Chapter 2

37, (47532). A small, oblong, mortar-shaped vessel of lava. The width three inches, length when unbroken was probably four and a half inches; width of inside two inches, length probably three and one-fourth inches, depth of cavity three-fourths of an inch. On the portion remaining there are four feet; originally there were doubtless six. On one side is a projection or handle similar in form and size to the feet. 38-54. 38, (46533); 39, (46534); 40, (46535); 41, (46536); 42, (46537); 43, (46538); 44, (46539); 45, (46550); 46, (46552); 47, (46553); 48, (46554); 49, (46560); 50, (46562); 51, (46565); 52, (46566); 53, (46568); 54, (47571). Pounding or hammer stones, some of them simple cobble stones, others with marks of slight preparation for use by chipping off or rubbing down prominences.

55, (46540). Sandstone with smoothed surface and groove for smoothing arrow shafts.

56-64. 56, (46541); 57, (46542); 58, (46543); 59, (46544); 60, (46545); 61, (46546); 62, (46547); 63, (46548); 64, (46564). Small stones, chiefly quartz, basalt, and agate, used for smoothing and polishing pottery.

65-68. 65, (46570); 66, (46572); 67, (46573); 68, (46574). Broken rubbers for metates.

69, (46988). Spear head. Basalt.

70, (46989). Arrow head. Obsidian.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

(Only one perfect specimen obtained.)

71, (46575). A bowl.

72, (46718). Fragments of ancient pottery.

COLLECTIONS FROM NAMBE.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

73-78. 73, (46577); 74, (46578); 75, (46579); 76, (46580); 77, (46581); 78, (46583). Quartzite rubbing stones of an elongate form.

79, (46582). Similar to the last group, but appears to have been used as a pestle as well as a rubber.

80-85. 80, (46584); 81, (46585); 82, (49586); 83, (46587); 84, (46588); 85, (46589). Pounding stones, chiefly of quartzite. These are quite regularly formed, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, with blunt or squarely docked ends, from four to seven inches long and two to three inches in diameter, used chiefly in pounding mesquite beans.

86-89. 86, (46590); 87, (46591); 88, (46592); 89, (46593). Round, flattened, or disk-shaped quartzite pounders, medium and small sizes.

90-91. 90, (46596); and 91, (46597). Pounders similar to the preceding group, but smaller.

92, (46594). A flat or disk-shaped polishing stone of quartzite.

93, (46595). An oblong rectangular quartzite pounding stone.

94-105. 94, (46598); 95, (46599); 96, (46600); 97, (46601); 98, (46602); 99, (46603); 100, (46604); 101, (46605); 102, (46606); 103, (46607); 104, (46608); 105, (46609). Small irregular stones of jasper and basalt used in shaping and polishing pottery.

106, (46610). Elongate, well-worn, sandstone meal rubber or rubber for metate.

107, (46611). A stone bowl or basin made from an oblong, somewhat oval-shaped quartzite slab, and used for pounding and grinding mesquite beans. The length is 19 inches, greatest width 10 inches, depth of depression 2 inches.

108, (46612). Rather large disk-shaped smoothing stone of basalt.

109-114. 109, (46719); 110, (46720); 111, (46721); 112, (46722); 113, (46723); and 114, (46724). Rubbers for metates of the usual form, mostly of basalt, well worn, and most of them broken.

115-131. 115, (46725); 116, (46726); 117, (46728); 118, (46729); 119, (46732); 120, (46733); 121, (46734); 122, (46735); 123, (46739); 124, (46740); 125, (46741); 126, (46742); 127, (46743); 128, (46744); 129, (46749); 130, (46750); 131, (46761). Crude pounding stones, mostly simple cobble stones, more or less worn by use.

132-150. 132, (46727); 133, (46730); 134, (46731); 135, (46736); 136, (46737); 137, (46738); 138, (46745); 139, (46746); 140, (46747); 141, (46748); 142, (46751); 143, (46752); 144, (46753); 145, (46754); 146, (46755); 147, (46756); 148, (46757); 149, (46758); 150, (46759). Small and mostly polished smoothing stones, used chiefly in polishing pottery; all well worn; of jasper, quartzite; or basalt.

151, (46760). A broken grooved ax of basalt.

152, (47051). A very large metate, twenty-four inches long and fifteen inches wide, much worn, the middle of the curve being three and one-half inches below the surface.

153, (47048). Ax with groove on one edge.

154, (47049). Hammer with broad annular groove.

155, (47050). Hammer with lateral notches.

156, (47051). Ax, broken.

157, (48052). Grooved hammer.

158, (47056). Half of a large mortar, much worn.

159, (47058). Metate.

160, (47059). A small mortar, probably used for grinding and pounding chili (pepper).

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

Articles of clay from this pueblo, which are but few in number, are either of polished black ware or unpolished of the natural _tierra amarilla_ or yellow earth, color, but more or less blackened by use. This ware is of precisely the same character and quality as the black pottery from Santa Clara. The pitchers, cups, and basins are evidently modeled after introduced patterns from civilized nations. All are without ornamentation.

161, (47033). Tinaja or olla, with narrow neck; _tierra amarilla_, blackened.

162, (47032). Tinaja or olla, rather small, polished black ware.

163-164. 163, (47034); 164, (47035). Pitchers of the ordinary form with handle and spout, about half-gallon size, polished black ware.

165, (47036). Small olla, yellow ware.

166, (47037). Small olla-shaped bowl; yellow ware.

167, (47038). A cup without handle.

168-171. 168, (47039); 169, (47040); 170, (47041); 171, (47042). Cups with handle similar in form and size to the ordinary white stone-china coffee cups; yellow-ware.

172, (47043). Cup similar in form and size to the preceding, but of polished black ware.

173, (47044). Small cup without handle; polished black ware.

174, (47045). Small cooking pot with handle; polished black ware.

175, (47046). A pear-shaped water vessel with two loop handles placed opposite each other near the mouth.

176, (47047). A large, polished black ware basin of the usual washbasin form, but with undulate border.

177, (47060). Small bowl, black polished ware.

COLLECTIONS FROM POJUAQUE.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

178-189. 178, (46613); 179, (46614); 180, (46615); 181, (46616); 182, (46617); 183, (46618); 184, (46619); 185, (46620); 186, (46621); 187, (46622); 188, (46657); 189, (46658). Hammers with groove around the middle. In 46618 the groove is double. They are of quartzite, lava, greenstone, metamorphic rock and basalt.

190-202. 190, (46623); 191, (46624); 192, (46625); 193, (46627); 194, (46639); 195, (46640); 196, (46641); 197, (46642); 198, (46644); 199, (45645); 200, (46646); 201, (46647); 202, (46648). Small smoothing-stones.

203, (46626). A triangular pounding stone.

204-212. 204, (46628); 205, (46629); 206, (46630); 207, (46631); 208, (46632); 209, (46633); 210, (46634); 211, (46650); 212, (46632). Oval pounding-stones made out of rolled pebbles or bowlders.

213, (46635). Elongate slender implements of basalt, probably used in molding pottery, especially the larger flaring bowls. 214, (46636). A smaller implement of similar form used as a polisher for particular vessels.

215-216. 215, (46637); 216, (46638). Flat stones with straight groove for smoothing arrow-shafts.

217, (46643). An unfinished ax of basalt.

218, (46651). A mortar for pounding and grinding mesquite beans.

219, (46653). Rude, partially grooved ax.

220, (46654). Small quartzite pestle.

221, (46659). A very regular, much-worn basaltic metate.

222, (47926). A large, well-worn metate.

223-226. 223, (46660); 224, (47927); 225, (47928); 226, (47929). Rubbing stones for metate.

227-228. 227, (47930); 228, (47931). Broken hatchets with annular groove near the hammer end.

229-232. 229, (47932); 230, (47933); 231, (47934); 232, (47935). Rude hatchets or digging implements notched on the side.

233-234. 233, (47936); 234, (47937). Hammers or pounding-stones with groove around the middle.

235-248. 235, (47938); 236, (47939); 237, (47944); 238, (47951); 239, (47952); 240, (47953); 241, (47954); 242, (47955); 243, (47956); 244, (47958); 245, (47959); 246, (47963); 247, (47964); 248, (47965). Pounding-stones.

249-255. 249, (47940); 250, (47941); 251, (47942); 252, (47943); 253, (47960); 254, (47961); 255, (47962). Small smoothing-stones.

256, (47945). Quartz pestle.

257, (47946). Stone for crushing and grinding mesquite beans.

258-261. 258, (47947); 259, (47948); 260, (47949); 261, (47950). Small disk-shaped hammer-stones with finger pits or depressions usually on both sides.

262-265. 262, (47966); 263, (47967); 264, (47968); 265, (47969). Stones with flat surface and a single straight groove for polishing or straightening arrow-shafts.

266-267. 266, (47971); 267, (47972). Similar stones, with two and three grooves, used for same purpose.

268, (47970). Piece of soap-stone used for moulding bullets.

269, (47974). Rude mortar for grinding paint.

270, (47973). Muller for grinding paint in the paint mortar.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

These are few and simple and chiefly of the yellow micaceous ware, some of it blackened by use so that the original color cannot now be observed. Some of the pieces are of red ware with ornamentations.

273-274. 273, (47431); 274, (47432). Pottery moulds for bottoms of vessels.

275, (47434). A pitcher-shaped teapot of red micaceous ware, with handle; a row of projecting points around the middle, one-half of these (those on one side) having the tips notched. There is a triangular spout in front, the opening to it being through numerous small round holes forming a strainer. Capacity about three pints. (Fig. 698.)

276, (47435). Small pitcher-shaped cooking pot with handle and crenulate margin.

277-278. 277, (47436); 278, (47437). Small plain bowls used in cooking.

279, (47438). A small boat-shaped bowl resembling a pickle dish.

280, (47439). A small, polished black olla.

281, (47440). A small flat flaring bowl of red ware, with simple, narrow, inner marginal black band and an inner sub-marginal line of triangular points with dots between them.

282, (47441). Small image of a quadruped, very rude; impossible to determine the animal intended; white ware with undulate black lines.

283, (47442). Image of a small bird with wings spread; white ware with black lines.

284, (47443). Small bowl of white ware, ornamented with red triangles and squares bordered by black lines.

285, (47444). Specimen of the paint used by the Indians to ornament themselves in their dances.

ARTICLES OF BONE AND HORN.

271, (46656). Corn-husker; handle of antelope-horn and point of iron.

272, (48047). Implement of horn, perforated for straightening arrow-shafts.

COLLECTIONS FROM OLD POJUAQUE.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

286-288. 286, (46661); 287, (46662); 288, (46714). Fragments of metates.

289, (46663). Large, very regularly shaped and much worn metate.

290-296. 290, (46664); 291, (46665); 292, (46666); 293, (46667); 294, (46668); 295, (46669); 296, (46670). Rubbing stones for metates, mostly broken.

297-319. 297, (46671); 298, (46672); 299, (46673); 300, (46674); 301, (46675); 302, (46676); 303, (46677); 304, (46678); 305, (46679); 306, (46683); 307, (46684); 308, (46695); 309, (46690); 310, (46680); 311, (46701); 312, (46702); 313, (46705); 314, (46709); 315, (46710); 316, (46711); 317, (46712); 318, (46713); 319, (46715). Smoothing stones.

320-335. 320, (46681); 321, (46682); 322, (46685); 323, (46686); 324, (46687); 325, (46688); 326, (46689); 327, (46690); 328, (46691); 329, (46692); 330, (46693); 331, (46694); 332, (46699); 333, (46704); 334, (46706); 335, (46707). Hammers or pounding stones, mostly rude and simple, showing but little preparation.

336-338. 336, (46697); 337, (46698); 338, (46700). Rude unpolished celts.

339, (46703). A sharpening stone. Slate.

340, (46708). Grooved stones for polishing arrow-shafts.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

These consist of only a few fragments of ancient ornamented pottery.

341-342. 341, (46716); 342, (46717). Fragments of pottery from the ruins of the old pueblo.

COLLECTIONS FROM SANTA CLARA.

ARTICLES OF STONE.

343-349. 343, (46762); 344, (46763); 345, (46764); 346, (47535); 347, (47552); 348, (47563); 349, (47564). Metates or grinding stones.

350, (46765). Blocks of stone from the walls of a ruined pueblo, (Liparito or Mesa.)

351-352. 351, (46767); 352, (46780). Rude hatchets or digging stones, notched at the sides and one end, more or less chipped.

353, (46781). Stone hammer, regular in form, grooved, and more than usually slender and pointed.

354-355. 354, (46782); 355, (46787). Pounding stones, chipped and notched at the sides.

356-357. 356, (46792); 357, (46793). Rounded pounding stones with finger pits.

358-359. 358, (46794); 359, (46799). Spherical stones used for casse-tetes, or in common parlance, slung-shot.

300-378. 360, (46800); 361, (46801); 362, (46802); 363, (46815); 364, (46828); 365, (46830); 366, (46832); 367, (46834); 368, (46841); 369, (46873); 370, (46881); 371, (46896); 372, (46965); 373, (47565); 374, (47679); 375, (47689); 376, (47693); 377, (47701); 378, (47707). Rude hammer-stones, some with notches at the sides, others without; none grooved.

379-381. 379, (46803); 380, (46812); 381, (46814). Rubbing stones for metate; mostly broken.

382, (46813). A rude, broken axe.

383-384. 383, (46824); 384, (46825). Smoothing stones used in making and polishing pottery.

385, (46826). Grooved stone for polishing arrow-shafts.

386, (46827). Fragments of pestles.

387-392. 387, (46831); 388, (46833); 389, (46842); 390, (46843); 391, (46963); 392, (46982). Smoothing stones.

393-396. 393, (46844); 394, (46864); 395, (47694); 396, (47700). Rubbing or smoothing stones.

397-398. 397, (46865); 398, (46868). Stone balls used as slung-shot.

399-400. 399, (46869); 400, (46871). Small, round hammer stones.

401, (47714). A rudely carved stone, probably intended to represent some animal.

402-404. 402, (46872); 403, (46882); 404, (46895). Grooved hammers.

405, (46983). Large pounding stone.

406-407. 406, (46985); 407, (46986). Bottles containing chips and flakes of obsidian and agate, from ancient pueblo on mesa.

408, (47987). Collection of 10 stones used in smoothing pottery.

409, (47536). Collection of 67 stones used in smoothing pottery.

410, (47537). Twenty-one stone chips and flakes.

411, (47538). Eight hammer stones and chips.

412-413. 412, (47539); 413, (47549). Grinding or rubbing stones for metate.

414, (47551). Stone mortar.

415-416. 415, (47553); 416, (47559). Rubbing stones for metate.

417-418. 417, (47560); 418, (47562). Pounding stones.

419, (47680). Large metate.

420-421. 420, (47681); 421, (47688). Rubbing stones for metate.

422, (46990). Grooved hammer.

423, (47709). Round pounding stone.

424, (47710). Chips and flakes of agate and jasper (one box).

425, (47711). Smoothing stones for pottery.

426, (47713). Chips and flakes of obsidian (one box).

427, (47715). Flakes and arrow heads of obsidian.

ARTICLES OF CLAY.

These consist of vessels of pottery, a few clay images, and two or three clay pipes. The pottery (with the exception of one or two pieces obtained from other pueblos) is all black ware, some of which is quite well polished. Some of the ollas are quite large, the form shown in fig. 699 (46993), predominating; others with rather high neck which is marked with sharp, oblique ridges, as shown in fig. 700 (47023).

_POLISHED BLACK WARE._

428, (46993). Olla shown in fig. 699. The somewhat peculiar form of the body, the sharp curve at the shoulder and straight line in the lower half, is the point to which attention is more particularly called, as this appears to be the principal type form of these vessels, with this pueblo.

429, (46994). A jar-shaped olla.

430-433. 430, (46995); 431, (47023); Fig. 700. 432, (47024); 433, (47147). These are well shown in fig. 700. The oblique lines on the neck indicate sharp external ridges. The lip is also usually undulate or crenate. The size is from medium to large, varying in capacity from one to three or four gallons.

434, (46996). A large pitcher, lower part of the body much inflated, neck rather narrow and encircled by a sharp undulate ridge, handle and spout of the usual form; capacity about two gallons. Coarse brown micaceous ware blackened by fire.

435-437. 435, (46997); 436, (46999); 437, (47008). Small flat olla-shaped bowls.

438, 439. 438, (47002); 439, (47014). Small tinajas with angular shoulders.

440, (47019). A rather small flaring bowl with flat bottom, ornamented with oval depressions on the inner surface; the margin is distinctly and somewhat regularly heptagonal.

441-448. 441, (47029); 442, (47123); 443, (47137); 444, (47141); 445, (47142); 446, (47143); 447, (47143a); 448, (47150). Large tinajas most of which are similar in form to that shown in figure 699 (46993); Nos. (47133) and (46137) being the only exception; they are more jar-shaped.

449, (47030). A broken tinaja.

450, (47085). A flaring, flat-bottomed, bowl or dish, similar to number (47019) except that the inner ornamental depressions are spirally arranged.

451, (47109.) A jar or tinaja similar in form to (46993) fig. 699, except that the neck is longer and the lip flaring and undulate.

452-454. 452, (47112); 453, (47127); 454, (47494). Small pitcher, probably a toy, with handle and a long lip projecting backwards as well as in front.

455-457. 455, (47517); 456, (47115); 457, (47132). Flat-bottomed flaring bowls or dishes similar in form to 450, (47019), but without the inner indentation.

458, (47120). A flat-bottomed flaring bowl ornamented internally with spiral ridges and undulated margin shown in fig. 701.

459, (47123). An image of a person in a worshiping attitude, probably intended to represent a Catholic priest chanting. See fig. 702.

460-461. 460, (47134); 461, (47504). Flat-bottomed fan-shaped dishes.

462, (47088). Tea-pot with ordinary handle and spout, copied after the ordinary tea-pot of civilized life.

463, (47116). Basin-like dish, with numerous slightly elevated lines internally.

464, (47136). A duck, small and rude.

465, (47481). An urn-shaped vase with long neck, and without handles. Quite small, scarcely above toy size.

466, (47482). A pottery meal basket used in religious ceremonies and dances; shown in fig. 703. Although differing materially from the Zuni sacred meal baskets, yet, as is shown in the figure, the pyramidal elevations on the margin are retained.

467-468. 467, (47483); 468, (47487). Tinajas, usually with the lip margin undulate.

469, (47492). Pipe, ornamented on the side with an indented line terminating in an arrow-point, probably denoting lightning; fig. 704.

470, (47493). Pipe, small, cylindrical, slightly hexagonal.

471, (47496). A singular canteen or water vessel shown in fig. 705.

472-477. 472, (47497); 473, (47500); 474, (47506); 475, (47507); 476, (47519); 477, (47516). Pottery moccasins, small toy size.

478, (47498). A squat-shaped olla used as a bowl.

479-480. 479, (47501); 480, (47138). A water vessel precisely of the form and ornamentation shown in fig. 700, but with a handle on each side.

481, (47503). Pitcher without spout.

482, (47502). Earth used for whitening in the manufacture of pottery.

483, (47510). Plain bowl.

484, (47512). Plain bowl.

485, (47527). Well formed bowl with foot or pedestal.

486-489. 486, (47001); 487, (47716); 488, (47028); 489, (47717). Flaring bowls with undulate margins.

490, (47718). Bowl similar in form to the preceding one, but much larger.

_BLACK OR BROWN WARE._

(Blackened by use on the fire; not polished.)

This ware, when first made and before use, varies in shade from dark earth color to reddish-brown, but the soot, smoke, and fire, when in use, soon darken it; hence it is usually described as black ware. The articles are used for cooking purposes, such as pots--which are usually pot-shaped--some without handles and some with a handle on one side, bowls, &c. The pots vary in capacity from a pint to a little over a gallon.

491-517. 491, (46998); 492, (47000); 493, (47003); 494, (47004); 495, (47010); 496, (47011); 497, (47015); 498, (47021); 499, (47026); 500, (47089); 501, (47100); 502, (47104); 503, (47108); 504, (47119); 505, (47126); 506, (47128); 507, (47488); 508, (47489); 509, (47499); 510, (47505); 511, (47508); 512, (47511); 513, (47521); 514, (47523); 515, (47528); 516, (47529); 517, (47531). Cooking vessels shaped much like the ordinary pot, without handles and without legs.

518-533. 518, (47007); 519, (47012); 520, (47017); 521, (47018); 522, (47020); 523, (47022); 524, (47025); 525, (47092); 526, (47096); 527, (47101); 528, (47111); 529, (47117); 530, (47121); 531, (47124); 532, (47515); 533, (47522). Cooking vessels with handle on one side resembling pitchers.

534-540. 534, (47005); 535, (47009); 536, (47016); 537, (47107); 538, (47129); 539, (47148); 540, (47006). Toy bowls.

541, (47013). A double-mouthed canteen.

542, (47027). A bowl with handle on one side used for cooking purposes.

543-544. 543, (47086); 544, (47090). Globular paint cups, small.

545-546. 545, (47087); 546, (47091). Pipes of the ordinary form, _Tierra amarilla_.

547-549. 547, (47093); 548, (47097); 549, (47098). Images similar to that shown in fig. 702.

550, (47094). Double paint-cup.

551, (47095). Imitation in pottery of a Derby, or some round-crowned, straight-rimmed hat.

552-555. 552, (47099); 553, (47102); 554, (47118); 555, (47122). Small, somewhat boat-shaped dishes; that is, dishes slightly oval with the margin flared at the ends: used as soap dishes.

556, (47103). Small image of a person bearing something on each arm.

557, (47105). A gourd-shaped pipe.

558-559. 558, (47106); 559, (47490). Bowls with legs; margin undulate.

560, (47110). Pottery basket with handle, with smooth margin and without ornamentation.

561, (47113). Globular cooking-pot.

562, (47114). Skillet with handle and feet.

563, (47130). Toy cooking vessels.

564-565. 564, (47131); 565, (47139). Sitting images wearing something like a crown on the head.

566. Sitting image with representations of feathers on the head.

567-568. 567, (47145); 568, (47146). Images.

569-570. 569, (47151); 570, (47300). Fragments of pottery from the mesa.

571-572. 571, (47479); 572, (47532). Doubled-bellied bottles used as water vessels.

573, (47491). Small cup with handle.

574, (47495). Image with horns.

575, (47507). Bowl with straight side and flat bottom.

576-577. 576, (47509); 577, (47533). Toy bowls.

578, (47514). Plain bowl with foot or pedestal.

579, (47513). Small pitcher with handle and spout; ordinary form in civilized life.

580, (47520). Tinaja.

581-583. 581, (47525); 582, (47526); 583, (47530). Potter's clay of the kind used in making the preceding vessels.

_WHITENED WARE WITH COLORED DECORATIONS._

There are but few specimens of this ware, which are chiefly important from the fact that the material is of that firm, close, and superior quality that characterizes the ancient pottery of that region. The decorations and general appearance also ally it to the ancient ware.