Category: Philosophy & Ethics
CHAPTER VII. 1840-1870 — GENERAL VIEW OF THE REMAINDER OF MY LIFE.—COMPLETION OF THE "SYSTEM OF LOGIC"—PUBLICATION OF THE "PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY" —MARRIAGE—RETIREMENT FROM THE INDIA HOUSE—PUBLICATION OF "LIBERTY" —"CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT"—CIVIL W...
CHAPTER VII. 1840-1870 — GENERAL VIEW OF THE REMAINDER OF MY LIFE.—COMPLETION OF THE "SYSTEM OF LOGIC"—PUBLICATION OF THE "PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY" —MARRIAGE—RETIREMENT...
2. CHAPTER V OF THE CONNEXION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND UTILITYCONTENTS PREFACE. CONTENTS. ESSAY I. Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World ESSAY...
3. Chapter I. Of The Requisites Of Production.4. Chapter II. Of Unproductive Labor.§ 1. Definition of Productive and Unproductive Labor. § 2. Productive and Unproductive Consumption. § 3. Distinction Between Labor for the Supply of Productive Consumption and L...
5. Chapter III. Of Capital.6. Chapter IV. Fundamental Propositions Respecting Capital.§ 1. Industry is Limited by Capital. § 2. Increase of Capital gives Increased Employment to Labor, Without Assignable Bounds. § 3. Capital is the result of Saving, and all Capit...
7. Chapter V. On Circulating And Fixed Capital.8. Chapter VI. Of Causes Affecting The Efficiency Of Production.§ 1. General Causes of Superior Productiveness. § 2. Combination and Division of Labor Increase Productiveness. § 3. Advantages of Division of Labor. § 4. Production on a Large...
9. Chapter VII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Labor.§ 1. The Law of the Increase of Production Depends on those of Three Elements-Labor. Capital, and Land. § 2. The Law of Population. § 3. By what Checks the Increase of Populatio...
10. Chapter VIII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Capital.§ 1. Means for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries. § 2. Motive for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries. § 3. Examples of Deficiency in the Strength of this Desire. § 4....
11. Chapter IX. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Production From Land.§ 1. The Law of Production from the Soil, a Law of Diminishing Return in Proportion to the Increased Application of Labor and Capital. § 2. Antagonist Principle to the Law of Di...
12. Chapter X. Consequences Of The Foregoing Laws.§ 1. Remedies for Weakness of the Principle of Accumulation. § 2. Even where the Desire to Accumulate is Strong, Population must be Kept within the Limits of Population from Lan...
13. Chapter I. Of Property.§ 1. Individual Property and its opponents. § 2. The case for Communism against private property presented. § 3. The Socialists who appeal to state-help. § 4. Of various minor s...
14. Chapter II. Of Wages.§ 1. Of Competition and Custom. § 2. The Wages-fund, and the Objections to it Considered. § 3. Examination of some popular Opinions respecting Wages. § 4. Certain rare Circumsta...
15. Chapter III. Of Remedies For Low Wages.§ 1. A Legal or Customary Minimum of Wages, with a Guarantee of Employment. § 2. -Would Require as a Condition Legal Measures for Repression of Population. § 3. Allowances in Ai...
16. Chapter IV. Of The Differences Of Wages In Different Employments.§ 1. Differences of Wages Arising from Different Degrees of Attractiveness in Different Employments. § 2. Differences arising from Natural Monopolies. § 3. Effect on Wages of th...
17. Chapter V. Of Profits.§ 1. Profits include Interest and Risk; but, correctly speaking, do not include Wages of Superintendence. § 2. The Minimum of Profits; what produces Variations in the Amount of...
18. Chapter VI. Of Rent.§ 1. Rent the Effect of a Natural Monopoly. § 2. No Land can pay Rent except Land of such Quality or Situation as exists in less Quantity than the Demand. § 3. The Rent of Land...
19. Chapter I. Of Value.§ 1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price. § 2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and Transferableness. § 3. Commodities limited in Quant...
20. Chapter II. Ultimate Analysis Of Cost Of Production.§ 1. Of Labor, the principal Element in Cost of Production. § 2. Wages affect Values, only if different in different employments; "non-competing groups." § 3. Profits an element...
21. Chapter III. Of Rent, In Its Relation To Value.§ 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite Multiplication, but not without increase of Cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Production in the most unfavorable existing ci...
22. Chapter IV. Of Money.§ 1. The three functions of Money-a Common Denominator of Value, a Medium of Exchange, a "Standard of Value". § 2. Gold and Silver, why fitted for those purposes. § 3. Money a m...
23. Chapter V. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Demand And Supply.§ 1. Value of Money, an ambiguous expression. § 2. The Value of Money depends on its quantity. § 3. -Together with the Rapidity of Circulation. § 4. Explanations and Limitations...
24. Chapter VI. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Cost Of Production.§ 1. The value of Money, in a state of Freedom, conforms to the value of the Bullion contained in it. § 2. -Which is determined by the cost of production. § 3. This law, how rel...
25. Chapter VII. Of A Double Standard And Subsidiary Coins.§ 1. Objections to a Double Standard. § 2. The use of the two metals as money, and the management of Subsidiary Coins. § 3. The experience of the United States with a double sta...
26. Chapter VIII. Of Credit, As A Substitute For Money.§ 1. Credit not a creation but a Transfer of the means of Production. § 2. In what manner it assists Production. § 3. Function of Credit in economizing the use of Money. § 4. Bi...
27. Chapter IX. Influence Of Credit On Prices.§ 1. What acts on prices is Credit, in whatever shape given. § 2. Credit a purchasing Power, similar to Money. § 3. Great extensions and contractions of Credit. Phenomena of a c...
28. Chapter X. Of An Inconvertible Paper Currency.§ 1. What determines the value of an inconvertible paper money? § 2. If regulated by the price of Bullion, as inconvertible Currency might be safe, but not Expedient. § 3. Exami...
29. Chapter XI. Of Excess Of Supply.§ 1. The theory of a general Over-Supply of Commodities stated. § 2. The supply of commodities in general can not exceed the power of Purchase. § 3. There can never be a lack of...
30. Chapter XII. Of Some Peculiar Cases Of Value.31. Chapter XIII. Of International Trade.§ 1. Cost of Production not a regulator of international values. Extension of the word "international." § 2. Interchange of commodities between distance places determined by dif...
32. Chapter XIV. Of International Values.§ 1. The values of imported commodities depend on the Terms of international interchange. § 2. The values of foreign commodities depend, not upon Cost of Production, but upon Re...
33. Chapter XV. Of Money Considered As An Imported Commodity.§ 1. Money imported on two modes; as a Commodity, and as a medium of Exchange. § 2. As a commodity, it obeys the same laws of Value as other imported Commodities.
34. Chapter XVI. Of The Foreign Exchanges.§ 1. Money passes from country to country as a Medium of Exchange, through the Exchanges. § 2. Distinction between Variations in the Exchanges which are self-adjusting and those...
35. Chapter XVII. Of The Distribution Of The Precious Metals Through The Commercial World.§ 1. The substitution of money for barter makes no difference in exports and imports, nor in the Law of international Values. § 2. The preceding Theorem further illustrated. § 3...
36. Chapter XVIII. Influence Of The Currency On The Exchanges And On Foreign Trade.§ 1. Variations in the exchange, which originate in the Currency. § 2. Effect of a sudden increase of a metallic Currency, or of the sudden creation of Bank-Notes or other subst...
37. Chapter XIX. Of The Rate Of Interest.§ 1. The Rate of Interest depends on the Demand and Supply of Loans. § 2. Circumstances which Determine the Permanent Demand and Supply of Loans. § 3. Circumstances which Determ...
38. Chapter XX. Of The Competition Of Different Countries In The Same Market.§ 1. Causes which enable one Country to undersell another. § 2. High wages do not prevent one Country from underselling another. § 3. Low wages enable a Country to undersell ano...
39. Chapter XXI. Of Distribution, As Affected By Exchange.40. Chapter I. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On Values And Prices.§ 1. Tendency of the progress of society toward increased Command over the powers of Nature; increased Security, and increased Capacity of Co-Operation. § 2. Tendency to a Decli...
41. Chapter II. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On Rents, Profits, And Wages.§ 1. Characteristic features of industrial Progress. § 2. First two cases, Population and Capital increasing, the arts of production stationary. § 3. The arts of production adva...
42. Chapter III. Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum.§ 1. Different Theories as to the fall of Profits. § 2. What determines the minimum rate of Profit? § 3. In old and opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum. §...
43. Chapter IV. Consequences Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum, And The Stationary State.§ 1. Abstraction of Capital not necessarily a national loss. § 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detrimental but beneficial to Laborers. § 3. Stationary st...
44. Chapter V. On The Possible Futurity Of The Laboring-Classes.§ 1. The possibility of improvement while Laborers remain merely receivers of Wages. § 2.-through small holdings, by which the landlord's gain is shared. § 3. -through co-operat...
45. Chapter I. On The General Principles Of Taxation.§ 1. Four fundamental rules of Taxation. § 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation. § 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of Income? § 4. Should t...
46. Chapter II. Of Direct Taxes.47. Chapter III. Of Taxes On Commodities, Or Indirect Taxes.§ 1. A Tax on all commodities would fall on Profits. § 2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer. § 3. Peculiar effects of taxes on Necessaries. § 4. -how modified...
48. Chapter IV. Comparison Between Direct And Indirect Taxation.§ 1. Arguments for and against direct Taxation. § 2. What forms of indirect taxation are most eligible? § 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation. § 4. Taxation systems of the...
49. Chapter V. Of A National Debt.§ 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by loans? § 2. Not desirable to redeem a national Debt by a general Contribution. § 3. In what cases desirable to ma...
50. Chapter VI. Of An Interference Of Government Grounded On Erroneous Theories.§ 1. The doctrine of Protection to Native Industry. § 2. -had its origin in the Mercantile System. § 3. -supported by pleas of national subsistence and national defense. § 4. -o...
51. Chapter I. Of the Necessity of commencing with an Analysis of Language.52. Chapter II. Of Names.§ 1. Names are names of things, not of our ideas 23 2. Words which are not names, but parts of names 24 3. General and Singular names 26 4. Concrete and Abstract 29 5. Connotati...
53. Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.§ 1. Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle 49 2. Ambiguity of the most general names 51 3. Feelings, or states of consciousness 54 4. Feeli...
54. Chapter IV. Of Propositions.55. Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.§ 1. Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas 96 2. Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names 99 3....
56. Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.§ 1. Essential and Accidental propositions 119 2. All essential propositions are identical propositions 120 3. Individuals have no essences 124 4. Real propositions, how disting...
57. Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables.§ 1. Classification, how connected with Naming 129 2. The Predicables, what 131 3. Genus and Species 131 4. Kinds have a real existence in nature 134 5. Differentia 139 6. Diffe...
58. Chapter VIII. Of Definition.§ 1. A definition, what 148 2. Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis 150 3. Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions 152 4. —and fro...
59. Chapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general.60. Chapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism.§ 1. Analysis of the Syllogism 184 2. The dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition 191 3. What is the really fundamental axiom of Ratioci...
61. Chapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the Syllogism.§ 1. Is the syllogism a petitio principii? 202 2. Insufficiency of the common theory 203 3. All inference is from particulars to particulars 205 4. General propositions are a re...
62. Chapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive Sciences.§ 1. For what purpose trains of reasoning exist 234 2. A train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences 234 3. —from particulars to particulars through marks of marks 23...
63. Chapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths.§ 1. The Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses 251 2. Those hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumsta...
64. Chapter VI. The same Subject continued.§ 1. All deductive sciences are inductive 281 2. The propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience 284 3. In what sense hypothetical...
65. Chapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines.§ 1. Doctrine of the Universal Postulate 294 2. The test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience 296 3. —nor is implied in every process of thoug...
66. Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general.67. Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.§ 1. Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations 319 2. —from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics 321 3. —and from descriptions 323 4. Examination of Dr. Whew...
68. Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction.§ 1. Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature 341 2. Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem 346 3. The question of Inductive Logic stated 348
69. Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.§ 1. The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws 351 2. Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions 355 3. Are...
70. Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.§ 1. The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation 360 2. —i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent 363 3. The cause of a phenomenon i...
71. Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes.§ 1. Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical 405 2. The composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional 408 3. Are effects...
72. Chapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment.§ 1. The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements 414 2. The next is an actual separation of those elements 416 3. Advantage...
73. Chapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry.§ 1. Method of Agreement 425 2. Method of Difference 428 3. Mutual relation of these two methods 429 4. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference 433 5. Method of Residues 436 6....
74. Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods.§ 1. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons 449 2. Theory of induced electricity 453 3. Dr. Wells' theory of dew 457 4. Dr. Brown-Séquard's theory of cadaveric rigidity 465 5. Exam...
75. Chapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture of Effects.§ 1. One effect may have several causes 482 2. —which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement 483 3. Plurality of Causes, how ascertained 487 4...
76. Chapter XI. Of the Deductive Method.§ 1. First stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate causes by direct induction 507 2. Second stage; ratiocination from the simple laws of the complex cases 512 3. Third...
77. Chapter XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.§ 1. Explanation defined 518 2. First mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and the fact of their coexistence 518...
78. Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.§ 1. The general theories of the sciences 529 2. Examples from chemical speculations 531 3. Example from Dr. Brown-Séquard's researches on the nervous system 533 4. Examples of...
79. Chapter XIV. Of the Limits to the Explanation of Laws of Nature; and of Hypotheses.§ 1. Can all the sequences in nature be resolvable into one law? 3 2. Ultimate laws cannot be less numerous than the distinguishable feelings of our nature 4 3. In what sense ul...
80. Chapter XV. Of Progressive Effects; and of the Continued Action of Causes.§ 1. How a progressive effect results from the simple continuance of the cause 29 2. —and from the progressiveness of the cause 33 3. Derivative laws generated from a single ult...
81. Chapter XVI. Of Empirical Laws.§ 1. Definition of an empirical law 38 2. Derivative laws commonly depend on collocations 39 3. The collocations of the permanent causes are not reducible to any law 41 [Pg vi]4...
82. Chapter XVII. Of Chance, and its Elimination.§ 1. The proof of empirical laws depends on the theory of chance 49 2. Chance defined and characterized 50 3. The elimination of chance 55 4. Discovery of residual phenomena by...
83. Chapter XVIII. Of the Calculation of Chances.§ 1. Foundation of the doctrine of chances, as taught by mathematics 61 2. The doctrine tenable 63 3. On what foundation it really rests 64 4. Its ultimate dependence on causati...
84. Chapter XIX. Of the Extension of Derivative Laws to Adjacent Cases.§ 1. Derivative laws, when not casual, are almost always contingent on collocations 78 2. On what grounds they can be extended to cases beyond the bounds of actual experience 80...
85. Chapter XX. Of Analogy.86. Chapter XXI. Of the Evidence of the Law of Universal Causation.§ 1. The law of causality does not rest on an instinct 95 2. But on an induction by simple enumeration 100 3. In what cases such induction is allowable 102 4. The universal prev...
87. Chapter XXII. Of Uniformities of Coexistence not dependent on Causation.§ 1. Uniformities of coexistence which result from laws of sequence 110 2. The properties of Kinds are uniformities of coexistence 111 3. Some are derivative, others ultimate 11...
88. Chapter XXIII. Of Approximate Generalizations, and Probable Evidence.§ 1. The inferences called probable, rest on approximate generalizations 124 2. Approximate generalizations less useful in science than in life 124 3. In what cases they may be...
89. Chapter XXIV. Of the Remaining Laws of Nature.§ 1. Propositions which assert mere existence 139 2. Resemblance, considered as a subject of science 141 3. The axioms and theorems of mathematics comprise the principal laws of...
90. Chapter XXV. Of the Grounds of Disbelief.§ 1. Improbability and impossibility 161 2. Examination of Hume's doctrine of miracles 162 3. The degrees of improbability correspond to differences in the nature of the general...
91. Chapter I. Of Observation and Description.§ 1. Observation, how far a subject of logic 183 2. A great part of what seems observation is really inference 184 3. The description of an observation affirms more than is cont...
92. Chapter II. Of Abstraction, or the Formation of Conceptions.§ 1. The comparison which is a preliminary to induction implies general conceptions 193 2. —but these need not be pre-existent 194 3. A general conception, originally the result...
93. Chapter III. Of Naming, as subsidiary to Induction.§ 1. The fundamental property of names as an instrument of thought 209 2. Names are not indispensable to induction 210 3. In what manner subservient to it 211 4. General names n...
94. Chapter IV. Of the Requisites of a Philosophical Language, and the Principles of Definition.§ 1. First requisite of philosophical language, a steady and determinate meaning for every general name 215 2. Names in common use have often a loose connotation 215 3. —which t...
95. Chapter V. On the Natural History of the Variations in the Meaning of Terms.§ 1. How circumstances originally accidental become incorporated into the meaning of words 236 2. —and sometimes become the whole meaning 238 3. Tendency of words to become gene...
96. Chapter VI. The Principles of a Philosophical Language further considered.§ 1. Second requisite of philosophical language, a name for every important meaning 248 2. —viz. first, an accurate descriptive terminology 248 3. —secondly, a name for each of...
97. Chapter VII. Of Classification, as subsidiary to Induction.§ 1. Classification as here treated of, wherein different from the classification implied in naming 266 2. Theory of natural groups 267 3. Are natural groups given by type, or b...
98. Chapter VIII. Of Classification by Series.§ 1. Natural groups should be arranged in a natural series 284 2. The arrangement should follow the degrees of the main phenomenon 285 3. —which implies the assumption of a type...
99. Chapter I. Of Fallacies in General.§ 1. Theory of fallacies a necessary part of logic 295 2. Casual mistakes are not fallacies 297 3. The moral sources of erroneous opinion, how related to the intellectual 297
100. Chapter II. Classification of Fallacies.§ 1. On what criteria a classification of fallacies should be grounded 301 2. The five classes of fallacies 302 3. The reference of a fallacy to one or another class is sometime...
101. Chapter III. Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or à priori Fallacies.§ 1. Character of this class of Fallacies 309 2. Natural prejudice of mistaking subjective laws for objective, exemplified in popular superstitions 310 3. Natural prejudices, th...
102. Chapter IV. Fallacies of Observation.§ 1. Non-observation, and Mal-observation 341 2. Non-observation of instances, and non-observation of circumstances 341 3. Examples of the former 342 4. —and of the latter 347 5...
103. Chapter V. Fallacies of Generalization.§ 1. Character of the class 356 2. Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless 356 3. Attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the same 357 4. Fallac...
104. Chapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination.105. Chapter VII. Fallacies of Confusion.106. Chapter I. Introductory Remarks.§ 1. The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized 413 2. How far this can be...
107. Chapter II. Of Liberty and Necessity.§ 1. Are human actions subject to the law of causality? 417 2. The doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in what sense true 418 3. Inappropriateness and pernicious e...
108. Chapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of Human Nature.109. Chapter IV. Of the Laws of Mind.§ 1. What is meant by Laws of Mind 432 2. Is there a science of Psychology? 433 3. The principal investigations of Psychology characterized 435 4. Relation of mental facts to ph...
110. Chapter V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of Character.§ 1. The Empirical Laws of Human Nature 445 2. —are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws are those of the formation of character 447 [Pg xiv]3. The laws of the...
111. Chapter VI. General Considerations on the Social Science.112. Chapter VII. Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the Social Science.§ 1. Characters of the mode of thinking which deduces political doctrines from specific experience 466 2. In the Social Science experiments are impossible 468 3. —the Method of...
113. Chapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method.114. Chapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive Method.§ 1. The Direct and Inverse Deductive Methods 486 2. Difficulties of the Direct Deductive Method in the Social Science 489 3. To what extent the different branches of sociologic...
115. Chapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical Method.§ 1. Distinction between the general Science of Society, and special sociological inquiries 506 2. What is meant by a State of Society? 506 3. The Progressiveness of Man and Soc...
116. Chapter XI. Additional Elucidations of the Science of History.§ 1. The subjection of historical facts to uniform laws is verified by statistics 529 2. —does not imply the insignificance of moral causes 532 3. —nor the inefficacy of the cha...
117. Chapter XII. Of the Logic of Practice, or Art; including Morality and Policy.§ 1. Morality not a science, but an Art 544 2. Relation between rules of art and the theorems of the corresponding science 544 3. What is the proper function of rules of art? 54...
118. Chapter XII Of The Logic Of Practice, Or Art; Including Morality And Policy.119. CHAPTER I.Sensation 2 SECTION 1. Smell 7 2. Hearing 16 3. Sight 21 4. Taste 25 5. Touch 28 6. Sensations of Disorganization, or of the Approach to Disorganization, in any part of the Body...
120. CHAPTER IV.Naming 127 SECTION 1. Nouns Substantive 134 2. Nouns Adjective 134 3. Verbs 151 4. Predication 159 xxiv SECTION 5. Pronouns 194 6. Adverbs 199 7. Prepositions 201 8. Conjunction...
121. CHAPTER XIV.122. CHAPTER XVI.123. CHAPTER XIX.124. CHAPTER XX.125. CHAPTER XXI.The Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or future 201 SECTION 1. The immediate Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as pa...
126. CHAPTER XXII.Motives 256 SECTION 1. Pleasurable or Painful States, contemplated as the Consequents of our own Acts 256 2. Causes of our Pleasurable and Painful States, contemplated as the Co...
127. CHAPTER XXIII.