Part 3

Bark thin and dark green on young trees, becoming ash-gray and conspicuously furrowed and ridged with age. Branches spreading to ascending, often drooping on large open-grown trees. Twigs smooth, about 5 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule scars, red-brown. Buds (terminal) grayish green, turning red in winter, flat about 10 to 16 mm long, scales valvate. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; dark green above, turning yellow in fall; 6 to 20 cm long and as wide as long; petioles 5 to 20 cm long, often longer than the blades on low branches. Flowers perfect, tulip-shaped, about 4 to 6 cm long, greenish-yellow with orange to reddish markings at base of petals, color intensifies with age. Fruit an aggregate cone, 5 to 8 cm long, gradually shattering into one-seeded, winged samaras.

Sweetbay _Magnolia virginiana_ L.

Bark dark gray, usually smooth, thin, in shady areas often encrusted with mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Branches stout, spreading to ascending. Twigs about 5 to 7 mm in diameter, encircled by stipule scars, green. Buds (terminal), silvery gray, pubescent, 15 mm long; smaller lateral buds often subtended by persistent petiole base. Leaves alternate, evergreen in South, deciduous in northern part of range, simple; elliptic to oblong, 10 to 15 cm long, 4 to 6 cm wide; margin entire, dark green above, silvery pubescent below. Flowers perfect, white, sweet-scented, 5 to 8 cm in diameter, appearing May to September. Fruit an aggregate of follicles which open and shed red seeds, irregular in shape, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, about 5 cm long.

Sweetgum; redgum _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L.

Bark dark gray, divided by deep furrows into narrow, rounded ridges. Branches stout, often with corky wings or outgrowths. Twigs about 4 to 6 mm in diameter, gray-brown. Buds (terminal) broadly egg-shaped, about 10 to 15 mm long, scales overlapping, slightly sticky. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple; palmately 5- to 7-lobed; 8 to 20 cm wide, 6 to 15 cm long, often longer than broad; margin finely serrate; petioles 4 to 13 cm long. Flowers unisexual (plants monoecious), appearing as the leaves unfold; staminate clustered in terminal racemes; pistillate in small drooping spherical heads. Fruit in stalked spherical heads covered with small spine-like projections; seed cavity at base of each spine.

Red Maple _Acer rubrum_ L.

Bark gray, divided into scaly ridges by narrow furrows. Branches slender, spreading and ascending. Twigs about 3 mm in diameter, reddish. Buds spherical, reddish, clustered at apex of twig, scales with white ciliate margins. Leaves opposite, deciduous, simple; ovate to almost circular, 4 to 9 cm long, 2.5 to 7 cm wide, usually longer than broad; 3-lobed near the apex, margin finely serrate; dark green above, glaucous and lightly pubescent below, pubescence usually shed. Flowers typically polygamous, occasionally with perfect flowers, small, forming dense clusters from separate buds before leaf expansion, conspicuous because of the red to orange coloration. Fruit twin samaras 10 to 20 mm long.

Var. _drummondii_: Leaves larger than typical red maple, usually broader than long; 3 to 5 lobes or occasionally scarcely lobed, margins coarsely toothed, conspicuously glaucous below, usually permanently tomentose. Fruit samaras 4 to 5 cm long.

Black Tupelo; blackgum _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.

Bark black, marked with furrows and cross-cracks that divide the ridges into squarish plates. Branches slender, spreading to horizontal, often drooping in open-grown specimens. Twigs 2 to 3 mm in diameter, gray to reddish. Buds obtuse, of overlapping yellow-brown scales, terminal buds 6 mm long. Leaves alternate, early deciduous, simple; marked with irregular black spots and purple coloration from midsummer on; elliptic to broadly oval to obovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 8 cm wide; apex acute to broadly rounded, margin entire, base wedge-shaped. Flowers unisexual, less than 4 mm in diameter, appearing in April before leaf expansion. Fruit a black drupe 8 to 10 mm long, 1 to 3 on pedicels 3 to 5 cm long, stone faintly ribbed.

White Ash _Fraxinus americana_ L.

Bark gray to brownish, divided into narrow, deep furrows and ridges of equal width. Branches stout, wide-spreading. Twigs 3 to 6 mm in diameter. Buds (terminal) broadly ovoid consisting of 4 appressed scales, dark brown to black; lateral buds spherical, tightly appressed to a crescent-shaped leaf scar. Leaves opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound; 20 to 30 cm long, white below when fresh; leaflets 7 to 9, petiolulate, oval to ovate, 5 to 15 cm long, 3 to 5 cm wide, apex acuminate, margin essentially entire, base broadly rounded, pinnate veins conspicuous on underside. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous about 1 mm in diameter, arranged in dense paniculate clusters; staminate conspicuous in mass. Fruit a samara, 25 to 60 mm long, wing terminal on the thickened seed.

Green Ash _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh.

Bark brownish, smooth when young, then breaking into narrow ridges with shallow narrow furrows. Branches drooping to spreading and ascending. Twigs stout, 4 to 6 mm in diameter, olive green. Buds terminal black; smaller lateral buds tightly appressed to the generally straight upper edge of the leaf scar. Leaves opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound with 5 to 7, occasionally 9, leaflets; leaflets narrowly to broadly elliptical, apex acuminate, margin entire to finely serrate, base wedge-shaped, hairy below along the veins. Flowers unisexual (plants dioecious); pistillate inconspicuous in open panicles; staminate in compact conspicuous clusters. Fruit a samara 25 to 50 mm long, seed end conspicuously slender and extending about half the length of the samara, wing decurrent on seed end.

Selected References

Bailey, L. H. 1949. Manual of cultivated plants. Rev. ed. 1116 p. Macmillan Co., New York.

Brown, C. A. 1945. Louisiana trees and shrubs. Bull. 1, 262 p. Louisiana Forestry Commission, Baton Rouge.

Coker, W. C., and H. R. Totten. 1945. Trees of the southeastern states. 3rd ed. 419 p. Univ. of N. C. Press, Chapel Hill.

Collingwood, G. H., and W. D. Brush. 1974. Knowing your trees. Rev. by D. Butcher. 374 p. American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C.

Correll, D. C., and M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the vascular plants of Texas. Contributions from the Texas Research Foundation, Vol. 6. 1881 p. Texas Research Foundation, Renner, Texas.

Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 8th ed. 1632 p. American Book Co., New York.

Harlow, W. M. 1959. Fruit key and twig key to trees and shrubs. 106 p. Dover Publications, New York.

Harlow, W. M., and E. S. Harrar. 1941. Textbook of dendrology covering the important forest trees of the United States and Canada. 2nd ed. 561 p. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York and London.

Harrar, E. S., and J. G. Harrar. 1946. Guide to southern trees. 712 p. Whittlesy House, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Kurz, H., and R. K. Godfrey. 1962. Trees of northern Florida. 311 p. Univ. of Fla. Press, Gainesville.

Little, E. L. 1953. Check list of native and naturalized trees of the United States (including Alaska). U.S. Dep. Agric., Agric. Handb. No. 41. 472 p.

Muller, C. H. 1951. The oaks of Texas. Contributions from The Texas Research Foundation 1(3):21-311.

Preston, R. J., Jr. 1961. North American trees. 2nd ed. 395 p. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames (Reprinted 1970 by M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass.).

Sargent, C. S. 1922. Manual of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico). 2nd ed. 910 p. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston and New York. (Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York).

Small, J. K. 1933. Manual of southeastern flora. 1554 p. Published by author in New York.

Staff of Forest Resources Research Work Unit 1976. Hardwood distribution on pine sites in the South. U. S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Resour. Bull. SO-59. 27 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.

Vines, R. A. 1960. Trees, shrubs, and woody vines of the southwest. 1104 p. Univ. of Texas Press, Austin, Texas.

Wharton, M. E., and R. W. Barbour 1973. Trees and shrubs of Kentucky. 582 p. Univ. Ky. Press, Lexington.

GLOSSARY

Acuminate. Gradually tapering to a pointed apex. Acute. Having the shape of an acute angle. Aggregate. A cluster of ripened ovaries traceable to separate pistils of the same flower and inserted on a common receptacle. Anther. The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen. Anthesis. Time of flowering. Apetalous. Without petals. Apex. The tip of leaf, twig, or other plant part. Apical. Pertaining to apex. Ascending. Growing obliquely or indirectly upward from point of attachment. Axil. Upper angle between a leaf or other plant part and the stem to which it is attached. Bisexual. Having both sex organs on the same plant; a hermaphrodite. Blade. The flat expanded portion of a leaf or parts of a compound leaf. Catkin. A flexible, usually pendulous, scaly spike bearing unisexual flowers. Ciliate. Having a margin fringed with hair. Compound Leaf. A leaf with two or more separate leaflets. Cordate. Heart-shaped with the point at the terminal end. Crenate. Having a margin with rounded to blunt teeth. Cuneate. Wedge-shaped. Deciduous. Not persistent; said of leaves falling in autumn or of floral parts falling after anthesis. Dehiscent. Opening by bursting or splitting. Dentate. A margin with sharp teeth pointing outward. Dimorphous. Occurring in two forms. Dioecious. Unisexual, with staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants. Drupe. A simple one-seeded fleshy fruit, the outer wall fleshy, the inner wall bony. Entire. Margins without teeth or lobes. Evergreen. Having green leaves throughout the year. Falcate. Sickle- or scythe-shaped. Follicle. A dry, single-carpel fruit, opening along one side for seed dispersal. Fluted. Regularly marked by alternating ridges and grooves. Fruit. The seed-bearing product of a plant. Glabrous. Smooth, devoid of hair or surface glands. Glandular. Furnished with glands, or glandlike. Glaucous. Covered with a white waxy or powdery bloom. Globose. Spherical, globular. Husk. Fleshy covering of nut in hickories. Imbricate. Overlapping. Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf. Membranous. Thin, more or less flexible, translucent. Midrib. The central rib or central vein of a leaf or similar structure. Monoecious. Having unisexual flowers, with both sexes borne on the same plant. Nut. A hard-shelled, indehiscent, usually one-celled, one-seeded fruit. Oblique. Slanted; of unequal-sided or non-symmetrical leaves or leaf bases. Obovate. Inverted ovate. Obpyriform. Inverted pear-shaped. Obtuse. Blunt. Odd Pinnate. Pinnately compound with a terminal leaflet. Ovate. Having the lengthwise outline of an egg, broadest at the base. Ovoid. Egg-shaped in 3-dimensions. Ovule. An embryonic seed in the ovary of a flower. Palmate. With veins or lobes radiating from a common center. Panicle. A compound or branched raceme. Paniculate. Borne in a panicle. Parted. Divided by sinuses which extend nearly to the midrib. Perfect. Having stamens and pistils in the same flower. Persistent. Remaining attached. Petiolate. Having petioles, not sessile. Petiole. The stalk of a leaf. Petiolulate. Having petiolules. Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet in a compound leaf. Pinnate. Descriptive of compound leaves with the leaflets arranged on opposite sides along a common rachis. Also used to describe leaf venation. Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of the flower. Pistillate. Provided with pistils; usually descriptive of unisexual flowers. Polygamous. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant. Polymorphic. Having two or more forms. Pubescent. Covered with fine, soft, short hairs. Pyriform. Pear-shaped. Raceme. An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a number of flowers with stalks of nearly equal length. Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf or inflorescence. Receptacle. The portion of the floral axis upon which the flowers are borne. Reticulate. Forming a network. Rhombic. Somewhat diamond-shaped. Rib. A prominent vein. Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit. Scurfy. Covered with small scales. Seed. A ripened ovule. Serrate. With sharp teeth pointing forward. Sessile. Without a stalk of any kind. Simple. Of one piece; not compound. Sinuate. Deeply or strongly undulate or wavy. Sinus. A recess, cleft, or gap between two lobes. Spatulate. Spatula-shaped. Spike. An inflorescence consisting of a central rachis bearing a number of stalkless flowers. Stamen. Pollen-bearing organ of the flower. Staminate. Bearing stamens. Stellate. Star-shaped. Stipule. A leafy appendage attached to the twig at the base of a petiole; usually in pairs, one on each side, often shedding early. Striate. With fine grooves, ridges, or lines of color. Suture. Line of dehiscence. Subglobose. Globe shaped, but slightly flattened. Subsessile. Almost stalkless. Tomentose. Coated with short, matted woolly hair. Truncate. Having a blunt tip or end, appearing as if abruptly cut off transversely. Undulate. Wavy. Unisexual. Having stamens and pistils in separate flowers. Valvate. Opening by valves as in a capsule or some leaf buds; meeting at the edges without overlapping. Whorl. Circular arrangement of appendages at a node. Woolly. Clothed with long, matted hairs.

Footnotes

[1]For the purposes of this paper, pine sites are defined as forested uplands, excluding those growing cove-type hardwoods, that are supporting southern pine or show evidence, such as stumps, of its former occurrence.

Index

A _Acer rubrum_, 5, 54 var. _drummondii_, 5, 54 var. _tridens_, 5 American elm, 4, 44 Ash, green, 5, 60 white, 5, 58

B Bitternut hickory, 2, 16 Blackgum, 5, 56 Blackjack oak, 4, 30 Black oak, 3, 22 Black tupelo, 5, 56

C _Carya cordiformis_, 2, 16 _glabra_, 2, 12 _ovata_, 2, 14 _tomentosa_, 2, 10 _Celtis laevigata_, 4, 46 _occidentalis_, 4 Cherrybark oak, 3, 20 Chestnut oak, 4, 40

E Elm, American, 4, 44 winged, 4, 42

F _Fraxinus americana_, 5, 58 _pennsylvanica_, 5, 60

G Green ash, 5, 60

H Hackberry, 4, 46 Hickory, bitternut, 2, 16 mockernut, 2, 10 pignut, 2, 12 shagbark, 2, 14

L Laurel oak, 4, 32 _Liriodendron tulipifera_, 4, 48 _Liquidambar styraciflua_, 5, 52

M _Magnolia virginiana_, 4, 50 Maple, red, 5, 54 Mockernut hickory, 2, 10

N Northern red oak, 3, 26 _Nyssa sylvatica_, 5, 56

O Oak, black, 3, 22 blackjack, 4, 30 cherrybark, 3, 20 chestnut, 4, 40 laurel, 4, 32 northern red, 3, 26 post, 4, 38 scarlet, 3, 24 Shumard, 3, 28 southern red, 3, 18 swamp chestnut, 4 water, 4, 34 white, 4, 36

P Pignut hickory, 2, 12 Post oak, 4, 38

Q _Quercus alba_, 4, 36 _coccinea_, 3, 24 _falcata_, 3, 18 _falcata_ var. _pagodaefolia_, 3, 20 _hemisphaerica_, 4 _laurifolia_, 4, 32 _marilandica_, 4, 30 _michauxii_, 4 _nigra_, 4, 34 _prinus_, 4, 40 _rubra_, 3, 26 _shumardii_, 3, 28 _stellata_, 4, 38 _velutina_, 3, 22

R Redgum, 5, 52 Red maple, 5, 54

S Scarlet oak, 3, 24 Shagbark hickory, 2, 14 Shumard oak, 3, 28 Southern red oak, 3, 18 Sugarberry, 4, 46 Swamp chestnut oak, 4 Sweetbay, 5, 50 Sweetgum, 5, 52

T Tupelo, black, 5, 56

U _Ulmus alata_, 4, 42 _americana_, 4, 44

W Water oak, 4, 34 White ash, 5, 58 White oak, 4, 36 Winged elm, 4, 42

Y Yellow-poplar, 4, 48

Brown, C. A. and H. E. Grelen. 1977. Identifying hardwoods growing on pine sites. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-15, 69 p. South. For. Exp. Stn., New Orleans, La.

This publication illustrates and describes 26 hardwood species or varieties, including 16 oaks and hickories, with photographs of leaves, bark, buds, flowers, and fruits. Line drawings feature the winter silhouette of each species and a key is included to assist in identification.

★U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1978—772-231

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOREST SERVICE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION T-10210 POSTAL SERVICE BUILDING. 701 LOYOLA AVE. NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA 70113

OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGR-101

AN EQUAL OPPORTUNITY EMPLOYER

THIRD CLASS

Transcriber’s Notes

—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.

—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.

—Created a Table of Contents based on the chapter headings.