Part 4

As previously stated, the basketry manufactured by the Shinumo Indians is of a more finished class and of a greater variety than that made and used by any of the other Pueblos, as will be seen by reference to the accompanying illustrations. Among the examples of this ware, obtained at Wolpi, is a large number of the flat or saucer-shaped kind; these vary both in size and character of construction as well as decoration. The manner of making one form of this class is quite interesting as well as curious. A rope-like withe of the fiber of the yucca, made quite fine, is wrapped with flat strips of the same plant. In forming the basket with this rope the workman commences at the center, or bottom, and coils the rope round, attaching it by a method of weaving, until, by successive layers of the rope, it attains the desired dimensions. These are quite highly and prettily ornamented in black, white, and yellow, and are compact and strong. Another variety of baskets of similar shape and size, and also fancifully ornamented, was obtained from the same Indians. These are made from small round willows. They exhibit less skill in construction, but are handsomely ornamented. Another kind was also obtained from the Shinumos, which, however, are attributed to the Apaches and probably found their way into the Moki villages through trade. These are large bowl-shaped baskets, almost watertight, but generally used as flour and meal baskets. They are also ornamented black and yellow, produced by weaving the material of different colors together while making the basket.

There are many other forms and varieties, which will be referred to at the proper time, as they occur in the catalogue.

The Pueblos employ a variety of plants and herbs for medicinal and dyeing purposes, some of which were collected. Their botanical names were not determined, but they are indigenous to the regions inhabited by the Indians using them.

Ornaments and musical instruments employed in dances and religious ceremonies do not differ much among the Pueblo Indians; the principal ones being the drum, rattle, notched sticks, a kind of fife, and a turtle-shell rattle. The latter instrument is the shell of a turtle, around the edges of which the toes of goats and calves are attached; this produces a very peculiar rattling sound. The shell is usually attached to the leg near the knee.

COLLECTIONS FROM ZUNI.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

_AXES, HAMMERS, AND MAULS._

1. (40139). Flat rubbing or grinding stone of silicified wood.

2. (40551). Stone axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, with groove near the larger end.

3. (40552). Imperfectly-made stone axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, grooved at each edge; basalt.

4. (40553). Large axe, with groove around the middle; sandstone.

5. (40554). Axe, grooved at the middle, square and flat on top; basalt.

6. (40555). Small centrally-grooved axe; schistose rock.

7. (40556). Axe, grooved in the middle.

8. (40557). Axe, grooved near the blunt end, which is shaped similarly to the edge.

9. (40558). Axe, grooved near the end.

10. (40559). Small hatchet, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, of basalt doubly grooved, edge beveled from both sides, hammer end about one and a half inches in diameter.

11. (40560). Grooved axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, of fine black basalt, well polished; groove well worn. The face or side is intended to be near the holder when in use. Fig. 352. This specimen was found in Arizona, near Camp Apache, and was presented by Mrs. George P. Buell. It is one of the largest in the collection with such perfect finish.

12. (40561). Grooved in the center; of porous basalt.

13. (40562). Hammer grooved in the center, rounded off at each end.

14. (40563). Small hatchet-shaped instrument, square at the back, and rounded at the front edge.

15. (40563a). Rudely-made axe, grooved near the blunt end.

16. (40564). Small axe, with a groove round the body quite near the blunt end; basalt.

17. (40565). Axe, three and a half inches long.

18. (40566). Quite small, probably a hatchet, of firm basalt, grooved near the hammer end.

19. (40567). Much larger than the last, basaltic; groove quite deep and smooth, hammer end circular, large, and blunt.

20. (40568). Grooved axe of quartzitic rock.

21. (40569). Pick-shaped axe, grooved entirely around, with imperfect depressions which were in the water-worn boulder from which it was made; about six inches in length.

22. (40570). Boulder of sandstone with groove near the middle.

23. (40571). Flat basaltic boulder, grooved near the center, straight on the back, and tapering above and below the groove.

24. (40572). Small basaltic hammer and axe with groove near the large end.

25. (40573). Small grooved axe composed of hard sandstone; hammer end large, edge quite perfect.

26. (40574). Small boulder of basalt, ground to an edge at one end and rounded off at the other; doubly grooved.

27. (40575). Large basaltic stone considerably chipped off from pounding hard substances, grooved near the center, both ends quite blunt; probably used as a pounding stone.

28. (40576). Flat basaltic boulder, used as a pounder.

29. (40577). Basaltic hatchet grooved in the middle; quite rough.

30. (40578). Grooved axe of a very heavy, solid character, apparently designed more for mauling than cutting.

31. (40579). Large, heavy basaltic hammer and axe with groove around the body near the hammer end; about seven inches long.

32. (40580). Axe, grooved in the middle, upper or hammer end unusually long in proportion to the size.

33. (40581). Flat axe made from a water-worn boulder, oval in outline, both edges designed for cutting or splitting. Deep groove encircling the body, with protrusions above and below it to prevent the handle from slipping out; greenstone.

34. (40582). Hard, fine-grained sandstone axe wedge-shaped, without a groove.

35. (40583). Grooved axe with round body.

36. (40584). Fig. 349. Axe with a broad, shallow groove near the upper end, which is much narrower and smaller than the lower; of mottled volcanic rock, white, green, and black.

37. (40585). Axe grooved in the middle, irregular in shape, and much chipped off at the lower edge and rounded off at the top.

38. (40806). Made from a very fine, hard metamorphic rock, small enough to be classed as a hatchet; crescent-shaped at the top.

39. (40703). Fig. 348. A very dark brown axe, speckled with reddish spots. This axe bears a much finer polish than most of those in the collection.

40. (40704). Axe, grooved near the upper end, which is cone-shaped.

41. (40705). An almost square axe of basaltic rock, grooved on the sides, flat on top.

42. (40706). Axe of quartzitic rock, flat and thin; grooved.

43. (40900). Long, narrow axe, grooved near the upper end.

44. (40901). Axe, made from a water-worn boulder, almost to its present shape.

45. (40902). Small, round axe of basalt, having a shallow groove near the larger end.

46. (40903). Grooved basaltic axe.

47. (40904). Maul, with rough surface, one side flat, the other convex, with a groove.

48. (40258). Double-grooved axe of porphyry, well polished and quite perfect.

49. (41260). Grooved axe of compact sandstone; wedge-shaped.

50. (42204). Stone maul of basalt, with groove; very rough.

51. (42205). Grooved axe of basalt. Fig. 351. This specimen was obtained at Fort Wingate, in New Mexico, but was probably found in or around some of the ruins.

52. (42229). This is one of the finest specimens in the collection, and, as shown by the cut, Fig. 347, has the handle attached, ready for use. This is formed of a willow withe bent round the axe and doubled, extending out far enough to form a handle and wrapped with a buckskin string; of compact basalt.

53. (42230). Shallow-grooved axe of basalt.

54. (42231). Axe, with a shallow groove near the larger end.

55. (42232). Axe of basalt, grooved on the sides.

56. (42233). Grooved axe, in size and shape the same as (42226).

57. (42234). Grooved axe of a peculiar black mottled rock, with white, marble-like streaks through it; groove surrounding it in the center.

58. (42235). Irregularly-shaped axe with a wide and deep groove surrounding it, curiously mottled with reddish and green streaks. Specimens of this kind are quite rare.

59. (42236). Grooved axe; sides well polished and exhibiting peculiar reddish spots.

60. (42237). Small grooved axe of metamorphic rock.

61. (42238). Grooved axe.

62. (42239). Small grooved axe of schistose rock, much flaked off at each end.

63. (42240). Axe, grooved on three sides; similar in size and shape to (42223).

64. (42241). Grooved axe with flattened top.

65. (42242). Same as the preceding.

66. (42242). Grooved axe with two edges.

67. (42244). Celt-shaped axe of basalt; it appears to have been used as a rubbing stone.

68. (39869). Zuni maul with circular groove around the centre, used generally for grinding or pounding soft foods, such as red-pepper pods; of porous lava.

69. (39903). Double-edged axe, _[-o]'-l[-a]-ki-le_, with groove around the middle; volcanic rock, from Zuni. See Fig. 350.

70. (42349). Rounded end of a sandstone metate grinder converted into a flat hammer by grooving it at the opposite edges.

71. (41291). Pounder of sandstone. It was originally a common axe. Thumb and finger depression on the sides.

72. (40871). Lava Chili pounder with cap-shaped ends; grooved.

73. (40906). Lava rock pounder; small.

_METATES, OR GRAIN-GRINDERS, AND PESTLES._

74. (40870). Square red sandstone metate.

75. (42280). Flat sandstone grinding slab.

76-82. The following numbers represent the rubbers accompanying the metates. The Indian name is _y[ae]'-l[)i]n-ne_: 76, (40909); 77, (40910); 78, (40911); 79, (40912); 80, (40913); 81, (40914); 82, (41259); sandstone rubber.

_MORTARS, PESTLES, ETC._

These are found in use at all the pueblos, but are more common in Zuni and the Moki villages than elsewhere, as these Indians use mineral pigments more extensively and in greater variety than any of the others.

The pestles and mortars obtained from these tribes are all too small to be used for any other purpose than grinding pigments. Many of them appear to be quite old, and were probably handed down from distant ancestors, or obtained from the ruins. Some of them are evidently of modern manufacture.

83. (40707). Mortar; a round, flat, quartzitic boulder with round cavity on one side about one inch in diameter and half an inch deep, and a square depression on the other about an inch deep and two inches in width; indigo still clinging to the surface of the depression.

84. (40708). Mortar of quartzite, the body nearly square and flat; depression round and about four inches in diameter, quite shallow.

85. (40709). Mortar of coarse-grained sandstone, almost perfectly round, the cavity quite deep, and lined with red ochre or vermilion.

86. (40710). Mortar of a flat sandstone with irregular rim about four inches in diameter.

87. (40711). Paint mortar of a small round quartz boulder.

88. (40712). Mortar of fine-grained sandstone about six inches long by three wide; sides square. This mortar was in use by the Zunians for the purpose of grinding a pigment of yellowish impure clay, colored by the oxide of iron, with which they decorate their pottery, and which produces the brown and reddish-brown colors.

89. (40713). Small mortar of sandstone.

90. (40714). Mortar made from a flat water-worn quartz boulder with a circular depression about half an inch deep. The bottom of this mortar shows evidence of its having been used as a grinding stone previous to being converted into a mortar, or it may have been used for both purposes, as both the paint cavity and the rubbing side show recent use.

91. (40715). Paint mortar of basalt, used for grinding the yellow pigment for ornamenting pottery; about four inches in diameter, cavity about one inch deep, bottom ground flat.

92. (40716). Flat paint mortar, of quartz rock, almost round, about an inch thick, depression quite shallow; used for grinding a pigment of azurite or carbonate of copper, small nodules of which they collect at copper mines. This pigment is used in painting and decorating wooden images and gods.

93. (40717). Mortar similar to the above, and used for the same purpose.

94. (40718). Paint mortar made from a large irregularly round ferruginous sandstone. Used in pulverizing a reddish pigment for decorating pottery.

95. (40719). Mortar of a globular shape, made from a coarse-grained sandstone, used for grinding or mixing vermilion.

96. (40720). Paint mortar of sandstone. The whole mortar is only about an inch thick; made from a section of an old metate rubber.

97. (40722). Paint mortar of quartzite; blue pigment grinder. Size about four by three inches. This, like many of the flat mortars, has been first used as a rubbing stone and subsequently converted into a paint mortar.

98. (40723). Mortar made from a quartz boulder.

99. (40724). Sandstone mortar.

100. (40725). Paint mortar of sandstone, very flat.

101. (40726). Paint mortar, with oblong shallow depression; sandstone.

102. (40728). Square paint mortar; cavity about half an inch deep; sandstone impregnated with iron. Quartzitic pestle accompanying it.

103. (40729). Paint mortar of quartzite; almost square; depression almost worn through by use; quartz pebble pestle accompanying it.

104. (40730). Small round paint mortar of basalt, with white quartz pebble pestle.

105. (40731). Fig. 353. Paint mortar and pestle of quartz, with a knob on the end, which serves as a handle. This mortar was used in grinding an azurite pigment.

106. (40732). Mortar shaped somewhat like a ladle; the projecting end is provided with a small groove out of which the paint is poured.

107. (40733). Small sandstone mortar.

108. (40864). Paint mortar of sandstone.

109. (40868). Paint mortar of basalt, almost square.

110. (40869). Flat, square sandstone paint mortar; black water-worn pebble for pestle.

111. (40907). Chili or red pepper mortar of very porous lava rock; oval bottom, shallow cavity, about four inches thick and eight in diameter. These lava mortars may have been used for other purposes, but at the present time the Indians use them in crushing the pods and seeds of red pepper, and occasionally for crushing parched corn. They are quite common.

112. (40908). Food mortar of lava rock; square with flat bottom. Mortars of this kind are used in crushing grain and seeds.

113. (42272). Fig. 358. Paint mortar of very hard, fine-grained sandstone. The specimen is a very fair type of all the square paint mortars and pestles. The depression is often square instead of round. In grinding pigments the Indians generally move the pestle backward and forward instead of around as is done by our druggists.

114. (41273). Small sandstone paint mortar, much like the preceding.

115. (40227). Small egg-shaped paint pestle of white quartz. The general name of these in Zuni is _[ae]h-sh[)o]c-t[-o]n-ne_.

116. (42276). Flat sandstone, circular and about five inches in diameter; used as a quoit; originally a rubbing stone.

_MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS._

117. (39755). Eight specimens not very well defined. They are flint flakes, showing, by their shape, that they were designed for scrapers and groovers, being flat or slightly concave on one side and oval on the other.

118. (41289). Fig. 356. This is a sandstone mould for shaping metal into such forms as suit the fancy of the Indians for bridle and other ornaments; one cavity is rectangular, about four inches long by one in width; the other about two inches in diameter. Silver, which has long been a metal of traffic among these tribes, is the one which is usually melted down for ornamental purposes. After it is taken from the mould it is beaten thin, then polished.

119. (41290). Is a portion of the same mould, with one cavity square and the other in the shape of a spear-head.

120, 121. (42266), Fig. 354, and (42267), are crucibles, which were used in connection with the moulds for melting silver and other metals. Many other ornaments are made in the same manner.

122. (40808). Fig. 357. This is a large, rudely chipped spear-head of mica schist, obtained at Zuni, which was carried in the hand of one of the performers in a dance. It does not show any evidences of having been used in any other way. They called it _[ae]h'-chi-[ae]n-t[-e]h-[ae]-hla_.

123. (42245). Fig. 355. Handsomely-shaped and well-polished skinning knife of a remarkably fine-grained silicious slate. Above the shoulders on one side it is worn off to an oval surface, and is flat on the other.

124. (40915). Round sandstone, which is called a gaming stone; it is quite round, and bears the same name in Zuni as the pestle, _[-a]h-k[ae]-mon-ne_.

125. (40916). Quartz stone, flat and rounded at the ends as a sort of last to keep moccasins in shape while being sewed; called _y[ae]'-l[)i]n-ne_.

126. (41239). String of alabaster beads, _tem-thla_.

127. (41240). Charm, representing the upper part of the body and head of a bird.

128. (41241). Charm; representing a horse; quartz.

129. (41242). Charm; bird's head and upper part of body.

130. (41243). Charm; horse and saddle.

131. (41244). Charm; representing entire bird; quartz.

132. (41245). Charm; head and upper part of body of a bird.

133. (41246). Charm; the same.

134. (41247). Agate arrow-head.

135. (40870). Disk of sandstone, slightly convex in the centre; used in games.

136. (42325). Flat sandstone slab, with the horns of male and female deer engraved on one side.

137, 138. (40721) and (41249). Flat sandstones, used for baking _wi-a-vi_, a thin, wafer-like bread, by heating the rocks and then spreading a gruel-like mixture of corn meal over them. The largest one of these stones is about three feet in length by two in width. They are used by the Zuni and Moki pueblos quite extensively.

139. (42324). Eighty chip flints and flakes of agate, quartz, chalcedony, &c.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

_WATER VASES._

140. (39871). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 359. The slender shading lines only are brown, the rest of the figuring black; the base in this as in most Zuni pottery is reddish or slate colored. This may be considered as the type of one variety of decorations, readily distinguished by the unadorned circular spaces, the large scrolls, and the absence of animal forms. The larger forms of these vases are called by the Zunians _k[-a]h'-wi-n[-a]-k[ae]-t[-e]hl-le_; the smaller forms, _det-tsan-na_.

141. (39916). The ornamentation is well shown in Fig. 360. The combinations on this piece are rare on Zuni pottery, and the chief figure on the body is more symmetrical than is usual in this group of ware. This may also be considered as representing a second type of decorations of which there is but one other example in the collection.

142. (39920). This belongs to the variety represented by Fig. 360, and varies chiefly in having the neck decorated with leaf-like figures, and in having the scrolls replaced by triangles with inner serratures.

143. (39934). The largest size; Fig. 361. The decorations of this piece belong to a third variety, distinguished chiefly by the presence of the elk or deer. Attention is called to the three figured zones or belts on the body, the upper with the arch inclosing an elk; the middle and narrow belt adorned with figures of birds with a long crest feather. The helix or scroll is freely introduced in this variety. The one here figured is typical of quite a large group. The animals are usually black, as are the lines separating the spaces.

144. (41150). This is similar in size and decorations to Fig. 361, and is shown in Fig. 362. The difference in the form of the bird in this from that in the preceding is worthy of notice.

145. (39933). Similar to No. 143 (Fig. 361); bird scrolls as in No. 144.

146. (40322). Medium size, represented in Fig. 364. It may be grouped in the variety of which Fig. 359 is given as the type.

147. (39936). Large size; decorations resembling those in Fig. 364, but with two belts of scrolls on the body.

148. (41154). Medium size; figures as in No. 147.

149. (41155). 150. (41162). Medium size; decorations similar to the preceding, except that No. 150 (41162) has figures of sheep on the neck.

151. (41158). Large size; the ornamentation of this piece, as will be seen by reference to Fig. 363, belongs to the variety represented by Fig. 359 and 364, but differs in having on the body a middle zone of bird-like figures.

152. (41161). Large size; similar to Fig. 363.

153. (39943). Decorations very similar to those shown in Fig. 359.

154. (39937). Medium size; ornamentation similar to that seen in Fig. 361.

155. (40312). Large size; shown in Fig. 365. As will be seen by comparison the decorations are the same as those in Fig. 361, except that the elk is omitted and a figure of scrolls introduced in its place.

156. (40310). Fig. 366. Large size. In the decorations of this piece we observe a new feature, a rosette or flower, showing a decided appreciation of the beautiful, either suggested by the flowers of the Helianthus or by something introduced by Europeans, but most probably the former. The different forms of this figure found on this ware furnish, perhaps the best evidence of taste exhibited by the Zunian artists.

157. (40313). Fig. 368. Large size. In this we see the same figures as in Figs. 363 and 366 brought into combination with the rosette, the birds being replaced by sheep.

158. (40318). Large size; similar to No. 149, except that the rosette is introduced in place of the circle.

159. (40314). } 160. (40316). } Decorations belong to the variety shown in Fig. 361.

161. (40317). Fig. 367. A little study of these figures will satisfy any one that although there is an apparently endless variety in details, there are, in fact, but comparatively few different figures.

162. (41146). Fig. 370. This belongs to the same variety as Fig. 368.

163. (40315). Large size, similar to that represented in Fig. 370, but varying in form, having the expansion at the shoulder more prominent and tapering more rapidly from thence to the base. The figures remind us of the trappings often seen in Japanese cuts.

164. (40319). Medium size; decorations similar to those in Fig. 361, except that here the elk or deer stands on a broad black band in which there is a row of white diamonds.