_, _Purus_, _Videhas_, &c.

Tri´gärtis, Rajah of, attack on Virata, 267; Pandavas defeat, 268.

Trinity, Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, 119, 124.

Trinity of goddesses, Saraswati (white), Lakshmi (red), Par´vati (black), 150, 151.

Tritsus (tree´tsus), as an Aryan tribe, 154; identified with the Vasishthas, 154, 155; priestly aristocracy of, 155.

Trumpet of thunder god, 70.

Turkestan, fair type in, xxix.

Turki, a blend of Alpine and Northern stocks, xxix.

Turkish language, xix.

Twashtri (twăsh´tre), the divine artisan, shapes Indra's “thunderstone”, 4; in hymn of victory, 6; makes Indra's hammer from Rishi's bones, 8; father of Saranyu and grandsire of Ribhus, 11; gives origin to human life, 11; Ribhus as rivals of, 11, 12; Agni an incarnation of, 20; as father of the sun god, 32; as maker of heavens, 57-9.

Twin, Yama signifies, 40.

Twin deities. See _Mitra_ and _Varuna_, _Yama_ and _Yami_, _Yima_ and _Yimeh_, _Indra_ and _Agni_, _Nasatya_, _the Aswins_, _Dioskouri_, _Castor_ and _Pollux_.

Tȳphōn, the Indian, 65.

Typhoon, the, Hanuman the ape god as, 106.

Ugrians, a blend of Alpine and Northern stocks, xxix.

Ulúpí, the serpent nymph, Arjuna loved by and birth of Iravat, 226; son of in great war, 286 _et seq._; fall of, 293; Arjuna restored to life, 314, 315.

Umä, goddess of wisdom, bride of Shiva, 150.

Universal destruction, at end of “day” of Brahma, 113.

Universal self, Brahmă the, 98. See _World Soul_.

Universities, the ancient, forest hermitages were, 82.

_Upănishăds_, xl; transmigration belief in, xliii, 117; evidence regarding Asura problem in, 62, 63 _et seq._, 88; horse sacrifice doctrines in, 93 _et seq._; the fruit-tree lesson of, 99; fundamental thought of doctrine of, 100; influence of, 102, 103; Hinduism based on, 120; Vedic gods and, 121; bold Pantheism of, 122; Jainism and, 133; present-day Hindu esteem of, 139; composed in the “middle country”, 155.

Uranus, slain like Dyaus, 13.

Urvasa (ur´väsă), the Apsara, woos and curses Arjuna, 256.

Ushäs, goddess of dawn, 34, 148; Saranyu developed from, 149.

Uttar (oot´ăr), son of Rajah of Virata, 268.

Uttărä, Princess of Virata, married to Abhimanyu, 269.

Ütü, Sumerian sun god, Mitra as, 29.

Väch, the “mother of the Vedas”, Saraswati as, 149.

Vadhar, the weather, Vritra as, 8 _n._

Váhuka (vä´hukă), the charioteer, Nala as, 355 _et seq._

Vaishnava (vaish´năvă) faith. See _Vishnu_.

Vaisya caste, 79. See _Caste_.

Vaisyas (vais´yăs), the yellow, xxv.

Vaka (vä´kă), the Asura king, slain by Bhima, 207 _et seq._

Vala (vä´lă), the demon, cloud cows in cave of, 68.

Valhal, xliv; Indra's heaven like, 59; pork eaten in, 136.

Valmiki (väl´meek-e), the poet, how sloka metre was invented by, 374; composes _Rámáyana_, 375; Sita takes refuge with, 426.

Vamadeva (vä´mă-day-vă), family priest, 375.

Vamana (väm´ănă), dwarf form of Vishnu, 123.

Vanars (vä´nărs) (apes), Rama secures as allies, 410 _et seq._ See _Apes_.

Varáha (văr-ä´hă), boar incarnation of Vishnu, 135.

Varanavartha (văr´ăn-ă-vărt´´hă), Pandavas exiled to, 199 _et seq._

Vărnă. See _Caste_.

Vartikas (vär´tikăs), “of one wing, one eye, one leg”, 68; the rational theory, 71.

Vărună, in Vedic Age, xxxi; in Asia Minor, xxxii; his Hebraic grandeur, 26; the Omniscient One, worshipped with devotion, 27; Mitra and, 28; dethroned by Indra, 28; protector of hearth and home, 29; in early group of deities, 30; in “sea of heaven”, and as god of ocean, 31; a god of Mitanni, 32; Surya as “the eye” of, 33; “house of clay” (the grave) in hymn to, 38; in “Land of the Fathers” (Paradise), 41; Babylonian aspect of, 41; the heaven of, 58; Adityas his attendants, 58 _n._; worshipped by demons and giants, 59; as an Asura, 61; early title “wise Azura and King”, 62; god of the overlords of Assyria, 62; giants and demons controlled by, 65; Vishnu and, 123; as suitor of Damayanti, 332 _et seq._

Văsish´thă, as rival of Vishwamitra, 154 _et seq._; Vasus cursed by, 164; in the _Rámáyana_, 375, 378.

Vasishthas, a family of priests, 154; identical with the Tritsus, 154, 155; priestly aristocracy of, 155.

Vasudeva (vä´sood_e_vă), father of Krishna, 128; brother of Queen Pritha, 173; at Pandava imperial sacrifice, 232 _et seq._, 323.

Vasuka. See _Vasuki_.

Vasuki (vä´suke), Naga serpent demigod, 65; as the “churning rope”, 143; King of Nagas, welcomes Bhima in underworld, 178; gives Bhima the draught of strength, 179; jewel of restores Arjuna to life, 314, 315.

Vasus (vä´sus), attendants of Indra, 17; as children of Ganga and King Shantanu, 164 _et seq._; Bhishma among in Paradise, 327.

Vä´ta. See _Vayu_.

Vate (va´te), the Teutonic, compared with Vata (Vayu), 24.

Vä´yu, wind god, compared with Odin, 24; hymns to, 25; in rival group of deities, 32; Bhima, son of, 105, 176; Hanuman, ape god son of, 106, 411; sends Garuda to help Rama, 419.

Vedas (vay´dăs), geographical evidence of, xx; Indra hymns, 6, 7; creation myth in, 10; goddesses vague in, 13; gods of in Buddhistic Age, 120; still regarded sacred, 139; father Manu in, 140; the “mother” of the, 149; Vyasa as arrayer of, 154.

Veddas of Ceylon, xxvi.

Vedic Age, the, length of, xxx; the “Great Mother” in, xxxi; burial customs of, xxxii; eclipse of gods of, xl; Teutonic modes of thought in, xlv; the change in post Vedic times, xlv; glimpses of life of in epics, xlvi; gods are Asuras in early and Suras in late, 61; folk movements in, 76; dice and drinking in, 77; trade and culture in, 78; doctrines of transmigration and world's ages unknown in, 104; one of four ages, 119; goddesses vague in, 148.

Vedic Aryans, “father right” recognized by, xxx.

Vedic hymns, 15, 16; majority of addressed to Indra and Agni, 19; _Brahmanas_ and _Upanishads_ and, 62, 63 _et seq._; materialism of, 82.

Videha (ve´day-hă), Eastern Aryan kingdom, xxxix.

Vidura (ve-dür´ă), son of Kyasa, 172; assists Drona to prepare for tournament, 183, 184; at the tournament with blind king, 185 _et seq._; ambassador to Pandavas after marriage, 223, 224; at the gambling match, 240 _et seq._; attitude of during negotiations, 276; retires to forest, 319.

Villages, life in during Vedic Age, 78.

Vind´hyä mountain, ape god assumes proportions of, 109.

Viräj, female form of Purusha, Saraswati as, 149.

Virata (vir-ăt´ä), Pandavas' sojourn in, 266 _et seq._; Pandava allies meet at, 270, 273; warlike preparations, 273; rajah of slain by Drona, 301.

Virchow, view on Aryan problem, xxiii.

Vishnu (vish´noo), in Brahmanical revival age, xl; Vedic god of grace, assists Indra, world artisan, 10; the Preserver in the Trinity, 119; the cult of, 122; evidence of Greek ambassador, Megasthenes, regarding, 122; a god of grace in Rigveda, 122, 123; Brahma springs from in lotus bloom, 124; sleep of on World Serpent, 124; Avataras of, 125; the Buddha Avatara of, 129; _Puranas_ and cult of, 134; as Brahmä, 134; demons secure salvation through, 135; his lion incarnation, 135; his boar incarnation, 135, 136; Parasu-rama (Rama with the axe) incarnation of, 136; belief in the coming of on white horse (Kalki), 137; _Bhagavad-gita_ and cult of, 139; in epic narratives, 139; Manu and, 140; in “churning of the ocean” myth, 143 _et seq._; white steed of, gem of, and wife of rise from Sea of Milk, 144; Garuda the vehicle of, 146; in form of Shiva, 147; discus of made by goddess, 149; in Ganesa myth, 151; in myth regarding origin of goddesses, 151; father of the love god, 151; Ganges flows from toe of, 152; wife of as daughter of Daksha, the rishi, 154; incarnation of slays incarnation of Shiva, 234 _n._; at Dasaratha's horse sacrifice, 376, 377; Indra's appeal to, 377; Dasaratha's sons as incarnations of, 377; Rama as, 427. See _Krishna_ and _Rama_.

Vishwakarman (vish´wă-kăr´´män), the divine artisan, Twashtri is, 58.

Vishwamitra (vish´wä-meet´´ră), as rival of Vasishtha, 154; raised from Kshatriya to Brahman caste, 154; as father of Shakuntala, 159; Indra's dread of and temptation of, 159, 160; takes away Rama and Lakshmana to destroy demons, 379, 380, 381; breaking of Shiva's bow, 382, 383.

Vital spark, cause of life and bodily heat, 37; Agni symbolizes, 19.

Vivahvant, the Persian, 40.

Vivăsvănt, the sky god, 40.

Vivăsvăt, as a sun god, 32. See _Vivasvant_.

Volund, 24.

Vows, by spitting and before fires, 37.

Vritra (vrit´rä), the drought demon, slain by Indra, 6, 7; as leader of Danavas, 7; reference to myth of in _Brahman_ as, 63; “the encompasser”, 66; captures cloud cows, 4 _et seq._, 67; rational explanation of, 71.

Vulcan, the Hindu, Twashtri as, 11.

Vultures, as protectors of the fairy babe, Shakuntala, 159, 160; king of, see _Jatayus_.

Vyasa (vyäs´ă), reputed Vedic compiler and author of _Mahábhárata_, 154; identified with the legendary Vasishtha, 154; son of Parashara and Satyavati, 167; father of Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura, 171, 172; meets Pandavas during first exile, 206; reveals why Draupadi must be joint wife of Pandavas, 222; advises Arjuna to visit Shiva, 255; gifts divine vision to Sanjaya, 287; advises horse sacrifice as atonement after war, 312; at horse sacrifice, 316; causes dead to return, 320, 321.

Wales, hatred of pork in, 136.

Wallis, _Cosmology of Rigveda_, 10 _n._, 11 _n._

War of gods and giants, 70. See _Giants_ and _Asuras_.

Warriors, possessed by spirits, 85; caste of, 79. See _Caste_.

War-shell, Arjuna's a thunder horn, 258.

Water of life, soma the, 36; moon as source of, 37; creative tears as, 100, 101.

Water spirits, givers of boons, 148.

Waters, the primordial, in creation myths, 100, 101 _et seq._; universe returns to, 105, 141, 142; “home” of the creator, 114; in the boar myth, 136.

“Watling Street”, 24.

Wealth and culture, 82.

Weapons, the early Vedic, 77.

Weather, Indian demon of, 8 _n._

Weeping of the creator, 100.

Well worship, 37.

Wells, the sources of luck, 148.

“Westerners”, Indian tribes called, xxxix.

White Age, the Krita Yuga, 108; in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 109 _et seq._

Widows, drown themselves after return of dead warriors, 321; burning of, see _Suttee_.

Wiedemann, Professor, 11 _n._

Wieland (we´land), 24.

Wife, the ideal, goddess Sati as, 150.

Wife hunters, 60.

Wife of Amon, 366.

“Wild Huntsman”, the Indian, 26.

Williams, Sir M. Monier, 40, 40 _n._, 41, 42, 42 _n._

Wilson, Vedic hymns, 13, 16, 105 _n._

Winckler, Professor Hugo, reading of Indra inscription, xxxi.

Wind, as “air of life”, 37.

Wind god, Bhima and Hanuman sons of, 106. See _Vayu_.

Winter burial customs among Buriats, xxxiv.

Wisdom, goddess of, Uma as, 150.

Wives, burning of as punishment in Egypt and Scotland, xxxvii; marriage by capture of, 60.

Wolves, Rakshasas ride in battle, 419.

Wonder smiths, Teutonic myth of and Indian, 11, 12.

_Works and Days_, Hesiod's doctrine of world's ages in, 109 _et seq._

World's ages, doctrine of the, post-Vedic conception of, 103; Greek evidence regarding Indian doctrine, 122; not in Teutonic mythology, 103; Tuan Mac Carell Irish legend, 111 _et seq._; the “day” and “night” of Brahma, 105; the four Yugas, 104; the “white”, “red”, “yellow”, and “black” in India, 108; Hanuman's account of to Bhima, 107, 108, 109; Markandeya's account of, 112 _et seq._; Narayana's account of, 115; Narayana at dawn of each Yuga, 124; Manu's association with Brahma, 140. See _Ages of the Universe_.

World giant. See _Purusha_ and _Ptah_.

World guardians, the four gods in Nala story, 332.

World horse, myth of, 94 _et seq._

World house of Vedic myth, 10.

World mother, Lakshmi as, 149.

World Serpent, Karoktáka as, 65; Vishnu sleeps on, 124; Balarama an incarnation of, 128; issues from his mouth, 323.

World Soul, hermits and Yoga, 82; pantheistic conception of, 88; in Purusha myth, 95; in Rigveda hymn, 97, 98; the “subtile essence” is the Self, 99; the soul's being, 99, 100; Brahma, the divine incarnation of, 100; colours of in various Yugas (ages), 108, 109; Greek and Celtic conceptions, 110 _et seq._; men's souls merged in, 118; Vishnu and Shiva incarnations of, 122; Buddha's teaching regarding, 130 _et seq._

World tree, in Indra creation myth, 102; as Brahma's, 102.

Worlds, the three, 65.

Xerxes, Gandarians who fought with against the Greeks, 168 _n._

Yädăvăs, Krishna prince of, 215; end of power of, 323.

_Yajurveda_ (yă-joor´vedă), exposure of female children in, 60; the civilization of, 84; the schools of thought in period of, 88; Vishnu in, 123; Mahadeva in, 146.

Yakshas (yăk´shăs), “the good people”, 68; invisible sentinels, 106; none in world's first age, 107; changes sex with princess, 171; Kuvera king of, 258; Dharma as one of the unseen, 264, 265.

Yama (yă´mă), god of the dead, as the “first man”, xxxii; in Nala story, 31; burial customs, 38; discoverer of “the path of the fathers”, 39, 40; his sister Yami and Persian parallel, 40; in “land of the fathers” (Paradise) with Varuna, 41; Babylonian aspect of, 41; as Judge, Lord, Finisher, Leveller, &c., 42; as instrument of destiny, 42 _et seq._; in story of Ruru, 43, 44; in story of Savitri, 44; concessions won from, 50 _et seq._; the heaven of described, 57; parents only admitted to heaven of, 59; journey of to “land of fathers”, 116; vision of in Dwaraka, 322; as suitor of Damayanti, 332 _et seq._

Yămí, sister of Yama, 40; Babylonian aspect of, 41;

Yăvănăs, the, allies of Kauravas, 287; identified with Greeks, 287 _n._

Years, the Divine, length of, 104, 105. See _World's ages_.

Yellow age, the Dwãpara Yuga, 108, 109; in Greek mythology, 109, 110; in Celtic mythology, 110 _et seq._

Yima, the Persian Yama, 40.

Yimeh, the Persian Yamí, 40.

Ymer, the Teutonic chaos giant, Purusha like, 90.

Yōgă, religious state called, 82.

Yorkshire, burial rites in, xxxvii.

Yudhishthira (yoo-dish´thi-ră), xlviii; son of Queen Pritha and god Dharma, 176; at the tournament, 185 _et seq._; made “Little Rajah”, 197; Duryodhana causes exile of, 198, 199; the “house of lac”, 200; escape of with brothers and mother, 201; Arjuna offers Draupadi to, 220; regrets Arjuna's exile, 225; imperial sacrifice held by, 228 _et seq._; Surya's gift to in exile, 249; unfolds his faith to Draupadi, 252 _et seq._; his sense of honour, 255; Kuvera's advice to, 258; generosity towards Duryodhana, 260; refuses Duryodhana's invitation, 261; Jayadratha attempts to carry off Draupadi, 262, 263; rescues his brothers from temporary death, 263 _et seq._; Dharma's questions, 264 _et seq._; in Virata, 266 _et seq._; at meeting of Pandavas allies at Virata, 270 _et seq._; negotiations with Kauravas, 274 _et seq._; in the great war, 285; secures a Kaurava prince as ally, 287; flight of from battlefield, 297; smites Bhima, 307; sorrows for slain children, 310; the great jewel, 311; proclaimed rajah at Hastinapur, 312; horse sacrifice rites performed, 312 _et seq._; beholds return of the dead, 320, 321; divides his kingdom, 323; departure of to Indra's heaven, 324; tested and approved, 324-6.

Yugă, meaning of term changes, xliv; meaning of in Rigveda, 104.

Yugas, the, colours of, 108, 109; in Greek and Celtic mythologies, 109 _et seq._; Markandeya lives through the various, 112 _et seq._; Manu's association with Brahma, 140. See _World's ages_.

Yüyüt´sü, Kaurava prince, joins the Pandava army, 287; made rajah, 323.

Zend an Aryan language, xix.

Zeus pater, 3; Dyaus-pita in India, 12; parent of twin deities, 32; serpent enemy of, 65; in world's ages doctrine, 110.

Zoroastrian chief god. See _Ahura-Mazda_.

_Printed and bound in Great Britain_

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

What appeared to be clear typographical errors were corrected; any other mistakes or inconsistencies were retained.

Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals.

Right aligned text was indented by 8 spaces

When an image was placed in the middle of a paragraph, part of the paragraph was moved to keep the whole paragraph united.

Attributions to quotations that were on the same line as the quotation itself were moved to a separate line.

On many of the transcriptions used in this book, an acute accent is used when an apostrophe would be expected by most readers. This usage was retained.

Many words are spelled inconsistently, especially Indian and other non-English words. These were retained as published as it is impossible to know which is the spelling originally intended (e.g.: Gar´uda/Garuda/Garúda; Damayantí/Damayanti; Narada/Nárada; Váhuká/Váhuka/Vahuka; Ayodhyá/Ayodhya; Oudh/Oude; Bhagavadgita/Bhagavad-gita; demi-god/demigod; Ulúpí/Ulupi; Dioscuri/Dioskouri; etc.)

"Aryo-Indian" appeared consistently in the Index as "Ayro-Indian". This was corrected.

Punctuation on the index was very inconsistent and was made as consistent as possible.

Pages indicated on the index are retained as on the published book, even in the few cases where they may be wrong.

On page 9 there are two anchors for footnote 47. It is not clear if this is intended or a mistake and was retained as on the published book.