India and Tibet A history of the relations which have subsisted between the two countries from the time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a particular account of the mission to Lhasa of 1904

CHAPTER XXV

Chapter 5211,388 wordsPublic domain

A FINAL REFLECTION

“That strange force which has so often driven the English forward against their will appears to be in operation once more,” wrote the _Spectator_ in May, 1904; “it is certain that neither the British Government nor the British people wished to go to Lhasa.”

This reflection was criticized by other journals at the time as savouring of hypocrisy. One paper said that no mention was made of the Viceroy, and that it was obvious that “the advance was a perfectly gratuitous move on the part of Lord Curzon.” Another leading London paper attributed the whole movement to “the designs of the little group of intriguing officials”; it said that “the raid was conceived and engineered as a part of the forward policy which has always been the peril of India and of the Empire,” and added that it had been “based upon the most trivial and factitious excuses ever invented by designing bureaucrats.”

This matter is worth going into. Bureaucrats, of whom presumably I was one, are only too painfully aware that they have not a tithe of the power which is attributed to them. They certainly have not the means of making the whole British Government and British people act against their will. I sometimes wish they had. To attribute to them such miraculous power is as shallow as to believe that the Lamas exercise their hold over Tibetans and Mongols only by trickery and chicanery. Bureaucrats and priests must have something far more powerful behind them than intrigues and trickery. The question is, What is it? What does impel us? Is there really, as the _Spectator_ suggested, some strange force driving us forward? and if so, whither is it driving us?

These questions are not applicable to the Tibetan affair alone, but to the British Empire generally; and not only to the British Empire, but to the Russian Empire, the Chinese Empire, the Japanese Empire; to the French in Tongking and Annam, Algeria and Tunis; to the Americans in the Philippines, the Germans in Asia Minor, the Austrians in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They are of fundamental importance, and go to the very root of things. They are therefore worth examination by so practical a people as ourselves.

In all these cases where one country advanced into the territory of another the forward movement has been attributed to the intrigues of bureaucrats or the crafty designs of scheming politicians. If the Germans advance to Paris, the action is attributed to the Machiavellian designs of Bismarck; if the Austrians openly declare what is already the accomplished fact of their sovereignty over Bosnia, Baron von Ahrenthal is believed to have deliberately schemed some devilment; if the French attempt to assert a predominance in Morocco, Delcassé is accused of plotting against Germany; if the British laboriously straighten out the affairs of Egypt, Lord Cromer is said to be designing to establish a permanent occupation of the country; and if we advance to Lhasa, Lord Curzon is accused of bureaucratic designs upon Tibet.

To take one very noteworthy case, the German invasion of France in 1870. To this day the action is ascribed to the deliberate designs of Prince Bismarck, and the story of his alteration of the Ems telegram is regarded as a proof positive of his set design heartlessly to make war on France. Yet quite recently there has appeared in the “Reminiscences of Carl Schurz,” the American statesman, who was originally a German subject and revolutionist of 1848, the account of a very remarkable interview[65] he had with Bismarck _before_ the Franco-German War. In a tone quite serious, grave, and almost solemn, Bismarck said to Schurz: "Do not believe that I love war. I have seen enough of war to abhor it. The terrible scenes I have witnessed harass my mind. I shall never consent to a war which is avoidable, much less seek it. But this war with France will surely come. It will be forced upon us by the French Emperor." The Ems telegram was “edited,” but no mere editing of a telegram by a bureaucrat could by itself have produced a war, much less a victorious war. We read that when King William returned from Ems to Berlin, he was quite stupefied by the outburst of popular enthusiasm which greeted him from every side, and gradually came to see that it was in truth a national war which the people needed and craved for. What Bismarck did was simply to express and personify the feelings of the people. And in a recent work by a French writer a letter by Napoleon III. is mentioned, in which he admitted that the French Government had been the aggressor in 1870.

So far as the British are concerned, it is an undeniable fact that we have over and over again been forced forward against our deliberate wish and intention. Our presence in India is the best possible example. There could not by any means have been a deliberate intention on the part of the inhabitants of an island in the North Sea to establish an Empire over 200,000,000 people at the other end of the world, at a time when they could only be reached by a six months’ voyage round the Cape, and when the islanders were engaged in a life-and-death struggle with their powerful neighbours across the Channel. “International considerations,” the “wider purview,” the “interests of the Empire as a whole,” should in all conscience have prevented the English from establishing their rule in India. And yet, in spite of all these considerations, in spite of peremptory orders from England, in spite of Governor after Governor being sent out to stop any further aggressions, English rule did extend over India. The British Government and the British people never intended, never even wanted, to supplant the Moghul Emperors. They tried their very best, from motives of clean, sheer self-interest, to leave the Sikhs in the Punjab alone, just as they are now trying desperately to leave the Afghans and frontier tribes alone. But yet they supplanted the Moghuls at Delhi and annexed the Punjab.

It is absurd to put all this down to scheming bureaucrats. There must have been something bigger than bureaucrats behind it all. And in the case of Tibet, though the advance to Lhasa was undoubtedly due to a very large extent to Lord Curzon’s strenuous advocacy, and without that would not have taken place for some years later, yet it is a clear absurdity to suppose that his words alone, or his words, supported only by the opinion of Mr. White, myself, and a few other bureaucrats, would have been able to prevail against the deliberate wish and intention of the Cabinet in England, then faced by an opposition which the subsequent General Election showed had the great bulk of public opinion behind it. Lord Curzon is a man of great force and ability, and a most strenuous advocate of any cause he takes up, but even he could not make a British Cabinet reverse their opinion unless he had some strong compelling force behind him.

Or, again, take the case of Lord Morley and Sir Edward Grey in this matter of Tibet. No one could have desired less than they did to intervene in Tibet. They had come into office supported by an enormous majority in the country—a majority which had had the very question of Tibet before them. They had to fear nothing from opposition in Parliament or in the country. They had shown themselves most amenable and compliant to Chinese wishes and Chinese methods. We had a right to say that the Tibetans should pay the indemnity, but we forebore to press this point, as the Chinese undertook to pay it on their behalf. We had a right to occupy the Chumbi Valley till the trade-marts had been effectively opened for three years. The trade-marts were not effectively opened—our Agent reported, indeed, that they were effectively closed—but again we did not want to press the point, and the Chumbi Valley, our sole material guarantee for the observance of the Treaty, was evacuated. We also engaged in a definite Treaty "not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet." Even travellers such as Sven Hedin we refused to allow across our border into Tibet. Everything we could do to avoid interference and irritation we did. And every sign of intriguing official had disappeared from India. Lord Curzon had left, Mr. White and I had retired, Captain O’Connor was in Persia, and there was a new Foreign Secretary. Yet just as many troops as accompanied the Mission at the start were moved to the frontier ready to advance into Tibet at any time. If men like Lord Morley and Sir Edward Grey so act, may it not be inferred that bureaucrats also are carried along against their will by some strange force?

To attribute these forward movements merely to the designs of bureaucrats is, then, to take but a shallow view. Single men of great force and ability and little knots of men can do a great deal, but to accomplish anything big they must have a solid backing of some kind behind them. They may, as it were, accentuate an impulse and carry it forward a stage or two farther than without them it would have gone. But unless they have this propulsion from behind they can accomplish nothing. That great men are not only the creators, but the creatures, of their time is now a truism. Born at any other period than the French Revolution, Napoleon might have been no greater than Lord Roberts or Lord Kitchener. Born in the Revolution, Cecil Rhodes might have been a Napoleon.

The overwhelming probability is that there _is_ some strange force working in the affairs of men, and when British Governments and the British people are driven along against their will it is more reasonable to attribute this phenomenon, not to the designs and intrigues of a few officials, but to some inward compulsion from the very core of things. The paragraph in the _Spectator_ must have been either written or inspired by Mr. Meredith Townsend, then its co-editor and author of “Asia and Europe,” a man who had lived in India, who had made a life-long study of Asiatic politics, and who honestly did not like the idea of advancing to Lhasa. When such a man wrote of the action of a strange force the matter is worth close examination.

Intrinsically, there is nothing improbable or unnatural in the idea. Individually, we all feel ourselves at times in the possession of some unknown power. We are often carried along by an irresistible impulse in spite of ourselves. Each of us must at some time or other in his life have felt that within him which will not let him rest, but impels to expression. Everyone must have experienced deep within him a great source of power which ever and anon comes welling up in forceful spiritual fountains. Some inner necessity compels us onward—longings, dreams, aspirations, greater than can ever be satisfied coming surging up from the inmost depths of our beings.

This internal force which probably most of us individually feel to be within ourselves we also feel must be working in others around us. And we have the further feeling that we are not each of us separate and isolated geysers, but are connected together and impelled by some common interior, hidden, urge and impulse. Each of us is a living centre of action, but we all draw from some one original source and spring of being. Deep in the heart of things, inherent in the very life itself, we feel there is an indwelling eternal energy or vital impulse—the “life-force” of Bernard Shaw; the “potent, felt, interior command” of Whitman; the “élan vital” of Bergson; the “impulse from the distance of our deepest, best existence” of Matthew Arnold; surging ever upward and outward, and straining to express itself through our personalities.

To many of the deepest thinkers this is of all things the most real—to some it is the only thing that is real. The solid mountains may be merely an aspect or appearance of the true reality behind. But to many this “great world-force, energizing through Nature”; this “creative and urging principle of the world”; this unseen cosmic impulse; this indwelling spirit pervading every human being, and ever striving to unfold itself; this pulse and motive, “the fibre and the breath,” is the one certainty, the one genuine reality.

We may, then, very safely assume that there actually is a strange force driving us on. The highest intelligence affirms that it is so, and intuition, a still higher guide, confirms the view. The practical question is: What is the direction in which it is driving us?

It has been expressed in various ways—as harmony, as freedom, as the union of all with all, as unity in multiplicity and multiplicity in unity. The direction in which this impulse is believed to press is towards fuller individualization and completer association. Each is driven to express his own individuality more completely, but he equally feels impelled to associate others more closely with him. There is a tendency towards the balancing between individualization and association, till the individuals become more and more free and perfect individuals, but only as they become more and more closely united in harmonious association. And, according to McTaggart, the closer the unity of the whole, the greater will be the individuality of the parts, and at the same time the more developed the individuality the closer the unity; the impulse may be towards greater differentiation, but it is not to separation or opposition, and our harmony with our fellow-beings will always be more fundamentally real than our opposition to them. Towards isolation, unsociability, or dissociation, there are no signs of the impulse tending. It seems to be all in the opposite direction.

And perhaps it is here that we may find the true reason why, as the _Spectator_ observed, we English have so often been driven forward against our own will. It is when we have found ourselves in contact with disorder or repugnance to association that we have been so often compelled to intervene. We find by practical experience that the affairs of the world will not work while there is disorder about. We find that except on ocean islands there can in practice be no such thing as real isolation. And experience proves to us in the everyday working of human affairs that in one way or another order has to be preserved. It was the existence of disorder that drew us into both India and Egypt, and it is fear of disorder recurring if we leave that keeps us there. It was the anticipation of disorder which Russian influence might cause which drew us into Tibet in 1904. It is a similar anticipation of the disorder which Chinese action may bring about that is causing even the pacific Lord Morley to sanction the assembly of troops on the Tibet frontier in 1910. In none of these cases have we ever really _wanted_ to intervene. We have intended, and we have publicly and solemnly declared our intention, not to intervene, or, if we have to intervene, to withdraw immediately. But yet the impulse comes. Somehow we have to intervene; somehow we have to stay. And not only we find this, but other great nations find the same. Practical statesmen find nothing so disturbing to their wishes and intentions as contact with a weak, unorderly people. They try for years to disregard their existence, but in the end, from one cause or another, they find they have to intervene to establish order and set up regular relations—they are, in fact, driven to establish eventual harmony, even if it may be by the use of force at the moment.

Yet all the time they feel that there is a delicate mean to be observed in these matters. If they think only of order and nothing of individualization they will find those among whom they are preserving order impelled against them. This balancing of order and freedom, of association and individualization, is always the difficult task. It is our trouble now in India, though it may be parenthetically noted that in isolated and secluded Tibet there is far less freedom for the individual than in Bengal under our alien rule, and that there is less freedom in a native State than in a British province in India, for we try in India as in Egypt to give the individual all the play we can within the limits of order.

* * * * *

That there is a strange force driving us on, and that it is impelling us in the direction of freedom with union, or of the one through the other, is, then, a reasonable assumption to make. And if this is so, we are not merely drifting along on a mere tendency—we are being driven onward by a forceful impulse. If, then, we find that the direction in which we are thus being impelled is towards what is, in itself, obviously good and desirable, should we not be wiser, instead of standing stubbornly athwart the impulse, to throw our whole selves in with it, to immerse ourselves in it, to let it permeate us through and through and to utilize our intellects to give this general impetus practical, definite effect?

Instead of fostering isolation, acquiescing in seclusion, and encouraging unneighbourliness in Tibet, in Afghanistan, and all along our frontier, would it not be better to work whole-heartedly with the great World-Impulse towards more and more intimate union combined with ever-increasing freedom? Independence, indeed, we may respect, but surely not isolation. To individuality we may allow the fullest play, but hardly to unsociality.

Further, recognizing that forceful impulses mean flux and movement, and that therefore we can never expect finality, should we not place less and less faith in settlements and treaties, and repose increasing trust in personal contact, flexible and adaptable, ever ready for change in details, but ever deepening and tightening the essential attachment of man for man? It is through personalities that individuality is brought out, association fostered, and harmony attained. It is through living human beings that suspicions are dispelled, jealousies melted, prejudices dissolved, and peoples united. The Tibet Treaty was good; would not an agent at Lhasa have been better?

Footnote 65:

“Reminiscences of Carl Schurz,” vol. iii., p. 272.

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APPENDIX

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND CHINA RELATING TO SIKKIM AND TIBET.

WHEREAS her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, are sincerely desirous to maintain and perpetuate the relations of friendship and good understanding which now exist between their respective Empires; and whereas recent occurrences have tended towards a disturbance of the said relations, and it is desirable to clearly define and permanently settle certain matters connected with the boundary between Sikkim and Tibet, Her Britannic Majesty and His Majesty the Emperor of China have resolved to conclude a Convention on this subject and have, for this purpose, named, Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:

Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, His Excellency the Most Honourable Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice, G.M.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.M.I.E., Marquess of Lansdowne, Viceroy and Governor-General of India,

And His Majesty the Emperor of China, His Excellency Sheng Tai, Imperial Associate Resident in Tibet, Military Deputy Lieutenant-Governor.

Who having met and communicated to each other their full powers, and finding these to be in proper form, have agreed upon the following Convention in eight Articles:

ARTICLE I.—The boundary of Sikkim and Tibet shall be the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta and its affluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu and northwards into other rivers of Tibet. The line commences at Mount Gipmochi on the Bhutan frontier and follows the above-mentioned waterparting to the point where it meets Nepal territory.

II.—It is admitted that the British Government, whose protectorate over the Sikkim State is hereby recognized, has direct and exclusive control over the internal administration and foreign relations of that State, and except through and with the permission of the British Government, neither the Ruler of the State nor any of its officers shall have official relations of any kind, formal or informal, with any other country.

III.—The Government of Great Britain and Ireland and the Government of China engage reciprocally to respect the boundary as defined in Article I., and to prevent acts of aggression from their respective sides of the frontier.

IV.—The question of providing increased facilities for trade across the Sikkim-Tibet frontier will hereafter be discussed with a view to a mutually satisfactory arrangement by the High Contracting Powers.

V.—The question of pasturage on the Sikkim side of the frontier is reserved for further examination and future adjustment.

VI.—The High Contracting Powers reserve for discussion and arrangement the method in which official communications between the British authorities in India and the authorities in Tibet shall be conducted.

VII.—Two Joint-Commissioners shall, within six months from the ratification of this Convention, be appointed, one by the British Government in India, the Excellency Tong Shao-yi, His said Majesty’s High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary, and a Vice-President of the Board of Foreign Affairs;

Who, having communicated to each other their respective full powers, and finding them to be in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Convention in six Articles:

_Article I._—The Convention concluded on the 7th September, 1904, by Great Britain and Tibet, the texts of which in English and Chinese are attached to the present Convention as an annex, is hereby confirmed, subject to the modification stated in the Declaration appended thereto, and both of the High Contracting Parties engage to take at all times such steps as may be necessary to secure the due fulfilment of the terms specified therein.

ARTICLE II.—The Government of Great Britain engages not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet. The Government of China also undertakes not to permit any other foreign State to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet.

ARTICLE III.—The concessions which are mentioned in Article IX. (_d_) of the Convention concluded on the 7th September, 1904, by Great Britain and Tibet are denied to any State or to the subject of any State other than China, but it has been arranged with China that at the trade-marts specified in Article II. of the aforesaid Convention Great Britain shall be entitled to lay down telegraph lines connecting with India.

ARTICLE IV.—The provisions of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890 and Regulations of 1893 shall, subject to the terms of this present Convention and annex thereto, remain in full force.

ARTICLE V.—The English and Chinese texts of the present Convention have been carefully compared and found to correspond, but in the event of there being any difference of meaning between them the English text shall be authoritative.

ARTICLE VI.—This Convention shall be ratified by the Sovereigns of both countries, and ratifications shall be exchanged at London within three months after the date of signature by the Plenipotentiaries of both Powers.

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA, 1907.

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, animated by the sincere desire to settle by mutual agreement different questions concerning the interests of their States on the Continent of Asia, have determined to conclude Agreements destined to prevent all cause of misunderstanding between Great Britain and Russia in regard to the questions referred to, and have nominated for this purpose their respective Plenipotentiaries, to wit:

His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, the Right Honourable Sir Arthur Nicolson, His Majesty’s Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias;

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Master of his Court Alexander Iswolsky, Minister for Foreign Affairs;

Who, having communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following:

ARRANGEMENT CONCERNING TIBET.

The Governments of Great Britain and Russia recognizing the suzerain rights of China in Tibet, and considering the fact that Great Britain, by reason of her geographical position, has a special interest in the maintenance of the _status quo_ in the external relations of Tibet, have made the following Arrangement:

Despatches from the Chinese Imperial Resident in Tibet to the Government of India will be handed over by the Chinese frontier officer to the Political Officer for Sikkim, who will forward them as quickly as possible.

VIII.—Despatches between the Chinese and Indian officials must be treated with due respect, and couriers will be assisted in passing to and fro by the officers of each Government.

IX.—After the expiration of one year from the date of the opening of Yatung, such Tibetans as continue to graze their cattle in Sikkim will be subject to such Regulations as the British Government may from time to time enact for the general conduct of grazing in Sikkim. Due notice will be given of such Regulations.

GENERAL ARTICLES.

I.—In the event of disagreement between the Political Officer for Sikkim and the Chinese frontier officer, each official shall report the matter to his immediate superior, who in turn, if a settlement is not arrived at between them, shall refer such matter to their respective Governments for disposal.

II.—After the lapse of five years from the date on which these Regulations shall come into force, and on six months’ notice given by either party, these Regulations shall be subject to revision by Commissioners appointed on both sides for this purpose, who shall be empowered to decide on and adopt such amendments and extensions as experience shall prove to be desirable.

III.—It having been stipulated that Joint Commissioners should be appointed by the British and Chinese Governments under the 7th Article of the Sikkim-Tibet Convention to meet and discuss, with a view to the final settlement of the questions reserved under Articles 4, 5, and 6 of the said Convention; and the Commissioners thus appointed having met and discussed the questions referred to, namely: Trade, Communication and Pasturage, have been further appointed to sign the agreement in nine Regulations and three General Articles now arrived at, and to declare that the said nine Regulations and the three General Articles form part of the Convention itself.

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND TIBET, SIGNED AT LHASA ON THE 7TH SEPTEMBER, 1904.

Whereas doubts and difficulties have arisen as to the meaning and validity of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890, and the Trade Regulations of 1893, and as to the liabilities of the Tibetan Government under these agreements; and whereas recent occurrences have tended towards a disturbance of the relations of friendship and good understanding which have existed between the British Government and the Government of Tibet; and whereas it is desirable to restore peace and amicable relations, and to resolve and determine the doubts and difficulties as aforesaid, the said Governments have resolved to conclude a Convention with these objects, and the following articles have been agreed upon by Colonel F. E. Younghusband, C.I.E., in virtue of full powers vested in him by His Britannic Majesty’s Government and on behalf of that said Government, and Lo-Sang Gyal-Tsen, the Ga-den Ti-Rimpoche, and the representatives of the Council, of the three monasteries Se-ra, Dre-pung, and Ga-den, and of the ecclesiastical and lay officials of the National Assembly on behalf of the Government of Tibet.

I.—The Government of Tibet engages to respect the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890, and to recognize the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet, as defined in Article I. of the said Convention, and to erect boundary pillars accordingly.

II.—The Tibetan Government undertakes to open forthwith trade-marts, to which all British and Tibetan subjects shall have free right of access at Gyantse and Gartok, as well as at Yatung.

The Regulations applicable to the trade-mart at Yatung, under the Anglo-Chinese Agreement of 1893, shall, subject to such amendments as may hereafter be agreed upon by common consent between the British and Tibetan Governments, apply to the marts above mentioned.

In addition to establishing trade-marts at the places mentioned, the Tibetan Government undertakes to place no restrictions on the trade by existing routes, and to consider the question of establishing fresh trade-marts under similar conditions if development of trade requires it.

III.—The question of the amendment of the Regulations of 1893 is reserved for separate consideration, and the Tibetan Government undertakes to appoint fully authorized delegates to negotiate with representatives of the British Government as to the details of the amendments required.

IV.—The Tibetan Government undertakes to levy no dues of any kind other than those provided for in the tariff to be mutually agreed upon.

V.—The Tibetan Government undertakes to keep the roads to Gyantse and Gartok from the frontier clear of all obstruction and in a state of repair suited to the needs of the trade, and to establish at Yatung, Gyantse, and Gartok, and at each of the other trade-marts that may hereafter be established, a Tibetan Agent, who shall receive from the British Agent appointed to watch over British trade at the marts in question any letter which the latter may desire to send to the Tibetan or to the Chinese authorities. The Tibetan Agent shall also be responsible for the due delivery of such communications, and for the transmission of replies.

VI.—As an indemnity to the British Government for the expense incurred in the despatch of armed troops to Lhasa, to exact reparation for breaches of treaty obligations, and for the insults offered to and attacks upon the British Commissioner and his following and escort, the Tibetan Government engages to pay a sum of pounds five hundred thousand—equivalent to rupees seventy-five lakhs—to the British Government.

The indemnity shall be payable at such place as the British Government may from time to time, after due notice, indicate, whether in Tibet or in the British districts of Darjeeling or Jalpaiguri, in seventy-five annual instalments of rupees one lakh each on the 1st January in each year, beginning from the 1st January, 1906.

VII.—As security for the payment of the above-mentioned indemnity, and for the fulfilment of the provisions relative to trade-marts specified in Articles II., III., IV., and V., the British Government shall continue to occupy the Chumbi Valley until the indemnity has been paid, and until the trade-marts have been effectively opened for three years, whichever date may be the later.

VIII.—The Tibetan Government agrees to raze all forts and fortifications and remove all armaments which might impede the course of free communication between the British frontier and the towns of Gyantse and Lhasa.

IX.—The Government of Tibet engages that, without the previous consent of the British Government,—

(_a_) No portion of Tibetan territory shall be ceded, sold, leased, mortgaged or otherwise given for occupation, to any Foreign Power;

(_b_) No such Power shall be permitted to intervene in Tibetan affairs;

(_c_) No Representatives or Agents of any Foreign Power shall be admitted to Tibet;

(_d_) No concessions for railways, roads, telegraphs, mining or other rights, shall be granted to any Foreign Power, or to the subject of any Foreign Power. In the event of consent to such concessions being granted, similar or equivalent concessions shall be granted to the British Government;

(_e_) No Tibetan revenues, whether in kind or in cash, shall be pledged or assigned to any Foreign Power, or to the subject of any Foreign Power.

X.—In witness whereof the negotiators have signed the same, and affixed thereunto the seals of their arms.

Done in quintuplicate at Lhasa this 7th day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and four, corresponding with the Tibetan date, the 27th day of the seventh month of the Wood Dragon year.

DECLARATION SIGNED BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, AND APPENDED TO THE RATIFIED CONVENTION OF 7TH SEPTEMBER, 1904.

His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, having ratified the Convention which was concluded at Lhasa on 7th September, 1904, by Colonel Younghusband, C.I.E., British Commissioner for Tibet Frontier Matters, on behalf of His Britannic Majesty’s Government; and by Lo-Sang Gyal-Tsen, the Ga-den Ti-Rimpoche, and the representatives of the Council, of the three monasteries Sera, Dre-pung and Ga-den, and of the ecclesiastical and lay officials of the National Assembly, on behalf of the Government of Tibet, is pleased to direct as an act of grace that the sum of money which the Tibetan Government have bound themselves under the terms of Article VI. of the said Convention to pay to His Majesty’s Government as an indemnity for the expenses incurred by the latter in connection with the despatch of armed forces to Lhasa, be reduced from Rs. 75,00,000 to Rs. 25,00,000; and to declare that the British occupation of the Chumbi Valley shall cease after the due payment of three annual instalments of the said indemnity as fixed by the said Article, provided, however, that the trade-marts as stipulated in Article II. of the Convention shall have been effectively opened for three years as provided in Article VI. of the Convention; and that, in the meantime, the Tibetans shall have faithfully complied with the terms of the said Convention in all other respects.

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND CHINA, DATED 27TH APRIL, 1906. (RECEIVED IN LONDON, 18TH JUNE, 1906.)

(_Ratifications exchanged at London, July 23, 1906._)

Whereas His Majesty the King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, and His Majesty the Emperor of China are sincerely desirous to maintain and perpetuate the relations of friendship and good understanding which now exist between their respective Empires;

And whereas the refusal of Tibet to recognize the validity of or to carry into full effect the provisions of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of the 17th March, 1890, and Regulations of the 5th December, 1893, place the British Government under the necessity of taking steps to secure their rights and interests under the said Convention and Regulations;

And whereas a Convention of ten Articles was signed at Lhasa on the 7th September, 1904, on behalf of Great Britain and Tibet, and was ratified by the Viceroy and Governor-General of India on behalf of Great Britain on the 11th November, 1904, a Declaration on behalf of Great Britain modifying its terms under certain conditions being appended thereto;

His Britannic Majesty and His Majesty the Emperor of China have resolved to conclude a Convention on this subject, and have for this purpose named Plenipotentiaries, that is to say:

His Majesty the King of Great Britain and Ireland, Sir Ernest Mason Satow, Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order, St. Michael and St. George, His said Majesty’s Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of China; and His Majesty the Emperor of China; His Excellency Tong Shao-yi, His said Majesty’s High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary, and a Vice-President of the Board of Foreign Affairs;

Who, having communicated to each other their respective full powers, and finding them to be in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Convention in six Articles:

ARTICLE I.—The Convention concluded on the 7th September, 1904, by Great Britain and Tibet, the texts of which in English and Chinese are attached to the present Convention as an annex, is hereby confirmed, subject to the modification stated in the Declaration appended thereto, and both of the High Contracting Parties engage to take at all times such steps as may be necessary to secure the due fulfilment of the terms specified therein.

ARTICLE IV.—The provisions of the Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1890 and Regulations of 1893 shall, subject to the terms of this present Convention and annex thereto, remain in full force.

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA, 1907.

His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias, the Master of his Court Alexander Iswolsky, Minister for Foreign Affairs;

Who, having communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following:

ARRANGEMENT CONCERNING TIBET.

ARTICLE I.—The two High Contracting Parties engage to respect the territorial integrity of Tibet and to abstain from all interference in its internal administration.

ARTICLE II.—In conformity with the admitted principle of the suzerainty of China over Tibet, Great Britain and Russia engage not to enter into negotiations with Tibet except through the intermediary of the Chinese Government. This engagement does not exclude the direct relations between British Commercial Agents and the Tibetan authorities provided for in Article V. of the Convention between Great Britain and Tibet of the 7th September, 1904, and confirmed by the Convention between Great Britain and China of the 27th April, 1906; nor does it modify the engagements entered into by Great Britain and China in Article I. of the said Convention of 1906.

It is clearly understood that Buddhists, subjects of Great Britain or of Russia, may enter into direct relations on strictly religious matters with the Dalai Lama, and the other representatives of Buddhism in Tibet; the Governments of Great Britain and Russia engage as far as they are concerned, not to allow those relations to infringe the stipulations of the present Arrangement.

ARTICLE III.—The British and Russian Governments respectively engage not to send Representatives to Lhasa.

ARTICLE IV.—The two High Contracting Parties engage neither to seek nor to obtain, whether for themselves or their subjects, any Concessions for railways, roads, telegraphs, and mines, or other rights in Tibet.

ARTICLE V.—The two Governments agree that no part of the revenues of Tibet, whether in kind or in cash, shall be pledged or assigned to Great Britain or Russia or to any of their subjects.

ANNEX TO THE ARRANGEMENT BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA CONCERNING TIBET.

Great Britain reaffirms the Declaration, signed by His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-General of India and appended to the ratification of the Convention of the 7th September, 1904, to the effect that the occupation of the Chumbi Valley by British forces shall cease after the payment of three annual instalments of the indemnity of 2,500,000 rupees, provided that the trade-marts mentioned in Article II. of that Convention have been effectively opened for three years, and that in the meantime the Tibetan authorities have faithfully complied in all respects with the terms of the said Convention of 1904. It is clearly understood that if the occupation of the Chumbi Valley by the British forces has, for any reason, not been terminated at the time anticipated in the above Declaration, the British and Russian Governments will enter upon a friendly exchange of views on this subject.

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INDEX

Agents, or local officers, best method for instructing, 8–12; their position now, 407

Ampthill, Lord, and Major Younghusband, 332

Anglo-Russian agreement, 378

Arundel, Sir Arundel, 332

Ayi-la Pass, 331

Bailey, Lieutenant, 176, 330

Batang, Tibetan attack on Roman Catholics at, 47; revolt against the Chinese at, 368 _et seq._

Behar Raja, the, his capture, 4, 13

Bell, Mr., the political officer in Sikkim, 388; interview with the Dalai Lama, 392

Benckendorff, Count, the Russian Ambassador, on Russian interest in Tibet, 80 _et seq._; on the British advance to Tibet, 144, 253

Bengal trade with Tibet, 22, 42 _et seq._, 103

Bethune, Captain, at Khamba Jong, 125; in the Chumbi Valley, 157; his death at Gyantse, 189, 191

Beynon, Major, 203

Bhutanese, the, aggression of, 5 _et seq._; Mission to, 26; their attitude towards the Lhasa Mission, 169, 170, 172; friendly support of, 206, 267, 336, 364

Bismarck, Prince, 431

Blanford, Mr., 43

Bliss, Captain, wounded at the storming of Gyantse Jong, 210

Bogle, Mr.: his mission to Lhasa, 4 _et seq._; his character, 8, 9; Warren Hastings’ instruction to, 9, 10; journey through Bhutan, 12; interview with Tashi Lama and Lhasa deputies, 13 _et seq._; result of the Mission, 24–26, 427; his death, 26

Bourdillon, Sir James, Acting Lieutenant-Governor of Darjiling, 102

Bower, Mr., explorer of Northern Tibet, 40

Brahmaputra (Sampo) River, survey of, 40, 234, 328, 329, 330

Brander, Colonel: in command of the Mission escort at Tangu, 109; reconnaissance to the Karo-la, 185; attack on the Mission at Gyantse, 187 _et seq._, 225

Bretherton, Major, D.S.O., supply and transport officer: appreciation of, 99, 333; preparing for the advance, 112, 151, 153; drowned, 237

Brodrick, Right Hon. St. John (Lord Midleton), Secretary of State for India, 139, 337–341, 350

Buddhism, 166; birthplace of Buddha, 240; in Lhasa, 309; the Tibetan religion, 315 _et seq._

Burmese Convention, 77, 296

Burney, Lieutenant, at the storming of Gyantse Jong, 218

Butterflies in Sikkim Valley, 105

Calcutta, Bogle’s death at, 26; the Dalai Lama’s visit to, 394

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 236

Campbell, Colonel, at the storming of the Gyantse Jong, 217, 218

Campbell, Lieutenant, and the Chinese High Commissioner, 343

Candler, Edmund, _Daily Mail_ correspondent, wounded by the Tibetans, 178

Cavagnari, Sir Louis, his murder at Kabul, 77, 236

Chaksam, occupation of, 234; fight between the Chinese and Tibetans at, 391

Chamberlain, Right Hon. Joseph, 413

Chandra Shamsher Jang, Maharaja, Prime Minister of Nepal, 134; his advice to the Tibetans, 135, 136

Chang, Mr., Chinese High Commissioner of Tibet: his diplomatic insistence and military activity in Tibet, 342 _et seq._, 353, 356; signs the Trade Regulations, 361; the Dalai Lama visits Peking, 383, 385

Chao, Colonel, the Chinese delegate, 142, 154

Chao Erh-feng, Chinese Resident for Tibet, 362; defeats the Tibetans at Batang, 371 _et seq._; goes to Chiamdo, 388; his conduct impeached, 422

Chao Erh-hsun, Viceroy at Hankow, 362

Chefu Convention, 46

Chiamdo, Chinese military force arrive at, 375; agreement between the Chinese and the Dalai Lama at, 388

Chigyab Kenpo (Lord Chamberlain), 235, 242

China: her position and influence in Tibet, 18, 22, 28, 34, 39, 114, 321, 421 _et seq._; Tashi Lama’s death at Peking, 26; the Nepalese driven back by, 30; her desire to keep foreigners from Tibet, 43 _et seq._; Chefu Convention, 46; the Sikkim-Tibet Convention with Great Britain, 50 _et seq._, 439–441; the boundary difficulty, 58, 59; and Russia, 72, 80; the Burmese Convention, 77; attitude towards the Lhasa Mission, 86 _et seq._; protest against the advance to Lhasa, 143, 144; and the negotiations at Lhasa, 263 _et seq._; obstructive attitude after the Tibetan Treaty was signed, 342 _et seq._, 362 _et seq._; and the payment of the Tibetan indemnity, 348 _et seq._; and the evacuation of the Chumbi Valley, 354 _et seq._; Trade Regulations, 359 _et seq._; Tibet within her sovereignty, not her suzerainty, 364; puts down Tibetan revolt at Batang, 368 _et seq._; reduces Derge and Chiamdo, 374 _et seq._; the Dalai Lama visits Peking, 384; Tibetans’ fear of, 387 _et seq._; Chinese troops in Lhasa, 388 _et seq._; deposition of the Dalai Lama, 399 _et seq._; convention with Great Britain, 443, 444

Ching, Prince, describes the Tibetan character, 139

Chisul, 235

Chumalhari Mountain, 116, 160, 161

Chumbi Valley, 133, 139; the march through, 155 _et seq._; on the retention of, 256 _et seq._, 295; evacuation of, 354

Churchill, Lord Randolph, 47

Conventions: Chefu, 46; between Great Britain and China, 50, 439, 443; between Great Britain and Tibet, 441; between Great Britain and Russia, 444

Cooper, Colonel, attack on Tibetan position, 224

Craster, Captain, death of, 210

Cromer, Earl of, on the result of the Mission, 325

Curzon, Viscount, Viceroy of India: his instructions to Major Younghusband, 11, 96, 97, 124, 142; attempts to communicate with the Tibetans, 66, 72; and Nepal, 134; interview with Major Younghusband on his return, 332, 333; newspaper criticisms, 430, 433

Dalai Lama, the, 5, 48; his dealings with Russia, 67, 74, 320, 377, 378; refusal to negotiate, 139, 140, 184; 204; desires a peaceful settlement, 211; objects to Mission going to Lhasa, 238; gives present of silk, 241; flight from Lhasa on the Mission’s approach, 268, 269, 279, 281, 377; journeys to Peking, 380 _et seq._; interview with Sir John Jordan, 383, 384; returns to Lhasa, 385, 387; Chinese excesses, 386 _et seq._; appeal to the British, 386, 395; thanks Indian Government for their generous treatment, 387; flight from the Chinese at Lhasa, 391; interview with Mr. Bell at Darjiling, 392; arrival at Calcutta, and interview with the Viceroy, 394; returns to Darjiling, 395; deposed by the Chinese, 399 _et seq._

Dane, Sir Louis, Foreign Secretary, 100, 328, 332; appointed British delegate, 360

Darjiling, 47; scenery and description of, 100–103; the Dalai Lama’s flight to, 392

Deb Judhur, the Bhutanese Chief, his aggressive conduct, 13

Derge, Chinese reduction of, 374

Dharm, Raja of Bhutan, friendship for England, 183, 205

Diaya, Chinese occupation of, 376

Donchuk-la, frontier pillar at, 59

Dongste, 183

Dorjieff, Envoy Extraordinary from the Dalai Lama of Tibet to the Czar of Russia, 67, 68; his influence with the Dalai Lama, 154, 165, 269, 320, 377

Dover, Mr., the Sikkim engineer, 116

Dunlop, Major Wallace, wounded at Tuna, 178

Durand, Sir Mortimer, Foreign Secretary, 40

Easton, Lieutenant, 192

Edward VII., King: Major Younghusband’s audience with, 333; his personality, 428 Elles, Sir Edmond, 151

Elliott, Sir Charles, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, and the frontier question, 60, 64, 94, 103

Everest, Mount, 117

Feng, Chinese Amban, his murder by the Tibetans, 368–370

“Flag, the Viceroy’s,” 334

Forbes, Major, Cecil Rhodes’ instructions to, 10

Forrest, Mr., botanist, 370

Franklin, Dr., 196

Fraser, Sir Andrew, 332

Frontier, difficulties as to demarcation of, 51 _et seq._

Fuller, Major, in command of the mountain battery, 208, 219, 225

Fuller, Sir Bamfylde, and the sedition in Eastern Bengal, 410, 414

Gantok, the capital of Sikkim, 60, 61, 64, 106

Garrett, Mr., 152

Garstin, Lieutenant, killed at Gyantse, 194

Gartok, new mart at, 329, 330

Gesub Rimpoche, the Regent, at Lhasa, 18, 19, 23; and Turner’s Mission, 27, 29

Giagong, assertion of British rights at, 71, 110

Giri, 111

Gnatong, Tibetan attack on, 48, 49; Mission force assembled at, 153; description of, 359

Goffe, Consul-General, 369

Gow, Mr., Chinese Sub-Prefect at Gyantse, 343 _et seq._; his withdrawal, 346

Grant, Lieutenant, the storming of Gyantse Jong, 219

Grey, Sir Edward, and the Chinese influence against the British, 344 _et seq._; on payment of indemnity, 352 _et seq._, 433; and Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, 397, 398, 425

Gurdon, Lieutenant, the storming of Gyantse Jong, 218

Gurkha, Raja of Nepal, aggressiveness of, 19, 21, 25

Gurkhas, the, their gallantry at Gyantse, 187 _et seq._, 210, 219; turn the Tibetan position, 224, 225; 1792 invasion of, 322; their excellent behaviour at Lhasa, 327

Gyantse, Manning at, 34; proposal for an Agent at, 87, 140; the Mission’s arrival at, 180 _et seq._; description of, 182; attack on the Mission at, 187–190; Ta Lama and Tongsa Penlop arrive at, 211 _et seq._; the storming of Gyantse Jong, 216 _et seq._; return journey from Lhasa to, 328

Hadow, Lieutenant, 161

Hamilton, Dr., his mission to Bhutan, 26

Hamilton, Lord George, 139

Hastings, Warren, Governor-General of India: his policy with the Bhutanese and Tibetans, 5 _et seq._, 93, 141; Tashi Lama’s letter to, 5, 6; instructions to Bogle on his Mission to Bhutan, 9, 10; sends Missions to Bhutan and Tibet, 26 _et seq._; sad ending to his work, 31

Hayden, Mr., the geologist, 123, 156, 172, 183, 337

Hedin, Sven, the Swedish traveller, 40; expulsion from Tibet, 344, 434

Himalaya Mountains, 100, 104, 105; Mission cross the, 160, 161

Ho Kuang-Hsi, Mr., Chinese delegate, 71; at Yatung, 90; at Giri, 111; arrives at Khamba Jongpen, 113; interview with White, 113, 114; interview with Major Younghusband, 117, 121; recalled, 131

Hodgson, Captain, crosses the Karo-la Pass, 186

Holdich, Sir Thomas, 41

Hooker, Sir Joseph, the botanist, 43, 105

Humphreys, Captain, wounded at the storming of the Gyantse Jong, 210

Ibbetson, Sir Denzil, 332

Iggulden, Major, Chief Staff Officer, 151; at Lhasa, 307

India, the Government of, 1, 2; the aggression of the Bhutanese, 4, 5; Bogle’s Mission to Tibet and its result, 8–25; trade with Tibet, 16, 22, 23, 53, 54, 86; reason for cessation of intercourse with Tibet, 30, 31; Manning’s visit to Lhasa, 33 _et seq._; Bengal’s efforts to trade with Tibet, 42 _et seq._; Tibetan aggressiveness, 47, 49; the Convention with China and its result, 50 _et seq._; the frontier difficulty, 58 _et seq._; securing the treaty rights, 66 _et seq._; negotiations with Russia, 79 _et seq._; Home Government’s views as to Tibet, 84; Mission to Tibet sanctioned, 85 _et seq._; start of the Mission, 99; journey from Simla to Khamba Jong, 100 _et seq._; help from the Nepalese Government, 132, 133; advance to Gyantse sanctioned, 139–141; protests by China and Russia, 144–148; journey from Darjiling to Chumbi, 149–161; the fight near Tuna, 173–179; at Gyantse, 182 _et seq._; the advance to Lhasa, 223–250; terms of negotiations of the treaty, 251 _et seq._; the treaty concluded, 289–306; the return of the Mission, 325–334; the results, 335–341; negotiations with China, 342–366, 397 _et seq._; the attitude of the Tibetans, 367–406; on centralization and the responsibility of the Government in, 407–415

Insect life in the Himalayas, 105

James, Sir Evan, 75

James, Mr., 152

Jelap-la Pass, 47, 49; erection and destruction of a boundary pillar, 58, 59; Mission cross, 154

Jit Bahadur, Captain, his help in the negotiations, 267 _et seq._

Johnston, R. F. (_From Peking to Mandalay_), visits the Dalai Lama, 381

Jo Khang Temple, 316

Jones, Captain, death from malaria, 4

Jordan, Sir John, Ambassador at Peking, 345; on Chinese hostility to the treaty, 346, 347; negotiations with China, 360, 363; interviews with the Dalai Lama, 383, 384; leaves Peking, 397

_Journal de Saint Petersbourg_, 67

Kala Tso, 197

Kamba-la Mountain, 234

Kangma, massing of Tibetan troops near, 186, 209; the Mission’s first fortified post, 196

Kangra-la Pass, 116

Karo-la Pass, Tibetan attack on the Mission at, 185 _et seq._

Kashmir compared with Tibet, 323

Kawaguchi, the Japanese traveller, 307; _Three Years in Tibet_, 311

Kázi, Ugyen, Bhutanese Agent in Darjiling, 66, 67

Kelly, Colonel, 149

Kennion, Captain, 67

Khamba Jongpen and the frontier incident, 71, 110; refuses to send supplies, 112; brings presents from the Lhasa delegates, 113

Khamba Jong, proposal to negotiate at, 86, 88, 91, 110, 130; arrival of Mission at, 112, 116 _et seq._; withdrawal of Mission from, 150, 151

Kiangka, Chinese occupation of, 376

Kinchinjunga Mountain, 102, 116

Kitchener, Lord, 96, 332

Kuch Behar, Tibetans’ attack on, 4; position of, 13

Lamas, the, at Lhasa, 15 _et seq._, 37, 309 _et seq._ See also Dalai, Tashi, Ta

Lamsdorff, Count, and Russia’s attitude towards Tibet, 68, 202, 378

Landon, Mr. Percival: _Lhasa_, 182 _n._, 190, 234

Lansdowne, Marquess of, and the Convention with China, 51; and the reported agreement between Russia and China, 73; and Russia on the Tibet question, 79 _et seq._, 85, 144, 145, 201, 253, 255, 395; the object of the Mission, 141; and the Chinese Government, 143; and the Tibetan indemnity, 348, 349

Le Mesurier, Captain, Political Officer, 171

Len, Amban, 393

Lengtu, Tibetan occupation of, 47, 48

Lepchas, the, 106, 107

Lewis, Mr., death of, 172

Lhasa, Bogle’s visit to, 15 _et seq._; Manning’s visit to, 37, 38; withdrawal of Mission to, 47; the Chinese Resident at, 50; delegates from, 111, 122, 129; Mission’s arrival at, 250; the negotiations, 263 _et seq._; flight of Dalai Lama from, 268, 279, 281, 390; the treaty concluded, 289 _et seq._; impressions at, 307 _et seq._; Convention of 1904 confirmed, 342; China sends more troops to, 390 _et seq._

Lhi-ding Depon, 168

Li, Major, 159

Liang-tun-yen, President of the Wai-wu-pu, 398

Litton, Mr. Consul, and the Tibetans, 370

Lye, Major, wounded at Gyantse, 208

Ma, General, 216

Macaulay, Colman, Secretary of the Bengal Government, 46; secures Chinese permit for Mission to Lhasa, 47, 103; his death, 47

Macdonald, Brigadier-General, commander of the Mission military force, 140; arranging for the advance, 151; Darjiling to Chumbi, 152 _et seq._; at Phari, 159; at Tuna, 160, 173; difficulty of communication, 169; fight with the Tibetans, 177, 178; retires to Chumbi, 185, 192, 203; marches for Gyantse, 208, 209; durbar, 214; storming of Gyantse Jong, 216 _et seq._, 228; the advance to Lhasa, 223 _et seq._; occupation of Chaksam, 234; arrival at Lhasa, 250; as to time for Mission to return, 289; the treaty concluded, 303; his appreciative speech, 307; the return from Lhasa, 325 _et seq._

Macgregor, Sir Charles, 77

Macpherson, Mr., 102, 332

Magniac, Vernon, 203, 318, 330

Manning, Dr.: his career, 33; his visit to Tibet, 33 _et seq._; at Gyantse, 35; arrives at Lhasa, 37–40; interview with the Grand Lama, 37

Marindin, Mr., the Commissioner of Darjiling, 102, 169

Markham, Sir Clements: _Mission of Bogle_, 5, 8, 9, 13, 16, 23, 26; and Colman Macaulay, 47

_Messager Officiel_, Russian newspaper, 69

Mezhow Mishnies, 44

Minto, Earl of, Governor-General of India, and Manning, 33; and the Tashi Lama, 377; on the flight of the Dalai Lama, 392

Missions to Tibet, account of. See Bogle, Turner, and Younghusband

Mitter, Mr., 303

Mongolia and Russia, 74, 75; character of the Mongols, 313

Moorcroft, Mr., explorer of Western Tibet, 40

Morley, Mr. (afterwards Viscount), Secretary of State for India, on the situation at Gyantse, 347; on the payment of the Tibetan indemnity, 350, 352; and the evacuation of the Chumbi Valley, 356, 358; and China, 365, 397, 398, 402, 425; an appreciation of, 413, 433

Müller, Max, 397, 398; his interviews with Chinese Councillor Natung, 400, 401

Murray, Major, 8th Gurkhas, at Gyantse, 187, 188, 196; storming of the Gyantse Jong, 217

Nagartse, Mission arrives at, 225

Nathu-la Pass, 331

National Assembly, the. See Tibetans

Natung, Chinese Grand Councillor, and Max Müller, 400

Nepalese, the, invade Tibet, 21, 22, 30; defeat by the Chinese, 30; and India, 84; assistance to the British Mission, 132 _et seq._, 170, 206, 268 _et seq._; and China, 364

Ngpak-pas, the, or miracle-workers, 316

Niani, monastery of, 209

Nolan, Mr., Commissioner of Darjiling, 62, 166

Norbaling, the Dalai Lama’s palace, 393

_Novoe Vremya_, Russian newspaper, 68

O’Connor, Captain, artillery officer and Tibetan scholar, 97; and the Jongpen of Khamba Jong, 110; interview with the Lhasa delegates, 113; Tibetan friendliness to, 137, 172 241, 328, 367; arranging for the Mission’s advance, 151, 153; on the attitude of the Lhasa monks, 159, 166; interview with the Tibetan leaders, 162, 163, 178; visits Dongste Monastery, 183; Tibetan attack on Gyantse, 187; bravery at storming of Palla, 194, 195, 283; occupation of the Nagartse Jong, 228; release of prisoners, 307; at Lhasa, 309; warm reception by the Tashi Lama, 330; and the Chinese, 345; and the treaty provisions, 376

O’Conor, Sir Nicholas, Minister at Peking, 55

_Odessa Novosti_, Russian newspaper, 67

Orléans, Prince Henri de, 40

Ottley, Captain, attacks the Tibetans, 190; appreciation of, 193

Palkhor Choide Monastery, 182

Palla, village of, storming of, 194

Parr, Captain, Customs Commissioner at Yatung, 90, 112, 153, 155

Parsons, General, Inspector-General of Artillery, 216

Paul, A. W., negotiated Trade Regulations of 1893, 51, 103

Pearson, Captain, at Gyantse, 196

Peking, Tashi Lama’s death at, 26

_From Peking to Mandalay_, by R. F. Johnston, 381

Peterson, Major, and the storming of Palla, 194

Phari, Bogle’s reception at, 12; Manning’s visit to, 33; as a possible trade mart, 52, 86; duty on goods at, 54, 55; Mission’s arrival at, 157; Lhasa representatives at, 159; Tongsa Penlop at, 203

_Pinus excelsus_ growing in the Teesta Valley, 105

Potala Palace, the, at Lhasa, description of, 37, 250, 265; treaty signed at, 301

Prain, Colonel, now Director of the Botanical Gardens, 123

Rangpur, annual fair at, 26

Ravenshaw, Colonel, British Resident in Nepal, 134, 206

Rawling, Captain, explorer of Western Tibet, 208; the return journey from Lhasa, 329, 331

Rayleigh, Lord, on the colouring of water, 233

Reid, Colonel, at Gyantse, 208

Rhodes, Cecil, his instructions to his agents, 10

Rhubarb, gigantic (_Rheum nobile_), in Sikkim, 109

Rinchengong as a trade-mart, 270

Roman Catholics, treatment of, by the Tibetans, 47, 368

Rong Valley, 186

Roosevelt, Mr. Theodore, 193

Rosebery, Earl of, on the Mission, 236

Row, Major, at Phari, 158, 159; a successful engagement, 189

Russia: her influence in Tibet, 22, 29, 320, 377, 421; the Tibetan envoy to, 67, 72, 165; and China, 73; protest against the advance into Tibet, 144; negotiations with the Indian Government, 79 _et seq._, 201, 202, 255, 295; Anglo-Russian agreement, 378, 444

Ryder, Captain, Survey Officer: a difficult march, 156; visits the Dongste Monastery, 183; the return from Lhasa, 328, 329; reward for survey work, 330

Salisbury, Marquess of, on the Tibet question, 66

Sanpo. See Brahmaputra

Sarat Chandra Das, the Bengali traveller, explores Tibet, 40, 307, 319

Satow, Sir Ernest, British Minister at Peking: Russia’s agreement with China, 73; and China on the Tibetan question, 138, 139, 203, 256, 385; and the Tibetan indemnity, 348, 350

Sawyer, Captain, interview with Tibetan leaders at Guru, 163, 164

_Schurz, Reminiscences of Carl_, 431

Sera Monastery, 312

Shahzad Mir, 97

Sheng, the Chinese Resident, 51

Sheppard, Captain: appreciation of his work, 192; his bravery, 194, 218

Shigatse, Tashi Lama’s reception of Bogle at, 13; Turner’s reception at, 27; sacked by the Nepalese, 30; the Abbot of, 137

Sikkim, the Convention between Great Britain and China as to, 50, 51, 439–441; _Sikkim and Bhutan_, by Mr. White, 106, 107; vegetation of, 109; Tibetans’ claim to, 244

_Spectator, The_, on the Mission to Lhasa, 430, 434

Spencer, Herbert, on the Lepchas, 107

Stewart, Colonel J. M., 203

Sutlej, survey of the, 330

Szechuan, 362, 368

Ta Lama, the, afterwards Tsarong Sha-pé, at Shigatse, 210; his interviews with Major Younghusband on the Tibetan question, 211, 225_ et seq._, 238 _et seq._, 249, 250, 282 _et seq._; his disgrace, 267; and the indemnity, 353, 354; and the Trade Regulations, 361; his position at Lhasa, 393

Tang, Mr., 342

Tang-la, 331

Tangu, 109

Tashi Lama, the, and the Bhutanese aggression, 5; letter to Warren Hastings, 5, 6; interview with Bogle, 13 _et seq._; character, 15, 316; journey to Peking and death, 26; reincarnation of, 27, 28; sends delegates to Major Younghusband, 123, 125; his reception of Captain O’Connor, 330; and Sven Hedin, 344; visits India, 377

Tashi Lumpo Monastery, the Abbot of the, interview with Major Younghusband, 125–129

Tea trade with Tibet, 52

Teesta River, 104, 105

Tibetans, the (see also Younghusband, Major): reasons for Indian interference, 1 _et seq._; position, 2; religion, 3, 240, 315, _et seq._; Bogle’s Mission, 4–26; seizure of Kuch Behar, 4; trade with India, 16, 22; Chinese influence, 18, 22, 28, 34, 39, 88, 114; Turner’s Mission, 26, 31; Nepalese invasion, 30; communication ceases, 31, 42; Manning’s visit to Lhasa, 33–41; fresh efforts to trade with, 42 _et seq._; withdrawal of Mission to, 47; aggressiveness of, 47, 49; Sikkim-Tibet Convention between Great Britain and China, 50, 439–441; difficulties of fixing frontier with India, 51, 71, 72; remove frontier pillar, 59; their view of the Treaty, 62, 63, 71; send envoy to Russia, 67 _et seq._; negotiations with Russia, 79 _et seq._; British Government’s views, 84–88; Major Younghusband’s Mission to Lhasa, 86 _et seq._; their treatment of India, 92; protest against the advance of the Mission, 111 _et seq._, 125 _et seq._, 153–156, 164–168, 174; advice of the Nepalese to, 135, 136; shed the first blood, 177, 178; attack the Mission at Gyantse, 187–190; the Karo-la fight, 190; the storming of Palla, 194, 195; further discussions at Phari and Gyantse, 203–206, 209–216; the storming of the Gyantse Jong, 216 _et seq._; power of the National Assembly, 235, 236, 240, 244, 245, 268 _et seq._, 282; and Sikkim, 244; the terms of the Treaty, 251–262, 441–443; the negotiations, 263–288; the Treaty concluded, 289–300; signature of Treaty in the Potala, 301–306; impressions at Lhasa of, 307–321; social habits, 318; attitude of the Chinese to, 321–323, 362–366; Mission returns from Lhasa, 325 _et seq._; results of the Mission, 335–341, 415 _et. seq._; payment of indemnity, 348–354; British evacuation of the Chumbi Valley, 354–359; Trade Regulations, 360, 361, 440; attitude since 1904 of, 367 _et seq._; difficulty of direct relations with, 424 _et seq._

Ti-mi-fu, the, 37

Ting Ling Monastery, 373

Ti Rimpoche, the Regent of Tibet: negotiations with the Mission, 268 _et seq._; his character, 310, 325; and the indemnity, 367

Tongsa Penlop, Maharaja of Bhutan: interviews with Major Younghusband, 203, 204; his character, 204; negotiations at Gyantse, 209 _et seq._; negotiations with the Mission at Lhasa, 263 _et seq._; places Bhutan under British Protectorate, 336

Townley, Mr., British Chargé d’Affaires at Peking, the Chinese and the Tibetan question, 88, 129, 130

Townsend, Meredith, _Asia and Europe_, 434

Trade between Tibet and India, 16, 22, 23, 52, 86 _et seq._; new regulations, 360, 361, 440

Trimpuk Jongpen, the, arrives at Phari, 169; interview with Major Younghusband at Tuna, 170, 204

Tsamdang Gorge, fight at, 180

Tsarong Sha-pé. See Ta Lama

Tse-chen Monastery, 209

Tuna, Mission at, 160, 162 _et seq._; General Macdonald brings more troops to, 173

Tung-yig-Chembo, the Chief Secretary: interviews with Major Younghusband, 211, 225 _et seq._; his bad influence, 241

Turner, Captain Samuel, 5; Mission to Tibet, 26 _et seq._, 427; appreciation of his work, 30

T’u Ssu office abolished, 372

Victoria, Queen, and the Tibetans, 319

Waddell, Colonel, Chief Medical Officer and archæologist: his knowledge of Lamaism, 240, 309; collects Tibetan manuscripts, 337

Wade, Sir T., British Minister at Peking, 77

Walker, Lieutenant, his bravery at Gyantse, 194, 195

Walsh, Mr., Deputy Commissioner at Darjiling, 102; appointed Assistant Commissioner, 152; at Gyantse, 204; and the occupation of the Chumbi Valley, 256; his good work, 309; return to India, 331

Walton, Captain, ornithologist, 123, 172, 183; at Gyantse, 187; his natural history collections, 337

Wen, Chinese Assistant Resident at Lhasa, interview with the Dalai Lama, 388, 389

White, Claude, Political Officer in Sikkim, visits the mart at Yatung, 53; Tibetan disregard of the Treaty, 54 _et seq._; the frontier difficulties, 58–60; withdrawal to Gantok, 61, 62; sent to Giagong to reassert British rights, 70 _et seq._, 120; appointed Joint Commissioner, 87, 88; Mission to Tibet starts, 97; _Sikkim and Bhutan_, 106; obstruction by the Tibetans, 110, 111; arrives at Khamba Jong, 112; interview with the Lhasa officials, 113, 114; as to advancing to Lhasa during the winter, 149; friendly reception by the Bhutanese, 172, 204, 267, 336; and the indemnity, 282; at Lhasa, 309; the return of the Mission, 328, 329, 331

Wilton, Mr.: China Consular service, 124; at Gyantse, 187; return of the Mission, 328–331; and the Trade Regulations, 361

Witte, M., and the Tibetan envoys, 69

Wood, Lieutenant, Survey Officer, 329

Wu-tai-shen, 381

Yamdok Tso Lake, its beauty, 232

Yatung, trade-mart at, 52, 53, 63, 86

Younghusband, Major, Resident at Indore, appointed Commissioner, 87, 90; his career and experiences in India, 95, 97; the Viceroy’s instructions, 96; arrangements for the Mission, 97–99; leaves Simla, 99; journey to Darjiling, 100–102; leaves Darjiling, 103; journey to Tangu, 104–109; White’s interview with the Jongpen of Khamba Jong at Giagong, 110–115; journey to Khamba Jong, 116; interviews with the Chinese and Tibetan delegates, 117 _et seq._, 131; interview with the Abbot of the Tashi Lumpo Monastery, 125–129; help from the Nepalese, 132, 133; Tibetan dilatoriness and signs of war, 137; returns to Simla to confer with the Indian Government, 138 _et seq._; advance decided on, 140, 146; Chinese and Russian protests, 143–146, 201–203; journey through the Teesta Valley, 152; Mission assembled at Gnatong, 153; on the Jelap-la Pass, 154, 155; Tibetan obstruction, 155; arrival at Phari, 157, 159; interviews with Lhasa monks and their demeanour, 159; crossing the Himalayas, 160, 161; at Tuna, 161 _et seq._; critical interviews with Lhasa officials, 162 _et seq._; the Bhutanese become allies, 170–172; advance continued, 173; a last palaver, 174; first bloodshed, 176–179; fight at the Tsamdang Gorge, 180; arrival at Gyantse, 182; demeanour of the inhabitants, 182; Tibetan attack on the Mission at Gyantse, 187, 188; result of Colonel Brander’s fight at the Karo-la, 189, 190, 191; Indian Government sanction the advance to Lhasa, 191, 221; occupation of Palla village, 194, 195; Tibetan attack on Kangma fortified post, 196; returns to Chumbi for consultation, 196–208; interview with the Tongsa Penlop at Phari, 203–207; returns to Gyantse, 208, 209; Tibetan opposition, 209; receives the Ta Lama and other delegates, 211–216; the storming and capture of Gyantse Jong, 217–220; proclamation issued, 222; the fight at Karo-la Pass, 223, 224; arrival at Nagartse, 225; a deputation of the Ta Lama and other delegates, 225–232; crossing of the Kamba-la Pass, 234; occupation of Chaksam, 234; letter from the National Assembly, 235; drowning accident, 237; another interview with Ta Lama and other Tibetan delegates, 238–250; arrival at Lhasa, 251 _et seq._; terms of the Treaty, 252–262, 441–443; the negotiations, 263 _et seq._; description and impressions of Lhasa, 265, 307 _et seq._; the Treaty concluded, 289 _et seq._; Treaty signed in the Potala, 301–306; the attitude of the Chinese to the Tibetans, 321–324; the return from Lhasa, 325 _et seq._; and Lord Curzon, 332, 333; interview with King Edward, 333; the _Viceroy’s Flag_, 334; results of the Mission, 335–341, 415 _et seq._; negotiations with China, 342 _et seq._; the indemnity question, 351 _et seq._; evacuation of the Chumbi Valley, 354 _et seq._; the Chinese forward movement, 362–366; on the attitude of the Tibetans since 1904, 367 _et seq._; on centralization and defects of present system, 407–415; a final reflection, 430 _et seq._

Yu-Tai, Imperial Resident in Tibet, 88; his character, 263; interview with Major Younghusband, 263 _et seq._; Chinese instructions to, 342; dismissal from office, 345

Yutok Sha-pé: interviews with Major Younghusband, 225 _et seq._, 268 _et seq._, 282 _et seq._; and the trade-marts, 367

THE END

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD

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Transcriber’s Note

Errors which are readily attributed to printer’s lapses have been corrected, as noted below. Spelling has been retained, except where the printer seems most likely to be at fault.

p. 48 evacu[a]ted Added. p. 74 the interest of Russia[ ]in Tibet Added. p. 187 awaked by shots and loud [booing] booming? p. 421 Either[ ]of these causes Added. p. 431 the Franco[-]German War. Added. almos[t] Added.