Part 8

1313. (41262). Medicine sticks to influence rain. These little sticks are found hidden beneath the rafters of nearly every house in Zuni.

1314. (41275). Wooden war-club, which the Zunis claim was one of their original weapons of war. See Fig. 491.

1315. (41856). A peculiar warty squash or gourd hollowed out and filled with pebbles to make a rattling sound, used in most of the dances. See Fig. 497.

1316. (41281). Gourd dance rattle.

1317. (41196). Squash or gourd for making rattles.

1318. (41197). Smooth-surfaced squash for rattle.

1319. (41189). Gourd painted red, yellow, and black, which is suspended to a pole held in the dance called by the Zunis _t[)o]m-tsch[-u]l-t[)o]n-ne_.

1320. (41190). Yellow gourd, with black band, and having alternate squares of white and black around the centre, through which a stick is passed for holding it in the hand during a dance. The gourd is placed on the stick in an inverted position. On the top of the stick a bunch of feathers is attached. This ornament is generally used in their social dances, in which the young men and women mingle. See Fig. 492.

1321. (41193). Water gourds.

1322. (41194). Gourd with opening in the end of the handle.

1323-1334. 1323, (41198); 1324, (41199); 1325, (41200); 1326, (41201); 1327, (41202); 1328, (41203); 1329, (41204); 1330, (41205); 1331, (41206); 1332, (41207); 1333, (41234); 1334, (41235), are wooden birds carved and painted to represent such as they are accustomed to seeing daily. Those represented are the magpie, prairie lark, oriole, humming bird, and swallow. The latter is shown in Fig. 493. The object is attached to a stick in such a manner that the wings can be made to move up and down by pulling a string, in imitation of the bird in flight.

1335. (41184). Toy or baby cradle, called _wi-h[-a]-klem-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_, (see Fig. 489), with a wooden doll arranged to show the manner of securing children in cradles.

1336. (41725). Cradle with wooden doll, Fig. 487, composed of woven willows.

1337. (41724). Toy drum, _t[-o]'-s[-o]-[ae]n-[ae]n-t[-o]m-me_.

1338. (41285). Spinning top.

_FOODS._

1339. (40905). _Wia-vi_, or wafer bread.

1340. (41261). Meal from Indian maize.

1341. (41263). Chili, or ground-red pepper.

1342. (41264). Dried peaches; Indian style.

1343. (41266). Dried squash; Indian style.

1344. (41267). Indian beans.

1345. (41271). Corn parched by the Indians.

1346. (41272). Native salt of Zuni.

1347. (41273). Zuni bread.

1348. (41274). Zuni bread used in the dance.

1349. (41280). Zuni bread.

1350. (41283). Zuni sprouted wheat, from which a juice or wine is obtained.

1351. (42050). Horse beans cultivated by the Indians.

_MEDICINES AND DYES._

1352. (41172). Root used as medicine.

1353. (41173). Root used as medicine.

1354. (41175). Root used as medicine, called by the Zunians _[-a]h-qu[-a]-[-a]-we_.

1355. (41174). Bark for coloring buckskin red.

1356. (41907). Plant for coloring black.

1357. (41908). Plant used for decorating pottery black, the oil or juice of which is used.

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.

_HORN AND BONE._

1358. (41284). Bone awl, with iron shaft.

1359-1361. 1359, (41851); 1360, (41852); and 1361, (41853), Fig. 498, are specimens of a rattle or musical instrument made from the shell of a turtle which is highly esteemed by the Pueblo tribes. The flesh of the turtle is carefully removed from the shell, leaving it hollow. To the edges of the breast plate are attached the toes of goats or sheep. These toes coming in contact with the hollow shell produce a peculiar sound, in keeping with the sound caused by the gourd rattles used in the same ceremony. The rattle is fastened to the rear of the right leg near the knee when employed in the dances.

_SKIN._

1362. (41287). Lasso or lariat of plaited leather.

1363. (41219). Hopple strap; ends locked by small blocks of wood. See Fig. 499.

_WOVEN FABRICS._

1364. (41251). Moki scarf, from Zuni.

1365. (41552). Child's shirt of calico, _[-o]-ch[-u]-[-o]tsn-n[-a]_.

1366. (41253). Squaw's knit leggings.

1367, 1368. 1367, (41801) and 1368, (41807). Are sashes of Moki manufacture, handsomely embroidered at each end in colors.

1369, 1370. 1369, (41712) and 1370, (14713). Are worsted woven belts for the waist, called _eh-ni-ne_. See Fig. 500.

1371. (41714). Worsted garter, called _eh-ni-ne ts[-a]n-n[-a]_.

1372. (41801). Finely-woven white cotton with embroidered edge, of which the following are examples:

1373-1375. 1373, (41802); 1374, (41803), and 1375, (41804).

1376. (41805). Blue woolen scarf.

1377. (41806). Scarf.

1378. (41807). Sash. See Fig. 501.

1379. (41808). Sash. See Fig. 502.

1380. (41809). Navajo blanket, used as a squaw's dress, with red border.

1381. (41810). Similar blanket.

1382. (41811). Navajo blanket with blue border. The following are similar to the preceding:

1383-1388. 1383, (41812); 1384, (41813); 1385, (41814); 1386, (41815); 1387, (41816); and 1388, (41817).

1389. (41818). Saddle-blanket, in colors.

1390-1395. 1390, (41819); 1391, (41820); 1392, (41821); 1393, (41822); 1394, (41823); and 1395, (41824), are also saddle-blankets.

1396. (41825). Imperfect large robe of wool.

1397. (42223). Sample of green yarn used by the Zunians in making belts and blankets.

1398. (42201). War trophy, worn as shoulder belt; the band which passes over the shoulder is ornamented with arrow-points which are fastened in the plaiting. The plaited portion is made of the skin dress of a slain Navajo. So highly did the Zunians prize this trophy that I was obliged to promise its return before I was allowed to take it away. A sketch was made of it, after which it was returned to the Indians.

1399. (42268). A Zuni charm, made from a piece of shell rounded and pierced near one end to-receive a string.

1400. (41726). Head-dress worn by maidens in dances. Fig. 503 shows the form. The flower is sometimes red and yellow; this is attached to one side of the band which goes over the head; to the other side is attached a horn-shaped ornament. The flower is called _[-a]t[-e] [ae]n-ne_. The horn on the left is called _sai'[ae]nne_. The band that encircles the head is called _g[)e]m-me_. The following are articles of the same kind, differing only in ornamentation:

1401-1408. 1401, (41727); 1402, (41728); 1403, (41729); 1404, (41730); 1405, (41731); 1406, (41732); 1407, (41733); and 1408, (41734).

1409. (41698). Wool rosette; part of head-dress.

1410. (41699). Cotton rosette; part of head-dress.

1411. (41697). Charm of wild turkey feathers.

1412. (42206). Grooved axe of black fine-grained sandstone, about eight inches long; water-worn to its present shape, afterward grooved to render it suitable for use.

1413. (42207). Fig. 504. Grooved axe, of basalt. The only specimen of this particular form in the collection.

1414. (42208). Fig. 505. Large stone celt of coarse sandstone, light gray color. It is shaped more like a wedge than the cut indicates. It is difficult to conjecture what this implement could have been used for. The sandstone of which it is made is too soft for either splitting or hammering. As it is about ten inches long and has four flat sides it may have been a grinder, as many of those implements are not unlike it in length and appearance. Its surface is quite rough and pitted.

1415. (42209). Sandstone maul, grooved, surface rough.

1416. (42210). Triangular-shaped maul, grooved in the middle; of coarse basalt. This and similar mauls evidently at one time had handles fixed to them, but at the present day it is not uncommon to see the modern Pueblo Indians holding them in the hand to crush their grain, chili or red-pepper pods in round mortars.

1417. (42211). Grooved axe of basalt.

1418. (42212). Small grooved axe of metamorphic rock.

1419. (42213). Fig. 507. Water-worn boulder of quartzite, grooved around the centre.

1420. (42214). Basaltic maul, grooved in the middle like the preceding. Used by the Indians at the present day for pounding chili or red pepper.

1421. (42216). Grooved axe of greenstone, quite long, well shaped, and nicely polished.

1422. (42217). Grooved axe of greenstone, similar to the preceding.

1423. (42218). Grooved axe of sandstone; top square.

1424. (42219). Axe of basalt, grooved on three sides.

1425. (42220). Grooved axe of greenstone.

1426. (42221). Grooved axe of quartz.

1427. (42222). Grooved axe of sandstone. Groove very near the top.

1428. (42223). Grooved axe of greenstone, well polished.

1429. (42224). Grooved axe of schistose rock, much flattened, with a small second groove below the larger one. 1430. (42225). Small grooved axe of greenstone, body rather square, top quite small, with the groove very near it.

1431. (42226). Axe of basalt, grooved on three sides near its top, which is flat.

1432. (42227). Grooved on three sides.

1433. (42228). Grooved axe.

1434. (42319). Grooved axe made from a fragment of a grinder.

1435. (42320). Same as preceding.

1436. (42321). Rough chipping or stone hammer.

1437. (42322). Large grooved maul of a ferruginous substance.

1438. (42323). Large egg-shaped grooved maul of coarse sandstone.

1439. (42326). Large grooved maul of irregular shape and surface; finegrained sandstone.

1440-1447. 1440, (42327); 1441, (42328); 1442, (42329); 1443, (42330); 1444, (42331); 1445, (42332); 1446, (42333); 1447, (42334), are all quite similar to the two preceding mauls, and are all of sandstone.

1448. (42335). A very large grooved maul, almost square, and weighing about fifteen pounds.

1449. (42336). Grooved maul of very coarse-grained sandstone; short and thick.

1450. (42337). Fig. 506. Grooved maul of compact sandstone. The body of the maul is almost round, though the cut makes it appear flat. Several such specimens were collected, and in all instances they show that they have been better preserved than the axes. This is probably due to the fact that their shape adapts them to grinding foods and grain, and hence they are not used for splitting or cutting.

1451. (42339). Rough stone maul of sandstone, grooved in the middle.

1452. (42350). Small grooved axe of sandstone from the ruins of Pecos.

1453. (42246). Celt of a very black slate stone.

1454. (42247). Celt. This is a very fine specimen, of yellow polished slate of about the same texture as the preceding one. It is about twelve inches long, and tapers gradually from the broad edge to the top.

_METATES, OR GRAIN-GRINDERS, AND PESTLES._

1455-1460. 1455, (42279); 1456, (42287); 1457, (42289); 1458, (42309); 1459, (42310); 1460, (42311), are ordinary specimens of the metate placed together in the shape of a mill. See Fig. 508.

1461, 1462. 1461, (42313), and 1462, (42314), are rubbing stones.

1463. (42338). Broken metate rubber.

1464. (42249). Rubbing stone.

1465. (40139). Rude rubber of silicified wood.

1466. (42274). Small quartz rubber.

1467. (42275). Small greenstone rubber.

1468-1473. 1468, (42276); 1469, (42277); 1470, (42278); 1471, (42316); 1472, (42317); 1473, (42318), are all fragrants of rubbers.

1474. (42290). Bound sandstone pestle, each end ovate.

1475. (42294). Square sandstone pestle.

1476. (42295). Small round pestle, with rounded ends.

_MORTARS, PESTLES, ETC._

Nearly all the pestles and mortars from Wolpi present evidences of age. They are nearly all of coarse sandstone, and were used for bruising food and grain. They are usually quite large, heavy, and round. As they are generally of soft yielding rocks, the cavities are worn very deep in most of them.

1477. (42281). Large flat food mortar.

1478. (42282). Paint mortar, made from a round sandstone boulder about five inches in diameter.

1479. (42283). Grain mortar.

1480. (42284). Mortar made from a round somewhat flattened sandstone boulder.

1481. (42285). Food mortar of indurated sandstone, about four inches thick and eight inches in diameter, irregularly round, the depression being about three inches deep.

1482. (42286). Mortar for crushing grain; this is an unusually fine specimen. It is about seven inches high, and an almost round body, about an inch and a half thick at the top of the rim; the cavity is quite a perfect oval in shape, about five inches deep; bottom flat.

1483. (42288). Mortar similar to the above, but having a projection on one side like the ear of a kettle.

1484. (42291). Mortar and pestle. The mortar is nearly square; cavity about five inches deep and seven in diameter. The pestle has a groove round the middle.

1485. (42292). Paint mortar about one inch thick and nearly square.

1486. (42293). Round quartzitic boulder; one side flat, the other with a small cavity.

1487. (42307). Bowl-shaped food mortar, about ten inches in diameter and five inches high.

_MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS._

1488. (42270). Stone knife with two notches or grooves near the large end.

1489. (42271). Forty specimens of arrow-heads and small perforators, flint and agate; most of them very well shaped.

1490. (42253). Sandstone gaming ball, painted.

1491-1493. 1491, (42254); 1492, (42255); and 1493, (42256), are all sandstone gaming balls.

1494. (42257). Fig. 509. Hollow tube. The figure represents one made from potters' clay, the other is of siliceous material. These pipes are not in use at the present time, but are frequently found around the ruins and in possession of the Indians.

1495. (42261). Stone image, probably intended to represent a rabbit. It is of fine-grained stone. Shown in Fig. 513. There are quite a number of these little images from Wolpi and Zuni; as they appear to represent rabbits, it is presumed that they are quite old, and possibly antedate the introduction of domestic animals among the tribes.

1496. (42296). Small paint muller of jasper.

1497. (42297). Square quartzitic paint muller.

1498. (42298). Triangular paint rubber of quartz.

1499-1503. 1499, (42299), quartz; 1500, (42300); 1501, (42301); 1502, (42303); and 1503, (42304), are all quartz paint pestles made from half sections of small semi spherical boulders; the large end, which is flat, being used for the grinding part.

1504. (42305). Part of a grooved axe.

1505. (42306). Rubbing stone with four rubbing surfaces.

1506. (42262). Fig. 512. This undoubtedly represents some animal.

1507. (42263). Fig. 510. This evidently represents some animal other than the rabbit. The body is long and slender, and is provided with a tail.

1508. (42264). Small sandstone image, which is a good representation of a bear; grooved around the neck, with mouth and eyes and short tail. None of these little images are provided with anything more than short stubs for limbs.

1509. (42265). Very small sandstone image, quite similar to No. 1507.

1510. (40114). Wolpi neck ornament, Fig. 511, _hu-wat-he-qua-ve_, of red slate stone notched at each end, as shown in the cut, and perforated at the upper edge to receive a cord, with which it is suspended to the neck. Though a rare ornament, it possesses no particular known significance.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

_WATER VASES._

These are of the usual form, and for the most part of the usual size found at Zuni; but there are also a number of very large specimens of the white ornamented, black, and red ware, having a capacity of ten or twelve gallons.

White decorated ware:

1511. (41356). Decorations exactly the same type as that shown in Fig. 359, except that there is a regular meander around the shoulder. The type is shown in Fig. 514.

The following belong to the same type as the above, the variations being but slight, the large circular space with scroll being the chief characteristic:

1512. (41601). Figure on the neck as on the body of Fig. 372.

1513. (41602). Shown in Fig. 514.

1514. (41603). The block containing the smaller circle is here solid and square; there is a zig-zag band around the neck as on the margins of some Zuni bowls.

1515. (41604). This varies in having in place of the block with the small circle, a regularly checkered block.

1516. (41606). This has only the large diamond figures on the body, and a band of s's round the shoulder.

1517. (41607). Like No. 1514.

1518. (41454). With handles on sides; fringe-like band around the shoulder.

1519. (41455). Simple linear band around the body.

1520. (41456). Figures of a trident or three-pronged fork; and ladle on the body.

The following are plain brown and red ware, some of them very large. The neck is but slight, and they are often more pot-shaped than olla form. Without ornamentation.

Brown or red.

1521-1533. 1521, (41632); 1522, (41633); 1523, (41635); 1524, (41636); 1525, (41637); 1526, (41638); 1527, (41639); 1528, (41640); 1529, (41641); 1530, (41642); 1531, (41643); 1532, (41649); 1533, (41650).

1534. (41644).

1535. (40646). Fig. 515.

1536. (41647).

1537. (41648).

1538. (42374). Very large pot, used for cooking. Name, _nu-a-mash-pe_. Represented in Fig. 516.

_WATER JUGS AND JARS._

These are similar to those obtained at Zuni; sub-globular in form, one side more distinctly flattened on which to lie, the other very convex. Usually with two handles, sometimes loops, and sometimes studs or knobs. Occasionally ornamented white ware, but most generally unadorned brown or red ware. The latter showing, on some pieces, at least, a slight, perhaps accidental, glazing. They vary in size from six or seven gallons down to less than a pint.

As the various figures used in decorations have been described, only those which are unusual will be noticed here.

White decorated ware:

1539. (41320). Underside as usual, blown. Scalloped band in direction of mouth and handle, transverse double scalloped band across the upper half.

1540. (41362). Similar to the last.

1541. (41342). Simple bands and scrolls.

1542, 1543. 1542, (41401) and 1543, (41447). Similar.

Brown ware without ornamentation:

1544-1567. 1544, (41321); 1545, (41322); 1546, (41323); 1547, (41324); 1548, (41325); 1549, (41326); 1550, (41327); 1551, (41328); 1552 (41329); 1553, (41330); 1554, (41331); 1555, (41332); 1556, (41333); 1557, (41334); 1558, (41335); 1559, (41336); 1560, (41337); 1561, (41338); 1562, (41339); 1563, (41340); 1564, (41341); 1565, (41343); 1566, (41344); 1567, (41345).

1568-1569. 1568, (41609) and 1569, (41611). These have only the large diamond figures on the body, and a zig-zag line around the neck.

1570. (41610). The large diamonds serrate on the outer margin; neck with doubly oblique serrate lines.

1571. (41613). As in Fig. 514, except that the neck, instead of the zigzag, has oblique diamonds.

1572. (41614). This varies from the preceding in having only a narrow scalloped band around the neck.

1573. (41620). Only the large scrolls, nothing on the neck.

1574. (41622). Similar to the preceding, except that each alternate scroll is replaced by a rosette in a circle.

1575. (41615). Like No. 1515, except that the neck has a scalloped band with birds' heads.

1576. (41618). Large diamonds on the body alternately with rosettes, by the side of which is a bird.

1577. (41621). Similar to Fig. 514, except that the black has no circle in it.

1578. (41358). Small with a broad checkered band around the body.

1579. (41605). With narrow scalloped band around the neck; triangular figures pointing to right and left on the body with cross lines between the bases.

1580. (41608). Outline figures of terraced hills with cactus growing from them, and curved scalloped lines above.

1581. (41612). Scalloped band around the neck; oblique, heavy, double diamond figures with scrolls on the body.

1582. (41617). No decorations on the neck; body with the spear points or long triangles, and serrate oblique lines as on Zuni bowls.

1583. (41616). Line of little circles on the neck; triangles of lines, pointing to the left on the body.

1584. (41619). Similar in form and decorations to Fig. 371 (Zuni), except that the upper side of the band is formed of triangles instead of scrolls.

1585. (41629). This is really a double-handled jar.

1586. (41630). Scalloped band around bottom, serrated squares near rim.

1587. (41631). Scrolls on the neck; birds with crest feathers, and flowers on the body.

1588. (41634). Very small, with numerous scalloped lines arranged in diamond form.

1589. (41644). Series of double perpendicular scallops.

1590. (41468). Similar to No. 1586.

_TOY-LIKE WATER VESSELS._

The following are very small water vessels, probably intended for children:

1591. (41449). Figures of birds on body.

1592. (41450). The usual diamond and scroll on body.

1593-1603. 1593, (41346); 1594, (41347); 1595, (41348); 1596, (41349); 1597, (41350); 1598, (41351); 1599, (41352); 1600, (41353); 1601, (41354); 1602, (41355); 1603, (41448).

Small toy canteens:

1604-1607. 1604, (41439); 1605, (41440); 1606, (41442); 1607, (41443).

The following three are cup-shaped, with an ear on each side to which to attach a string, the top is closed, with a round orifice in the middle, and they are either medicine or little paint vessels and not canteens, as given in the original field catalogue:

1608-1610. 1608, (41444); 1609, (41445); 1610, (41446).

Water jugs and bottles are of various forms, which will be described under their respective numbers. They are usually of the white decorated ware. The brown ware is always undecorated.

1611. (41363). See Fig. 518.

1612. (41364). Brown ware shown in Fig. 517.

1613. (41365). Brown ware, cylindrical, constricted in the middle and with small orifice.

1614. (41393). Without handle.

1615. (41366). Fig. 519. A water jar made in imitation of a common gourd cultivated by many of the Pueblo tribes. The body is ornamented on both sides with a curved line and birds, as seen in the figure. A small circular orifice is left at the base of the handle.

1616. (41367). As in Fig. 520.

1617. (41368). Shown in Fig. 522.

1618-1619. 1618, (41369), and 1619, (41370). Similar to the preceding.

1620. (41407). Regularly shaped jug with handle decorated with geometrical figures.

1621. (41433). Brown ware, regular jug with two handles.

1622. (41434). Similar to preceding, but without handles.

1623. (41469). Bottle shaped. Brown ware. Represented in Fig. 521.

The following are similar:

1624-1628. 1624, (41373); 1625, (41374); 1626, (41375); 1627, (41376); 1630, (41377).

1629. (41393). Brown ware, with single constriction, without handle.

1630. (41394). Similar.

_CUPS._

Those obtained were chiefly very small. As will be seen, the ladle to a very large extent supplies with this people the place of the cup.