Part 1
Produced by Louise Hope, Carlo Traverso, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)
[Transcriber's Note:
This text contains a few characters that will only display correctly in utf-8 (unicode) encoding: {~MODIFIER LETTER SMALL G~} small raised g a a with macron ("long" mark) a i o vowel with breve ("short" mark) ' ' "forward" and "backward" apostrophes All letters shown are rare. The words in which they appear are listed at the end of the file, before the Errata, with alternative spelling.
If any of these characters do not display properly--in particular, if the diacritic does not appear directly above the letter--or if the quotation marks in this paragraph appear as garbage, make sure your text reader's "character set" or "file encoding" is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change the default font.
If the diacritics do not appear at all, or if all apostrophes look alike, you may be reading the latin-1 (second-best) version of this file.
Errors and problems are listed after the Index.]
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Smithsonian Institution--Bureau Of Ethnology.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
of the
Collections Obtained from the Pueblos
of
Zuñi, New Mexico, and Wolpi, Arizona, in 1881.
by
JAMES STEVENSON.
CONTENTS.
Page. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 517 INTRODUCTORY 519 Collections from Zuñi, N. Mexico 521 Articles of stone 521 Axes 521 Metates 521 Mortars 522 Mullers 524 Miscellaneous objects 525 Hunting and war amulets 527 Articles of clay 531 Water jars 531 Water bottles 533 Canteens and water jugs 538 Pitchers 543 Drinking cups and cup-shaped vessels 545 Bowls and baskets 546 Cooking pots 564 Dippers, ladles, and spoons 566 Condiment vessels 569 Paint pots 570 Paint jars 573 Effigies and figures 574 Vegetal substances 575 Eating spoons and ladles 575 Basketry 576 Loom implements 580 Implements of war and the chase 581 Gambling implements 581 Dance implements 582 Miscellaneous objects 582 Animal substances 586 Miscellaneous objects 586 Collections from Wolpi, Arizona 587 Articles of stone 587 Articles of clay 587 Vegetal substances 588 Basketry 588 Gourds, bows, rattles, &c. 589 Head dresses, dance ornaments, images, &c. 590 Implements for weaving 593 Animal substances 593 Horn and bone 593 Feathers 593 Woven fabrics 594 Skin or leather 594
ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate XL.--Polishing pottery 526 XLI.--Zuñi vases and canteen 538 XLII.--Drilling turquoises 582 XLIII.--Moki method of dressing hair 583 XLIV.--Moki method of spinning 590
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
_Washington, D.C., August 28, 1882._
SIR: I have the honor to present herewith an illustrated catalogue of archaeologic and ethnologic collections, made under your direction in Arizona and New Mexico, during the field season of 1881.
In connection with these collections, I am indebted to Mr. Frank H. Cushing for the preparation of the field catalogue for the collection from Zuñi. His thorough knowledge of the Zuñi language enabled him to obtain the Indian name of most of the articles procured, which names are given in this catalogue. I have also to thank him for valuable assistance in making the collection. I also take pleasure in expressing thanks to Mr. Victor Mindeleff for his aid in making the collection, in which labor he rendered faithful assistance.
Col. L. P. Bradley, commandant of Fort Wingate, extended us many courtesies and material aid, for which I am pleased to extend thanks.
Hoping the collections of the season form a contribution equally valuable with those previously procured from the southwest,
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
JAMES STEVENSON.
Prof. J. W. POWELL, _Director Bureau of Ethnology_.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE OF THE COLLECTIONS OF 1881.
By James Stevenson.
INTRODUCTORY.
The following catalogue contains a descriptive enumeration of the archaeologic and ethnologic specimens collected in Arizona and New Mexico during the season of 1881. These collections were all obtained from the pueblo of Zuñi in Northwestern New Mexico, and the pueblos comprising the province of Tusayan, in Northeastern Arizona. The entire collection contains about four thousand nine hundred specimens.
The articles of stone consist of axes, in various conditions of preservation. Some are quite perfect, while many are more or less impaired by modern uses, for which they were not originally intended. In nearly all instances they are grooved, and a few are provided with double splitting or cutting edges; but as a rule these axes were made with one end blunt for pounding or hammering, while the opposite end is provided with an edge. The large pestles and mortars were designed for crushing grain and food, the small ones for grinding and mixing mineral pigments for ceramic or decorative purposes.
Among the articles of stone are about one hundred and fifty hunting and war amulets. These objects present the most interesting features of the collection, and were among the most difficult articles to obtain. The Indians prize them very highly as keepsakes, which they employ in war, the chase, and sacred ceremonies. Each specimen is specifically referred to in the catalogue, accompanied with some wood-cut illustrations of such specimens as possess the greatest significance.
Mr. Frank H. Cushing has presented a full account of the history, traditions, and uses of these images or gods, in a paper entitled "Zuñi Fetiches," in the Second Annual Report of the Bureau for 1882, to which the reader is referred.
In these collections, as in those of the two previous seasons, articles of clay predominate. They consist of Tinajas, or large, decorated, vase-shaped water-vessels. These vary in capacity from one to six gallons, and are the principal vessels used for holding and storing water for domestic purposes. These vases do not vary greatly in form, yet the colored designs with which they are ornamented present as many variations as there are specimens. The causes for these variations, both in size and ceramic characters, as well as the method of manufacturing them, are quite fully explained in the notes accompanying my catalogue of collections from these same localities in the Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for 1880-'81.
The collection also contains a large number of jug-shaped canteens, varying in capacity from one pint to three gallons. These vessels, like an ordinary jug, are provided with a small nozzle, and are used to carry water and to drink from. They vary in their decorative designs, but are seldom as elaborate or beautiful as the vases.
In the collection are also clay spoons, ladles, and dippers of two or three kinds of ware, such as red, white, and black, of various sizes. Many of these are fancifully decorated. Also pitchers, mugs, and cups of different patterns, forms, and sizes, variously ornamented in red, black, and white. A very fine collection of meal or sacred pottery baskets was obtained. These are also of varied forms or types, some with handles, terraced and fluted edges or rims, usually decorated with figures of the tadpole and horned frog, and occasionally with the representation of the road runner, and frequently with the sacred butterfly.
The condiment vessels form no small part of the collection. The forms and styles of these vessels can only be appreciated by reference to the specific descriptions and illustrations in the catalogue.
A large number of cooking bowls and pots were obtained, but these are of less interest, as they are in all cases plain black vessels without ornamentation of any kind. They generally resemble the old-fashioned cast-iron cooking pot used by Europeans. Occasionally one is found which is provided with legs, in imitation probably of the skillet or pots used by the Mexicans of that country.
The vegetal substances comprise utensils and implements of all kinds. Among these are baskets, trays, water-jugs, corn-planters, bows, arrows, sieves, gaming-blocks, &c. The basketry is worthy of inspection for the ingenuity and skill displayed in the manufacture of such articles. These consist of fine meal baskets or trays of all sizes, many of which are curiously ornamented in bright colors. The coarser baskets, which are constructed and shaped to suit the service for which they are employed, are used as sieves and for conveying corn and fruit from the farms. In addition to the objects above referred to, hundreds that are not mentioned will be found described or illustrated in their proper places in the catalogue.
Most of the plates presented in this Catalogue are designed to show the manner in which the Zuñi and Moki Indians use certain implements in some of their arts and industries, such as the polishing stone; rotary, stone-pointed drill; the manner of combing and dressing the hair; the spindle whorl, showing the mode of preparing the woof for weaving.
COLLECTIONS FROM ZUÑI, NEW MEXICO.
ARTICLES OF STONE.
AXES.
65890. Stone axe, small, double-grooved. O-la k'í-le, kwïl á-kwi-ai-e.
65891, 65892, 65893, 65894, 65895, 65896, 65897, 65898. Ditto, single-grooved.
65868, 65855. Ditto, large.
65854. Ditto, large and broad.
65876. Ditto, very broad.
65869. Ditto, very large, and showing use as pecking-stone.
65856, 65870, 65877, 65857, 65871, 65858, 65878, 65879. Ditto, large.
65872. Ditto, very thin-bladed.
65859. Ditto, flat.
65860, 65880. Ditto, showing use as maul.
65861. Ditto, double-grooved. Kwil á-kwi-ai-e.
65862. Ditto, double-grooved, handsomely finished.
66045. Ditto, double-grooved, handsomely finished. K'í k'iäthl-thlâ-nai-e.
66882, 65874. Very large ungrooved ancient stone axes or celts. O-la-k'í-thlana, kwa-ak´-wam-me.
65853, 65851. Axe, grooved and highly finished. O-la k'í k'iäth-thlâ-na yá-nï-shi.
65852. Ditto, very large.
65883, 65884, 65885, 65886, 65911, 65912, 65899, 65863, 65864, 65900, 65887, 65901, 65902, 65903, 65875, 65865, 65904, 65905, 65906, 65907, 65908, 65866, 65909, 65910, 65889. Ditto, very crude. No. 65886 is distinguished by raised square at butt to facilitate hafting. Ní-pu-li-e.
65867. Ditto, made in imitation, for barter.
66306. Ditto, unfinished. O-la k'íl á-a-le.
65913. Ditto, small.
65922, 65923, 65921, 65914, 65919, 65917, 65924, 65925, 65920, 65915, 65916. Stone axes with handles, some made in imitation, others preserved as heir-looms from ancient times. O-la k'í-thlä-shi-we.
65918. Small, grooved, stone axe. O-la k'í tsa-na.
METATES.
66324. Metate for reducing coarse corn-meal to flour. Ó-tsa-k'ia-na-kia-á-k'e.
66320, 66313. Ditto, for grinding paint for decorating pottery. Té-tsi-na-k'ia he-lin ón-a-k'ia.
66316, 66318, 66319, 26317. Ditto, for reducing cracked corn to meal. Tchú-ok-na-k'ia á-k'i.
66325. Ditto, a coarse, unfinished metate. A-k'e, kwa-yá nam-o-na.
66312. Ditto, ancient, very rude. Í-no-to-na á-k'e.
66311. Modern paint metate. He-lin ó-na-kia.
66322, 66315, 66321, 66314 Modern metates for reducing corn and other cereals. Ok-na-k'ia á-k'e-we.
MORTARS.
1935. Mortar made of a concretion. Mu-to-pa al´-a-k'e.
1964. Ditto, made from muller.
1966. Ditto, small. Tú-lin-ne.
2119. Ditto, of fine-grained stone, used as a paint-mill for preparing sacred decoration colors. Tethl-na hé-lin o-na-kia á-shok-ton-ne.
2141, 2142, 2144. Ditto, very small. Á-tsa-na.
1961. Ditto, round. K'iä-mo-li-na.
66196, 66233. Rude paint mortars. He-lin on-a kia á-shok-to á-tsa-na.
66203. Ditto, chipped. Sho-k'wïs-na-k'ia.
66166, 66180. Ditto, pecked. Tok´-nai-e.
66175. Ditto, ground.
66197. Ditto, large, worn and ground. Tén-nai-e.
66226. Ditto, square and handsomely polished. Nó-k'iäthl-o-na.
66204. Ditto, split. Shó-k'wish-nai-e.
66178. Ditto, pecked, small.
66158, 66245, 66172. Ditto, pecked, slag. Á-k'win.
66154. Ditto, small, pecked.
66198. Ditto, with round depression, ground. Pi-tsu-li-a wá shokt-ai-e.
66168. Ditto, square, pecked.
66228. Ditto, with groove around the edge. I´-tu-thlan-ah-nai-e.
66205, 66227, 66131, 66132. Ditto, small, pecked, and ground.
66111, 66206. Ditto, cup-shaped. A´-shok-ton-ak´-tsa-na.
66207. Ditto, with elongated cavity. A-k'i täs´h-sha-na.
66135. Ditto, pecked and ground.
66251. Ditto or trough of the malpais for grinding chili and preparing a sauce called K'iäthl-k'o-se = K'ol hé-a-kia á-shok-ton-ne.
66234. Ditto, crude.
66159. Ditto, small.
66246. Ditto, large and thick.
66244. Ditto, well pecked.
66236, 66190. Ditto, much worn.
66235. Ditto. Rectangular.
66157. Ditto, very small.
66177, 66250. Ditto, of finished sandstone.
66186. Ditto, very deep.
66252. Ditto, very large.
66208. Grinding-stone for colors used in decoration of vessels, in form of mortar. Te´ tsi-na-k'ia á-shok-ton-ne.
66254. Ditto, with double concavity for red and black colors. Thlup-tsi-na k'win í-pä-tchi-e.
66160, 66163. Ditto or paint-mill for preparing colors for decoration of the sacred dances. Kâ-kâ-a-wa he-lin o-na-kia á-shok-ton-ne.
66179. Ditto, long, pecked.
66184, 66165, 66187, 66188. Ditto, finished by pecking.
66219, 66229. Ditto, square.
66191, 66192. Ditto, pecked and chipped.
66176. Ditto, beautifully finished, long.
66171. Ditto, rectangular, beautifully finished, and long.
66209. Ditto, polished irregularly, rectangular.
66170. Ditto, handsomely finished by pecking and grinding.
66121. Ditto, crude, small.
66213, 66153. Ditto, made of a concretion. Mu-to-pa ál-a-k'i.
66115, 66220, 66127. Ditto, slag.
66128, 66202, 66182. Ditto, round.
66181. Ditto, round and thick. K'iä´-mo-li-a.
66193. Ditto, round.
66194. Ditto, rude.
66130, 66162, 66122, 66222. Ditto, hammer-stone form.
66114. Ditto, polished.
65939, 66230, 66125. Ditto, rectangular.
66210, 66231, 66195, 66212. Ditto, finished by grinding.
66121, 66152. Ditto, finished.
66189, 66211, 66185. Ditto, round. K'iä´-mo-li-a.
66232. Ditto, with small muller. Tu-lin í-hi-kia.
66248, 66214. Paint mortars for reducing the paint for masks and pottery. He-lin ó-na-k'ia á-shok-to-we.
66237, 66215, 66240, 66241, 66238, 66243, 66242. Mortar, of slag, used in making the sauce described above, and reducing chili. K'iäthl-k'o-se k'iä-na-kia á-shok-ton-ne.
66201. Ditto, for children. Á-tsan á-wa.
66223. Ditto, for reducing paint used in decorating pottery. Na´-he-lin o-na-kia a´-shok-ton-ne.
66216. Ditto, square.
66183. Ditto, very deep and finished by pecking.
66249, 66253. Ditto, shallow.
66255. Ditto, unfinished.
66161. Ditto, very rude and small.
66224. Ditto, larger.
66225. Ditto, with small round concavity; hammer-stone form.
66137, 66155, 56139, 66140, 66141, 66174, 66164, 66167, 66144, 66120, 66123, 66147, 66138, 66173, 66145, 66117, 66151, 66143, 66136, 66149. Paint-mills of fine-grained stone for preparing sacred decoration colors. Tethl-na he-lin o-na-kia á-shok to-we.
66113, 66129, 66112, 66148, 66118, 66142, 66146, 66119. Ditto, very small. Á-tsa-na.
66116. Ditto, for common uses. Kwam-as-tin-ák'ia-ni.
66247. Ditto or unfinished mortar of the malpais for grinding chili and other ingredients for sauce. K'ol ók-na-k'ia á-shok-ton-ne.
66134, 66231, 66124, 66133. Ditto, finished by pecking.
MULLERS.
65946. Muller made from a small piece of hematite, used as source at once and muller of pottery paint. Té-tsi-na-kia á-k'win á-a-le.
66007. Ditto, slag, originally a maul.
66036. Ditto, of true form, originally a maul. Tchïsh-na-k'ia á-pi-tsu-li-a.
66015. Ditto, originally a maul.
66037. Ditto, of true form.
66200. Ditto, for grinding sauce of onion, chili, coriander, salt, and water. K'ol hé-a-k'ia á-mu-luk-ton-ne.
66043. Ditto, handsomely finished in the form of a pestle.
66009. Ditto, regular form.
66156. Ditto, hammer-stone form.
66042. Ditto, crusher form.
65984. Ditto, for polishing, &c. Á-k'iä-thlâ-k'iä-na-k'ia á-a-le.
66091, 66029, 66030, 66038, 66031, 66039, 65987, 65986, 65976, 65977, 65978, 65979, 65980. Ditto, used for preparing sauce.
66071, 66085, 66014, 66103, 66025, 66086, 66006, 66012, 66001, 66011, 66019, 66023, 66041, 66025, 66008, 66016, 66017, 66021, 67005, 66070, 66004. Ditto, mauls and mullers of slag for grinding chili and other ingredients of the sauce known as kiä´thl-k'o-se. Hé-a-kia á-mu-lok-to-we.
66088. Ditto, granite.
66024. Ditto, of granite, for preparing ingredients to form paste for pottery. Sa-to ók-na-k'ia-na-kia á-k'iä-mo-li-an-ne.
66102, 66094, 66101, 66071, 66089, 66013, 66096, 66107, 66090, 66087, 66091, 66106, 66003, 66092, 66095, 65873. Mullers, grooved maul form. Ok´-na-k'ia o-la k'i kiä-mo li-a-we.
65881. Ditto, round.
66054. Ditto, for reducing paint used in pottery decoration, and for polishing. K'iä´-thlâ-na-k'ia á-a-le.
66027. Ditto, in the form of a paint mortar. He-lin on-ak'ia á-tsa-na, kwïl-li-mük-te hé-k'o-pa.
66150. Ditto, with rounded bottom, enlarged middle and small concavity on apex. He-k'o yä´thl-tâi-e.
66109, 65952. Ditto, regular form.
65953, 65954, 65955, 65981, 65956, 65957, 65958, 65991, 65959, 65960, 65961, 65962, 65963. Small paint stones or mullers. He-lin o-na-kia á-k'iä-mo-li-a-we.
66032, 66033, 66035, 66034, 65994, 66026, 65995, 66049, 65996. Mullers for polishing or smoothing cooking stones, &c. Á-k'iä-thlâ-k'ia na-k'ia-á-we (plu.)
66256, 66257, 66276, 66285, 66266, 62258, 66273, 66263, 66264, 66274, 66286, 66271, 66272, 66259, 66261, 66270, 66267, 66293, 66288, 66287, 66290, 66289, 66291. Ditto, or rubbing-stones, used in connection with fine metals for grinding corn and meal. Tchú-ok-na-k'ia yäl-li-we.
62298. Ditto, very large.
66275. Ditto, broken.
66269, 66294, 64299, 66300. Ditto, very broad and flat. Tchú-ok-na-k'ia. Yal-li k'iá-pa-we.
66297, 66295, 66301, 66303, 66304, 66302, 67305. Ditto, ancient. I-no-to-na-a-wa yä´l-li-we.
66284. Ditto, modern, for making coarse meal.
66307. Ditto, large, for grinding chili. K'iä´thl-he-a-kia á-thla-na.
66296. Ditto, very broad, flat, and ancient, for grinding flour. I-no-te-kwe a-wen yä´l-lin-ne.
1982. Muller for reducing pottery colors.
1986. Ditto, maul form.
2154, 2163. Mauls and mullers of slag for grinding chili and other ingredients of the sauce known as kiäthl-k'o-se = Kiä´thl-he-a-kia á-mu-luk-ton-ne.
2159, 2168, 2171, 2173. Small paint stones or mullers. He-lin o-na-k'ia a-k'iä-mo-li-a-we.
2167. Muller, very large.
2267. Ditto, or rubbing-stone, used in connection with fine metates for for grinding corn meal. Tchú-ok-na-kia yäl-lin-ne.
2275. Ditto, unfinished. Kwa-yá-nam-o-na.
2338. Small chili muller.
2356. Polishing muller.
1998. Muller, used for preparing sauce.
MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS.
65940, 65941. Small stones used in polishing pottery. Té-k'iå thlâ-k'ia-na-kia á-we.
65998, 65942. Polishing stones used for grinding sacred paint.
65988, 65998, 65943, 65974, 63944, 66010. Ditto, large.
65947, 65948, 65985. Small stones used in polishing pottery. Te-kia-thlâ-kia-na-kia-á-we.
65967, 65946, 65975, 65997, 65973, 65950, 65981, 65965, 65966, 65951. Small stones used in polishing unburned vessels. Té-k'ia-pi na-k'iä-thlâ-k'ia-na-k'ia á-we.
65983. Large stone for polishing baking slabs. Á-k'iä-thlâ-k'ia-na-k'ia á-a-le.
65982, 66000. Polishers. K'iä´-thlâ-na-k'ia a-we.
65964. Small polishing stone. A´-k'iä-thlâ-kia-na-k'ia á-tsa-na.
65993. Ditto, larger.
66048, 66047. Ditto, flat.
66050. Ditto, large, flat.
65972. Small polisher for glazing and smoothing pottery. Té-k'iä-thlâ-kia-na-k'ia á-tsa-na, for use of which see pl. xl.
66053, 65969. Ditto, rude.
65949. Small stone used in polishing unburned vessels. Te´-k'ia-pi-na k'iä-thlâ-k'ia-na-k'ia-á-a-le.
66014, 66028, 66108, 66020. Pecking stones. Á-tok-na-k'ia a´-we.
66067, 66066, 66065. Ornamented ancient pestles. I-no-to-na a-wa k'ú-lu-lu-na-kia á-tesh-kwi-we.
66218. Ornamented small paint pestle. Hé-a-k'ia tú-lin-ne.
66260, 66277, 66278, 66279, 66268, 66280, 66265, 66281, 66282, 66283. Rubbing stones used with a coarse metate for shucking and cracking corn. Tchú-thlät-sa-k'ia-na-k'ia yäl´-li-we.
65936. Ancient stone knife used in the ceremonial dance called the Hom´-ah-tchi, or war dance of the Kâ-kâ. Hom-ah-tchi a-wen ä-tchi-en-ne.
65934, 65933, 66310, 65937, 65931, 65932. Ancient war knives preserved for modern ceremonials.
3 Of the variety known as the "Há-mi-li-li tí-mush," or petrified wood-lance (archaic). 3 "Ti-mush shí-k'ia-na," or the black lance.
65929. Ditto, ground.
65930. Ancient rude stone knife. Ti-mush á-tchi-ën tsa-na.
66056. Thunder ball or stone used in the sacred ceremonial game of the priests. Ku-lu-lu-na-k'ia á-a-le.
66064, 66063, 66060, 66058. Small stone balls used in the sacred game of the Hidden ball. Í-än-k'o-lo ú-li-we.
66057. Small thunder ball used in the ceremonial game of the Hidden ball. Ku-lu-lu-na-k'ia á-k'iä-mo-li-a tsa-na.
66061, 66059. Thunder ball, plain, small.
66055. Ditto, large, used as a weight in the dye-pot.
65970. Ditto, large, rude, or irregular.
66323, 66326, 66327. Stones for baking tortillas and corn griddle-cakes. Hé-pä-tchish-na-kia a´-we.
66328. Ditto, for baking guyave or paper-bread. Hel´-äsh-na-k'ia a-a-le.
66329. Ditto, small.
66044. Paint stone used as weight in dyeing. Thli-an-a-kia pá-u-li-k'ia á-a-le.
66068, 65928. Stones used as weights in the dye-pot. Thli-an á-k'ia pa wo-lu-k'ia á-we.
66079, 66099, 66098, 66100, 66076, 66078. Sacred, ancient idol stones, concretions. A-thlä-shi á-yäl-up-na-we.
66080. Ancient stone idol found near the celebrated ruins in Eastern Tusayan, known as Á-wat-ú-ï, or Tala-ho-g'an. I-no-to-na-á tahlä-shi, hâ-i án-te-li-ah-nai-e.
66074, 66075, 66073. Small, disc-shaped stone quoits. Tan-ka-la-k'ia-na-k'ia á-we.
66052. Ditto, large.
65972. Stone for producing black paint of pottery, hematite. Té-tsi-na-k'ia á-k'win-ne.
66069. "Ancient stone." Á-thlä-shi.
66051, 66084. Tufas for tanning skins. Á-sho-a á-we.
69270. Concretion of sacred significance, or "old stone." Á-thlä-shi.