PART IV.

ON THE METAPHYSICAL EXPLANATION OF THE PRIMAL ETHICAL PHAENOMENON.

I. HOW THIS APPENDIX MUST BE UNDERSTOOD II. THE METAPHYSICAL GROUNDWORK

TWO ESSAYS By Arthur Schopenhauer TWO ESSAYS ON THE FOURFOLD ROOT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON AND ON THE WILL IN NATURE. Translated By Mme. Karl Hillebrand CONTENTS ON THE FOURFOLD ROOT OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SUFFICIENT REASON CHAP. PAGE Translator's Preface v Author's Preface to the Second Edition xvii Editor's Preface to the Third Edition xx Editor's Preface to the Fourth Edition xxviii I. Introduction 1 II. General Survey of the most important views hitherto held concerning the Principle of Sufficient Reason 6 III. Insufficiency of the Old and outlines of a New Demonstration 28 IV. On the First Class of Objects for the Subject, and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it 31 V. On the Second Class of Objects for the Subject and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it 114 VI. On the Third Class of Objects for the Subject and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it 153 VII. On the Fourth Class of Objects for the Subject, and that form of the Principle of Sufficient Reason which predominates in it 165 VIII. General observations and results 177 ON THE WILL IN NATURE Preface to the Second Edition 193 Editor's Preface to the Third Edition 213 Editor's Preface to the Fourth Edition 214 Introduction 215 Physiology and Pathology 224 Comparative Anatomy 252 Physiology of Plants 281 Physical Astronomy 305 Linguistic 322 Animal Magnetism and Magic 326 Sinology 359 Reference to Ethics 372 Conclusion 378