Chapter 7

These are always small, but vary in size from one and a half to three inches in height. They are usually in the form of water vases or globular jars, though sometimes of a true cup shape, and occasionally cubical. They are generally single, but quite often double, and occasionally triple and quadruple. To the large-sized single ones the Zunians apply the name of _h[)e]l-i-p[-o]-k[-a]-t[-e]hl-le_; and to those of smaller sizes, _h[)e]l-i-p[-o]-k[-a]-t[-e]hl-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_. They are usually without handles, but sometimes these are present. The double ones are connected only by a bar extending from the body of one to that of the other; and the triple and quadruple ones in a similar manner. They are of red and white ware like the other pottery; the decorations on the white are similar to those already described, so far as they can be adapted to these small articles.

We shall give the numbers without remarks, except to note unusual forms and figures.

Single cups:

933-938. 933, (39881); 934, (39888); 935, (39938); 936, (39939); 937, (39944); 938, (39945); with figures of the little aquatic animal so frequently represented on the earthenware baskets used in rain dances.

939-942. 939, (39949); 940, (40036); 941, (40111); 942, (40112); square, box-shaped, of brown ware and very rude.

943-946. 943, (40323); 944, (40324); 945, (40325); 946, (40326); with terraced margin like that so common in baskets used in the sacred dances.

947-952. 947, (40327); 948, (40328); 949, (40329); 950, (40330); 951, (40331); 952, (40332). With meander band of simplest form.

953-961. 953, (40333), terraced margin; 954, (40334); 955, (40335); 956, (40338); 957, (40339); 958, (40340); 959, (40341), true cup with looped handles; 960, (40342); 961, (40343), with straight cylindrical handle.

962-968. 962, (40345); 863, (40346); 964, (40347); 965, (40348), form of the ordinary glass tumbler; 966, (40349); 967, (40352); 968, (40587). Mug-shaped, with broad, horizontal rim.

969-974. 969, (40588); 970, (40589); 971, (40590); 972, (40591); 973, (40592); 974, (40593). With simple meander band.

975. (40594). The artist has evidently attempted to figure on this the true meander (Greek fret), but has failed.

976. (40595). Marked with the grotesque horned toad so common on the earthenware baskets.

977-979. 977, (40596); 978, (40597); 979, (40598). Spherical in form, decorated with figures of the grotesque bird heretofore mentioned.

980-983. 980, (40599), bowl-shaped; 981, (40645); 982, (40647); 983, (40648). Bird with a scroll arising out of its back.

984-994. 984, (40649); 985, (40650); 986, (40651); 987, (40684); 988, (40826); 989, (40828), Fig. 455; 990, (40829); 991, (40830); 992, (39768); 993, (39982); 994, (39983).

Double cups (_h[)e]l-i-p[-o]-k[-a]-t[-e]hl-i-p[ae]-chin_). The little water animal is a common figure on these.

995-998. 995, (39931); 996, (39932), Fig. 454; 997, (39948); 998, (40350). This has the connecting bar arched so as to form a handle.

999-1004. 999, (40351); 1000, (40433); 1001, (40444); 1002, (40445); 1003, (40447); 1004, (40349). The last five are plain.

1005-1007. 1005, (40448); 1006, (40449); 1007, (40450). With scalloped margin, double bars, the upper one arched; grotesque figures of horned toad.

1008-1017. 1008, (40451); 1009, (40452); 1010, (40454); 1011, (40455); 1012, (40456); 1013, (40457); 1014, (40610), double bar or bar and handle; 1015, (40681), Fig. 456; 1016, (40682); 1017, (40854), square, without bar.

Triple cups:

1018-1023. 1018, (40605); 1019, (40606); 1020, (40609); 1021, (40680); 1022, (40693); 1023, (40856).

Quadruple cups, to which is applied the same Zuni name as that given to those provided with triple and quadruple cups.

1024, 1025. 1024, (40612), Fig. 457; 1025, (40613). Brown, square, united directly at the sides without bars.

1026-1029. 1026, (40652); 1027, (40855); 1028, (40856), square; 1029, (40859), square.

_CONDIMENT CUPS._

These are similar in form and decorations to the paint cups, and are also round and square, single, double, and quadruple. They are usually small, holding from less than half a pint to a pint. The different names applied to them will be given as they are reached in the list. The double and quadruple ones are connected together in the same manner as the multiple paint-pots,

Single cups:

1030. (39878). Square with figures of chickens on the sides.

_M[-a]-p[-o]-k[-a]-t[-e]hl-le_ is the name by which the round or vase-shaped vessels are designated. They are numbered as follows:

1031. (39905). Fig. 459. The figures on this specimen appear to be intended as representations of some neuropterous insect, but possibly they represent birds.

1032-1037. 1032, (40653); 1033, (40654); 1034, (40655); 1035, (40656); 1036, (40657); 1037, (40658). Some of these appear, from the fragments of bars attached to them, to have belonged to double specimens.

1038, 1039. 1038, (40633); 1039, (40832). These two are red ware.

1040-1049. 1040, (40833); 1041, (40834); 1042, (40835); 1043, (41006); 1044, (41007); 1045, (41008), Fig. 458; 1046, (41170); 1047, (40603); 1048, (40606); and 1049, (40664), are square.

Double cups:

The round form has the same name as the single salt cup, but the square pattern is named _M[-a]'-p[-o]-k[-a]-thl[-e]-l[-o]-ne_. The following specimens belong to the latter class:

1050-1057. 1050, (39900); 1051, (39901); 1052, (40416); 1053, (40604); 1054, (40662); brown 1055, (40683); 1056, (40831); 1057, (40661).

1058-1068. The following are round: 1058, (40410); 1059, (40411); 1060, (40412); 1061, (40413); 1062, (40414); 1063, (40415); 1064, (40440); 1065, (40659); 1066, (40660); 1067, (40666); 1068, (40667).

1069. (40836). Quadruple. This and the last three preceding specimens are ornamented like Fig. 458.

_EFFIGIES._

These figures, which are of small size, the largest not exceeding one foot in length, are quite rude, rendering it difficult in some cases to tell what animal is intended, the only exceptions to this rule being some figures of owls, in which the Zunians appear to have made the nearest approach to the true form. They are generally of white ware, decorated with colors. Often these decorations are arbitrary, but as a general rule there has been an evident attempt to imitate nature so far as it could be done with the various shades of brown and black.

Some of the larger pieces, especially the owls, have an opening at the top or on the back, as though designed for water vessels.

The objects most commonly represented are owls (which largely predominate), antelope, elk, ducks, and chickens. The human form, the pig, sheep, horse, &c., are occasionally represented.

Owls, _m[-u]-h[-u]-que_ and _m[-u]-h[-u]-que-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_. These are nearly always represented with feet, and in most cases with legs. The body is usually disproportionately large, as are also the legs; the bill is small, and the wings are represented by small lateral projections; the tail is short. The eyes are generally well represented. The feathers, as will be seen, by reference to the figures, are quite well shown. The figures nave an opening on the top of the head.

As there is a strong similarity in form, and the mode of decorating them is shown in the figures, no special remarks on the different specimens are necessary.

1070-1077. 1070, (39875); 1071, (39876); 1072, (39877); 1073, (39921); 1074, (39942); 1075, (39957); 1076, (40054); 1077, (40059), shown in Fig. 460; this is one of the very few without feet.

1078-1096. 1078, (40064); 1079, (40065); 1080, (40068); 1081, (40138); 1082, (40140), Fig. 461; 1083, (40261); 1084, (40142), small; 1085, (40262); 1086, (40141); 1087, (40142); 1088, (40409); 1089, (40734); 1090, (40735), without feet; 1091, (40736); 1092, (40737); 1093, (40738), Fig. 463, very large; 1094, (40740), Fig. 462; 1095, (40741); 1096, (40742).

1097-1112. 1097, (40743), Fig. 466; 1098, (40744); 1099, (40745); 1100, (40746), without feet; 1101, (40747); 1102, (40748), Fig. 468; 1103, (40749); 1104, (40750); 1105, (40751); 1106, (40752); 1107, (40753); 1108, (40754), Fig. 467; 1109, (40755); 1110, (40756); 1111, (40757); 1112, (40758), without decorations.

1113-1120. 1113, (40759); 1114, (40760); 1115, (40761); 1116, (40762); 1117, (40763); 1118, (40764); 1119, (40765); 1120, (40766), bearing a single young owl on its back.

1121. (40767). Shown in Fig. 469, bearing three young owls on its back.

1122. (41043).

1123, 1124. 1123, (40066), Fig. 465, and 1124, (40739), Fig. 464. Two owl-shaped water vessels from Zuni.

Duck-shaped canteens, _[-e]-y[-a]h-m[-e]-h[-e]-to_, are usually represented in a swimming posture, without feet, though occasionally the standing posture is adopted. The feather decorations are not so generally used as on the owls; several specimens bear on the back or sides the figure of the grotesque bird with spread wings. These specimens, like the owl images, have an orifice on the top of the head as though intended for water vessels, but are seldom used as such at the present time.

1125. (39910). Shown in Fig. 471.

The following are similar:

1126, 1127. 1126, (39879); 1127, (39889).

1128. (36911). With feet, in standing posture.

1129. (40063). With wings, without feet.

1130. (41023). This and the three following specimens have feather decorations and are small. _[-E]-y[-a]h-m[-e]-h[-e]-t[-o]-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_ of the Zunians.

1131-1133. 1131, (41024); 1132, (41025); 1133, (41027).

1134. (41026), Fig. 470. Chickens. The cock, _t[-o]-k[-o]k-ke_; the hen, _t[-o]-k[-o]k-k[-a]_. The general term applied to the young, without reference to sex, is _s[ae]-pi-pe_.

1135. (39919). Represented in Fig. 472.

1136, 1137. 1136, (41028); 1137, (41029).

1138. (41030). Shown in Fig. 476.

1139, 1140. 1139, (41031); 1140. (41032).

1141, 1142. 1141, (41033); 1142, (41034).

1148-1147. 1143, (41035); 1144, (41036); 1145, (41037), Fig. 475; 1146, (41038); 1147, (41039).

1148-1151. 1148, (41040); 1149, (41041), Fig. 474; 1150, (41042); 1151, (41216), this piece represents a hen with three young chickens on her back, as in Fig. 473.

1152-1155. 1152, (39897); 1153, (41044); 1154, (41045); 1155, (41046), Fig. 477. Antelope. (_m[-a]h-[-a]-wi._) The form and decorations are shown in Figs. 477 and 478.

1156-1161. 1156, (41047); 1157, (41048); 1158, (41050), Fig. 478; 1159, (41219); 1160, (41210); 1161, (41211).

1162. (41049). Elk, _sh[-o]-hi-ta_.

1163-1166. 1163, (41212), Fig. 480; 1164, (41213); 1165, (41214); 1166, (41217). Pigs, _pits-[-o]-te_. The figures show the forms and decorations with sufficient accuracy to make further description unnecessary.

1167. (41218). Ox, _w[-e]-[ae]-si_. But a single example in the collection. Shown in Fig. 479.

1168-1170. 1168, (41219); 1169, (41220); 1170, (41221). Sheep, _K[-a]n-[-e]-l[-u]_. These, like the pigs, are usually marked with spots. One specimen has these spots in the form of an S, or sigmoid figure.

1171. (41222). The Big Horn (_Ovis montana_), _H[ae]-li-tk[-u]_. This is the only specimen obtained and is a very rude figure, not easily recognizable.

1172. (41224). The Lynx, _T[-e]-pi_. Orifice in the top of the head. Decorated with spots.

1173. (41225). The Horse, _T[-u]sch_, Decorations, spots, and lines representing hair. A very poor figure; without the name would be unrecognizable.

1174. (41226). Man on horseback, _I-m[ae]l-t[-o]-yi_. The figure of the man is evidently intended to represent a Mexican, as shown by the ordinary hat and clothing. The saddle is represented, but there is no bridle or other trappings.

_STATUETTES._

1175. (40071). Indian boy without clothing and wearing moccasins.

1176. (40076). _Wi-h[-a]_. Baby.

1177. (40860). _Klem-chi-ka_. Man with hat and clothing.

1178. (40861). Nude female figure.

1179. (40862). Man with hat and clothing.

1180. (40863). Nude female figure.

1181. (41223). Human hand, _ah-sin-ne_. Represents the hand and wrist. Rather good figure. The wrist is surrounded by a colored scalloped band, as a bracelet.

Moccasins. _M[-o]-qu[-a]-we_. These are usually very correct in form, the differences between the right and left being always properly represented. Sometimes they are made singly, but usually in pairs, united directly or by a little straight bar or curved handle at the posterior end. White with color decorations, or brown or lead-colored without decorations, diminutive in size. The following specimens are without decorations:

1182-1190. 1182, (39924); 1183, (39925); 1184, (39946); 1185, (39947); 1186, (40055); 1187, (40626); 1188, (40629); 1189, (40634); 1190, (40635). The last two have loops at the heel and were used as paint cups.

Decorated with colors:

1191. (40637). Pair still united.

1192. (39927). Shown in Fig. 481.

1193. (40060). With lines; handle at the heel.

1194, 1195. 1194, (40061), Fig. 482; 1195, (40628), decorated with grotesque bird.

1196. (40630). With same figure.

1197. (40631). Represented in Fig. 483.

1198. (40633). This pretty pair is profusely ornamented with serrate lines from the tip to the ankles.

1199, 1200. 1199, (40634) and 1200, (40636). Single, decorations, same as in the preceding; probably belong to one pair, as part of the connecting band remains on them.

1201. (40804). Anomalous. _Tkh[ae]-p[-o]-k[-a]-t[-e]hl-le_. In the form of a low or depressed vase, with two handles, decorated with scroll figures; margin straight.

1202. (40805). Vase-shaped, with single handle; a scalloped and an undulate band around the body. Margin straight.

1203. (42375). Toy house. Composed of clay and willow sticks. Made by children.

_CLAYS AND PIGMENTS._

The following specimens are employed in the manufacture of pottery and for decorative purposes:

1204, 1205. 1204, (41230) and 1205, (41231). Are specimens of a whitish clay or kaolin, of which a solution is made and applied to the outer surfaces of earthenware. This whiting in a coarser state is used for white-washing their chimneys and rooms.

1206. (41265). Is a dark carbonaceous clay which the Zuni Indians obtain from near the summit of a mesa on which stand the ruins of their ancient village--or, at least, where they claim to have resided during the Spanish invasion of their country. As this clay is one of the principal elements in the manufacture of Zuni pottery, a quantity of it was procured and numbered as one of the specimens of the collection.

1207. (41901). Small nodules of azurite used by the Indians in decorating their altars, &c.

1208. (41902). White clay or kaolin, same as Nos. 1204 and 1205.

1209. (41903). Finer quality of white clay.

1210, 1211. 1210, (41904) and 1211, (41905). Are specimens of the above of a coarser quality.

1212. (41906). Tierra amarilla, or yellow micaceous clay, of which the Rio Grande Indians make many varieties of vessels.

1213. (42342). A yellowish sandy clay, which is used as one of the coloring pigments in decorating pottery. This clay burns to a reddish hue and gives to the pottery those lines of a brick-red color.

1214. (42343). Very dark colored ore, resembling magnetic iron ore; this stone is reduced in a small mortar, and a paint made of it for decorating their ware black, which result is obtained by baking.

VEGETAL SUBSTANCES.

_BASKETRY._

1215. (40108). A globular-shaped water basket, with a small neck, about two inches long and three in diameter.

1216. (40109). Double-lobed, canteen-shaped water basket, with both outer and inner surfaces coated with gum. The neck is about the size of that of the preceding basket. The centre is compressed to about the size of the neck; the bottom flat.

1217. (40110). Similar to the preceding.

1218. (40115). This specimen is a good representation of the basketry manufactured by the Zunians, used for carrying peaches. It is well shown in Fig. 484.

1219-1235. 1219, (40116); 1220, (40117); 1221, (40118); 1222, (40119); 1223, (40120); 1224, (40121); 1225, (40122); 1226, (40123); 1227, (40124); 1228, (40125); 1229, (40126), Fig. 488; 1230, (40127); 1231, (40128); 1232, (40129); 1233, (40130); 1234, (40131); 1235, (40132), are Zuni baskets of the same character, of coarse willow ware. Sizes and shapes somewhat similar.

1236. (40133). This specimen is an illustration of one form quite common. We found them in general use for bringing ripe peaches from the field. Fig. 484 shows very clearly the manner of weaving them.

1237-1240. 1237, (40134); 1238, (41135); 1239, (41136); 1240, (41137), are all samples of the same basketry. These baskets are called by the Zunians _hu-chi-p[)o]n-n[-e]_.

1241. (40143). A small platter-shaped corn, basket of the same coarse structure. They are called _tsi-i-l[-e]_.

1242-1247. 1242, (40144); 1243, (40145); 1244, (40146); 1245, (40147); 1246, (40148); and 1247, (40149) are similar examples of corn baskets.

1248-1257. 1248, (40401); 1249, (40402); 1250, (40403); 1251, (40404); 1252, (40405); 1253, (40406); 1254, (40407); 1255, (40478); 1256, (40479); and 1257, (40480) are a variety of examples of the corn basket or _hu-chi-p[)o]n-ne_.

1258. (40881). Toy basket of Navajo manufacture, of closely-woven fibre, about three inches in diameter. A string is attached to it for wearing it on the breast as an ornament, called _h[-o]-in-hl[ae]n-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_.

1259, 1260. 1259, (40882), and 1260, (40883). Small cup or rather saucer-shaped baskets similar in construction to the preceding two numbers.

1261. (40884). Is a corn basket of the same manufacture as the preceding, of much larger size, and called _h[-o]-in-hl[ae]n-n[-a]_.

1262-1264. 1262, (40917); 1263, (40918); 1264, (40919) _Tsi'-i-l[-e]_; large-sized, coarsely woven, tray-like baskets.

1265. (40920). Toy basket; coarse, _tsi-i-l[-a]-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_.

1266-1268. 1266, (40921); 1267, (40922); 1268, (40923). Navajo water baskets, jug-shaped, _k[-o]-s[-e]-t[)o]m-m[-e]_.

1269. (41208). Large flaring or bowl-shaped basket of Apache manufacture; water-tight; used for holding flour and meal; very compactly woven; called by the Zunis _h[-o]-in_.

1270. (41209). Very large specimen of the same ware woven with different colored fibres, so as to present a decorated inner surface.

1271. (41227). _Tkl[-a]-lim-ne_ or basket with abrupt sides. Navajo manufacture.

1272-1275. 1272, (41228), Fig. 485; 1273, (41229); 1274, (41230); and 1275, (41231) are examples of the coarsely-woven flat basketry used frequently for winnowing small grain. The illustration shows the details sufficiently without further description.

1276. (41248). Basket tray for bread, of the closely-woven class, called _mi-t[-u]-li-h[-o]-in_.

1277. (41256). Toy basket, _tsi-li-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_.

_PADS._

The following are ring-shaped pads made of yucca leaves interwoven in such a manner as to leave the centre open sufficiently to fit the top of the head. These pads are used in carrying water, by placing the pad on the head into which the base of the vase fits. They are used also to hold water jars and vases on the ground, thus protecting the bottom of the vessels from wearing away. They are called in Zuni _h[-a]-kin-ne_.

1278-1287. 1278, (40464); 1279, (40465); 1280, (40466); 1281, (40467); 1282, (40468); 1283, (40469); 1284, (40470); 1285, (40471); 1286, (40472) are examples of this pad, of which Fig. 486, 1287r. (40473), is an illustration.

The following are objects of the same kind:

1288-1292. 1288, (40474); 1289, (40475); 1290, (40924); 1291, (40925); 1292, (40926).

_DOMESTIC IMPLEMENTS, TOYS, &c._

In the collection are a number of wooden spoons or ladles of various, sizes. These utensils were not frequently met with. The readiness with which the Indians can make pottery or earthern ladles, a large number of which are in the collection, has caused these to supersede the former. The wooden spoons are always chiseled from a single piece of wood. See Fig. 490.

1293-1297. 1293, (40876); 1294, (40877); 1295, (40878); 1296, (41020); 1297, (41022) are specimens of spoons and ladles of wood. The large ones are called _t[ae]m-sh[)o]-k[)o]n-n[-a]-ts[-a]n_, the smaller, _t[ae]m-sh[)o]-k[)o]n ts[-a]n n[-a]_.

1298. (41276). A wooden chair, made entirely of wood and in imitation, of a common chair, ornamented with carvings.

1299. (42292). Meat-block in the form of a stool, one side of which is used for chopping, the other to sit upon.

1300. (40827). Rotary drill, with stone disk and flint point, usually employed in perforating turquoise and other hard substances for ornaments. See Figure 494. Called by the Zunis _kl[-a]-t[)o]-ne_.

1301. (40809). A small rectangular wooden box with a lid, used as a treasure-box, for holding choice trinkets and ornaments such as feathers, &c., called _la-p[)o]-ka kle-t[)o]n-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_.

1302. (41279). Wooden gun rack, made of pieces of flat wood, of a rectangular form, with notches in the upright sides for holding guns and bows. It is common in Zuni.

1303. (41192). A wooden comb used in connection with the loom. It is provided with teeth about one inch long; these teeth are placed between the perpendicular threads and with the hand brought down firmly on the cross-threads or yarn until it is perfectly compact. The blankets woven in this manner are water-tight. This comb is called _o-h[-a]-n[-a]-p[-a]-ne_.

1304-1307. 1304, (42043); 1305, (42044); 1306, (42045); and 1307, (42046); are combs above described, used with looms.

1308. (40810). A wooden comb of the same character.

1309. (41700). Bundle of fine grass stems for a comb.

1310. (41282). Comb and brush, combined, made from dried grass stems; one end is used as a comb, the other as a brush.

1311. (41277). Wooden spade or shovel quite like an ordinary spade, used by the Indians for shoveling snow from the roofs of their houses, and for taking bread from their bakeovens. See Fig. 495.

1312. (40879). Wooden digger and corn-planter, called _t[-a]-s[-a]-quin-ne_. This is the only specimen of the kind in the collection. The foot is used in digging as we use a spade. In making holes in the ground for planting grain, one foot is placed on the short projection, and the individual using it walks along, each alternate step making a hole in the ground into which to drop the grain. See Fig. 496.