Chapter 9

1631. (41409). Regular handled cup; white ware, with a broad band in which are white crescents.

1632. (41461). Shaped as preceding. White ware, all except a marginal uncolored band marked with cross or checkered lines.

1633. (41526). Small white ware, outside without decorations; scalloped marginal band inside; with handle.

1634. (41527). Sides straight; with handle, decorated on the outside with triangular figures so common on bowls.

1635. (41430). With similar decorations.

Toy cups. Usually brown ware without ornamentation:

1636. (41415). White ware with a band of scrolls.

1637-1641. 1637, (41417); 1638, (41426); 1639, (41427); 1640, (41428); 1641, (41429). These five are brown ware.

1642. (41435). A pretty pitcher-shaped vessel ornamented with interlaced or cross lines forming a regular net-work.

_EATING-BOWLS._

The bowls vary in size, as do those from Zuni, but as a general rule they are small, or of but medium size; quite a number of those obtained are very small. In form they are generally like those from Zuni, but some are biscuit-shaped, as those from Tesuke; others are true basins; and a few are square, and perhaps should not be classed as bowls, though we have included them under that general term. The decorations on the larger ones of regular form are very similar to those seen on Zuni bowls. The colors black and red or brown are usually lighter and brighter than on the Zuni pottery:

1643. (41357). Regular Form. Decorations on the inner face only; marginal zigzag line, with diamond and scroll below.

1644. (41359). Outer and inner surface decorations as in Fig. 412.

1645. (41361). Decorations only a double-scalloped inner marginal band.

1646. (41400). Very small; a simple inner band.

1647. (41463). Small. This and the following small specimens are decorated on the inside with what appears to be intended for an Indian head, with a tuft of hair.

1648-1653. 1648, (41464); 1649, (41465); 1650, (41467); 1651, (41529); 1652, (41530); 1653, (41534).

1654-1657. 1654, (41538); 1655, (41539); 1656, (41589); 1657, (41565).

1658. (41466). No outer decorations; inner surface with the usual diamond and scroll figure.

1659-1660. 1659, (41528); 1660, (41531).

1661. (41540). Shown in Fig. 523.

1662-1663. 1662, (41541), and 1663, (41599), are marked only with a broad inner marginal band of geometrical figures.

1664. (41532). No outer decorations; inner with diamond and scroll and triangular figures.

The following have the outer surface decorated as in the Zuni pattern, shown in Figs. 416 and 417. The inner decorations vary slightly.

With crenate or zigzag line on inner margin, and scroll diamond, or scrolls only:

1665-1671. 1665, (41544); 1666, (41547); 1667, (41562); 1668, (41568); 1669, (41576); 1670, (41590); 1671, (41577).

With similar marginal band and pentagonal scrolls and bird:

1672-1673. 1672, (41548), and 1673, (41549).

1674. (41550). With inner marginal band of geometrical figures; no other inner decorations.

1675. (41561). Broad marginal band only.

1676. (41574). Inside with crenate marginal band; geometrical figures below.

1677. (41584). Heavy, scalloped inner band with T-shaped spaces in the scallops. Scrolls below.

1678. (41581). Broad checkered inner band only.

1679. (41592). Similar checkered band with scroll figures below.

1680. (41596). With terraced marginal band, and terraced or pyramidal figures below.

1681. (41627). Marginal band of geometrical figures only.

1682. (41543). Biscuit-shaped. Outside with three rows or bands of large serratures.

1683. (41545). No outer decorations; inner crenate marginal line; scrolls and diamond below. The following are similar:

1684-1697. 1684, (41554); 1685, (41558), marginal band of lance points; 1686, (41564); 1687, (41567); 1688, (41569); 1689, (41573); 1690, (41575); 1691, (41578); 1692, (41579); 1693, (41582); 1694, (41585); 1695, (41588); 1696, (41591), this has also the triangular bird; 1697, (41623).

1698. (41551). No outer decorations; zigzag marginal line; flowers and lines below.

1699. (41552). This has a very pretty design on the outside, a band of diamonds, a little cross in each, and a dotted line above and below. The inner decorations of this and the following consist of a broad band only, of geometrical or architectural figures. Outer decorations various, which alone are mentioned.

1700-1701. 1700, (41553), bird in a wreath; 1701, (51555), lines of crescent.

1702-1703. 1702, (41556), and 1703, (41563). Same as the preceding.

1704. (41570). Similar to the preceding, with scroll band below.

1705. (41572). Triangular figures.

1706. (41597). Scalloped lines arranged in large diamonds, with a flower in the center of the diamond.

1707. (41626). Scrolls and crescents.

1708. (41628). Same as No. 1706.

1709. (41559). Checkered band and scrolls inside, band of crescents outside.

1710. (41566). Inner marginal band as in outer decorations found on Zuni bowls.

1711. (41571). No outer decorations; inner geometrical figures but no band.

1712. (41593). Checkered band, and scrolls inside; broad marginal band with lower side scalloped.

1713. (41594). With no outer figures; radiating simple and serrate lines inside.

1714. (41595). No outer decorations; scalloped or crenate band, and geometrical figures on inner surface.

1715. (41600). No outer decorations; birds and flowers or rosettes.

1716. (41625). No outer decorations; inside with successive scallops, and the conventional bird form between squares, one above the other.

1717-1718. 1717, (41560), and 1718, (41624). Brown ware without ornamentation.

Minute bowls, usually without decoration, but sometimes figured, especially on the outside, with simple outline figures.

1719-1727. 1719, (41418); 1720, (41419); 1721, (41421); 1722, (41422); 1723, (41423); 1724, (41424); 1725, (41457); 1726, (41458); 1727, (41459), with short handle; the decoration in this is true herring-bone pattern.

1728. (41460). Square basins. These are comparatively small and resemble in shape a common knife-basket or tray, but without handle or division.

1729. (41533). Outside with figures of birds, flowers and diamonds.

1730. (41535). Outer band with scrolls along the under edge or margin; diamond with scroll on inside.

1731. (41537). Inside similar to No. 1730; outside usual triangular figures.

1732. (41536). Outside similar, inside with four faces in outline.

1733. (41542). Plain brown.

1734. (41546). Outside the usual triangular figures; inside bird figures and slender leaf-stalks.

1735. (41557). Outside triangular figures; inside double scroll.

1736. (41586). Outside oblique, double serrate bands; inside broad marginal checkered band; bottom four faces.

_COOKING VESSELS._

These are usually unadorned and of brown or black ware. The number obtained was not large, and they vary greatly in character. They are generally of medium size or small, and some which appear to be used as cooking vessels have a handle on the side and resemble pitchers and cups. Some have two handles and are shaped like an urn or olla; others appear to be true pots. The want of uniformity among this tribe in the use of vessels of this kind renders its difficult to class them according to use. I will, therefore, group them according to form. Except one or two of the little pots none of them are ornamented.

Pot-shaped vessels:

1737-1739. 1737, (41360); 1738, (41379); 1739, (41385); two handles as in Fig. 524.

1740-1741. 1740, (41380), and 1741, (41405). Without handle, the latter possibly used as a drinking vessel.

1742-1746. 1742, (41381); 1743, (41382); 1744, (41383); 1745, (41384); 1746, (41386); each with a handle on one side; they resemble pitchers or cups.

_TOY-LIKE VESSELS._

1747. (41416). Like a small water-vessel.

1748. (41442). Olla-shaped, with handles; decorated with a band of loops around the middle.

1749. (41451). Olla.

1750-1751. 1750, (41452), and 1751, (41453). Cylindrical jars without handles.

1752-1753. 1752, (41293), and 1753, (41294). Large black Cooking pots of the usual shape.

1754. (42367). Flat jar-shaped vessel, red ware, with regular ears on the sides with holes through them. Cooking vessel; new.

1755. (42369). Small globular red bowl, half burned.

1756. (42370). Part of a corrugated vessel. It is yellow, but partly burned; it looks fresh and new, but is really old, having been out of the ground of old ruins near Wolpi.

_LADLES._

Of these vessels, which are extensively used by the Shinumos, there are various forms with an almost endless variation in decoration, being generally of ornamented white ware. Some of them bear a strong resemblance to the skillets used on cooking stoves, the handle being looped, but the bowl is more saucer-shaped. Others, as shown in Figs. 527 and 529, are evidently fashioned after gourds. Some are somewhat of the form shown in Figs. 439 and 440, but the handle is more distinct. Others are true cup-shaped vessels, with the handles projecting from the middle of the side. A few are double with a single handle.

Skillet-shaped vessels. Usually decorated in the bowl. As these figures are generally similar to those already described, special notice will be taken only of such forms as vary from the normal shape and figures.

1757-1758. 1757, (41396), and 1758, (41395). Gourd shaped; similar to those shown in Figs. 527 and 529.

1759-1760. 1759, (41378), and 1760, (41397). Outside covered with checkers.

1761. (41398). Outside covered with scrolls.

1762. (40408). Outside decorated with oblique serrate lines.

1763. (41411). Ladles with two bowls. Handle with the head of an animal, probably a wild-cat, at the tip; figures of birds in the bowls.

1764. (41412). Shown in Fig. 528.

1765. (41413). Handle broken; bowls with only a scalloped marginal band.

1766-1767. 1706, (41470); 1767, (41476). Cup-shaped, with short handles; shaped like a small olla.

1768. (41477). Handle with animal head on the tip; outside covered with checkered figures.

1769. (41479). Handle as in the preceding; oblique, doubly serrate lines on outside of bowl.

1770-1772. 1770, (41480); 1771, (41481); 1772, (41482); face in the bowl of the last.

1773-1774. 1773, (41483), and 1774, (41484); the handle of the latter represents an animal's head, with face turned toward the bowl.

1775-1777. 1775, (41388); 1776, (41389); 1777, (41425). The handle of this represents, in shape, the head of a woman and child, and the bowl contains the figures of two faces.

1778-1783. 1778, (41462); 1779, (41471); 1780, (41472); 1781, (41473); 1782, (41474); 1783, (41475). The last of these has a minute head of a woman on the end of the handle, which is solid.

1784-1785. 1784, (41485), and 1785, (41486). Bowls elaborately ornamented with geometrical figures and a circle of serratures, in which is a figure resembling a duck with spread wings seen from above.

1786-1788. 1786, (41487); 1787, (41488); 1788, (41489); the last with a woman's head on the tip of the solid handle.

1789-1793. 1789, (41498); 1790, (41499); 1791, (41508); 1792, (41514); 1793, (41490). The last of these as also the following seven pieces have bent, gourd-like handles, slightly curved or hooked at the end, solid and somewhat rounded.

1794-1800. 1794, (41491); 1795, (41492); 1796, (41493); 1797, (41494); 1798, (41496); 1799, (41497); 1800, (41500).

1801. (41495). Like No. 1788, as are also the following ten specimens:

1802-1811. 1802, (41502); 1803, (41504); 1804, (41505); 1805, (41507); 1806, (41515) 1807, (41518), Fig. 525; 1808, (41519); 1809, (41522); 1810, (41523); 1811, (41525).

1812. (41506). This is square; an unusual form.

1813-1822. 1813, (41509); 1814, (41510); 1815, (41511); 1816, (41512); 1817, (41513); 1818, (41516); 1819, (41517); 1820, (41520); 1821, (41521); 1822, (41503).

1823-1824. 1823, (41524), and 1824, (41501). Shaped somewhat like an oyster-shell.

1825. (41399). Water vessel in the shape of a bird, with tail and wings represented.

1826. (41406). Cup with bird's head on one side, tail opposite, and slight projections to represent wings on the side. Brown ware.

1827. (41410). A double cup or ladle shown in Fig. 526.

1828. (41414). Like Fig. 531, ornamented with oblique scalloped stripes on outside; geometrical figures inside.

1829-1830. 1829, (41431), and 1830, (41432). Square salt-boxes; the former of white ware, with square figures on the outside; the latter brown, unornamented.

1831. (41436). Cup-shaped basket, brown ware; woman's head on top of handle.

1832. (41437). Similar basket, white ornamented ware, handle plain.

1833. (41437). Similar small, brown, cup-shaped basket.

1834. (41478). Biscuit-shaped bowl, with ornamental diamonds on outside.

_MISCELLANEOUS._

1835. (41371). Basket similar to those used by the Zunians in sacred dances, with terraced margin, plain band inside, and comb-like figures outside.

1836. (41372). Similar basket, bottom flat, and sides straighter than the preceding, decorated on the outside with oblique double serrate stripes.

1837-1838. 1837, (41387), and 1838, (41392). Baskets with straight margins, both with geometrical figures on the outside. The latter is shown in Fig. 530.

1839. (41390). Fig. 532, water-vase with bowl-shaped base.

1840. (41391). Fig. 531 Basin with looped handle arising from the center of the inside; ornamented white ware.

_STATUETTES._

The clay images or statuettes obtained from the Shinumo pueblos are not objects of worship as supposed by many persons, but appear to be used to adorn their dwellings just as similar articles are used by civilized races. This is evident from their form and ornamentation which rudely represent the ordinary clothing worn by these Indians, and in the female figures the usual mode of wearing the hair either in a bunch at the back of the head or in two wheel-shaped knots at the sides. In a few instances ear ornaments, made of pieces of shells or beads, are found attached to the ears.

I am not aware that these images are used in their dances or religious ceremonies. If they are objects of worship it must be in the family only, or a secret worship of which I obtained no information.

Images are introduced, however, in their dances and religious rites, but these are made of wood and highly ornamented, some of which were obtained and are hereafter described.

1841. (42026). Composed of the same clays of which the general pottery is made, with small lines of a brick-red color up and down the body; black lines over the shoulder and around the body, terminating so as to represent hands; small earlets, made of blue beads, suspended from the ears; face in white, with black spots to represent month and eyes; horn-shaped cap, extending obliquely back from the head. Represents a male figure.

1842. (42027). Same as above, except the head, which has a square bunch at its back, representing the one method of wearing the hair by the Shinumos. Male figure.

1843. (42028). Same as No. 1841, especially in regard to the horn-shaped protrusion from the back of the head.

1844. (42029). Plain flat image, probably intended to represent a female.

1845. (42030). This image is quite characteristic of this class of objects. The cut shows all but the colors, which are the same as described above, the form only differing from No. 1841 in having two horns curving back from the head. Seen in Fig. 533.

1846. (42031). Differs only from the rest in having a small hat on the head.

1847. (42032). Female figure, but with a black band around under the chin, apparently representing whiskers; dark brown body.

1848. (42033). Female figure with wheel-shaped knot on each side of the head representing the manner of wearing the hair by the Shinumo women, the body of the figure cream colored, face red, eyes and mouth black; black necklace. Special parts of the body represented in red.

1849. (42034). Male figure ornamented with red vertical lines.

1850. (42035). Fig. 534. The cut presents all the lines on the image as well as the form. The small wheels on each side of the head referred to under No. 1848 show the style of wearing the hair; the black markings shown on the cut are red on the figure. Female.

1851. (42036). Body red, marked with black and dark red lines; red and black spots on back of head to represent the hair.

1852-1853. 1852, (42037); 1853, (42038); dark red bodies with black and red lines.

1854-1856. 1854, (42039); 1855, (42040); 1856, (42041); similar to the preceding; the last with the wheel-shaped knots representing the hair.

VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.

_BASKETRY._

The following specimens are examples of the tray-like baskets made from round willows:

1857. (42085). Fig. 535 shows the mode of its construction.

1858-1871. 1858, (42076); 1859, (42077); 1860, (42078); 1861, (42079); 1862, (42080); 1863, (42081); 1864, (42082); 1865, (42083); 1866, (42084); 1867, (42086); 1868, (42087); 1869, (42088); 1870, (42089); 1871, (42090).

The following numbers refer to specimens of the spiral or coiled basketry, all the features of which are shown in Fig. 536, except the color decoration:

1872-1907. 1872, (42058); 1873, (42051); 1874, (42052); 1875, (42053); 1876, (42054); 1877, (42055); 1878, (42056); 1879, (42057); 1880, (42059); 1881, (42060); 1882, (42061); 1883, (42062); 1884, (42063); 1885, (42064); 1886, (42065); 1887, (42066); 1888, (42067); 1889, (42068); 1890, (42069); 1891, (42070); 1892, (42071); 1893, (42072); 1894, (42090); 1895, (42073); 1896, (42074); 1897, (42075); 1898, (42091); 1899, (42092); 1900, (42093); 1901, (42094); 1902, (42095); 1903, (42096); 1904, (42097); 1905, (42098); 1906, (42099); 1907, (42100).

The following are canteen or water baskets, previously described, as to method of making and using them:

1908-1912. 1908, (42101); 1909, (42102); 1910, (42103); 1911, (42104); 1912, (42105); are vase-shaped baskets, of which Fig. 537 is a representative example.

The following are specimens of the same ware, differing only in form and size:

1913-1920. 1913, (42106); 1914, (42107); 1915, (42108); 1916, (42109); 1917, (42110); 1918, (42111); 1919, (42112); 1920, (42113).

1921-1925. 1921, (42114); 1922, (42115); 1923, (42116); 1924, (42117); 1925, (42118), are only noticeable on account of their peculiar form. They are almost top-shaped, with an acute apex at the bottom. The mouth is small, like that of a jug. In one instance (42114) the body slopes from top and bottom to the center, almost forming a ridge. Very few of this form were obtained.

1926. (42119). A double-lobed canteen basket. Many of the clay water-vessels in the collection are made in imitation of this double-lobed basket.

1927-1931. 1927, (42120); 1928, (42121); 1929, (42122); 1930, (42123); 1931, (42124). Ordinary forms of the water-basket.

1932. (42125). A fine, large, and quite perfect specimen, of the jug or water-basket, with ears of horse-hair and string attached for use. Quite a number of the ancient water-jars are of this form, and both bear evidence of antiquity.

1933. (42149). Fig. 538 is a good illustration of this form.

1934-1937. 1934, (42146); 1935, (42147); 1936, (42148); 1937, (42150), are of the same class of cemented basket-ware. The small fruit-baskets, made of round willows and with much less care, are also of many forms. Some are square, others round, and some with a peculiar flattened body; of the latter there are but few in the collection. They belong to the older class of basketry.

The following specimens belong to that class:

1938-1941. 1938, (42126); 1939, (42127); 1940, (42128); 1941, (42129).

1942. (42130). A specimen of a much finer quality than the preceding. It is long and vase-shaped, with a wide mouth and flaring rim, and woven up from the bottom in oblique ridges.

1943. (42131). A coarsely constructed bowl-shaped basket, of which type the following are also specimens:

1944-1951. 1944, (42132); 1945, (42133); 1946, (42134); 1947, (42135); 1948, (42136); 1949, (42137); 1950, (42138); 1951, (42139).

1952. (42140). Specimen of the older basketry, with large depressed body, flat bottom, and jar-like mouth.

1953-1956. 1953, (42141); 1954, (42142); 1955, (42143); 1956, (42144), are also different forms of the peach-basket.

1957. (42145). Fig. 540. A large floor or hearth mat frequently found in use among the Pueblos. The specimen in the collection exhibits some skill and taste in weaving it. The material of which it is made is a small round willow.

1958. (42151). A large deep basket, constructed by weaving coarse willow twigs around four upright posts or large sticks. It has a capacity of about two bushels.

1959. (42152). This is a small square basket of the same character.

1960. (42153). A specimen of this ware. It is shown in Fig. 539, exhibits a coarse, loose manner of construction. These are used as fruit-baskets.

1961-1962. 1961, (42154), and 1962, (42155). These are examples of the same kind.

1963. (42156). This specimen represents the finest quality of baskets in the collection. They are all more or less tastefully ornamented during the process of plaiting them. They are skillfully and closely woven, and are used for holding the finest of their flour and meal. These are undoubtedly of Apache manufacture. Fig. 541.

1964. (42157). Has been selected as an illustration of this class of baskets, of which the following are examples, differing but little in form:

1965-1971. 1965, (42158); 1966, (42159); 1967, (42160), Fig. 542; 1968, (42162); 1969, (42163); 1970, (42164); 1971, (42165). The two last are almost flat; the rest saucer or bowl shaped and quite deep.

1972. (42166). Basket of coarse willow ware; platter-shaped.

1973. (42167). Conical-shaped basket of closely woven variety.

1974. (42168). Hemispherical-shaped basket of the same class; small.

1975. (42169). Cylindrical basket; small.

1976-1981. 1976, (42170); 1977, (42171); 1978, (42172); 1979, (42173); 1980, (42174); 1981, (42175). Small cylindrical-shaped peach-baskets made of flat yucca leaves. Fig. 545 is an illustration of that class.

1982-1987. 1982, (42195); 1983, (42196); 1984, (42197); 1985, (42198); 1986, (42199), Fig. 544; 1987, (42200). Examples of the same class.