Part 27

Plumage soft, blended, and owl-like. Species generally nocturnal in their habits, or venturing abroad only in the twilight or in the night.

Bill small, weak, generally furnished at the base with projecting bristles; gape very wide; feet usually slender and weak; wings generally long, adapted to long-continued flight. This family is represented in all temperate and tropical regions of the world.

A.

1. Genus Antrostomus. Gould, Nuttall. Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada, I. p. 739 (second edition, 1840).

General form plump and robust; head large; bill short, weak, opening to beyond the eyes; gape very large; nostrils basal, oval, prominent; eyes large; wing long; somewhat pointed; second and third quills longest; legs and toes short, feeble; claw of the middle toe pectinated; tail moderate, wide, generally even at the end; bristles at the base of the bill rigid, long, usually curved at their ends; throat in males with an uninterrupted collar of white; quills with bars of rufous. An exclusively American genus containing six or seven species, more nearly related to typical Caprimulgus than any other birds of this family inhabiting this continent, and almost nocturnal in their habits, venturing abroad only by twilight or in the night.

1. Antrostomus carolinensis. (Gm.) The Chuck-wills-widow. The great Carolina Goatsucker. Caprimulgus carolinensis. Gm., Syst. Nat., II. p. 1028. (1788.) Caprimulgus lucifugus. Bartram, Travels, p. 292. (1793.) Caprimulgus rufus. Vieill., Ois. d’Am., Sept. 1, p. 57. (1807.) Caprimulgus brachypterus. Stephens, Gen. Zool., X. p. 150. (1817.)

Catesby’s Carolina, I. pl. 8; Vieill., Ois. d’Am., Sept. 1, pl. 25; Wilson, Am. Orn., VI. pl. 54, fig. 2; Aud., Birds of Am., pl. 52, Oct. ed., I. pl. 41.

Largest of the North American species. General form broad and robust; wing long; second quill longest; tail ample; legs short; bristles at the base of the bill strong; each one ciliated; entire upper parts dark brown, minutely dotted with reddish fulvous, and with many of the feathers having large, longitudinal stripes of black; inferior parts similar to the upper, but more minutely marked with black, and marked with circular fulvous spots; throat with an uninterrupted collar of white, running into a collar of fulvous on the neck behind; quills with irregular alternate bars of reddish fulvous and brownish-black; middle feathers of the tail reddish fulvous, mottled with, and with irregular bars of black; other feathers of the tail similar, but tipped with silky white, frequently tinged with reddish fulvous on their outer-webs. Female like the male, but without white on the tail-feathers.

Dimensions. Total length, about 12 inches; wing, 8½; tail, 5¾ to 6 inches.

Hab. Southern United States. South Carolina (Gibbes); New Mexico (McCall); Cuba (Lembeye); Florida (Bartram). Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. This fine species is frequently met with in the southern and southwestern States, and is much the largest of the North American birds of this family.

2. Antrostomus vociferus. (Wilson.) The Whip-poor-will. Caprimulgus vociferus. Wilson, Am. Orn., V. p. 71. (1812.) Caprimulgus clamator. Vieill., Nouv. Dict., X. p. 234. (1817.) “Caprimulgus virginianus. Linn. Gm.” Vieill., Ois. d’Am., Sept. 1, p. 65. Caprimulgus macromystax. Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 533?

Vieill., Ois. d’Am., Sept. 1, pl. 23; Wilson, Am. Orn., V. pl. 41; Aud., Birds of Am., pl. 82; Oct. ed., I. pl. 42; Nat. Hist. N. Y. Birds, pl. 27, fig. 39.

Smaller than the preceding; wing with the third quill slightly longest; tail ample, rounded; neck with an uninterrupted collar of white before and fulvous behind; head above ashy-gray, with a longitudinal stripe of brownish-black; back and rump dark brown, with minute points and irregular lines of cinereous; under-parts mottled with pale reddish-white and brownish-black, the latter most conspicuous on the breast, the former on the abdomen and under tail-coverts; four middle feathers of the tail mottled with gray and brownish-black, the latter forming irregular bands; external feathers of the tail brownish-black, widely tipped with silky white, and with traces of rufous bars towards the base; quills brownish-black, with interrupted bars of rufous; exposed ends of primaries same as the back. Female rather smaller than the male, with the white collar on the neck tinged with fulvous, which is also the color of the tips of the external tail-feathers.

Dimensions. Total length, about 9½ inches; wing, 6½; tail, 5 inches.

Hab. Eastern North America. Western? Canada (Dr. Hall); Cuba (Mr. Lembeye); Florida (Bartram). Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. This species is of common occurrence in the States on the Atlantic, and is universally known from its loud and often-repeated notes in the season of pairing and incubation. It is not recorded by our late naturalists and travellers to have been observed in the western regions of this continent, but the specimens described by Wagler as above were from Mexico, and were either this species, or a near relative. To _Caprimulgus macromystax_ we shall more particularly allude under the head of obscure species of this family.

3. Antrostomus Nuttallii. (Aud.) Nuttall’s Whip-poor-will. Caprimulgus Nuttallii. Aud., Orn. Biog., V. p. 335. (1839.)

Aud., B. of Am., Oct. ed., VII. pl. 495.

Small, aberrant; wing long; third quill longest; legs rather long; tail moderate; upper-parts brownish-black, mottled and spotted with ashy white and reddish fulvous; wing-coverts tipped with pearly ashy white; under-parts with transverse stripes of brownish-black and yellowish-white; under tail-coverts pale reddish fulvous; quills with alternate transverse bars of brownish-black and handsome reddish fulvous; middle feathers of the tail same colors as other upper parts; other tail feathers brownish-black, with irregular bars and lines of dark cinereous, and widely tipped with silky white; collar on the neck before silky white. Female similar, but with the colors paler, and the white of the throat and tail tinged with pale fulvous.

Dimensions. Total length, about 7 inches; wing, 5¾; tail, 3¼ inches.

Hab. Western North America, Rocky Mountains (Audubon); Oregon (U. S. Ex. Exp. Vincennes); Washington Territory (Dr. Cooper); Texas (Mr. J. H. Clark). Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Nat. Mus., Washington.

Obs. This handsome species, which is the smallest of the birds of this family yet discovered in North America, appears to be a rather common bird in the countries above mentioned. It varies in some degree from the characters of the typical species, and with a small South American bird (_A. ocellatus_), may form a distinct group. Nothing is recorded of its habits.

II. GENUS CHORDEILES. Swainson, Fauna Boreali Americana, Birds, p. 496. (1831.)

Bill small and weak; gape very wide, without bristles; wing long, pointed, with the first and second quills longest; tail moderate or rather long, usually emarginate; legs short, weak; tarsus usually partly covered with short feathers; toes rather long, slender; claw of the middle toe pectinated. General form stout and heavy, broad. A genus containing about six species, inhabiting North and South America, the North American species of which are less nocturnal in their habits than those of the preceding genus.

1. Chordeiles virginianus. (Brisson.) The Night Hawk. Caprimulgus virginianus. Briss., Orn., II. p. 477. (1760.) Caprimulgus popetue. Vieill., Ois. d’Am., Sept. 1, p. 56. (1807.) Caprimulgus americanus. Wilson, Am. Orn., V. p. 65. (1812.)

Edwards, Birds, II. pl. 63.; Catesby, Carolina, II. Appendix, pl. 16; Vieill., Ois. d’Am., Sept. 1, pl. 24; Wilson, Am. Orn., V. pl. 40; Aud., B. of Am., pl. 147; Oct. ed., I. pl. 43; Nat. Hist. N. Y. Birds, pl. 27, fig. 60.

Bill short, weak; gape very wide; wing long, pointed; first and second quills longest, and nearly equal; tail emarginate; legs short; tarsus feathered below the joint, with the tibia; bare part covered with scales; middle toe long, partially united to the outer toe by a web, and with its claw distinctly pectinated. Male.—Throat white; entire upper parts brownish black, every feather more or less mottled and spotted with ashy white and reddish fulvous, the former most conspicuous on the secondaries and wing-coverts, and the latter on the back; neck behind with an irregular collar of reddish; quills brownish-black, with a wide bar of white about their middle, forming a conspicuous transverse bar on the wing; tail feathers brownish-black, all, excepting the two central, with a wide subterminal transverse band of white, and with other irregular transverse narrow bands of ashy white; breast brownish-black, with rounded and irregular spots of ashy white and reddish fulvous; abdomen with transverse bars of ashy white and dark brown; under tail-coverts white. Female with the white stripe on the wing much narrower, and in some specimens confined to the inner-webs; white of the throat less pure, and tinged with reddish-yellow; general plumage paler, and more tinged with ashy and reddish fulvous.

Dimensions. Total length, 9 to 9½ inches; wing, 7½; tail, 4½ inches.

Hab. All of temperate North America, New Mexico (McCall); Oregon (Townsend); California (Heermann); Canada (Hall); Mexico (Rivoli collection); Nicaragua (Barruel); Cuba (Lembeye); Jamaica (Gosse). Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. An abundant species everywhere in the United States.

2. Chordeiles sapiti. Bonaparte, Cons. Av., p. 63. (1849.)

Not figured.

Very similar in form and general appearance to the preceding, but smaller, and with all the colors paler; bill very short and weak; gape large; wing long; first quill slightly longest; tail moderate, emarginate; tarsus feathered in front somewhat below the point with the tibia; throat white; entire upper plumage brownish-black, mottled, and variegated, with very pale cinereous, which predominates on the back, rump, and coverts of the wings; under-parts with transverse narrow bands of dark brown and yellowish-white; quills brownish-black, with a wide transverse band of white at the distance from their end of about one-third their length, and also with some irregular spots and pairs of spots of rufous in their basal halves. Female paler, and with the white of the throat tinged with pale reddish fulvous.

Dimensions. Total length, about 8½ inches; wing, 7¼; tail, 4½ inches.

Hab. Texas (Mr. Clark, Capt. McCown); New Mexico, Central America. Spec. in Mus. Acad., Philada., and Nat. Mus., Washington.

Obs. This species is nearly allied to the preceding, and also to _Chordeiles brasilianus_, from both of which it differs in some particulars of form, and also in having its colors much paler. In the latter character it somewhat resembles the _C. acutipennis_ of South America. We regard this bird provisionally under the name above given, but the description as cited is too brief to be satisfactory. It is, however, the only species known to us that can be referred to it.

This bird is abundant in Texas during the summer.

3. Chordeiles Henryi. _nobis_ (new species, January, 1855).

Not figured.

Larger than either of the two preceding species; wing long; second quill longest; tail rather long; emarginate; legs and feet short; tarsus feathered in front slightly below the joint with the tibia; bare part of the tarsus and the toes with very distinct scales; entire upper parts variegated with dark brown and pale reddish fulvous, every feather being tipped and spotted with the latter, which predominates on the back, rump, wing-coverts, and tertiaries; some spots on the tertiaries rufous; breast dark brown, every feather tipped with dull reddish fulvous; abdomen white, tinged with pale reddish-yellow, every feather with transverse stripes of brownish-black; under-coverts dull reddish white, with transverse lines of brownish-black; neck with a large band of white in front; quills brownish-black, tipped with dull reddish-white; primaries with a wide transverse band of white at about half their length; tail with alternate irregular stripes of brownish-black and pale reddish fulvous, the latter mottled with black; under wing-coverts pale reddish-white, with bands and spots of brownish-black. Female. Colors paler, and white of the neck obscure.

Dimensions. Total length of skin, about 10 inches; wing, 8; tail, 4½ inches.

Hab. New Mexico (Dr. Henry, Lieut. Gunnison). Spec. in Nat. Mus., Washington, and Mus. Acad., Philada.

Obs. This bird may be distinguished from other American species by its color, which is lighter and of a different style of variegation, the prevailing tone being a dull, pale reddish and yellowish, somewhat approaching what is called buff or drab color. It is larger than _Chordeiles virginianus_.

Specimens of this interesting species have been procured at Fort Webster, New Mexico, by Dr. Henry, and by the unfortunate party under command of the late Lieut. Gunnison.

As a token of respect for T. Charlton Henry, M. D., of the United States Army, whose exertions in the investigation of the natural productions of New Mexico, now continued for several years, and the formation of large collections in various departments, which attest his zeal and attachment to zoological science, we propose the specific name above given.

B. OBSCURE OR LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF THIS FAMILY.

1. Caprimulgus macromystax. Wagler, Isis, XXIV. p. 533. (1831.)

This species is noticed by Wagler, as above, from a Mexican specimen, and his description is essentially a comparison with the _Caprimulgus europæus_. It is stated that the bristles at the base of the bill are very long, or “nearly as long as the head without the bill,” and the plumage generally bearing a resemblance to the European species mentioned.

There is in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, a specimen from Mexico, and another from California, differing in shade of color only from the _Antrostomus vociferus_, and from which the distinctive characters are too slight to establish a separate species. We regard these specimens as _C. macromystax_. The length of the bristles in Wagler’s description applies as well to _A. vociferus_, and we think it probable that his name is a synonyme.

The following is a translation of Wagler’s description or notice as above cited, and is at the end of an elaborate and valuable paper, in which he describes several new American species of birds:—

“At the conclusion of these descriptions of birds, I will yet remark that we have received from Mexico, also, a Caprimulgus (which specimen unfortunately is without the tail), that nearly resembles ours in size and color, but which nevertheless may be distinguished at a glance; the tarsi on their upper sides are hardly feathered to the middle, and the bristles on both sides of the upper mandible are uncommonly stiff, and longer than in any other American Night Swallow, nearly as long as the head without the bill, and are turned _rake-like_ obliquely downwards. I have named it, therefore, _Caprimulgus macromystax_. The feet are short, as in ours; also as in ours, the claw of the middle toe on its inner border is pectinated, the primaries are small, the second, third, and fourth, externally from their middles to their ends, are strongly sinuated; they are brown-black, without white spots, but have internally and externally rust-red angular dots.”

2. Caprimulgus minor. Forster. Catalogue of the Animals of North America, p. 13. London, 1771.

A name given without being accompanied by a description, though probably applicable to _Antrostomus vociferus_, which was known to some of the older naturalists, and, previous to the introduction of the binomial nomenclature, was called _minor_, in distinction from the _Caprimulgus europæus_.

The catalogue by Forster above referred to is a pamphlet, and is, so far as We know, the first attempt at an enumeration of the species of all classes of animals inhabiting North America. There is also a catalogue of the Plants of North America by the same author.

3. Antrostomus californianus. Bonaparte, Cons. Av. p. 61. (1849.)

The description by the Prince of Canino, as above, is as follows:—

“(Confer Capr. nuttalli, Aud. Am. Orn., 2d edit., t. 495,) ex California, Vix Turdi magnitudine. Mas. Griseus, nucha fulvescenti, abdomine cervino, nigro undulato; gula macula utrinque alba nigro terminata: remigibus fuscis, macula mediana alba, rectricibus lateralibus nigricantibus, extima late ad apicem candida.”

The characters here given differ so essentially from those of any other species of _Antrostomus_, that we much suspect that the bird alluded to neither belongs to this genus, nor is an American species.

4. Caprimulgus europæus. Linn.

This name occurs in several of the older authors on American Natural History, which is to be attributed to the fact that the _Whip-poor-will_ (_Antrostomus vociferus_) was regarded by Linnæus as a variety only of the European Goatsucker. President Jefferson, in Notes on the State of Virginia, p. 117 (London edition, 1787), gives both of the then known North American birds of this group as two varieties only of the European bird. Professor Barton, in Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania, p. 14, under the head of _Caprimulgus europæus_, says: “This, or a variety of it, is certainly a native of Pennsylvania. So that now all the fifteen species of this genus (mentioned by Gmelin) are known to be natives of America.” Both of these distinguished and venerated fathers of American zoological science adopted the opinion of Linnæus, and the name of the European bird is given also on the same authority by some others of the earlier American writers.

The European Goatsucker has never been observed on the continent of America.

Professor Barton’s observation above quoted is singularly suggestive. Linnæus, at the date of his last edition of the Systema Naturæ, knew _two_ species only of the genus _Caprimulgus_. Gmelin, in the edition of the same work, edited by him, and published in 1788, extended the list to _fifteen_ species, and was, when Professor Barton wrote, in 1799, recent and high authority. So greatly has the knowledge of species of birds been extended, that at this time (1855) there are at least ninety known birds of the family _Caprimulgidæ_, all of which would have been regarded by Linnæus and Gmelin as belonging to the genus _Caprimulgus_. There are seventy-four species of this family in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy. Though, as Professor Barton observes, all of those known to Gmelin (except _Caprimulgus europæus_), are American, others are now ascertained to inhabit all the temperate and tropical regions of both of the great divisions of the globe, and the whole of Australia.

Of this family of birds, the only species that have been ascertained or supposed by naturalists to inhabit that part of North America within our limits, are given in the preceding pages. The group is, however, represented in South America not only by other species of the genera above given, but by various other genera and species, amongst which are some curious and interesting forms. The genus _Steatornis_, containing a single species, first brought to notice by the celebrated Humboldt (_Steatornis caripensis_, Humboldt), is remarkable for its near approach to the Owls, and would, to a casual observer, scarcely be regarded as belonging to any other than that family. The genus _Nyctibius_, which is also South American, contains some species as large as the Crow of the United States, and which are amongst the largest birds of this group. Another genus, _Hydropsalis_, or the Scissors-tailed Goatsuckers, as they are termed by Azara (an enthusiastic and accurate Spanish writer on South American Natural History), are remarkable for having tails of singular forms, and of great length in some species. _Hydropsalis torquatus_ has the two outermost feathers of its tail long, and the two middle feathers also long, leaving the intermediate comparatively short. _Hydropsalis lyra_, Bonaparte, has the outermost feathers of the tail very long, and curved inwards at their ends. Two species, first described by us, _Hydropsalis limbatus_ and _segmentatus_ (in Proc. Acad., Philadelphia), have that appendage several times the length of their bodies.

About thirty-five species of _Caprimulgidæ_ inhabit South and Central America and Mexico. The largest birds of this group are natives of Australia.

We are inclined to the opinion that this family (and the Swallows also) properly belong to the circle of rapacious birds in which they have been arranged by Prof. Reichenbach, in Avium Systema Naturale (Dresden and Leipsic, 1850).[4]

II. FAMILY HIRUNDINIDÆ. THE SWALLOWS.

Plumage compact; size generally small; bill small, much depressed, very wide at base, and suddenly compressed to the tip, giving it a somewhat triangular shape; wings long; tail various, frequently forked; legs and feet short and weak.

These birds form a peculiar and easily-recognized family, species of which inhabit all parts of the world, and in civilized countries are generally regarded with favor. The Swallows are eminently social and gregarious, being almost constantly seen in companies even in the breeding season, and are amongst the comparatively few birds whose numbers are not diminished by the progress of the settlement and cultivation of countries. They subsist exclusively on insects captured on the wing, in the pursuit of which they exhibit extraordinary powers of flight.

A.

1. Genus Hirundo. Linn., Syst. Nat. I. p. 343. (1766.)

Bill depressed, wide at base, compressed to the end, nostrils basal; wing long, pointed, first primary usually longest, secondaries short; legs and feet short and weak; tail moderate, forked or emarginate. General form rather broad, robust; flight protracted, rapid.

1. Sub-genus Hirundo.

Tail with the two external feathers disproportionately long; others graduated.

1. Hirundo rufa. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I. p. 1018. (1788.) The Barn Swallow. Hirundo horreorum. Barton, Frag. Nat. Hist. of Penna. p. 17. (1799.) Hirundo americana. Wilson, Am. Orn. V. p. 34. (1812.) Hirundo erythrogaster. Boddaert, Tab. Pl. Enl. p. 45. (1783.)? Hirundo cyanopyrrha. Vieill., Nouv. Dict. XIV. p. 510. (1817.) “Hirundo rustica. Linn.” Aud. Orn. Biog. II. p. 413.

Wilson, Am. Orn. V. pl. 38, fig. 1, 2; Aud., B. of Am. pl. 173, Oct. ed. I. pl. 48; Nat. Hist. N. Y. Birds, pl. 29, fig. 64; Buff., Pl. Enl. 724, fig. 1?

Wings long; tail deeply forked with the two outer feathers much the longest; forehead, throat, and neck in front, chestnut, which color is separated from the paler color of the breast by a partial or rarely perfect collar of dark steel blue; entire upper parts steel blue, with a purple lustre, inclining to green on the wings and tail; breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts, chestnut, very pale in some specimens, but generally darker on the tail coverts; tail with a large spot of white on the inner web of every feather, except the middle two; bill and feet black; sexes very nearly alike.

Dimensions. Total length, 7 inches; wing, 4½; tail, 3½. Female smaller.

Hab. Throughout North America. Canada (Dr. Hall); Oregon (Dr. Townsend); Texas (Dr. Woodhouse); Santa Fé (Col. McCall); Indiana (Dr. Haymond); Long Island (Mr. Giraud); Cuba (Mr. Lembeye).