CHAPTER VII.—AUSTRALIA; NEW ZEALAND; CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

INDEX TO VOLCANIC ISLANDS.

A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA (Vol. 1 of 2) The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes By Charles Darwin CONTENTS List of Species Lepas 67 1. Lepas anatifera 73 2. Lepas Hillii 77 3. Lepas anserifera 81 4. Lepas pectinata 86 5. Lepas australis 89 6. Lepas fascicularis 92 Pæcilasma 99 1. Pæcilasma Kæmpferi 102 2. Pæcilasma aurantia 105 3. Pæcilasma crassa 107 4. Pæcilasma fissa 109 5. Pæcilasma eburnea 112 Dichelaspis 115 1. Dichelaspis Warwickii 120 2. Dichelaspis Grayii 123 3. Dichelaspis pellucida 125 4. Dichelaspis Lowei 128 5. Dichelaspis orthogonia 130 Oxynaspis 133 1. Oxynaspis celata 134 Conchoderma 136 1. Conchoderma aurita 141 2. Conchoderma virgata 146 C. virgata, var. chelonophilus 151 C. virgata, var. Olfersii 152 3. Conchoderma Hunteri 153 Alepas 156 1. Alepas minuta 160 2. Alepas parasita 163 3. Alepas cornuta 165 4. Alepas tubulosa 169 Anelasma 169 1. Anelasma squalicola 170 Ibla 180 1. Ibla Cumingii 183 2. Ibla quadrivalvis 203 Scalpellum 215 Sub-Carinâ Nullâ 222 1. Scalpellum vulgare 222 2. Scalpellum ornatum 244 3. Scalpellum rutilum 253 Sub-Carinâ Presente 259 4. Scalpellum rostratum 259 5. Scalpellum Peronii 264 6. Scalpellum villosum 274 Pollicipes 293 1. Pollicipes cornucopia 298 2. Pollicipes elegans 304 3. Pollicipes polymerus 307 4. Pollicipes mitella 316 5. Pollicipes spinosus 324 6. Pollicipes sertus 327 Lithotrya 331 1. Lithotrya dorsalis 351 2. Lithotrya cauta 356 3. Lithotrya nicobarica 359 4. Lithotrya rhodiopus 363 5. Lithotrya truncata 366 6. Lithotrya Valentiana 371

A MONOGRAPH ON THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA (VOL. 2 OF 2) THE BALANIDÆ, (OR SESSILE CIRRIPEDES); THE VERRUCIDÆ, ETC., ETC. By Charles Darwin CONTENTS Page Dedication v Preface vii Monograph on the Cirripedia 1 Introduction 1 On the Names given to the different parts of Cirripedes 3 Class Crustacea, Sub-Class Cirripedia 9 On the Sexual Relation of Cirripedes 23 Order I.-Thoracica 30 Family Balanidæ 33 Table of Contents 33 Structure of Shell 34 Structure of the Individual Compartments 43 Structure of the Radii 45 Structure of the Alæ 47 Structure of the Sheath 48 Structure of the Basis 49 Structure of the Opercular Valves (Scuta and Terga) 51 Growth of the Whole Shell, and Its Microscopical Structure 54 Muscles of Sack 61 Branchiæ 63 Thorax and Body 65 Muscular System 68 Movements and Muscles of the Cirri 71 Mouth 74 Cirri 81 Caudal Appendages 85 Alimentary Canal 85 Circulatory System 87 Nervous System 88 Eyes and Vision 93 Acoustic Organs 95 Olfactory Sacks 97 Male Organs of Generation 97 Female Organs of Generation 100 Metamorphoses and Homologies 102 Larva, First Stage 103 Larva, Second Stage 109 Larva in the Last or Pupal Stage 110 Act of Metamorphosis 126 On the Homologies of the Carapace and Shelly Valves 131 Cementing Apparatus 133 Affinities, Classification, Variation 152 Rate of Growth, Exuviation, Powers of Repairing Injuries 156 Geographical Range and Habits 159 Geological History 172 Sub-Family Balaninæ 175 1. Genus Balanus 177 Sections of the Genus 193 Section A 194 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 194 Var. communis, vesiculosus, validus, zebra, crispatus, spinosus, coccopoma, concinnus, intermedius, occator, d'Orbignii Varieties 201 2. Balanus tulipiformis 204 3. Balanus psittacus 206 4. Balanus Capensis 209 5. Balanus Nigrescens 210 6. Balanus decorus 212 7. Balanus vinaceus 213 8. Balanus Ajax 214 Section B 216 9. Balanus stultus 216 10. Balanus calceolus 218 11. Balanus galeatus 220 12. Balanus cymbiformis 221 13. Balanus navicula 221 Section C 223 14. Balanus trigonus 223 15. Balanus spongicola 225 16. Balanus lævis 227 Var. nitidus, Coquimbensis 17. Balanus perforatus 231 Var. angustus, Cranchii, fistulosus, mirabilis 18. Balanus concavus 235 19. Balanus amphitrite 240 Var. communis, venustus, pallidus, niveus, modestus, Stutsburi, obscurus, variegatus, cirratus Varieties 245 20. Balanus pocilus 245 21. Balanus eburneus 248 22. Balanus improvisus 250 Var. assimilis 23. Balanus nubilus 253 24. Balanus corrugatus 254 Section D 256 25. Balanus porcatus 256 26. Balanus patellaris 259 27. Balanus crenatus 261 28. Balanus glandula 265 Section E 267 29. Balanus balanoides 267 Varieties 270 30. Balanus cariosus 273 31. Balanus declivis 275 Section F 277 32. Balanus Hameri 277 33. Balanus amaryllis 279 34. Balanus allium 281 35. Balanus cepa 283 36. Balanus quadrivittatus 284 37. Balanus terebratus 285 38. Balanus vestitus 286 39. Balanus Imperator 288 40. Balanus flosculus 290 Var. sordidus 41. Balanus bisulcatus 293 Var. plicatus 42. Balanus dolosus 295 43. Balanus unguiformis 296 Var. erisma 44. Balanus varians 298 45. Balanus inclusus 299 2. Sub-Genus Acasta 302 1. Acasta spongites 308 2. Acasta sulcata 310 3. Acasta cyathus 312 4. Acasta undulata 313 5. Acasta glans 314 6. Acasta lævigata 315 7. Acasta fenestrata 316 8. Acasta purpurata 318 9. Acasta sporillus 319 3. Genus Tetraclita 321 1. Tetraclita porosa 329 Var. communis, nigrescens, viridis, rubescens, elegans, communis (young), patellaris 2. Tetraclita serrata 334 3. Tetraclita rosea 335 4. Tetraclita purpurascens 337 5. Tetraclita costata 339 6. Tetraclita vitiata 340 7. Tetraclita corulescens 342 8. Tetraclita radiata 343 4. Genus Elminius 345 1. Elminius Kingii 348 2. Elminius modestus 350 3. Elminius plicatus 351 4. Elminius simplex 353 5. Genus Pyrgoma 355 1. Pyrgoma anglicum 360 2. Pyrgoma Stokesii 361 3. Pyrgoma cancellatum 362 4. Pyrgoma conjugatum 364 5. Pyrgoma grande 365 6. Pyrgoma milleporæ 367 7. Pyrgoma dentatum 369 8. Pyrgoma crenatum 370 9. Pyrgoma monticulariæ 372 Species dubiæ 374 6. Sub-Genus Creusia 375 1. Creusia spinulosa 376 Varieties with the Scuta and Terga calcified together 380 7. Genus Chelonobia 382 1. Chelonobia testudinaria 392 2. Chelonobia caretta 394 3. Chelonobia patula 396 Second Section of the Sub-Family of Balaninæ 397 8. Genus Coronula 397 1. Coronula balænaris 415 2. Coronula diadema 417 3. Coronula reginæ 419 4. Coronula barbara 421 Species Dubiæ 423 9. Genus Platylepas 424 1. Platylepas bissexlobata 428 2. Platylepas decorata 429 Species Dubiæ 430 10. Genus Tubicinella 430 1. Tubicinella trachealis 431 11. Genus Xenobalanus 438 1. Xenobalanus globicipitis 440 Sub-Family Chthamalinæ 446 12. Genus Chthamalus 447 1. Chthamalus stellatus 455 Var. communis, fragilis, depressus 2. Chthamalus antennatus 460 3. Chthamalus cirratus 461 4. Chthamalus fissus 462 5. Chthamalus dentatus 463 6. Chthamalus Hembeli 465 7. Chthamalus intertextus 467 8. Chthamalus scabrosus 468 13. Nov. Genus Chamæsipho 470 1. Chamæsipho columna 470 2. Chamæsipho scutelliformis 472 14. Nov. Genus Pachylasma 475 1. Pachylasma giganteum 477 2. Pachylasma aurantiacum 480 15. Genus Octomeris 482 1. Octomeris angulosa 483 2. Octomeris brunnea 484 16. Genus Catophragmus 485 1. Catophragmus polymerus 487 2. Catophragmus imbricatus 490 Remarks on Bronn's List of Fossil Balaninæ and Chthamalinæ 492 Family Verrucidæ 495 Genus Verruca 496 Powers of Excavation 512 1. Verruca Strömia 518 2. Verruca lævigata 520 3. Verruca Spengleri 521 4. Verruca nexa 522 5. Verruca prisca 525 Family Lepadidæ 526 Genus Alcippe 529 Alcippe lampas 530 Female 530 Male 555 Order II.-Abdominalia 563 Cryptophialus minutus 566 Female 566 Male 584 Order III.-Apoda 587 Proteolepas bivincta 589 Synopsis et Index Systematicus 606 Synopsis et Index Systematicus Specierum, et recentium, et fossilum 611 Description of plates 641 Plate 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 641 Plate 2. Genus Balanus 641 Plate 3. Genus Balanus 642 Plate 4. Genus Balanus 642 Plate 5. Genus Balanus 642 Plate 6. Genus Balanus 643 Plate 7. Genus Balanus 643 Plate 8. Genus Balanus 644 Plate 9. Sub-Genus Acasta 644 Plate 10. Genus Tetraclita 645 Plate 11. Genera Tetraclita and Elminius 645 Plate 12. Genera Elminius and Pyrgoma 646 Plate 13. Genera Pyrgoma and Creusia 646 Plate 14. Genera Creusia and Chelonobia 647 Plate 15. Genera Chelonobia and Coronula 648 Plate 16. Genus Coronula 649 Plate 17. Genera Platylepas, Tubicinella, and Xenobalanus 651 Plate 18. Genus Chthamalus 652 Plate 19. Genera Chthamalus, Chamæsipho, and Pachylasma 652 Plate 20. Genera Pachylasma, Octomeris, and Catophragmus 653 Plate 21. Genus Verruca 654 Plate 22. Alcippe lampas 655 Plate 23. Genera Alcippe and Cryptophialus 658 Plate 24. Genera Cryptophialus and Proteolepas 660 Plate 25. Genera Proteolepas and Balanus 662 Plate 26. Structure of the Mouth and Thorax 664 Plate 27. Nervous System and Senses 666 Plate 28. Cementing Apparatus 667 Plate 29. Cirri and Larvæ, first stages 669 Plate 30. Larvæ of Lepas: second and last stages of development 671 Errata 674 Index 675 Plates 685 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Woodcuts on page 3* Figure 1. Shell 3* Figure 2. Compartments 3* Figure 3. Compartments 3* Figure 4. Compartments 3* Figure 5. Scutum (internal view of) 3* Figure 6. Tergum (external view) 3* Figure 7. Tergum (internal view) 3* Woodcuts on other pages Figure 1. Rostrum with two radii, serving in Chthamalinæ for rostro-lateral compartments 36 Figure 2. Always serving for lateral and carino-lateral compartments 36 Figure 3. Carina, serving in the Chthamalinæ, also, as a rostrum 36 Figure 4. Octomeris 39 Figure 5. Chthamalus 39 Figure 6. Chamæsipho 39 Figure 7. Balanus 39 Figure 8. Tetraclita 39 Figure 9. Basal edge of wall of compartment in Balanus tintinnabulum 43 Figure 10. Edge of the radius of Balanus tintinnabulum 46 Figure 11. Portion of edge of basis of Balanus tintinnabulum 50 Plates Plate 1. Balanus tintinnabulum 685 Plate 2. Balanus 686 Plate 3. Balanus 687 Plate 4. Balanus 688 Plate 5. Balanus 689 Plate 6. Balanus 690 Plate 7. Balanus 691 Plate 8. Balanus 692 Plate 9. Acasta 693 Plate 10. Tetraclita 694 Plate 11. Tetraclita: Elminius 695 Plate 12. Elminius: Pyrgoma 696 Plate 13. Pyrgoma: Creusia 697 Plate 14. Creusia: Chelonobia 698 Plate 15. Chelonobia: Coronula 699 Plate 16. Coronula 700 Plate 17. Platylepas: Tubicinella: Xenobalanus 701 Plate 18. Chthamalus 702 Plate 19. Chthamalus: Chamæsipho: Pachylasma 703 Plate 20. Pachylasma: Octomeris: Catophragmus 704 Plate 21. Verruca 705 Plate 22. Alcippe lampas 706 Plate 23. Alcippe: Cryptophialus 707 Plate 24. Cryptophialus: Proteolepas 708 Plate 25. Proteolepas: Balanus 709 Plate 26. Mouth: Thorax 710 Plate 27. Nervous System 711 Plate 28. Cementing Apparatus 712 Plate 29. Cirri: Larvæ, first stages 713 Plate 30. Larvæ, last stages 714

GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA By Charles Darwin

CONTENTS EDITORIAL NOTE. DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS. GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA CRITICAL INTRODUCTION.