Part IV. Capital and Interest.

ECONOMIC SOPHISMS By Frederic Bastiat

CONTENTS TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. ECONOMIC SOPHISMS. FIRST SERIES. INTRODUCTION. I. ABUNDANCE, SCARCITY. II. OBSTACLE, CAUSE. III. EFFORT, RESULT. IV. TO EQUALIZE THE CONDITIONS OF PRODUCTION. V. OUR PRODUCTS ARE BURDENED WITH TAXES. VI. BALANCE OF TRADE. VII. OF THE MANUFACTURERS VIII. DIFFERENTIAL DUTIES. IX. IMMENSE DISCOVERY. X. RECIPROCITY. XI. NOMINAL PRICES. XII. DOES PROTECTION RAISE THE RATE OF WAGES? XIII. THEORY, PRACTICE. XIV. CONFLICT OF PRINCIPLES. XV. RECIPROCITY AGAIN. XVI. OBSTRUCTED NAVIGATION PLEADING FOR THE PROHIBITIONISTS. XVII. A NEGATIVE RAILWAY. XVIII. THERE ARE NO ABSOLUTE PRINCIPLES. XIX. NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE. XX. HUMAN LABOUR, NATIONAL LABOUR. XXI. RAW MATERIALS. XXII. METAPHORS. CONCLUSION. SECOND SERIES. I. PHYSIOLOGY OF SPOLIATION. II. TWO PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY. III. THE TWO HATCHETS. IV. LOWER COUNCIL OF LABOUR. V. DEARNESS-CHEAPNESS. VI. TO ARTISANS AND WORKMEN. VII. A CHINESE STORY. VIII. POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC. IX. THE PREMIUM THEFT. X. THE TAXGATHERER. XI. THE UTOPIAN FREE-TRADER. XII. THE SALT-TAX, RATES OF POSTAGE, AND CUSTOMHOUSE DUTIES. XIII. PROTECTION; OR, THE THREE CITY MAGISTRATES. Demonstration in Four XIV. SOMETHING ELSE. XV. THE LITTLE ARSENAL OF THE FREE-TRADER. XVI. THE RIGHT HAND AND THE LEFT. XVII. DOMINATION BY LABOUR.

THE LAW By Frédéric Bastiat

FOREWORD THE LAW FOOTNOTES: INDEX

INDEX

Action, human. See Individualism;

Mankind

Agriculture analogy to society, 35 Persian, 26 Antiquity. See Greece; Rome Authority. See Government

Beggars, 11 Billaud-Varennes, Jean Nicolas, 38 Blanc, Louis competition, 45 doctrine, 42, 43 force of society, 47, 48 labor, 42 law, 50, 52 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 41 Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, 25, 26

Cabetists, 46, 47 Capital displacement, 2 Carlier, Pierre, 13 Carthage, 32 Charity, vii, 5, 17 See also Wealth, equality of; Welfare Classical studies, 25, 26, 36, 37, 38 Collectivism, 2, 3 See also Government Communism, 18 Competition meaning, 45 results, 45 Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 35, 38 Constituent Assembly, 24 Conventionality, 37 Crete, 28

Defense right of, 2, 3, 37, 49, 50 Democracy, vi, 43, 44 Democrats, 43 Dictatorship, vii, 39, 40 Disposition, fatal, 5, 37, 38 Distribution, 33, 34 Dole, 10, 11 See also Welfare Dupin, Charles, 13

Education classical, 26, 38 controlled, 33 Greek, 26 liberty in, 44 free, 21, 22 government provided, 22, 48 Egypt, 25, 26, 27 Elections, 43, 44 See also Voting Employment assigned, 26 See also Labor Equality of wealth, 11, 20, 29, 36

Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe antiquity, 27, 29 Telemachus, 27 Force common or collective, 2, 3 individual, 2, 3 motive, of society, 40, 43 See also Government; Law Forced conformity, viii Fourier, François Marie Charles, 41 Fourierists, 46 France revolutions, 47 Fraternity legally enforced, 16, 17, 21, 22 Fraud, 13, 14 Freedom. See Liberty French Revolution, 38 public services, 10, 11 purpose of, v relaxed, 35 republican, 30, 39 responsibility and, 3, 47, 48, 51 results, 28 stability, 31 virtue, 39 See also Communism, Socialism

Greece education, 26 law, 26, 27 republic, 29, 30 Sparta, 32, 36, 38 Greed, 5

Happiness of the governed, 28 History, 5 Humanity lost, 19, 20

Imports. See Trade Individualism, 3 Industry, protected. See Protectionism

Jobs. See Employment Justice and injustice, distinction between, 7 generalized, 7 immutable, 49, 50 intentions and, 17, 18 law and, 3, 6, 49 reigning, 19 General welfare, 19 Government American ideal of, v corrupting education by, vi democratic, 29, 43, 44 education, 23, 48 force, 2, 3 function, 38 monopoly, 45 morality, 39 motive force, 40, 43 power, v, 47

Labor displaced, 4 Land. See Property Law Cretan, 28 defined, 2, 16 Egyptian, 25, 26, 27, 28 fraternity and, 17 functions, 16, 31, 33, 49, 50 Greek, 26, 28, 29 justice and, 3, 4, 16, 51 morality and, 7, 21 motive force, 25 object of, 19 omnipotence, 44, 49 Persian, 26 perverted, v, 1, 5 philanthropic, 17 plunder and, 5, 13 posterior and inferior, 2, 3 respect for, 7, 9 Rousseau's views, 31, 33, 38 spirit of, 32 study of, 25 United States, 12 See also Legislation Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de, fraternity, 17 government power, 48, 49 Lawgiver, 38, 43 Legislation conflict in, 32 monopoly on, 5 struggle for control of, 11, 12 universal right of, 7 See also Law Legislator. See Lawgiver; Politicians Lepéletier, Louis Michel de Saint Fargeau, 39 Liberty competition and, 44, 45 defined, 42 denied, 44, 45 described, 53 education and, 44, 45 individual, 3 as power, 43 returned to, 55 seeking, 38

Life, faculties of, 1 Louis XIV 27 Lycurgus government, 30, 35, 36 influence, 33, 40

Mably, Abbé Gabriel Bonnot de, 35, 39 Mankind assimilation, 2 concern for, 54 degraded, 25 divided, 23 inert, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 47 inertia, 44 as machine, 31 nature of, 33 violation of, 52

Melun, Armand de, 52 Mentor, 28, 29 Mimerel de Roubaix, Pierre Auguste Remi, 52 Monopoly, 5, 45 Montalembert, Charles, Comte de, 13, 15 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondât, Baron de, 29, 31 Morality law and, 21, 22 Morelly, 41

Napoleon, 41 Natural rights, v Nature, gifts of, 1

Oliver de Serres, Guillaume Antoine, 29 Order, 3 Owen, Robert, 41 Ownership. See Property

Paraguay, 30 Persia, 26 Personality, 2 Phalansteries, 55 Philanthropy. See Charity Plato republic, 30 Plunder absence of, 16 burdens of, 5, 6 defined, 17 general welfare and, 19 extralegal, 13 kinds, 13 legal, v, ix, 6, 13, 22 organized, 14 origin of, 6 partial, 15, 16 socialistic, 13 universal, 15, 16 Politicians dreams of, 36 genius of, 30 goodness of, 25 importance of, 22, 23 responsibility of, 27 social engineers, 22, 24, 32, 34, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 45 superior, 46, 54 Politics exaggerated importance of, 8 and favors, vi plunder through, vi Poor relief. See Charity; Welfare Power. See Government Property man and, 2 origin of, 5 Protectionism, 18 United States, 12 Proudhonians, 46 Providence, 55 Public relief, 10, 20, 29

Raynal, Abbé Guillaume, 33, 35 Religion, State, 22 Rent seeking, vi, vii Republic kinds of, 29 virtues of, 39 Revolt, 6 Revolution, 47 French, 38 Rhodes, 32 Rights individual, v, 2, 3 Roberspierre, Jean Jacques government, 38 lawgiver, 40 Rome virtue, 32 Rousseau, Jean Jacques disciples, 8, 9 on the lawgiver, 31, 33

Saint-Cricq, Barthélémy, Pierre Laurent, Comte de, 50 Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon de, 38 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Comte de doctrine, 41 Salentum, 27, 29 Security consequences, 3 Self-defense, 2, 37, 49, 50 Selfishness, 5 Serres, Oliver de, 29 Slavery, United States, viii, 12 universality, 5 Socialism confused, ix, 22 defined, 14, 15 disguised, 22 experiments, 23, 24 legal plunder, 13 sincerely believed, 18 social engineers, 22, 24 refutation of, 15 Socialists, vii Society enlightened, 37 experiments, 23 motive force, 40, 43 object of, 36, 37 parable of the traveler, 54, 55

Solon, 33, 35 Sparta, 32, 36 Spoliation. See Plunder State. See Government Suffrage. See Universal suffrage

Tariffs, vi, viii Telemachus, 27 Terror as means of republican government, 39, 40 Theirs, Louis Adolphe doctrine, 52 education, 45 Tyre, 32

United States, viii, 12 Declaration of Independence, v Universal suffrage demand for, 9, 43, 44, 46, 47 importance of, 10 incapacity and, 9 objections, 9

Vaucanson, Jacques de, 54 Vested interests, 13, 14 Virtue and vice, 28, 30, 35, 36, 40 Voting responsibility and, 9, 10 right of, 10 See also Universal suffrage

Want satisfaction, 4 Wealth equality of, 11, 21, 29, 36 transfer of, vii Welfare, 10, 20, 28

PROTECTION and COMMUNISM By Frederic Bastiat

CONTENTS TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. PROTECTION AND COMMUNISM.

HARMONIES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY By Frédéric Bastiat CONTENTS Page Notice of the Life and Writings of Frédéric Bastiat, 9 To the Youth of France, 33